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[MISSION 2024] Insights SECURE : Daily UPSC Mains Answer Writing Practice: 26 April 2024

Click on EACH question to post/upload you answers.

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How to self-evaluate your answer , mission – 2023: yearlong timetable, join ipm 4.0 to get an assured review of 2 secure answers everyday, general studies – 1.

Topic: Salient features of world’s physical geography.

1. What are the various factors that affect the formation of Savanna type of climate? Examine the various threats to Savanna biomes. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Easy

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1. Key Demand of the question: Directive word:  Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction:  Give a brief about Tropical savannas or grasslands that they are associated with the tropical wet and dry climate type. Body: First, write about the factors conducive for Savanna type of climate – tropical regions 8° to 20° from the Equator, warm to hot, the dry season is associated with the low sun period etc.  Next, mention that the Savanna climate provides for a diverse vegetation such as grasslands, hardy weather proofed trees and diverse fauna and mention different Savanna regions such as East African, Llanos, Pampas etc and how they differently impact their ecology. Next, mention the various threats such as water logging, fire, drought, grazing etc. Conclusion: Conclude by stating that in the present context of Climate change it is imperative to address the threats faced by the Savannas and ensure ecological balance.

General Studies – 2

Topic: Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies.

2. It is essential for the Election Commission of India (ECI) to foster trust among voters and political stakeholders, and to ensure that elections accurately represent the will of the people. Discuss. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Indian Express ,  Insights on India

Why the question: Indians’ distrust towards the EC has grown in recent years. From voting machines and verification trails to how the statutory body handles the deployment of state officials, there is no part of the electoral system that is not being questioned. Key Demand of the question: To write about the process of appointment of Election commissioners and need for an independent body to appoint them. Directive: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction:  Begin by writing about Article 324 to 329. Body: First, write about the role of ECI. Next, write about the various issues in ECI – appointment of ECs, favouritism, impartiality, EVM issues etc. Next, write about the steps that are needed to rectify the above. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward.

Topic:  Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.

3. The Green Credit Programme, introduced by the Environment Ministry, offers incentives for environmental contributions through green credits. However, challenges of a potentially limited scope can limit its efficacy. Analyse. (250 words)

Reference: The Hindu

Why the question: The Green Credit Programme, announced by the Environment Ministry in October 2023, is a market-based mechanism where individuals and companies can claim incentives called ‘green credits’ for contributions to environmental and ecological restoration Key Demand of the question: To write about the Green Credit Programme, its pros and cons. Directive word:  Directive word:  Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. Structure of the answer: Introduction:  Begin by giving context of Green Credit Programme. Body: First, write about the features of the Green Credit Programme. Next, write about the various pros of Green Credit Programme – encouraging environmental action, leveraging market dynamics, fostering innovation, and creating economic benefits etc. Next, write about the various cons of Green Credit Programme – administrative complexity, the risk of greenwashing, equity concerns, market volatility, and a potentially limited scope etc. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward.

General Studies – 3

Topic: Major crops-cropping patterns in various parts of the country, – different types of irrigation and irrigation systems storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers.

4. Solar and wind energy have immense potential in India, but they also come with limitations. Critically examine. (150 words)

Reference: Live Mint

Why the question: The article discusses the limitations of solar and wind energy in India. Key Demand of the question: To write about the role of technology in transforming Indian agriculture and its potential to enhance productivity, sustainability, and rural livelihoods. Directive word:  Critically examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we have to look into the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgment. Structure of the answer: Introduction:  Begin by giving statistic related to solar and wind energy in India. Body: First, paint a picture of solar and wind energy scenario in India. Next, write about sustainability – assess how technology can promote sustainable agricultural practices, including the use of IoT devices, data analytics, and precision irrigation to reduce resource wastage and environmental impact. Next, write about the limitations of wind and solar energy – intermittency, land requirement, grid integration challenges, initial investment costs, and resource variability etc. Next, write about the way to overcome above shortcomings. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward.

Topic:  Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment

5. There is a need for the government to address the root causes and implement effective measures to mitigate the adverse impacts of black money and promote inclusive and sustainable economic development. Critically examine. (250 words)

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To write about the menace of black money, its impact and measures needed to end it. Directive word:  Critically examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we have to look into the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgment. Structure of the answer: Introduction:  Begin by giving context of black money in India. Body: First, write about the challenges faced in tackling the issue of black money. Next, write about the various measures undertaken to tackle black money in India – Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015, Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs), etc. Also, write about the limitations in ending black money menace. Next, write about the impact of black money on various facets. Next, write about the measures that are needed to end black money menace in the country. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward.

Topic: basics of cyber security

6. By prioritizing cybersecurity and adopting proactive measures, India can enhance its resilience against cyber threats and safeguard its digital infrastructure and assets. Analyse.

Difficulty level: Tough

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To write about India’s cyber security strategy and need for an overall strategy with more emphasis on severe threats and as well adequately addresses mild ones. Directive word:  Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. Structure of the answer: Introduction:  Begin by giving statistic highlighting India’s vulnerability to cybercrimes. Body: First, write about the India’s evolving cyber security strategy and its various components. Next, write about the various types of cyberthreats of varying degree of vulnerability and the disadvantages associated with classifying them as one. Next, write about measures required to counter the above in policy making and developing a strategy for various types of cybercrimes. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.

General Studies – 4

Topic: Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service, integrity, impartiality and nonpartisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker-sections.

7. what is Fortitude? Discuss is its importance with examples. (150 words)

Reference: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude by Lexicon Publications.

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Key Demand of the question: To write about the importance of fortitude. Directive: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Start by defining fortitude. Body: Explain how Fortitude is firmness of spirit, especially in difficulty. It provides for constancy in the pursuit of virtue. Fortitude is a willingness to freely go beyond the call of duty, to make sacrifices, to act on your convictions. Fortitude includes the courage to confront our personal weaknesses and attraction to vice. Substantiate with examples. Conclusion: Conclude by summarising.

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Home » Mains Practice Questions » Essay

This exam necessitates a lot of serious study and devotion. Every applicant who understands the UPSC’s trends and expectations and works diligently toward achieving a rank under suitable supervision has a chance to succeed.

This year’s Mains – 2021 questions in GS, Essay, and even Optional papers need in-depth examination of trending topics as well as certain key static topics that may or may not be in the news.

Analytical skills can only be enhanced by regularly thinking and writing. Regular writing, in particular, is essential for improving your analytical abilities. Writing answers after reading other people’s answers or reading a synopsis will get you nowhere.

You must adhere to the standards outlined in the preceding article. You can get knowledge but not wisdom by consulting a summary.

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UPSC Essay Topics - Important Essay Topics for UPSC Mains 2023

By vajiram & ravi.

Essay Course for UPSC

UPSC CSE Mains 2023 Essay Question Paper

UPSC Mains Optional Test Series

Mentorship Program for UPSC 2024

Understanding UPSC Essay Topics holds significant importance as it evaluates the candidate's ability to analyse, present arguments, and communicate effectively. In this article, we will explore the diverse range of UPSC essay topics, their significance, and essential tips to excel in this section. Get ready to enhance your writing and analytical skills and make a strong impression on the evaluators with well-crafted essays.

UPSC Essay Paper

The Essay paper in the UPSC Mains examination requires candidates to write multiple essays , each on a different topic, chosen from a given list of options. The essay topics for UPSC cover a wide range of issues, including social, economic, political, cultural, and philosophical aspects, both national and international.

The essay paper holds significant weightage in the UPSC Mains examination, contributing 250 marks out of the total 1750 marks . Scoring well in this section can have a considerable impact on the overall ranking and selection for the coveted civil services.

Weekly UPSC Essay Topics By Vajiram & Ravi

The UPSC Essay Paper is an opportunity for candidates to demonstrate their proficiency in expressing ideas and analysing complex issues. Vajiram & Ravi Pensive-Weekly Essay Writing Programme provides you with two Essay Topics every Saturday based on the previous year's question papers and the changing trends analysis. You can submit your Essay for peer evaluation on vajiramandravi.com. This will help you nourish your writing skills, give you clarity of thought, and build the capacity to express opinions in a logical and coherent manner.

Important Essay Topics for UPSC 2023

The purpose of the essay paper is to assess the candidate's ability to critically analyse a topic, present well-structured arguments, and communicate their ideas effectively. It also evaluates their knowledge of various issues, their clarity of thought, and their capacity to express opinions in a logical and coherent manner.

Some of the Important Essay Topics to prepare for the UPSC Mains Examination 2023 are:

• Gender Equality
• Environment/Urbanization
• Economic Growth
• Federalism/Decentralization
• Agriculture
• Economics 

UPSC Essay Topics on Philosophy

Every year, UPSC typically provides you with two or more essay topics centred around philosophical thoughts, Indian philosophical schools, or quotes from notable personalities. To effectively address these philosophical topics, you should refer to Philosophy Books to gain a foundational understanding. Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics on Philosophy :

• Everything comes to him, who hustles while he waits.
• We are always blind as we want to be.
• You cannot step twice in the same river.
• A disciplined mind brings happiness.
• The price of Greatness is Responsibility.
• People would rather Believe than Know.
• Mind - A beautiful Servant? Or a dangerous Master?

UPSC Essay Topics on Art and Culture

The UPSC Essay Topics related to Indian society, art, and culture cover a wide range of subjects, offering great diversity. To gain knowledge about the static content on these topics, you should rely on fundamental books on society, as recommended for the exam. Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics on Indian Art and Culture :

• Culture changes with economic development.
• Culture is what we are, Civilization is what we have.
• Social reform is a myth if places of worship are open only to all castes and not to all genders.
• Impact of Globalization on Indian Art and Culture.
• Caste System - India’s Enduring Curse.
• Godmen - A Threat to Indian Art and Culture?

UPSC Essay Topics on Science and Technology

UPSC essay topics on Science and Technology can largely be addressed through current affairs. You may also benefit from consulting a Science and Technology Book for UPSC to compose a comprehensive and well-rounded essay. Here are some UPSC Essay Topics on Science and Technology:

• Deglobalisation is good for the world.
• Science is organised Knowledge. Wisdom is Organised life.
• Technology is a Weapon against Poverty.
• Prioritising Education Technology for Global Growth.
• Technology is the silent factor in International Relations.
• Scientific and Technological Progress cannot be equated with Human Progress.

UPSC Essay Topics on Education

Education stands as one of the preferred UPSC Essay Topics, with an essay related to this subject often appearing in the paper each year. To tackle this topic effectively, you should stay abreast of Current Affairs , incorporating significant changes and advancements in the field. Let's explore some of the Essay topics for UPSC centred around education:

• Self Education is a lifelong curiosity.
• Education Breeds Peace.
• Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance.
• Education must also train one for quick, resolute and effective thinking.
• Schooling is not Education.

UPSC Essay Topics on Polity and Governance

To comprehensively address Polity and Governance topics, you should acquire fundamental knowledge from Polity Books for UPSC and Current Affairs. These resources offer static information about relevant issues and their historical context, which proves valuable while writing UPSC Essay Topics on Polity. Here are some Essay Topics on Polity and Governance:

• The Role of Politics in Development.
• Should Youth in India Consider Politics as a Career?
• Art, Freedom and Creativity will change society faster than politics.
• The politics of Identity is the Politics of the Weak.
• People should not be afraid of their Government. The Government should be afraid of its people.
• Government Surveillance - Good or Bad?

UPSC Essay Topics on Economy

Essays concerning economic growth are frequently included in the Essay Paper. To tackle these topics effectively, you should refer to Economy Notes for UPSC to gain a comprehensive understanding. Once the fundamentals are grasped, you can enhance their essays by incorporating examples, data, and statistics to create a multidimensional perspective. Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics on Economy:

• We don't have to sacrifice a Strong Economy for a Healthy Environment.
• India, a $5 trillion Economy - Dream or Reality?
• Digital Economy: A leveller or a source of Economic Inequality?
• Innovation is the key determinant of social welfare and economic growth.
• Labour Reforms in India and its Role in Economic Growth.

UPSC Essay Topics on Social Issues

Social issues are a significant aspect of the UPSC essay paper, reflecting the candidates' understanding of societal challenges and their ability to propose viable solutions. These essays provide a platform for candidates to analyse, critique, and suggest measures for pressing social concerns. Topics related to social issues in the UPSC Essay paper may include:

• Inclusivity and Plurality are the hallmarks of a Peaceful Society.
• A Gender-sensitive Indian Society is a prerequisite for Women and Child Empowerment.
• The weaker sections of Indian Society - are their Rights and Access to Justice getting Better?

Previous Year UPSC Essay Topics

Practising previous year's essay topics will help you become familiar with the UPSC exam pattern , word limit, and the types of essay questions frequently asked in the Mains Examination. Analysing past essay topics will also allow you to identify recurring themes and trends, enabling you to prioritise their preparation accordingly. Regular practice with past essay topics will instil confidence in you, helping you feel more comfortable and prepared for the actual exam.

• Forests are the best case studies for economic excellence.
• Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world.
• History is a series of victories won by the scientific man over the romantic man.
• A ship in the harbour is safe, but that is not what a ship is for.
• The time to repair the roof is when the sun is shining.
• A smile is the chosen vehicle for all ambiguities.
• Just because you have a choice, it does not mean that any of them has to be right.

Tips to Excel in UPSC Essay Paper

• Understand the Topics: Thoroughly comprehend the essay topics, including the keywords and instructions. Choose a topic that aligns with your strengths and interests.
• Plan and Structure: Devote some time to plan your essay. Create an outline and organise your thoughts in a structured manner, with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion.
• Be Objective: Present balanced arguments and avoid a biased or one-sided approach. Consider multiple perspectives and present a holistic view.
• Provide Examples and Evidence: Support your arguments with relevant examples, data, quotes and evidence to strengthen your essay.
• Maintain Clarity: Write in a clear and concise manner. Use simple language and avoid jargon or overly complex vocabulary.
• Practice Regularly: Regular practice is essential to improve Essay writing skills. Write essays on diverse topics to enhance your versatility.
• Time Management: Allocate appropriate time for planning, writing, and revising each essay to manage time effectively during the examination.
• Revise and Edit: Review your essays for coherence, grammar, and structure. Make necessary edits to refine your work.

FAQs on UPSC Essay Topics

What are the important UPSC Essay Topics?

Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics asked in Mains Examination previously:

• Culture is what we are, civilization is what we have.
• Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.
• What is research but a blind date with knowledge?
• Best for an individual is not necessarily best for society.
• Wisdom finds truth.
• Ships don’t sink because of water around them, ships sink because of water that gets into them.
• Patriarchy is the least noticed yet the most significant structure of social inequality.
• Technology as the silent factor in international relations.

How do I Prepare for the UPSC Essay?

To prepare for the UPSC essay, focus on understanding the essay syllabus and past topics to identify recurring themes. Regularly practise writing essays on various topics to improve your writing skills and time management. Structure your essays with a clear introduction, main body, and conclusion.

Which is the best source to practise UPSC Essay Topics?

The best sources to prepare Essay for UPSC include official UPSC materials, newspapers, and magazines like The Hindu, Yojana , and Kurukshetra for current affairs, standard books on diverse subjects, government reports and publications, online platforms like PIB and PRS India, UPSC previous year papers for understanding the exam pattern, and regular practice of essay writing on various topics.

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Mains Answer Writing : Essay

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To participate in answer writing program, Register yourself for the test. Copies will be evaluated only for the registered students. Registration will be closed before the scheduled date.

6 Days Answer Improvement Cycle

• Day 1: Questions will be uploaded on the portal on the scheduled date at 11:00 AM.
• Day 2 and 3: You have to write your answers on an A4 size sheet leaving margins on both sides based on UPSC pattern. Mention your name on 1st page and page number on each page. After writing the answer, Click pictures of each page of the answer sheet and upload them altogether (in JPG/JPEG/PNG format) in the comment section of the same question.
• Day 4 and 5: After evaluation, copies will be re-uploaded on the same thread on 5th day. Based on these answers and feedback, aspirants can ask their doubts in the comment box and our experts will guide. The model hint will be uploaded on the site on Day 4.
• Day 6: Discussion of the question and one to one answer improvement session of evaluated copies will be conducted through Google Meet with concerned faculty.

Essay (Dimension Developing)  by Manoj K. Jha

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ESSAY WRITING FOR UPSC MAINS

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EDEN IAS conducts the Essay Writing Course for UPSC CSE Mains under the guidance of one of the best teachers for UPSC exam preparation, Tirthankar Roychowdhary Sir .

This course is a complete solution for Essay writing for UPSC Mains Examination.

As we know, Essay paper is something which needs a lot of practice, which can’t be gained overnight. This course has a lot of practice activity involved in it, with proper individual attention to every aspirant.

The course holistically covers each and every type of essay asked by the UPSC in the Essay paper, be it of dynamic nature, for example the theme being “Role of Education”, or be it a philosophical essay, based on some quote, a trend which is being recently followed by the Commission in the Essay paper.

The course consists of the followings: –

• 6 Classes (1 Guiding Class + 5 Essay Discussions) having duration of approx. 3 Hrs.
• 5 Sectional Tests.
• 2 Mock Tests. 
• Essay Workbook.
• Mentorship.

COURSE STRUCTURE

The course is an amalgamation of Guiding class + Section wise practice sessions + Discussion sessions + Mock Test Series + Personalized Mentorship . The duration of the course will be around 2 months .

The detailed agenda of the course is as follows:-

Guiding Class

Guiding class is going to start with your introduction to Essay writing in UPSC CSE Mains examination. It starts with the idea of explaining:-

• How is writing an essay for UPSC Mains different from a regular way of Essay writing in schools & colleges?
• What should be the approach & strategy to choose an Essay in UPSC Exam Paper as per your ability? ( Keeping previous year’s question papers of Essay in UPSC Exams as standard reference)
• How to formulate the structure of an Essay from the Introduction to Main Body of the Essay and the final conclusion, depending on the type of Essay. 
• How to manage time, avoid redundancy & manage the flow of content of your Essay. 
• Last but not least, the creativity related to the art of writing Essays for UPSC CSE Mains.

DETAILED SESSIONS

5 detailed essay sessions are conducted, covering different topics such as Philosophical topics, Social & Economic related topics, Geopolitical & Constitutional related topics, Science & Technology related topics and Environmental related topics.

Sectional Tests

These are a total of 5 Sectional Tests covering a diverse range of topics. The aspirants are expected to write both the essays which will be followed by a discussion session covering both the essays by Tirthankar Roychowdhary Sir. The areas to be covered as the syllabus of Essay writing are as follows:-

• Essay on Social Issues.
• Essay on Philosophical topics.
• Environmental Issues.
• Essay on Science & Technology related Issues.
• Essay on Economic Issues.
• Essay on International & Geo-Political Issues.
• Essay on Ethical Issues.

MOCK TEST SERIES

The course includes 2 Full Length Mock Tests , exactly on the similar pattern as that of the Essay paper of UPSC Mains examination.

FEEDBACK/MENTORSHIP

The course also provides one to one mentorship session with the evaluators. Enrollers of this course can get personalised mentorship and  can also get their doubts cleared with the evaluators.

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UPSC Essentials | Mains answer practice — GS 1 Questions on ocean currents and geological time scale (Week 48)

Are you preparing for upsc cse 2024 here are questions from gs paper 1 for this week with essential points as the fodder for your answers. do not miss points to ponder and answer in the comment box below. try them out.

UPSC Essentials  brings to you its initiative for the practice of  Mains answer writing . It covers essential topics of static and dynamic parts of the UPSC Civil Services syllabus covered under various GS papers. This answer-writing practice is designed to help you as a value addition to your UPSC CSE Mains. Attempt today’s answer writing on questions related to topics of  GS-1  to check your progress.

🚨 The Indian Express UPSC Essentials brings to you the  April  edition of its monthly magazine.  Click Here   to read . Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at [email protected]🚨

What are ocean currents? Discuss the ways it influences human behaviour.

What is the geological time scale (GTS)? Describe the historical evolution of the geological time scale.

General points on the structure of the answers

Introduction

— The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction.

— It may consist of basic information by giving some definitions from the trusted source and authentic facts.

You may incorporate some of the following points in the body of your answer:

— It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content.

— The answer must be preferably written as a mix of points and short paragraphs rather than using long paragraphs or just points.

— Using facts from authentic government sources makes your answer more comprehensive. Analysis is important based on the demand of the question, but do not over analyse.

— Underlining keywords gives you an edge over other candidates and enhances presentation of the answer.

— Using flowcharts/tree-diagram in the answers saves much time and boosts your score. However, it should be used logically and only where it is required.

Way forward/ conclusion

— The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction.

— You may use the findings of reports or surveys conducted at national and international levels, quotes etc. in your answers.

Self Evaluation

— It is the most important part of our Mains answer writing practice.  UPSC Essentials  will provide some guiding points or ideas as a thought process that will help you to evaluate your answers.

THOUGHT PROCESS

You may enrich your answers by some of the following points.

QUESTION 1: What are ocean currents? Discuss the ways it influences human behaviour.

Introduction:

— Oceanic currents refer to the movement of water from one location to another.

— Currents are often measured in meters per second or knots (1 knot = 1.85 km/h or 1.15 miles/h).

— Wind, density changes in the water, and tides all contribute to ocean currents.

Tidal currents

— Tides cause currents in the oceans, which are strongest along the beach and in bays and estuaries along the coastline. These are known as “tidal currents.”

— Tidal currents follow a relatively consistent pattern and can be anticipated for future dates.

— Winds propel currents that flow at or near the ocean’s surface. Winds near coastlines tend to drive localised currents, resulting in phenomena such as coastal upwelling.

Thermohaline circulation

— This is a process characterised by density changes in water caused by temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline) fluctuations in different sections of the ocean. Thermohaline circulation drives currents at both deep and shallow ocean depths, and they move much slower than tidal or surface currents.

— Ocean currents have numerous direct and indirect effects on human activities. Cool waters border the west coasts of continents at tropical and subtropical latitudes.

— Their average temperatures are relatively modest, with limited diurnal and yearly fluctuations. There is fog, although the landscapes are mostly arid.

— Warm waters border the west coastlines of continents at middle and higher latitudes, resulting in a distinct marine climate.

— They have pleasant summers, generally warm winters, and a narrow yearly temperature range. Warm currents move parallel to the continents’ east coasts in tropical and subtropical latitudes.

— This leads to warm and rainy climates. These locations are located on the western borders of subtropical anticyclones.

— Mixing warm and cold currents helps to replenish oxygen and promotes the growth of plankton, the principal food source for fish populations.

— The best fishing grounds in the world are primarily found in these mixing zones.

Conclusion:

— A recent study notes that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is losing its stability.

— Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a large system of ocean currents. It is the Atlantic branch of the ocean conveyor belt or Thermohaline circulation (THC), and distributes heat and nutrients throughout the world’s ocean basins.

— AMOC carries warm surface waters from the tropics towards the Northern Hemisphere, where it cools and sinks. It then returns to the tropics and then to the South Atlantic as a bottom current.

(Source: Why the Atlantic Ocean current system is slowing down, and its implications by Aswathi Pacha , oceanservice.noaa.gov, ncert.nic.in )

Points to Ponder

What happens if AMOC collapses?

Difference between warm currents and cold currents

Location of important water currents

Related Previous Year Questions

What are the forces that influence ocean currents? Describe their role in fishing industry of the world. (2022)

Explain the factors responsible for the origin of ocean currents? How do they influence regional climates, fishing and navigation? (2015)

QUESTION 2: What is the geological time scale (GTS)? Describe the historical evolution of the geological time scale.

— The Earth’s geological time scale is a crucial tool used by geologists, paleontologists, and other scientists to investigate the planet’s history.

— It is a system that divides the history of the Earth into discrete intervals of time, based on events, such as the evolution and extinction of different living beings and processes that have occurred.

— It is divided into five broad categories, eons, epochs, eras, periods, and ages.

— The root of geological time scale origin goes back to the 1500s and 1600s when the first major breakthrough came in 1669 after Danish scientist Nicolas Steno published the first laws of stratigraphy — the science of interpreting the strata, or layers of rock, in the Earth’s outer surface.

— He laid out two basic geologic principles:

(i) Sedimentary rocks (formed on or near the planet’s surface, in contrast to metamorphic and igneous rocks, which are formed deep within the Earth) are laid down in a horizontal manner.

(ii) Younger rock units were deposited on top of older rock units.

— The second principle essentially means that layers closer to the Earth’s surface must be younger than layers below them which allowed scientists of the time to conclude that each rock layer represented a specific interval of geologic time.

— Italian geologist Giovanni Arduino classified the four main layers of the Earth’s crust as:

(i) Primary (the lowest metamorphic and volcanic layers),

(ii) Secondary (hard sedimentary rocks),

(iii) Tertiary (less hardened sedimentary rocks), and

(iv) Quaternary (the most recently laid rock layer, which is quite soft in comparison to other strata).

Issues related to Arduino’s classification and Steno’s principles

(i) The rocks were locally described by colour, texture, or even smell, comparisons between rock sequences of different areas were often not possible.

(ii) Unlike tree-ring dating, in which each ring is equivalent to one year’s growth, rock layers don’t tell the specific length of geologic time, meaning no one layer can convey how long a certain period lasted on the Earth.

— These discrepancies were ultimately resolved in the 1800s by English surveyor William Smith. He noticed that fossils may be used to describe distinct periods of time because evolution and extinction are natural phenomena. A rock with a trilobite fossil on it, for example, indicates that it is Paleozoic in age (541-252 million years ago), not older or younger because trilobites existed exclusively during the Paleozoic era.

— He came up with the principle of faunal succession, which stated that fossils are found in the same order under the Earth’s surface from place to place. Fossil A was always found below Fossil B, which in turn was always found below Fossil C, and so on.

(Source: Advent of the Anthropocene epoch: Geological time scale, and how it has evolved over time by Alind Chauhan )

Different types of rocks

Soil profile

Difference between categories of GTS

Related Previous Year Question

Describe the characteristics and types of primary rocks. (2022)

Previous Mains Answer Practice

UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 47)

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UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 47)

UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 48)

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UPSC Civil Service Mains Paper 1 (popularly known as essay paper) is now of 250 marks.

Candidates may be required to write essays on multiple topics (two topics as of now). They will be expected to keep close to the subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in an orderly fashion and to write concisely.

Credit will be given for effective and exact expression.

Table of Contents

Recommended Books for Essay Paper – Civil Services Books – Mains Exam

• Essays for Civil Services and Other Competitive Examinations by Pulkit Khare .
• Selected Contemporary Essays by Saumitra Mohan (MHE)
• Essay Paper for Civil Services Main Examination by Pavneet Singh and Sonali Bansal
• A Book of Essays by Kalpana Rajaram
• 151 ESSAYS For UPSC Mains Various State Public Service Commissions and Other competitive Examinations
• English-Hindi-Essay Compulsory- UPSC Mains Examination
• ESSAYS(101 Current) for Competitive Exams

How to write a good essay

Here are some tips for writing a good essay:

• Read and understand the essay topic: Ensure that you understand the topic and what is expected of you in the essay.
• Plan and structure: Plan the flow of your essay and create an outline to ensure that your essay has a clear structure.
• Write in a clear and concise manner: Make sure your writing is easy to understand and avoids unnecessary technical terms or jargon.
• Use examples and evidence: Use real-life examples and supporting evidence to reinforce your arguments.
• Address counter-arguments: Consider and address any counter-arguments to strengthen your essay.
• Conclusion: Sum up your key arguments and present a clear conclusion.
• Edit and proofread: Revise your essay several times to ensure that it is error-free and presents your ideas effectively.

Remember to write in a way that is analytical, evaluative and comprehensive. Also, ensure that you stick to the word limit and allocate enough time for each essay.

To get a detailed idea on how to write a good essay, click here

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• Practice Essay Topics UPSC Civil Services Mains Exam

Useful Technique to Practice on Essay Topics for UPSC Civil Services Mains Exam

The essay paper was introduced in the year 1992 on the recommendations of the S. Chandra Committee. This paper was included in the UPSC Civil Services Examination to assess the candidates’ skills that would help in their service while drafting policy papers and other government duties.

This article will give details on how to effectively write essays for UPSC Mains Exam

Overview of UPSC Essay Writing

As mentioned in the UPSC Notifications , the syllabus of the Essay and what UPSC expects candidates to have is as given below:

• Linguistic skills (basic and understandable, grammatically correct)
• Capacity to comprehend ideas
• Ability to critically analyse what candidates write about
• Integrated thinking
• Assimilation of ideas with clarity and proper expression
• Lastly, the presentation should be good

Now, you know why the Essay paper was introduced by the Commission and the requisites of skill through Essay writing.

Tips on Essay Writing

Coming to the essay writing practice, it is recommended to candidates that they need not allocate a separate time for this as essay writing can be taken as part of answer writing practice.

It is advised to go through the past 10 years’ Essay Papers and make a note of them and their themes like Character, Disaster Management, Education, Environment, Future, Inclusion, IT development, Poverty/Inequality, Science & Technology, etc.

By doing this, the candidate will get a fair idea of every topic, now start writing on each topic. It should contain some statistics, comparisons, and quotes, and make sure that they have a little information about each topic to fill the single A4 Sheet.

To write an essay on a topic, one should analyse the topic from a different angle. It will be hard to think of a topic from a different angle during the exam. Hence, here is a simple and easy method of essay practice. As said earlier, while practising answer writing for UPSC Mains Exam, make Essay writing practice as part of it.

Here’s an example following which will make a candidate conquer the essay paper.

Let’s take a topic as an example:

“ Character of an institution is reflected in its leader “

Advised to read the topic 10 times before starting to write on the topic, brainstorm on the topic and write down all the points that come to the mind in some corner of the paper; once you are done with it, now pen it down.

Write a simple and straight introduction about the institution and leader; now think how it can be related to the General Studies Mains Syllabus. Here, one can talk about institutions during the Mauryan period and taking Ashoka as a leader. Later, they can explain the character of the institution during this period and how Ashoka preached peace and non-violence through institutions. Then, one can talk about the institution during the Mughal period and how different it was and the character of institutions during the famous Akbar and Aurangzeb rule. Then, write about how institutions played a major role during the freedom movement under various leaders that led to prominent leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and others. Finally, talk about present-day institutions and leaders.

Also, relate how leaders played their part in society, politically, administrative, and geographically and become role models for others that made them the reflection of the institution.

Candidates can include quotes like “Leadership is based on inspiration, not domination, on cooperation, not intimidation.” – William Arthur Wood

And try to take an example of some leader to whom you can relate to the quote and talk about them what changes they brought that made them the reflection of an institution.

Similarly, for topics on Women empowerment , start with a simple and crisp introduction. Define what empowerment is and, later, empowerment opportunities available in various fields, like social, political, economic, cultural etc.

Then write about how women empowerment was during the Vedic period.

Also, write about women’s role in family life, culture, society, and their positions in education, employment, sports and other sectors. Give examples of women who made a difference in society or played a major role in the growth of the nation.

Don’t forget to include quotes and make sure that the quote should be written word-perfect, and in case you don’t remember the quote or the person who wrote it, then it is advised to drop the idea of including a quote.

Since it is the conclusion, don’t take it as a grand finale and complicate it just conclude the essay topic in very simple words by summarising whatever you have written now in the essay.

Make sure the conclusion is optimistic, and try to keep a balanced conclusion.

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