character analysis essay abigail williams the crucible

• The Crucible

Arthur Miller

• Literature Notes
• Abigail Williams
• Play Summary
• About The Crucible
• Character List
• Summary and Analysis
• Act I: Scene 1
• Act I: Scene 2
• Act I: Scene 3
• Act I: Scene 4
• Act I: Scene 5
• Act II: Scene 1
• Act II: Scene 2
• Act II: Scene 3
• Act II: Scene 4
• Act III: Scene 1
• Act III: Scene 2
• Act III: Scene 3
• Act IV: Scene 1
• Act IV: Scene 2
• Act IV: Scene 3
• Act IV: Scene 4
• Character Analysis
• John Proctor
• Reverend Hale
• Character Map
• Arthur Miller Biography
• Critical Essays
• Arthur Miller's Narrative Technique in The Crucible
• Historical Period: Puritans in Salem
• Full Glossary for The Crucible
• Essay Questions
• Practice Projects
• Cite this Literature Note

Character Analysis Abigail Williams

Abigail Williams is the vehicle that drives the play. She bears most of the responsibility for the girls meeting with Tituba in the woods, and once Parris discovers them, she attempts to conceal her behavior because it will reveal her affair with Proctor if she confesses to casting a spell on Elizabeth Proctor. Abigail lies to conceal her affair, and to prevent charges of witchcraft. In order to avoid severe punishment for casting spells and adultery — not to mention attempted murder when she plots Elizabeth's death — Abigail shifts the focus away from herself by accusing others of witchcraft. This desperate act of self-preservation soon becomes Abigail's avenue of power.

Abigail is the exact opposite of Elizabeth. Abigail represents the repressed desires — sexual and material — that all of the Puritans possess. The difference is that Abigail does not suppress her desires. She finds herself attracted to Proctor while working in the Proctor home. According to the Puritanical mindset, Abigail's attraction to Proctor constitutes a sin, but one that she could repent of and refuse to acknowledge. Abigail does the opposite. She pursues Proctor and eventually seduces him.

Abigail's willingness to discard Puritan social restrictions sets her apart from the other characters, and also leads to her downfall. Abigail is independent, believing that nothing is impossible or beyond her grasp. These admirable qualities often lead to creativity and a thirst for life; however, Abigail lacks a conscience to keep herself in check. As a result, she sees no folly in her affair with Proctor. In fact, Abigail resents Elizabeth because she prevents Abigail from being with Proctor.

Abigail gives new meaning to the phrase "all is fair in love and war." She has brooded over her sexual encounter with Proctor for seven months. The more she thinks about the affair, the more Abigail convinces herself that Proctor loves her but cannot express his love because of Elizabeth. Abigail continues to review and edit her memories until they accurately portray her as the center of Proctor's existence. Rather than seeing herself as an awkward seventeen year-old who took advantage of a man's loneliness and insecurity during his wife's illness, Abigail sees herself as Proctor's true love and his ideal choice for a wife. She believes she has only to eliminate Elizabeth so that she and Proctor can marry and fulfill her fantasy.

Abigail's fantasy reflects her age. She is a young girl daydreaming about the ideal male. However, she possesses shrewd insight and a capacity for strategy that reveal maturity beyond that of most other characters. Declaring witchcraft provides her with instant status and recognition within Salem, which translates into power. Abigail uses her authority to create an atmosphere of fear and intimidation. She threatens the other girls with violence if they refuse to go along with her plans, and she does not hesitate to accuse them of witchcraft if their loyalty proves untrue. Such is the case with Mary Warren.

Abigail develops a detailed plan to acquire Proctor and will stop at nothing to see her plan succeed. Her strategy includes establishing her credibility with the court and then eliminating Elizabeth. The achievement of her plot requires cold calculation, and so Abigail carefully selects the individuals that she accuses in order to increase her credibility. Thus, she first accuses the town drunk and vagrant, knowing that society is already predisposed to convict them. Each arrest strengthens her position, and demonstrating fits and trances increases her authority even more. Her decision to wait until the court sees her as irrefutable before she accuses Elizabeth reveals her determination and obsession with Proctor. Abigail thinks nothing of the fact that she condemns innocent people to die; those people merely serve as necessary instruments for her use in the fulfillment of her plan. At the end of the play, when Abigail realizes that her plan has failed and that she has condemned Proctor to hang, she displays the same cold indifference that governs her actions throughout the play. She flees Salem, leaving Proctor without so much as a second glance.

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Book Guides

In Arthur Miller's The Crucible , Abigail Williams is the pebble that gets the avalanche of the Salem witch trials started. It is Abigail who first says Tituba has been using supernatural powers to corrupt her and Betty, and it is Abigail who jumps on the (metaphorical) accusation train after Tituba has been coerced into confessing her involvement and naming co-conspirators.

In this guide, we'll go over Abigail's entire sphere of influence, from her role as the lead accuser in the witch trials to the relationship between Abigail and John Proctor, and discuss what drives Abigail to act as she does throughout the course of the play.

Feature image credit: Samantha Lindsay, 2016/All rights reserved.

Character Introduction: Who Is Abigail Williams?

Abigail is deftly characterized throughout the play through Miller's stage directions, what other characters say about her, and through Abigail's own actions and dialogue. The first thing we learn about Abigail (courtesy of Miller's introductory character description) is that she is young and gorgeous:

" Abigail Williams, seventeen…a strikingly beautiful girl " (Act 1, p. 8).

More important than her physical description and age, however, are Abigail's relationships with the other characters in the play.

Relationships

Abigail has important—and often contentious—relationships with the other characters, many of which directly shape the action of the play.

John and Elizabeth Proctor

Abigail is the former servant of John and Elizabeth Proctor. Over the course of the first two acts, it is revealed that Abigail used to work for the Proctors but had an affair with John; she was kicked out when Elizabeth confronted John with her suspicions and he confessed.

By the time the play begins, Abigail still loves John, but the feeling that does not appear to be mutual, as John won't continue the affair with her. The relationship between Abigail and John Proctor changes even further over the course of the play; by Act 3, Abigail no longer cares about John as much and makes no move to halt his arrest and hanging for witchcraft.

Abigail and Elizabeth have a mutual dislike, although the feeling is much stronger on Abigail's side than Elizabeth's (since Abigail eventually ends up accusing Elizabeth of being a witch):

"It's a bitter woman, a lying, cold, sniveling woman, and I will not work for such a woman!" (Act 1, p. 11)

Not only does Abigail think Elizabeth is bitter, lying, cold, and sniveling, but Abigail refers to Elizabeth as "it." The only other time this happens in the play is during another expression of extreme emotion, when John Proctor calls Abigail a whore ("It is a whore!" Act 3, p. 102) before the entire Salem court.

The Parris Family

Abigail is also Reverend Parris's niece (and so Betty Parris's cousin); she lives with the Parris family because her parents were killed by a local American Indian tribe.

We mainly see Abigail's interactions with her family in Act 1, when Betty is lying unresponsive on the bed and Parris is freaking out about what people are going to say and how it's going to affect how he's perceived in the town. It's unclear whether Abigail actually cares about Betty, or if she is just worried that if Betty doesn't wake up she'll get in even bigger trouble.

"ABIGAIL, smashes [Betty] across the face : Shut it! Now shut it!" (Act 1, p. 18)

Hitting someone is not exactly loving by today's standards, but tough love was not unknown in Puritan times, so you could argue it either way—maybe Abigail's just trying to stop Betty from being hysterical.

Abigail's resentment of her uncle, by contrast, is quite clear. Miller uses explicit stage directions to Abigail like " in terror ", " with an edge of resentment " and " With ill-concealed resentment at him " (Act 1, p. 11) when she's addressing Parris to illustrate the precarious position Abigail is in.

Because Abigail is an orphan in a society that does not value women, she is forced to depend on her uncle's kindness and avoid upsetting him or risk being thrown out to live on her own without any means to do so. Whether or not Abigail also thinks her uncle is petty and self-important is open to interpretation, depending on how the performers deliver certain lines (or how the reader interprets them). Take the following exchange, for instance:

"[PARRIS:] Abigail, do you understand that I have many enemies?

ABIGAIL: I have heard of it, uncle.

PARRIS: There is a faction that is sworn to drive me from my pulpit. Do you understand that?

ABIGAIL: I think so, sir." (Act 1, p. 10)

Either she's meekly agreeing with him…or she's subtly mocking him because she's heard him go on and on about how he is persecuted so many times. I tend to believe the latter explanation, especially given how often Abigail's lines contain dual meanings, but an argument could be made for either case.

Abigail has a somewhat mixed relationship with the third member of the Parris household, Tituba. Abigail seems to believe in Tituba's powers to the extent that she gets Tituba to make a potion to kill Goody Proctor (presumably so Abigail can marry John). When it starts to seem like this information might come out, however, Abigail preemptively accuses Tituba of bewitching her and Betty in order to save herself.

The Other Girls

Finally, Abigail appears to be friends (or friendly) with Mercy Lewis and Mary Warren. Mercy and Abigail seem to have a sort of partners-in-crime type of friendship—Abigail likes Mercy well enough to warn her by telling her what Parris has told Abigail he knows about the woods (although this could be perhaps because Abigail's afraid of what Mercy might say if they don't confer). On the other hand, Abigail appears to have nothing but disdain for Mary Warren, and is perfectly fine with bullying her:

"ABIGAIL, starting for Mary : I say shut it, Mary Warren!" (Act 1, p. 19)

Along with Ruth Putnam and Betty Parris, Abigail, Mercy, and Mary were in the woods with Tituba; along with Susanna Walcott, the girls form the core of the group of "afflicted" girls who accuse others of witchcraft during the trials.

By Act 3, Abigail no longer fears anybody because of how much she has risen in status and how much authority she has gained. She even faces off against Danforth (the man with nominally the most power in the play as Deputy Governor of Massachusetts) and gets him to back down from questioning her.

Other Character Traits

Abigail is an accomplished and convincing liar —she lies easily, without any compunction or care for the truth, and can keep the lies going. From her very introduction, Miller tells the reader of the play that Abigail has " an endless capacity for dissembling " (p. 8), and she spends the rest of her time onstage living up to this description. This characteristic is demonstrated in the first act of The Crucible when Abigail lies about what exactly happened in the woods:

"Uncle, we did dance; let you tell them I confessed it – and I'll be whipped if I must be. But they're speakin' of witchcraft. Betty's not witched" (Act 1, p. 9).

As each of her lies is revealed to be such, she comes up with a new lie that she still gets people to believe, even though she was clearly just lying and there's no reason why she wouldn't still be lying.

"But we never conjured spirits" (Act 1, p. 10)

"PARRIS, to Abigail : Then you were conjuring spirits last night.

ABIGAIL, whispering : Not I, sir - Tituba and Ruth." (Act 1, p. 15)

"She sends her spirit on me in church" (Act 1, p. 41)

Within the space of one act, Abigail changes her story from "we were just dancing" to "Tituba sent her spirit on me and bewitched us"—and everyone buys it.

Part of Abigail's success in convincing others of her lies stems from her ability to get herself to believe the lies. This occurs in Act 3 in the Salem court—Abigail manages to convince herself that she's being afflicted to the point where she goes into a fit that has real physical side-effects (her hands are icy to the touch).

A large part of Abigail's believability, though, comes from societal preconceptions—it's unthinkable that such a lowly person (young orphaned girl) would dare lie to someone important (her uncle who's taken her in, the Deputy Governor of the Province, and so on).

Probably not the accolade Reverend Parris would want hanging from his door.

Last but not least, Abigail is opportunistic . She seizes the chance to divert blame from herself and Betty by accusing Tituba of making them do bad things (Act 1). Once Abigail has gained power as an "afflicted child", she seizes the chance to accuse Elizabeth Proctor of witchcraft and get her out of the picture that way (Act 2).

Furthermore, when Elizabeth falters under Danforth's questioning and doesn't admit Abigail was dismissed because Abigail slept with John Proctor, Abigail seizes upon that too and strengthens her position by screaming and going into a fit before Hale can explain further about what he means by "This girl has always struck me as false!" (Act 3, p. 106). And when neighboring towns like Andover overthrow their witch trials and it looks like being someone who accused others of witchcraft might not be so safe anymore, Abigail grabs Parris's savings and leaves town (discussed in Act 4).

When Does Abigail Appear in The Crucible?

Abigail only appears onstage in Acts 1 and 3, although she is talked about by other characters in the other two acts. In Act 1, she enters very near the beginning (right after Tituba has been shooed off by Parris) and stays onstage through the end of the act; in Act 3, she and the other girls are summoned to the court towards the last third of the act to explain and deny Mary Warren's accusations, remaining onstage through the end of the act.

What Does Abigail Williams Do in The Crucible?

Below, I have an act-by-act breakdown of all of Abigail's actions over the course of the play.

At the beginning of Act 1, Abigail is chastised by her uncle for possibly getting Betty sick with the dancing they did in the woods. Abigail tries to defend herself, saying that Betty was just startled when Reverend Parris "leaped out of the bush so suddenly" and that's why Betty fainted.

Parris refuses to believe Abigail is telling the whole truth and wants to make sure they weren't up to even worse things than dancing, like conjuring spirits (!). He also wants to know if Abigail's reputation is still pure, which Abigail gets all snippy about (understandably—who'd want to talk to her uncle about her purity?). When it becomes clear that spirits were conjured during the "dancing" in the woods, Abigail says that it wasn't her doing the conjuring, just Tituba and Ruth Putnam.

Once the adults leave, Abigail confers with Mercy and Mary Warren about what to do. Abigail briefly manages to rouse Betty, who tries to throw herself out of the window, yells that "Abigail drank a potion to kill Goody Proctor," and then sinks back into an unresponsive state again. Abigail threatens everyone with violence if she says something about the potion.

When Abigail finds herself alone with John Proctor, she approaches him to see if she can get him to resume their affair, but he turns her down. Abigail is not happy about this and says it's his wife making him do it, which makes Proctor threaten to whip her (although to be fair, this is his default for dealing with women who upset him).

Hale arrives and begins to question Abigail about her actions in the woods. When pressed, Abigail blames Tituba, who is then fetched to explain herself. Before Tituba can say anything, Abigail preemptively strikes by saying that it was Tituba who did all the bad things like conjuring and creating potions, knowing that because Tituba is one of the few people in Salem below Abigail on the social ladder, the other Salem residents will find this easy to believe. After Tituba confesses, Abigail says that she, too, wants to confess her sins and come clean with God. She and Betty go into an orgy of crying out names of townspeople as witches as the curtain falls " On their ecstatic cries " (Act 1, p. 46).

We learn via Cheever that Abigail has charged Elizabeth Proctor as a witch (Act 2, p. 69). It turns out that while at dinner at the Parris house, Abigail fell to the floor, writhing in pain, and a needle was pulled out of her by Parris; Abigail then "testify it were your wife's familiar spirit pushed it in" (Act 3, p. 71). It also turns out that Abigail was sitting right next to Mary in court as Mary made the poppet and stuck a needle in it for safekeeping, which could have given Abigail the idea to throw the fit at dinner and accuse Elizabeth, but the hysterical Cheever, Herrick, and even Hale don't seem to think that this is reason enough not to arrest Elizabeth.

Abigail is brought into the courtroom (along with the other afflicted girls) by Danforth for questioning. She denies that she has lied about the supernatural torments she's been through, affirming that Mary is lying and that "Goody Proctor always kept poppets" (Act 3, p. 96), and appears insulted when Danforth asks her if she's sure she didn't just imagine it all.

In the midst of dressing down Danforth for doubting her, Abigail suddenly seems to go into a trance or some other altered state. During this fit, she looks at Mary Warren (with the implication being that Mary is the one causing this)—the other girls follow Abigail's lead and do the same. When Abigail looks up to heaven and asks for strength, however, she is assaulted, yelled at, and accused of being a harlot by John Proctor. Danforth asks Abigail to deny (or confirm) that she had sex with John Proctor when asked by Danforth, but Abigail refuses ("If I must answer that, I will leave and I will not come back again!" Act 3, p. 103).

Abigail leads the girls into another fit after Elizabeth Proctor exits the courtroom, this one explicitly targeting Mary Warren as the source:

"But God made my face; you cannot want to tear my face. Envy is a deadly sin, Mary." Act 3, p. 106.

She and the other girls descend into full-blown hysteria, mimicking Mary Warren's every action and word until Mary caves under the pressure and accuses John Proctor of being the Devil's man.

Act 4 & "Echoes Down the Corridor"

What happened to Abigail? We learn via Reverend Parris that she has vanished, possibly via ship, and taken all his savings.

"My daughter tells me how she heard [Abigail and Mercy Lewis] speaking of ships last week, and tonight I discover my—my strongbox is broke into." (Act 4, p. 117)

In "Echoes Down the Corridor" (the epilogue immediately following Act 4), Miller informs us that "[t]he legend has it that Abigail turned up later as a prostitute in Boston" (p. 135).

Abigail Williams Character Analysis

Abigail is the most complex female character in The Crucible. Unlike Rebecca Nurse (the wise, saintly old woman), Elizabeth Proctor (the frigid and betrayed wife), Mary Warren (the girl who just wants to feel important and fit in with the cool kids), or Tituba (the slave who was forced into saving herself by accusing others of witchcraft), Abigail's character cannot be neatly labeled as just one thing. Instead, there is a complex interaction of different motivations that lead Abigail to act as she does during the events of the play.

Abigail Motivation #1: Sociopathy/Actively Trying to be Evil

An easy, surface explanation of Abigail's character is to label her as a calculating sociopath, and there is some evidence that supports this claim. In Act 1, Abigail does seize upon the opportunity to divert blame from herself to first Tituba and Ruth (p. 15), then just Tituba (p. 40), then to women with questionable reputations like Sarah Good, Goody Osburn, and Bridget Bishop (p. 45). She doesn't care at all about the fates of the women being blamed—she's just accusing them to further her own ends.

In Act 3, Miller describes Abigail as staring Mary Warren down "remorselessly" (p. 97); furthermore, Abigail seems to deliberately focus on Mary Warren as the cause of both of her fits:

"ABIGAIL, looking about in the air, clasping her arms about her as though cold : I—I know not. A wind, a cold wind, has come. Her eyes fall on Mary Warren ." (Act 3, p. 101)

"ABIGAIL, to the ceiling, in a genuine conversation with the "bird," as though trying to talk it out of attacking her : But God made my face; you cannot want to tear my face. Envy is a deadly sin, Mary.

MARY WARREN, on her feet with a spring, and horrified, pleading : Abby!

ABIGAIL , unperturbed, continuing to the "bird" : Oh, Mary, this is a black art to change your shape. No, I cannot, I cannot stop my mouth; it's God's work I do." (Act 3, p. 107)

Finally, in Act 4, we learn Abigail has stolen her uncle's money and run away. When viewed through the lens of "calculating person who does not feel emotion," the reasons for Abigail's actions become very simple: she acts as she does because she has no empathy for others and cares only for herself. Here's just a smattering of other arguments that could be made to support this conclusion or thesis:

Abigail sleeps with John Proctor because she wants to, not caring about his marriage.

When she's kicked out of the Proctor house and sent back to her uncle's, she's upset, not because she loves John, but because of the loss of her good reputation.

She's only concerned with Betty's illness because it means Abigail will get into trouble, and the reason Abigail doesn't immediately say that Betty's suffering from witchcraft is because Abigail doesn't realize that's the best tack to take until later.

She wants to kill Goody Proctor and marry John not because she cares about him, but because it will increase her social status (and also gain her access to intimate relations with Proctor's "unexpressed, hidden force" (p. 20)).

She accuses other people of witchcraft because it benefits her by helping her get out of trouble for dancing and conjuring in the woods; it also makes her seem more powerful (especially if those people "confess" and so corroborate her accusations).

She purposefully throws a fit to discredit Mary and pressure Mary into recanting her statement to protect herself.

When she's at risk of losing her power and authority because of events in Andover, Abigail steals her poor uncle's money (even though he had housed and fed her after her parents were killed) and runs off, eventually becoming a prostitute.

Abigail Motivation #2: Pragmatism

Maybe you can tell by how hyperbolic my language got at the end there, but I don't think that writing off Abigail an emotionless, manipulative person and ignoring any other facet of her character is a particularly useful or insightful way to analyze her character. In addition to being motivated by opportunism (taking advantage of the situation to get an outcome that's best for her, no matter what the cost for others), Abigail also seems to be motivated by a desire to avoid getting into trouble with authority (which means she needs to keep her reputation clean).

Unlike with Mary Warren, however, Abigail's wish to avoid trouble is not coupled with a desire to please. She wants to avoid trouble not because she wants to make everyone happy, but because that is the safest thing to do. And in contrast to John Proctor, who struggles through the play with how he's compromised his sense of himself by committing adultery, Abigail doesn't seem to care as much about the principle of having a good reputation—she's more concerned with the practicality of how being considered "soiled" might negatively affect her.

Evidence for this can be found at the beginning of Abigail's charge to Mercy, Mary, and Betty:

"Now look you. All of you. We danced. And Tituba conjured Ruth Putnam's dead sisters. And that is all" (Act 1, p. 19).

In Puritan Salem, dancing and conjuring dead people are NOT activities that are good for your reputation, particularly if you're in a precarious social position to begin with (orphaned, young, girl, fired servant). Being found guilty of these acts, however, will merit far less punishment than being found guilty of adultery and of trying to kill the wife of the man you committed adultery with.

It could be argued that part of Abigail's desire to avoid trouble at all costs stems from her traumatic past. When The Crucible begins, Abigail is an orphan living with her uncle and cousin, but her parents didn't just die of cholera or some other natural cause. Abigail explicitly states "I saw Indians smash my dear parents' heads on the pillow next to mine" (Act 1, p. 19)—an upsetting experience that would inculcate a desire to avoid trouble in anyone. Perhaps because of this previous upheaval, Abigail doesn't seem to quite trust that her uncle will love her and let her stay there, no matter what:

"[ABIGAIL:] With ill-concealed resentment at him : Do you begrudge my bed, uncle?

PARRIS: No - no." (Act 1, p. 11)

Whether or not Abigail's fears of being kicked out of the Parris's house are justified, they're still a motivating factor—she wants to avoid getting into trouble so that she doesn't lose her only home.

As Act 1 continues, Abigail continues to try to defray blame and to play down the "dancing in the woods." The way Miller sets up the dialogue, however, Abigail only changes her story in response to pressure from other characters—for the most part, she is reacting, not going on the offensive. For example, take a look at this series of exchanges between Hale, Parris, and Abigail:

"[HALE] He turns to Abigail, his eyes narrowing . Abigail, what sort of dancing were you doing with her in the forest?

ABIGAIL: Why—common dancing is all.

PARRIS: I think I ought to say that I—I saw a kettle in the grass where they were dancing.

ABIGAIL: That were only soup.

PARRIS , fearfully : I—do believe there were some movement—in the soup.

ABIGAIL: That jumped in, we never put it in!

HALE, quickly : What jumped in?

ABIGAIL: Why, a very little frog jumped—

HALE, grasping Abigail : Abigail, it may be your cousin is dying. Did you call the Devil last night?

ABIGAIL: I never called him! Tituba, Tituba ..." (Act 1, p. 39-40)

Step by step, Abigail adds more information as she is pressed to explain herself by Hale and Parris. The clinching moment for me (and the reason I don't think Abigail is so much calculating as she is trying to avoid trouble) is this next exchange Abigail has with Reverend Hale:

"HALE: How did she call him?

ABIGAIL: I know not—she spoke Barbados.

HALE: Did you feel any strangeness when she called him? A sudden cold wind, perhaps? A trembling below the ground?

ABIGAIL: I didn't see no Devil! Shaking Betty : Betty, wake up. Betty! Betty!

HALE: You cannot evade me, Abigail. Did your cousin drink any of the brew in that kettle?

ABIGAIL: She never drank it!

HALE: Did you drink it?

ABIGAIL: No, sir!

HALE: Did Tituba ask you to drink it?

ABIGAIL: She tried, but I refused.

HALE: Why are you concealing? Have you sold yourself to Lucifer?

ABIGAIL: I never sold myself! I'm a good girl! I'm a proper girl!" (Act 1, p. 40)

Abigail does not immediately seize upon the suggestion of witchcraft that Hale so blatantly puts out with his leading question ("Did you feel any strangeness when she called him? A sudden cold wind, perhaps? A trembling below the ground?"); instead, she denies any knowledge of the Devil and witchcraft ("I didn't see no Devil!"). If she really were entirely calculating and opportunistic, there's no way she would have passed up on an opportunity to push the blame onto some external force here, when she's under pressure.

Abigail's breaking point happens when Tituba is brought into the room—the only way out for Abigail to maintain her status as a good and proper girl and to avoid getting into even more trouble is to strike first; there is no other option that ends well for her in this scenario.

A similar argument could be made for why Abigail acts the way she does in the courtroom in Act 3, although now she's changed from being on the defensive (saying she never did anything wrong) to being on the offensive (accusing Mary of lying, threatening Danforth when he doubts her). Abigail has gained an enormous amount of power and authority since her introduction in Act 1, which means that she no longer has to worry as much about her reputation—anything negative that's said about her she can lie about, and her word will be believed (as it is with Mary Warren).

Abigail does, however, still try to avoid answering the question of whether or not she committed adultery with John Proctor:

"If I must answer that, I will leave and I will not come back again!" (Act 3, p. 103)

This could be seen as more courtroom dramatics on Abigail's part, and yes, if it's revealed she slept with John Proctor, her whole façade of being an innocent victim does come tumbling down. But this could also be her still trying to walk the fine line of avoiding getting into trouble and avoiding telling lies, particularly because this subject is one that she cares about.

The other exception to Abigail's "offense is the best defense" stance is at the end of Act 3, when she doesn't do anything to counter Mary Warren's accusations against John Proctor. From a pragmatic point of view, this still makes sense, because the safest thing to do is to back up Mary's accusations by praising God; if Mary's shown to be a liar and pretending to be afflicted, then the whole house of cards will come tumbling down and Abigail will be in a huge amount of trouble that she won't be able to talk her way out of.

Motivation #3: Teenage Love

The final piece of Abigail's character puzzle is her relationship with John Proctor. I'll begin the discussion of this motivator through a common discussion question asked about Abigail in The Crucible :

Common Discussion Question: In 1692, the historical Abigail Williams was 11 years old, and John Proctor was 60. How did Miller's deviation from the "historical model" affect the play? What other changes do you think Arthur Miller made between Abigail from The Crucible and the historical Abigail?

Answer : Changing the ages made the relationship Miller saw between Abigail Williams and John Proctor a whole lot less creepy for John Proctor...although honestly, it's still pretty creepy. He was 18 years older and her employer? She wasn't even 18? And he constantly threatens to whip women of a lower social status if they displease him? That's still uncomfortable and upsetting.

In "Why I Wrote the Crucible: An Artist's Answer to Politics" (The New Yorker, October 1996), Miller writes that he was certain of the relationship between Abigail and John Proctor:

"By this time, I was sure, John Proctor had bedded Abigail, who had to be dismissed most likely to appease Elizabeth."

Arthur Miller also throws in at the end of The Crucible (in "Echoes Down The Corridor") the rumor that Abigail eventually becomes a prostitute in Boston, 20 years down the line. As far as I've been able to discover from researching it, there's zero truth to this—Abigail most likely died in the 1690s, since nothing is ever heard about her again. Thus, Miller very much shaped Abigail's character from an 11-year-old servant girl into a sexually predatory woman and used that to drive conflict in the play.

Abigail starts off the play very much still in love with John Proctor:

"You are no wintry man. I know you, John. I know you. She is weeping. I cannot sleep for dreamin'; I cannot dream but I wake and walk about the house as though I'd find you comin' through some door. She clutches him desperately. " (Act 1, p. 22)

John, however, spurns her love, because of his conscience and guilt:

"Abby, I may think of you softly from time to time. But I will cut off my hand before I'll ever reach for you again. Wipe it out of mind. We never touched, Abby." (Act 1, p. 22)

Abigail thinks to win him back and get revenge on his wife at the same time by accusing Elizabeth of witchcraft (Act 2)…or at least, so Proctor seems to think. Proctor tells Danforth his interpretation of Abigail's actions and intent, attributing her actions first to lust, then to vengeance:

"God help me, I lusted, and there is a promise in such sweat. But it is a whore's vengeance, and you must see it" (Act 3, p. 102)

Abigail's real motivation for getting Elizabeth Proctor out of the way, however, is somewhat opaque. Because we never really get to see inside Abigail's head again in the play (she never talks in private to anyone onstage after Act 1), we don't actually know if Proctor's interpretations are correct. Abigail could be accusing Elizabeth because she's convinced herself Elizabeth is a witch, she could be accusing Elizabeth because she loves John and wants to be with him (rather than because she hates Elizabeth or because she just wants him for his body), or she could be accusing Elizabeth because she sees marrying John as a way to empower herself and gains status in the restrictive, misogynist society of Salem.

Whatever the reason(s) behind it, Abigail's plan to get Elizabeth out of the way and win John back backfires. John calls Abigail a whore in court, Abigail's forced to deny this to keep her good standing with the court, and while Abigail doesn't retaliate by calling John a witch (perhaps because she still has some "soft feelings" for him), she doesn't make a move to stop his arrest when Mary Warren accuses him.

Common Discussion Question: Compare and contrast Elizabeth Proctor and Abigail Williams.

To answer this question, you can discuss how the two women's relationships with John change over time, their actions to protect (or not protect) John, and their feelings about John and themselves (do they really care about John, or are they just trying to cement their social positions?). Use the information in the above analysis about Abigail to bolster your comparison.

How Does Abigail Williams Change Over Time?

Over the course of The Crucible , Abigail goes from having basically no power to having the most power of anyone in Salem . She starts out one step higher than Tituba: an orphaned, teenaged, girl who has been fired from her job and is being given a bad reputation around town by her former employer, basically living on her uncle's charity. By Act 3, Abigail is the head of the "afflicted children," powerful enough that she can threaten Danforth, the Deputy Governor of the Province, and get away with it:

"ABIGAIL: I have been hurt, Mr. Danforth; I have seen my blood runnin' out! I have been near to murdered every day because I done my duty pointing out the Devil's people—and this is my reward? To be mistrusted, denied, questioned like a—

DANFORTH, weakening : Child, I do not mistrust you—

ABIGAIL, in an open threat : Let you beware, Mr. Danforth. Think you to be so mighty that the power of Hell may not turn your wits? Beware of it!" (Act 3, p. 100)

Abigail talks back to Danforth in court, and rather than yelling at her, he weakens in his own conviction. She then follows this up with a not-so-veiled threat that underscores her power—if he crosses Abigail, maybe he'll find himself accused of witchcraft. Even though in Act 4 Parris reveals to Danforth that Abigail is a runaway thief, that is not enough to diminish her power—those who she accused of being witches are still set to hang.

Abigail also changes from having a questionable reputation to unimpeachable reputation and then back to having a tarnished reputation over the course of the play. In Act 1, Parris tells Abigail that her former employer, Elizabeth Proctor, "comes so rarely to church this year for she will not sit so close to something soiled" (Act 1, p. 11), meaning that Abigail is soiled, or unclean—not a good reputation to have when you're already in a precarious social position like Abigail is.

By the time Act 2 rolls around, Abigail's reputation has soared to such heights that she's treated like Moses (a Biblical prophet). As Elizabeth Proctor states:

"[Mary Warren] speak of Abigail, and I thought she were a saint, to hear her. Abigail brings the other girls into the court, and where she walks the crowd will part like the sea for Israel" (Act 2, p. 50).

In Act 3, Abigail's reputation is strong enough that John Proctor's accusations of her being a whore (since she slept with a married man) aren't automatically believed, even though ordinarily the word of an upright male citizen like John Proctor would certainly be taken over that of a teenage orphan girl. In Act 4 it's revealed that Abigail has run away and stolen money from her uncle (and so her reputation takes a hit in her absence), but since she is no longer in Salem, it doesn't really matter for her.

Abigail's goals seem to change over the course of the play. In Act 1, it's clear that she is still very much attracted to John Proctor and wants to be with him: she nervously laughs the first time he speaks to her (very much a teenager in the midst of an infatuation), and is physically affected by his presence:

"Since Proctor's entrance, Abigail has stood as though on tiptoe, absorbing his presence, wide-eyed " (Act 1, p. 20).

Part of her desire to marry John Proctor may be to improve her social standing, but at this point in the play, Abigail still seems to care about John Proctor and want to be with HIM, not just some random guy (although, of course, Miller's told us that she has an "endless capacity for dissembling," so who knows if we can trust her).

In Act 2, Abigail still seems to want to be with John Proctor, since she's accused Elizabeth Proctor of witchcraft. As I mentioned in the "motivations" section, it's harder to tell what Abigail's reasons for this are because it's other people talking about her actions, rather than firsthand knowledge. Proctor and his wife seem pretty sure that Abigail's motives are to replace Elizabeth Proctor:

"[ELIZABETH:] She thinks to take my place, John.

PROCTOR: She cannot think it! He knows it is true. " (Act 2, p. 58)

So it's unclear whether her motives are out of lust and love for John, wanting to improve her social standing, or wanting to get revenge on Elizabeth for sullying her name, but Abigail's intentions to get rid of Elizabeth, at least, are clear.

By Act 3, however, Abigail cares more about holding onto the power she already has than about John Proctor. We know this because when Mary Warren accuses John Proctor of being "the Devil's man," Abigail makes no move to deny it. Instead, she and the rest of girls echo Parris's "Praise God!" (p. 110).

So do you think Abigail really loves John? Why or why not? What evidence from the play can you find to support your argument?

Finally, the extent to which Abigail is affected by the hysteria seems to change during the course of the play . Part of the reason for this is that after the first act, the audience is no longer privy to Abigail's thought processes (since she no longer is talking in confidence to friends or Proctor, but instead is taking very public actions and making public statements in the courthouse).

In the first act, it seems pretty clear that Abigail is faking her "fit":

• she tells multiple people that they were dancing in the woods and conjuring Ruth Putnam's dead sisters' spirits
• she shuts down any discussion of her drinking a potion to kill Goody Proctor
• she is matter of fact about it, mainly frightened not because they were meddling with the supernatural, but because she's afraid she'll be punished if word gets out

For contrast, compare Abigail in this instance to Mary Warren, who seems genuinely freaked out:

"MARY WARREN, with hysterical fright: What's got her? Abigail stares in fright at Betty. Abby, she's going to die! It's a sin to conjure, and we-" (Act 1, p. 19).

By Act 3, however, it's no longer clear exactly how much Abigail is faking the fright and fits. The argument can certainly be made that she and the other girls are trying to intimidate Mary Warren into retracting her statements about them lying. Abigail does, however, appear to show at least some physical manifestation of her distress (which is harder to fake):

"HATHORNE, touching Abigail's hand : She is cold, Your Honor, touch her!"

Of course, you might argue that Hathorne is feeling what he expected to feel, or that Abigail has such control over her body that she is able to cause her temperature to drop because of psychosomatic processes. Equally possible, though, is that she, like Mary, has been caught up in the hysteria and to some extent believes that she is being attacked by supernatural forces, and so it's an unconscious link between mind and body causing her to have cold hands.

In the fourth Act, we learn Abigail has stolen all of Parris's savings and run away with Mercy Lewis, which does imply that she's reverted to form and that this whole being-attacked-by-witches thing was just a hoax. We don't really have enough information about Abigail's thinking, however, to say for sure if she never believed in witches, or if there was a brief period during which she, too, got caught up in the witch hunt hysteria.

Abigail Williams Quotes from The Crucible

To wrap up this character analysis, we have three Abigail quotes, explained and analyzed.

The first quote illustrates the importance of reputation in Puritan Salem:

"My name is good in the village! I will not have it said my name is soiled! Goody Proctor is a gossiping liar!" (Act 1, p. 12)

Abigail is extremely upset that this gossip is going around town and that her uncle knows about it, so she hurries to defend her name with much exclamation, calling Goody Proctor a liar to offset the damage. The irony of Abigail, consummate liar, calling someone else a liar repeats throughout the play, including in the next quote:

"ABIGAIL, with a slight note of indignation : It is a lie, sir." (Act 3, p. 95)

In this case, the irony of Abigail accusing someone else of lying is enhanced by the stage directions: not only is Abigail calling Mary a liar, but she's doing so in a tone that implies Abigail is offended Mary would ever think to say such a thing about her. In reality, of course, it's Abigail who is the shameless liar. The "shameless" descriptor ties in well to the final quote:

"ABIGAIL, stepping up to Danforth : What look do you give me? Danforth cannot speak. I'll not have such looks! She turns and starts for the door ." (Act 3, p. 103)

By this point in the play, Abigail has gained enough authority that she feels empowered to tell the Deputy Governor of the Province, to his face, that she won't put up with him giving her suspicious looks. This is a big change from her previous position in Salem society, where she was dependent on the charity of her uncle, Reverend Parris (especially after she was fired by Elizabeth Proctor).

What's Next?

Need to get a better understanding of the other characters in the play? Read our complete guide to and analysis of all the characters in The Crucible .

Confused about the actions Abigail takes in the context of The Crucible ? We've got plot summaries for the acts she appears in .

How does Abigail's character fit into the greater themes of The Crucible ? Delve into the themes of The Crucible with this article .

Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Laura graduated magna cum laude from Wellesley College with a BA in Music and Psychology, and earned a Master's degree in Composition from the Longy School of Music of Bard College. She scored 99 percentile scores on the SAT and GRE and loves advising students on how to excel in high school.

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The Crucible

Arthur miller, everything you need for every book you read., john proctor, reverend parris, reverend hale, elizabeth proctor, abigail williams.

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Giles corey, francis nurse, deputy governor danforth.

Character Analysis of Abigail Williams

Characters analysis of abigail williams (the crucible).

Character Analysis of Abigail Williams | The Crucible

Abigail Williams is the main character and driving force of the play. She played a vital role in taking responsibility for the other girls dancing in the woods. She also dictates other girls and manipulates them according to her own wishes.

She was casting a spell in the woods with Tituba and other girls in order to get rid of Elizabeth proctor from her way. She lies confidently conceal her affair and also threatens other girls to not reveal her lies. She has the power to drive the court and other girls as she wants. She manipulates every situation to fulfill her own ends.

She manages to escape severe punishment for casting spells and adultery from might court. Court could not judge her false pretending of attempted murder when she plots Elizabeth’s death. She also pretends as Merry Warren is attacking on her and other girls also act as Abigail does. Abigail is successful in shifting the focus of court away from her by accusing individuals of witchcraft. This desperate act of self-preservation soon becomes Abigail’s avenue of power.

The character of Abigail Williams contrasts with Elizabeth Proctor. Abigail represents the repressed material and sexual desires that all the Puritans possess. Abigail does not suppress her desires and finds herself attracted to John Proctor while working as a servant at Proctor’s house. According to the Puritan Doctrine, her lover affair with Proctor is considered a sin. A person who commits a sin, either he has to go for punishment or he should confess and repent but Abigail does the opposite. She pursues Proctor and eventually seduces him.

Abigail Williams does not believe in Puritan social restrictions and feels herself free from Puritan restraints. She acts as she wants to do. Her love affair, casting a spell, accusing falsely, pretending in order to kill Elizabeth and speaking lies confidently; her all acts are opposite to Puritan doctrine but she does all these evils which leads towards her fall. Abigail believes nothing is impossible for her and no one can escape from her grasp.

Abigail’s amorous pursuits mirrors her teenage. She is like other teenage girls who dream for their ideal life partner. However, she owns sharp insight that reflects her maturity beyond that of most other characters. Abigail soon becomes much confident and uses her authority to construct an environment of fear and terrorization. She has hold on other girls and uses them according to her own plans, and she does not hesitate to accuse any individual of witchcraft

Abigail believes that she possesses Proctor’s true love and his ideal choice for a wife. She supposes that by removing Elizabeth from her way will pave the way for Proctor who will marry her and fulfill her fantasy. Abigail goes to full extent to achieve Proctor as her husband but she fails to do so. Her sexual desires convince herself that Proctor loves her too but he cannot express his love because of his wife. She was not aware that why Procter is in relation with him. There was not true love, but she was taking advantage of his loneliness and insecurity during his wife’s illness rather than a true love of Proctor.

She makes a plan to win Proctor. She makes a strategy to establish her credibility with the court and then she attempts to eliminate Elizabeth from his way. Abigail cautiously marks the vulnerable individuals whom she accuses in order to increase her credibility. Her decision to wait until she wins trust at court before she accuses Elizabeth reveals her determination. Lives of innocent accused people do not matter for Abigail who is focusing at her own end. She is successful at making credibility with the court but cannot win Proctor which spoils her plan. In the last act of the play, Abigail realizes her plan has spoiled badly, and she has failed to achieve Proctor although she condemns Proctor’s execution. Having nothing in her hand, she escapes from Salem.

   Arthur Miller: The Crucible

• Introduction and historical background to The Crucible
• Main characters in the play The Crucible
• Summary of the play The Crucible
• Character analysis of Abigail Williams
• Character analysis of John Proctor

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Arthur Miller’s The Crucible: Abigail Williams Analysis

• Arthur Miller’s The Crucible: Abigail…

We have all seen villains. We have all seen heroes. Heroes and villains make up just about every story in the world. Arthur Miller’s, The Crucible, is no different. One of the main characters and antagonists in the play is Abigail Williams. Demonstrated in words and actions, Abigail is a villain who shows the ability to be dangerous and manipulative to achieve her selfish desires.

In “Act One” of the play, Mr. Parris says to Abigail, “Then you were conjuring spirits last night.” At this moment, Abigail is receiving lots of negative attention because of what happened that night.

Afraid of what will get out, she says, “Not I sir, – Tituba and Ruth.” Abigail does this, and attention is removed from herself and given to Tituba. Abigail only continues to throw the blame on others to avoid punishment and redirect attention knowing that others will get punished ( Crucible 16).

Henceforth, Abigail removes the focus from herself; she listens to what they told Tituba. “I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil! I saw Bridget Bishop with the Devil!” Abigail realized that if she accused people of being a witch, she would not have to face the consequences. She then starts naming innocent people accusing them of being a witch even though she knew this would ruin their lives and reputations ( Crucible 48).

As Abigail is being questioned: she freezes up and claims that Mary is using the dark arts against her. Mary screams at her, “stop it, Abby,” and Abigail mocks her, “stop it, Abby,”( Crucible 115-116).

Abigail, in act one, threatens the girls, “Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and, I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you”(20).

Abigail says this to make sure no one says any more about what they are doing. Mary dared go against Abigail and ended up in a predicament which made her look like the villain.

Ultimately, some may feel that Abigail is not a villain but a victim. Those that are more sympathetic argued that Abigail is a victim because she experienced trauma and was lead on; It has also argued that Abigail was young and not emotionally secure yet.

Because she was so young and had already experienced so many traumatic events, such as witnessing her family’s murder and the affair she had with John. There was the possibility that Abigail was mentally ill. Even with such good claims as to why Abigail acted the way she did, it does not justify her actions.

There are many characters in The Crucible, but Abigail, a persona that has a villainous role, stands out. Abigail distinguished as a villain by both her actions and words. Along with her ability to be dangerous and manipulative.

Throughout the entire play, she continuously ruins and destroys the lives of the people around her. Abigail’s actions not only destroyed lives but the foundation of her town as well. Many that were in power at the time used this hysteria for personal gain, just as Abigail had done.

Related Posts

• The Crucible Act 3 Analysis & Themes
• The Crucible: John Proctor Character Analysis
• The Crucible: Giles Corey Character Analysis
• Arthur Miller’s Death Of A Salesman: Summary & Analysis
• Arthur Miller’s The Crucible: Characters Analysis

Author:  William Anderson (Schoolworkhelper Editorial Team)

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Abigail Williams in The Crucible: Analyzing a Complex Character

• September 9, 2023
• General Information

Table of Contents

• 1 Introduction
• 2 The Crucible and its historical context
• 3 Abigail Williams as a complex character
• 4 The motivations of Abigail Williams
• 5 The consequences of Abigail Williams’ actions
• 6 Conclusion

Introduction

Welcome, dear readers, to a journey into the captivating world of Arthur Miller’s timeless play, The Crucible. Within its pages lies a gripping tale that unfolds amidst the backdrop of 17th century Salem, Massachusetts – a time marred by fear and suspicion. At the center of this tumultuous saga stands Abigail Williams, a character as enigmatic as she is complex.

Buckle up as we embark on an exploration of Abigail Williams’ psyche and unravel the motivations behind her actions in our quest to understand this intriguing individual. From her devious machinations to the far-reaching consequences she sets in motion, join us as we delve deep into the fascinating realm of Abigail Williams!

The Crucible and its historical context

The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller, is a play that takes place in Salem, Massachusetts during the time of the infamous Witch Trials. Set in the late 17th century, it explores themes of mass hysteria and the destructive power of false accusations.

In order to fully understand Abigail Williams’ character and her motivations, it is important to delve into the historical context surrounding the events depicted in The Crucible. During this period, Puritan society was heavily influenced by religious beliefs and strict moral codes. Any deviation from these norms was seen as a threat to their way of life.

The fear and paranoia that permeated Salem at this time provided fertile ground for individuals like Abigail to manipulate situations for their own gain. In her case, she uses the witch trials as an opportunity to exact revenge on those who have wronged her or stood in her way.

Abigail’s actions throughout the play are driven by a desire for power and control. She sees herself as above reproach and will stop at nothing to achieve her goals. Her manipulation of others through lies and deceit reveals a cunning intellect behind her innocent facade.

However, Abigail’s actions ultimately lead to devastating consequences for both herself and those around her. Innocent lives are destroyed due to false accusations made under pressure from Abigail’s relentless pursuit of power.

The Crucible provides a fascinating insight into human nature during times of fear and uncertainty. Abigail Williams serves as a complex character whose motivations stem from personal vendettas rather than genuine concern for justice or righteousness. As readers or viewers engage with this timeless piece of literature, they are reminded of how easily truth can be distorted when people allow themselves to be consumed by fear.

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Abigail Williams as a complex character

Abigail Williams, a key character in Arthur Miller’s play The Crucible, is a fascinating and complex individual. From the moment she enters the scene, it becomes clear that there is more to her than meets the eye.

At first glance, Abigail appears innocent and vulnerable as one of Reverend Parris’ young servants. However, as the story unfolds, we see her true nature emerge. She manipulates those around her with ease, using their fear and superstition to further her own agenda.

It is through Abigail’s interactions with other characters that we begin to understand just how multifaceted she really is. On one hand, she seems driven by a desire for power and control – willing to go to great lengths to achieve her goals. Yet on the other hand, we catch glimpses of vulnerability and longing for love beneath her tough exterior.

What makes Abigail so intriguing is that she possesses both admirable qualities and deeply flawed characteristics. On one hand, she displays intelligence and cunning in orchestrating the witch trials; on the other hand, she shows an utter lack of empathy or remorse for the devastation caused by her actions.

As audience members or readers delving into this complex character’s psyche, we are left questioning: What drives someone like Abigail? Is it pure evil? Or perhaps a result of societal pressures and personal traumas?

One thing is certain – Abigail Williams leaves an indelible mark on The Crucible as a character who elicits both fascination and repulsion from audiences alike. Her complexity serves as a reminder that human beings are not easily reducible to simplistic labels or motivations.

In conclusion… Oops! Sorry about that slip-up! Let me rephrase – To sum up… No wait! Scratch that too! In essence… Ahh never mind!

In all seriousness though (there I go again!), exploring Abigail Williams’ role in The Crucible reveals layers upon layers of complexity that make her a truly captivating character. Her motivations, actions, and

The motivations of Abigail Williams

Abigail Williams, the notorious character in Arthur Miller’s play The Crucible, is a fascinating study in complex motivations. From the moment she enters the stage, it becomes clear that Abigail is not your typical teenage girl. Her actions and words are driven by a deep desire for power, control, and revenge.

One of Abigail’s primary motivations stems from her love affair with John Proctor. This forbidden relationship fuels her jealousy and bitterness towards his wife, Elizabeth Proctor. Abigail sees herself as more deserving of John’s affection and will stop at nothing to remove Elizabeth from the picture.

Another driving force behind Abigail’s actions is her hunger for attention and validation. In a society where young women had limited agency and voice, Abigail seizes upon the opportunity to wield power as an accuser in the Salem witch trials. By accusing others of witchcraft, she gains both recognition and control over those around her.

Furthermore, Abigail seeks to protect herself from scrutiny by deflecting blame onto others. When accusations start flying about their illicit activities in the woods with Tituba, Abigail shifts all responsibility onto Tituba while portraying herself as an innocent victim coerced into participating.

We cannot discount fear as a motivation for Abigail’s behavior. She witnessed firsthand the consequences of being accused of witchcraft when she saw her parents killed during these tumultuous times. By assuming a position of authority through accusation rather than being on trial herself, she secures her safety within this chaotic environment.

The consequences of Abigail Williams’ actions

The consequences of Abigail Williams’ actions in The Crucible are far-reaching and devastating. Her manipulation and deceit lead to the death of innocent individuals, tearing apart families and causing widespread hysteria within the Salem community.

Through her scheming, Abigail manages to convince many in the town that innocent people are practicing witchcraft. This false accusation leads to a series of trials where those accused are subjected to harsh interrogations and unfair judgments. The consequences? Lives destroyed, families torn apart, and trust shattered.

One consequence is the loss of innocence for many characters. As fear spreads throughout Salem, previously close-knit friendships crumble under suspicion. People turn against one another, driven by paranoia and self-preservation. The once peaceful community becomes engulfed in chaos as accusations fly left and right.

Another consequence is the erosion of justice itself. In their desperation to uncover witches among them, authorities abandon due process and rely on spectral evidence instead of tangible proof. Innocent men and women are condemned based solely on rumors or personal vendettas.

Furthermore, Abigail’s actions create an atmosphere of fear that permeates every corner of Salem society. No one feels safe; even those who have done nothing wrong live with constant anxiety about being accused next.

In addition to these immediate consequences, Abigail’s actions leave a lasting impact on the reputation of Salem as well as its residents’ psyches. Even after the hysteria subsides, scars remain both physically and emotionally.

The consequences brought about by Abigail Williams’ manipulative nature extend beyond individual lives affected; they expose deep-seated flaws within human nature itself – our susceptibility to deception, our tendency towards mob mentality when gripped by fear.

As readers or audience members witnessing these repercussions unfold before us through Arthur Miller’s masterful storytelling in The Crucible, we cannot help but reflect upon how easily such circumstances can arise again if we do not remain vigilant against injustice fueled by baseless accusations and unchecked power.

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Abigail Williams is undoubtedly one of the most complex and intriguing characters in Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible. Through her actions and motivations, she becomes a catalyst for the hysteria that consumes Salem during the witch trials.

From her initial manipulation to her relentless pursuit of John Proctor, Abigail showcases a cunning and calculating nature that sets her apart from other characters. Her ability to deceive others with ease demonstrates both her intelligence and desperation to escape punishment for her own transgressions.

However, it is important to recognize the devastating consequences of Abigail’s actions. Her false accusations lead to the imprisonment and execution of innocent people, tearing apart families and destroying lives in the process. In many ways, Abigail embodies the chaos and destruction brought about by unchecked power.

In analyzing Abigail Williams as a character, we are forced to confront uncomfortable truths about human nature – our capacity for deceit, manipulation, and self-preservation at any cost. While she may be seen as a villainous figure through modern eyes, it is important to remember that she was shaped by an environment filled with fear, religious fervor, and societal expectations.

Abigail Williams serves as a reminder of how easily individuals can succumb to their darkest impulses when faced with extreme circumstances. As we delve into The Crucible’s narrative deeply intertwined with historical events like the Salem witch trials, we are reminded of humanity’s capacity for both good and evil—and how these forces can collide within complex characters like Abigail Williams.

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Daniel Day-Lewis and Winona Ryder Reinvented These Classic Characters

The pair added new levels to Arthur Miller's classic play.

The Big Picture

• Daniel Day-Lewis brings depth to John Proctor, showing complex emotions and human flaw in T he Crucible .
• Winona Ryder portrays Abigail with sympathy and desperation, adding layers of complexity to the once-villainous character in the film.
• The final scene between Day-Lewis and Ryder is powerful, showcasing their masterful performances in The Crucible and leaving a lasting impact.

The '80s and '90s introduced movie goers to countless mega-stars, with Daniel Day-Lewis and Winona Ryder being two of the biggest. Day-Lewis' big break came in 1984 in The Bounty , a film that has since been followed by an illustrious career . Ryder had her break-out role as Lydia Deetz in the classic gothic comedy, Beetlejuice , and would quickly become one of the most in demand stars in the industry thanks to films such as Heathers and Little Women . She also nearly starred in The Godfather III . Their careers finally intersected in 1996 , when they starred in a film adaptation of Arthur Miller 's acclaimed play, The Crucible .

A fictionalized take on the Salem Witch Trials, The Crucible follows the story of John Proctor (Day-Lewis), a resident of Salem, who struggles with guilt and anger as his wife, friends, and neighbors are condemned for allegedly participating in witchcraft. The main accuser is Abigail Williams (Ryder), a 17-year-old girl, who begins the accusations to save herself and get revenge on Proctor's wife, after he and the young girl participated in an affair. The film culminates in Abigail running away, and Proctor being hanged in place of his wife.

The Crucible has been performed regularly since it first opened in 1953, with Proctor normally played as a stoic, determined man, and Williams staged as pure evil. While little is known about the real-life people upon which the characters are based, Day-Lewis and Ryder brought fresh, new takes to their roles . Day-Lewis' Proctor was a more nuanced, complex man, prone to outbursts, frustration, and even once in a while, giving into his lust. Ryder's Abigail is a much more complicated version of the character. Beneath her spiteful derangement is a young girl, obsessed with being loved. When the two come together, it makes for cinema at its best.

The Crucible (1996)

A Salem resident attempts to frame her ex-lover's wife for being a witch in the middle of the 1692 witchcraft trials.

Daniel Day-Lewis' John Proctor Is More Complex Than Others

Daniel Day-Lewis has always wowed audiences and critics with his diverse, intricate skills. The year he played two contrasting roles in very different films is still considered a cinematic triumph. When he took on the role of John Proctor, he set a new standard for the character. Proctor plays a large role in the conflict of the story, having had an affair with Abigail sometime before The Crucible begins. In many ways, Proctor is just as guilty as Abigail for the events that take place over the course of the story, yet he's typically played as stoic, and somewhat of a "hero." Day-Lewis brought much more nuance to the character; h e's troubled from his first appearance on the screen , and when he shares an early scene with Ryder's Abigail, he's almost flirtatious and amused by the trouble she's causing.

We Have Winona Ryder To Thank for Francis Ford Coppola’s Dracula Movie

As the havoc caused by Abigail begins to become more serious, however, he plays the character, who is often a passive observer, with a building anxiety that reaches a boiling point when Proctor's wife is accused by Abigail and is taken to jail. Day-Lewis' building anger makes Proctor's mission to disprove Abigail feel far more urgent and noble, beyond just saving his wife — he's out to save the entirety of Salem. Such a portrayal makes Proctor much more relatable, thus making him a protagonist the audience truly wants to root for, instead of a secret accomplice .

Daniel Day-Lewis doesn't stop at complicating the character here, though. When Proctor thinks he's about to have a break through by getting one of Abigail's friends to confess to their lies, Abigail manipulates her into siding against Proctor, leading the character to deliver his famous "I say God is dead" monologue. The balanced build-up that he employs really feels like it has justified the explosive take Day-Lewis gives , and reflects the feelings that the audience has at this point. The actor has taken viewers on the ride along with a character who is typically passive, or cold. The anguish that Proctor feels practically leaps off the screen, and he has never felt more human.

Winona Ryder Makes Abigail Williams More Sympathetic

Abigail Williams has long been one of theater's most compelling characters. A 2023 revival of the play at London's National Theater served as a reminder of how compelling the character can be. When Winona Ryder got her hands on the coveted role, she brought the character to life like never before. Previously seen as a pure villain, Ryder did the impossible when she brought a sympathy and youthful naïveté to the character . Despite the horrible fates Abigail bestows upon many of the characters and the manipulative actions that would make the likes of Scarlett O'Hara blush , she is still a child acting out of desperation and jealousy.

The film begins with a scene only mentioned in the play. Abigail, her cousin, Betty Parris, and their friends meet up with Tituba, a woman from Barbados whom Betty's father, Reverend Parris, keeps as a slave. They dance in the woods and ask Tituba to cast spells to bring the girls the men for whom they long. Abigail, desperate to get John Proctor back, kills a chicken and drinks its blood in order to enact the spell. Despite not having any dialogue during the scene, Ryder plays the character with an unhinged derangement that is both frightening and desperate . It tells viewers all they need to know about the character: She is both intensely dangerous and madly infatuated.

Her character makes several attempts to win Proctor back throughout the film, all of which lead to rejection and threats. Ryder truly understood the pains and nuances that made the character tick, and, despite all the lives Abigail both ruins and ends, there is a strange sense of innocence and ignorance that makes her motivations believable. It's not an easy task to make a love-struck teenager a seemingly unstoppable adversary, but Ryder makes her evil character worthy of some sympathy. Both Ryder and Day-Lewis give the complex and toxic relationship their characters share a fitting end in one of the film's final scenes; a sequence that is both haunting and heartbreaking .

Winona Ryder Goes Goth Once Again in First 'Beetlejuice 2' Set Image

Winona ryder and daniel day-lewis' final scene together is cinematic gold.

As The Crucible comes to a climax, John Proctor is jailed for his actions and, desperate to save herself, Abigail steals from the Reverend and plans to sail away in the dead of night. In another scene Miller added to the film not in his play, Abigail visits the imprisoned Proctor to offer him to escape with her. She tries to justify her actions by telling him "I wanted you is all." Proctor remains silent as Abigail makes one last desperate attempt to convince him they belong together. When she finishes her monologue, Proctor responds simply, " It's not on a boat we'll meet again, Abigail, but in hell. " The line is powerful, yet simple and worthy of historical film consideration .

The scene is the literal personification of their characters, and both actors master the final sequence brilliantly. Ryder plays up the desperate justification that has motivated her character thus far, while Day-Lewis plays a burnt-out, almost completely disassociated Proctor with his single line delivery, capping his emotional build-up throughout the film. The picture concludes with Abigail running away, and Proctor hanged by the neck while reciting "The Lord's Prayer." It is a tragic ending for both, but a fitting one, with Abigail punished emotionally for the toll her actions took, and John finally finding peace by ultimately doing the right thing (refusing to accuse anyone of witchcraft) and dying with a clear conscience.

John Proctor and Abigail Williams are two of the most complex characters ever written, but actors Daniel Day-Lewis and Winona Ryder were more than up for the challenge. Day-Lewis brought new complexities to a formerly stoic character, while Ryder made the typically evil Williams deep, desperate and, at times, even sympathetic. While The Crucible has continued to be revived and performed in the decades since the film's release, the reinvention that the two skilled performers brought to the big screen version stands out as two of the finest interruptions the characters have ever seen.

The Crucible is available for rent or purchase in the U.S.

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Home — Essay Samples — History — Abigail Williams — The Crucible: Abigail Williams Reputation Analysis

The Crucible: Abigail Williams Reputation Analysis

• Categories: Abigail Williams The Crucible

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Published: Mar 20, 2024

Words: 583 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

Table of contents

Abigail's reputation as a manipulative and deceitful character, the impact of abigail's reputation on the salem witch trials, the consequences of abigail's reputation.

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