how to do verbal citations in a speech

Citations & Avoiding Plagiarism

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• Verbal Citations in Speeches
• Reading Citations
• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Annotated Bibliographies
• In-Text Citations
• Citation Generators: How to Use & Doublecheck Them
• Citation Workshops
• Links for Citation Generators Workshop

Why use Verbal Citations?

• Adds credibility.
• Shows your work.
• Avoids plagiarism by giving credit to others for their work/ideas.
• Shows timeliness of research and resources.

Creating an Verbal Citation

General guidelines.

Be brief, but p rovide enough information that your audience can track down the source.

Highlight what is most important criteria for that source.

Include who/what and when.

• Author 
• Author's credentials
• Title of Work
• Title of Publication
• Date of work/publication/study

Use an introductory phrase for your verbal citation.

According to Professor Jane Smith at Stanford University.... (abbreviated verbal citation)

When I interviewed college instructor John Doe and observed his English 101 class...

Jason Hammersmith, a journalist with the Dallas Times, describes in his February 13, 2016 article....  (Full verbal citation)

Full vs. abbreviated verbal citations

Full verbal citations  include all the information about the source thereby allowing the source to be easily found.  ex. According to Harvard University professors, Dr. Smith and Dr. Jones research on this topic published in the Summer 2015 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine....

Abbreviated verbal citations  include less information about the source, but still includes the most important aspects of that specific source.  ex. A 2015 study in the New England Journal of Medicine reports that Harvard University professors....

• FILE: Guide to Oral Footnoting (a/k/a verbal citations) This document from Matt McGarrity, a University of Washington communication instructor, provides examples and tips on how to verbally cite information in a speech.

Speaking a Verbal Citation

Verbal citations should come at the beginning of the cited idea or quotation..

It is a easier for a listening audience to understand that what they hear next is coming from that source. 

Introduce the quote (ex "And I quote" or "As Dr. Smith stated"...) PAUSE. Start quotation. PAUSE at the end of the quotation.

Introduce the quote. Say QUOTE. Start quotation. Say END QUOTE. 

Example 1 : Listen to the first few minutes of this video to hear how the speaker incorporates a verbal citation.

2018 NSDA Informative Speech Champion Lily Indie's "Nobody puts Baby in a closet"  has examples of verbal citations. Listen to two verbal citations starting at the 5:30 mark and running until 6:50 mark in this YouTube video.

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Citing Sources: Citing Orally in Speeches

• Citing Sources Overview
• Citing in the Sciences & Engineering
• APA Citation Examples
• Chicago Citation Examples
• Biologists: Council of Science Editors (CSE) Examples
• MLA Citation Examples
• Bluebook - Legal Citation

Citing Orally in Speeches

• Citation Managers
• Oral Source Citations - James Madison University Communication Center
• Using Citations and Avoiding Plagiarism in Oral Presentations - Hamilton College, Dept. of Rhetoric and Communication
• Referencing: Citing in Orals - James Cook University

General Tips:

Tell the audience your source before you use the information (the opposite of in-text citations).

Do not say, “quote, unquote” when you offer a direct quotation. Use brief pauses instead.

Provide enough information about each source so that your audience could, with a little effort, find them. This should include the author(s) name, a brief explanation of their credentials, the title of the work, and publication date.

 “In the 1979 edition of The Elements of Style, renowned grammarians and composition stylists Strunk and White encourage writers to ‘make every word tell.’”

If your source is unknown to your audience, provide enough information about your source for the audience to perceive them as credible. Typically we provide this credentialing of the source by stating the source’s qualifications to discuss the topic.

“Dr. Derek Bok, the President Emeritus of Harvard University and the author of The Politics of Happiness argues that the American government should design policies to enhance the happiness of its citizens.”

Provide a caption citation for all direct quotations and /or relevant images on your PowerPoint slides.

Direct Quotations:

These should be acknowledged in your speech or presentation either as “And I quote…” or “As [the source] put it…”

Include title and author: “According to April Jones, author of Readings on Gender…”

Periodical/Magazine:

Include title and date: “Time, March 28, 2005, explains…” or “The New York Times, June 5, 2006, explained it this way…”

Include journal title, date, and author: “Morgan Smith writes in the Fall 2005 issue of Science…”

For organizational or long-standing website, include title: “The center for Disease Control web site includes information…” For news or magazine websites, include title and date: “CNN.com, on March 28, 2005, states…” (Note: CNN is an exception to the “don’t use the address” rule because the site is known by that name.)

Interviews, lecture notes, or personal communication:

Include name and credentials of source: “Alice Smith, professor of Economics at USM, had this to say about the growth plan…” or “According to junior Speech Communication major, Susan Wallace…”

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Module 2: Ethical Speech

Citing sources in a speech, learning objectives.

Explain how to cite sources in written and oral speech materials.

Tips on citing sources when speaking publicly by Sarah Stone Watt, Pepperdine University

Even if you have handed your professor a written outline of your speech with source citations, you must also offer oral attribution for ideas that are not your own (see Table below for examples of ways to cite sources while you are speaking). Omitting the oral attribution from the speech leads the audience, who is not holding a written version, to believe that the words are your own. Be sure to offer citations and oral attributions for all material that you have taken from someone else, including paraphrases or summaries of their ideas. When in doubt, remember to “always provide oral citations for direct quotations, paraphrased material, or especially striking language, letting listeners know who said the words, where, and when.” [1]  Whether plagiarism is intentional or not, it is unethical, and someone committing plagiarism will often be sanctioned based on their institution’s code of conduct.

In your speech, make reference to the quality and credibility of your sources. Identifying the qualifications for a source, or explaining that their ideas have been used by many other credible sources, will enhance the strength of your speech. For example, if you are giving a speech about the benefits of sleep, citing a renowned sleep expert will strengthen your argument. If you can then explain that this person’s work has been repeatedly tested and affirmed by later studies, your argument will appear even stronger. On the other hand, if you simply offer the name of your source without any explanation of who that person is or why they ought to be believed, your argument is suspect. To offer this kind of information without disrupting the flow of your speech, you might say something like:

Mary Carskadon, director of the Chronobiology/Sleep Research Laboratory at Bradley Hospital in Rhode Island and professor at the Brown University School of Medicine, explains that there are several advantages to increased amounts of sleep. Her work is supported by other researchers, like Dr. Kyla Wahlstrom at the University of Minnesota, whose study demonstrated that delaying school start times increased student sleep and their performance (National Sleep Foundation, 2011).

This sample citation bolsters credibility by offering qualifications and identifying multiple experts who agree on this issue.

• Turner, Kathleen J., et al.  Public Speaking . Pearson, 2017. ↵
• Jobs, S. (2005, June 14). "You've got to find what you love," Jobs says. Retrieved September 30, 2020, from http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/jobs-061505.html ↵
• Tips on citing sources. Authored by : Sarah Stone Watt. Located at : http://publicspeakingproject.org/supporting.html . License : CC BY-NC-ND: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives . License Terms : Used with Permission

Citing Sources

• Chicago/Turabian Style
• Verbal Citations
• MSU Guidelines
• Other Styles
• Citation Tools and Tutorials
• Ask A Librarian

Formal Citation List

In many cases, your speech should be accompanied by a formal citation list in addition to providing the verbal citation within the context of your speech. For your formal citation list, use the resources below to create citations in the designated citation style.

Handouts from Sprague Library, links to Excelsior University's Online Writing Lab, and more.

• Citing Sources (Montclair State University Center for Writing Excellence) A collection of resources and information on all major citation styles from the Center for Writing Excellence (CWE).
• APA Style Handout - Sprague Library
• APA Formatting & Style Guide - Excelsior OWL
• APA Style - American Psychological Association
• MLA Style Handout - Sprague Library
• MLA Formatting & Style Guide - Excelsior OWL
• Chicago Style Handout - Sprague Library
• Chicago Formatting & Style Guide - Excelsior OWL
• Chicago Manual of Style Online
• AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (11th Edition, eBook) Full manual of style, available online.
• AMA Citation Style (American Medical Association) - St. Catherine University
• Citing Sources Research Guide A guide to attributing sources in footnotes, in-text citations & bibliographies
• EndNote Online Register for an account through EndNote Online. Please use your Montclair State University e-mail address for verification purposes.

How to make a verbal citation

Citing sources verbally in a speech works similarly to how journalists cite sources in magazine and newspaper article. In both cases, you need to provide both the citation and the context to help your audience understand the authority of the source.

General guidelines

Be brief, but provide enough information that your audience can track down the source. Highlight what is most important criteria for that source. Include who,what, when, and why the source is credible.

Use a combination of two or more of the following to verbally cite a source and relay credibility to your audience:

• Author's credentials
• Title of Work
• Title of Publication
• Date of work/publication/study

What not to do

Examples of verbal citations.

• "Black to the Future"
• "Who You Callin' Hysterical?"
• "An Oratory"
• "Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Purpose"
• "Sizing Up Our Fashion Footprint"
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Generate accurate Chicago citations for free

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• Chicago Style
• Citing a Speech in Chicago style | Format & Examples

Citing a Speech in Chicago Style | Format & Examples

Published on May 14, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 5, 2022.

Chicago Reference Generator

In Chicago notes and bibliography style , the format for citing a speech or lecture depends on whether you viewed it in person or accessed it in a recording or transcript.

• To cite a recorded or transcribed speech, follow the format for the relevant source type (e.g., website , book ).
• To cite a speech you viewed in person, give information about where and when it took place.

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Table of contents

Citing a recorded or transcribed speech, citing a lecture you attended, citing speeches in chicago author-date style.

To cite a transcript or video recording of a speech, follow the format appropriate to the source type where you found it, always starting with the speaker’s name. Pay attention to the punctuation (e.g., commas , quotation marks , and periods) in your citation.

Formats and examples for various source types are shown in the tabs below.

Recorded or transcribed speech citation examples

• Video on a website
• Audio recording on a website
• Transcript on a website
• Transcript in a book

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When you’re citing a lecture you attended (e.g., a class lecture, a public talk, a conference presentation), list the speaker’s name, the title, the descriptive label “Lecture,” the name and location of the institution or event hosting the lecture, and the date it took place.

In Chicago author-date style , cite speeches and lectures using author-date in-text citations and reference list entries. A reference list entry is formatted very similarly to a bibliography entry, except that the year comes straight after the author’s name.

Explore the tabs below to see how to cite speeches in various formats in author-date style.

Author-date speech citation examples

• Lecture you attended

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, December 05). Citing a Speech in Chicago Style | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved April 1, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/chicago-style/lectures-and-speeches/

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Communications: Verbal Citations for Speeches

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Integrating Sources for Speeches

• Why Use Verbal Citations
• What to Include in Verbal Citations
• Signal Verbs
• Paraphrasing/ Summarizing

Verbal citations should come at the beginning of the cited idea or quotation

Why Use Verbal Citations?

• Adds credibility
• Shows you've done your homework
• Avoids plagiarism by giving credit to others for their work/ideas
• Shows timeliness of research and resources

                          What should an oral citation include?

Mention the author’s name, along with credentials to establish that author as a credible source

In the March 27th, 2011 issue of the  New York Times , Pulitzer Prize winning author and foreign affairs columnist Thomas Friedman wrote…

Say the title of the magazine, journal or web site

identify the type of publication and

provide a comment regarding credibility if the publication is not widely recognized

In the November 10th, 2006 issue of  Practice Nurse , the leading peer-reviewed journal for primary care nurses, author Sue Lyon describes shingles as…

Titles of articles do not necessarily have to be mentioned unless you are using several articles from the same source.

Say the date that a journal, magazine or newspaper was published 

Interviews :  give the date when the person was interviewed

Websites:  that don't clearly show a date on the document, say the date that the web page was last updated and/or the date you accessed the website.

The web page titled “The History of Figs,” dated 2011, provided by the California Fig Advisory Board, reveals varied uses of the fig: as a digestive aid, a treatment for skin pigmentation diseases, and a coffee substitute.

• Author 
• Author's credentials
• Title of Work
• Title of Publication
• Date of work/publication/study

 In a speech-you must provide an oral citation for any words, information or ideas that are not your own 

Signal Verbs to Help you Introduce the Quote

Signal phrases introduce the material, often including the author's name. Remember that the signal verb must be appropriate to the idea you are expressing.

acknowledges * concludes * emphasizes * replies * advises * concurs * expresses * reports * agrees * confirms * interprets * responds * allows * criticizes * lists * reveals * answers * declares * objects * says * asserts * describes * observes * states * believes * disagrees * offers * suggests * charges * discusses * opposes * thinks * claims * disputes * remarks * writes

Signal, Cite and Comment

• Signaling - allows the reader to know that you are incorporating another writer's ideas
• Citation -gives information about where the information came from
• Comments - will show your reader how this information supports your ideas

 When you use a quote in your speech:

• You must identify the source 
• You also must let the audience know that you are quoting

In an article in the November, 2004 issue of the  South African Journal of Psychology , Dr. Derek Hook, a professor of social psychology at the London School of Economics, says, and I quote , “Racism comprises a set of representations of the other in terms of negatively evaluative contents.”

PARAPHRASING

• when you refer to someone else’s idea, but you say that idea in your own words
• before you talk about the idea, you must refer to the source
• always cite it

According to the “Tourette Syndrome Fact Sheet,” last updated March 9th, 2011 by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, symptoms of Tourette syndrome include uncontrolled blinking, grimacing and shoulder shrugging.

Summarizing:

•  condense the author's words or ideas without altering the meaning
•  providing interpretation using your own words  
•  presenting the original information in a nutshell.
• always cite it.

Plagiarism/Integrating Sources - More Information

• Plagiarism/Integrating Sources Research Guide Use this link to go to RCCC's ENG111 Plagiarism/Integrating Sources page for more information about the topic.
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Citing Sources: Verbal Citations

• Verbal Citations
• Chicago Style guide
• ChatGPT/AI Engines
• Engineering citation style
• RefWorks This link opens in a new window
• Zotero This link opens in a new window

Things to keep in mind:

• Give enough information so that listeners can track down the source
• Introduce the source before sharing the quote, ideas, or facts
• Author's credentials
• Title of Work
• Publication Title
• Aim to keep the introduction as close to your natural speech as possible
• Have a long-form citation available to give out if asked for one

Introducing Citations

Introductions to your sources provide valuable information to the listeners.  They provide the backup for why this information is important and included in your presentation.  However, your introductions should be natural to your speech so that they flow.  

The more well-known the source, such as a President of the United States, the less information needs to be included in the introduction.  The less well known, the more introductory material is needed.

Tips for Verbal Citations

Quotations that are included in your presentation should be introduced with a PAUSE.  In other words:

• Provide your introductory information
• Resume with presentation
• Use the terms QUOTE and UNQUOTE around a quote
• Use visual quotation marks
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6 Researching Your Speech

Kristin woodward, university of wisconsin-milwaukee, learning objectives.

• Select information sources that present multiple perspectives on your research topic.
• Perform keyword searches appropriate to your topic.
• Students are able to assign proper attribution and citations using APA Citation Style.

The following learning resources and exercises will guide you through a research process and help you to explore a variety of information sources.  This research process can be used to identify information sources for a variety of speech types. For best results, use your current speech assignment as the topic for each of the recommended learning exercises. Your instructor may assign a specific forum in which to share your work from each activity (in-class activities and discussions, D2L discussion posts, or D2L Dropbox reflections.) All of the resources you see in this chapter can be found on the UWM Libraries guide to research for Communication 103 ( http://guides.library.uwm.edu/comm103 ).

How to Search

When you are researching your speech topic, you should start by planning your search strategy to allow you to define the scope of your search. In other words, defining the scope of your search will help you to determine which aspects of a topic you will research. The first step is to break a larger topic down into smaller manageable “chunks,” or topics. Once you know what the “chunks” of the speech are, you will need to identify the concepts that should be included in your search.

LEARNING ACTIVITY: Watch the Communication 103 Search Strategies video series (all three) for Exercise 1: Mindmapping to Plan Your Research , Brainstorming Keywords , and Initial Search . Then, make a list of everything you already know about this topic. List one thing about this topic you are unsure of and one aspect that interests you.

LEARNING ACTIVITY: You will want to organize your search using a mind map. A mind map is a type of graphic organizer that will allow you to visualize the elements of your topic. Use the Mind Map to help you structure your online search. Download a blank mind map and develop a graphic organizer for your own speech topic. Work with a partner to discuss the concepts you have identified and ask for feedback and suggestions to help you explore the topic.

Getting Background Information

Another strategy for organizing your search for information is to consult sources of background information that will help you establish facts, theories, vocabulary and other elements of your topic. CQ Researcher provides authoritative in-depth, unbiased reports of health, social trends, criminal justice, international affairs, education, the environment, technology, and the economy.

E xercise 2

Learning Activity Select a report in CQ Researcher that discusses your topic or issues related to your topic. Choose a source from the report’s Bibliography section. Find this source by following the links provided in the bibliography or use Search@UW to find the source at UWM. Write a brief reflection on this new source. What new perspective is presented in the source you selected from the bibliography? How might this source help you present this topic or issue to your audience?

Finding Neutral Sources

Now that you have organized your search and reviewed some background information in CQ Researcher, you will want to think about additional information sources that will help you develop your speech topic. Whether your goal is to educate your audience, support an argument, persuade or propose a solution to a problem, you will want to identify sources that lend credibility to your presentation. You will also want to make sure that you research the whole topic, not just one part or one perspective.

Learning Activity

When you develop your search strategy think about what you want to know about the topic. If you are educating your audience about opioid addiction, will you address the costs of opioid addiction to the community? Your search terms might be the opioid addiction and public cost .  Jot down the aspects of your topic you would like to address for your audience. Create two to three sets of search terms to express these specific aspects of your search.   

View the Neutral Sources video. Reflecting on the strategies described in the video for selecting a source that discusses multiple aspects of a topic, then use Search@UW to search for your speech topic.  Identify a source that will help you persuade or inform, and also includes a robust discussion of your topic. Write a brief summary of the way you will use this source.

Verbal Citations

Citing sources in your speeches and your speech outline is necessary to avoid plagiarism and build your credibility. Citation in speeches is a little different than citing sources in a written paper. In a written paper, your in-text citations, or citations within the body of your paper, follow a specific format, like APA or MLA. However, in your speeches, while your bibliographies will follow a format, like APA, your verbal citations will be in verbal citation format.

Verbal citations are oral statements that give the audience information about the source you used for a specific piece of information in your speech.  Based off of the name, you can deduce that the citation is spoken out loud, verbally, to build your credibility and inform your audience about where you received the information. Additionally, if there is a source in your bibliography, you should verbally attribute the source in the speech. And vice versa, if you verbally cite a source in your speech, you should include the source in your bibliography.

At this point, you are probably wondering, what should be included in my verbal citations, and how exactly do I verbally cite my sources. First, in each of your verbal citations, you should include: the author’s name, the source (journal, book, website, newspaper, etc.), the date of publication, and the credentials of the author or the source. In some instances, you may not be able to find all of this information for your source. These instances are one of the reasons you should always be working ahead in your speech. If you can’t find all of the information, you should consult a librarian or ask your instructor to help you.

Second, let’s look at an example of citing your source verbally. Let’s say you are writing a speech informing your audience about the community concern of the large amount of runaway and homeless youth in Milwaukee. You find an organization that supports homeless youth ages 11 to 17 in Milwaukee called Pathfinders. There is a great quotation on their website from their Vice President of Housing that you think would support your speech. However, if you just talk about Pathfinders, your audience may be confused about why this is a credible organization. Therefore, you would verbally cite your source as,

Katie Hall, Pathfinder’s Vice President of Housing, an organization that provides housing resources to over 220 Milwaukee youth annually, posted on their website on January 4, 2018 that “paid and volunteer staff who provide 24-hour services every day of the year.”

The citation tells you the author (Katie Hall), the source (the Pathfinder website), the date (January 4, 2018), the credentials of the author (Pathfinder’s Vice President of Housing), and the credentials of the organization (an organization that provides housing resources to over 220 Milwaukee youth annually).

An example of another source for the same speech would be a citation from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Citing this source you could say:

According to an article by reporter John Schmid in the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Milwaukee’s local paper, on March 23, 2017, explained that Milwaukee is in a public health and economic crisis.

This citation tells you the author (John Schmid), the source (Milwaukee Journal Sentinel), the date (March 23, 2017), the author’s credibility (reporter), and the source’s credibility (Milwaukee’s local paper).

These citations may seem long and perhaps hard to say. However, as a speaker, you should consider your audience’s perspective. If you give them all of this information, they will view you and your source as credible to provide information. To help yourself out when delivering your speech, you may want to write out your sources word-for-word, and practice saying them, so that your delivery seems more natural.

A verbal citation is an oral statement that gives the audience information about the source you are using for a specific piece of information in your speech.

Creating a Bibliography

Citations give credit to those whose ideas have contributed to your research and give your readers enough information to locate the sources you used. There are many ways to format citations. The style you choose depends on your field and the requirements set by your professor or publisher. In these examples, we will use APA Style. The template shows the elements of the citation required for proper APA style, the order in which each element appears in the citation, and the punctuation you will use to define each element. The examples show how typical books and article would be cited following this pattern.

After identifying the elements of the citation for at least three of your sources, use the Template for Books or the Template for Articles to write an APA style citation. Check your list of elements to ensure you were able to place each element in the citation correctly. Share your formatted citations with a partner in class or via the discussion board. Ask for feedback on the formatting. Additional examples of APA Style Citations can be found using the APA Publication Manual available from the UWM Libraries or online guides like the OWL at Purdue .

Stand up, Speak out Copyright © 2017 by Josh Miller; Marnie Lawler-Mcdonough; Megan Orcholski; Kristin Woodward; Lisa Roth; and Emily Mueller is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Speech - COMM101 - Kinebrew-Bosa

• Evaluating sources
• Finding reliable websites
• Library resources
• Verbal citations in speeches
• Citing your work

Why use verbal citations?

• Adds credibility.
• Shows your work.
• Avoids plagiarism by giving credit to others for their work/ideas.
• Shows timeliness of research and resources.

Speaking a verbal citation

Verbal citations should come at the beginning of the cited idea or quotation. it is a easier for a listening audience to understand that what they hear next is coming from that source. .

Introduce the quote (ex "And I quote" or "As Dr. Smith stated"...) PAUSE. Start quotation. PAUSE at the end of the quotation.

Introduce the quote. Say QUOTE. Start quotation. Say END QUOTE. 

General guidelines.

Be brief, but p rovide enough information that your audience can track down the source.

Highlight what is most important criteria for that source.

Include who/what and when:

• Author 
• Author's credentials
• Title of Work
• Title of Publication
• Date of work/publication/study

Use an introductory phrase for your verbal citation.

According to Professor Jane Smith at Stanford University.... (abbreviated verbal citation)

When I interviewed college instructor John Doe and observed his English 101 class...

Jason Hammersmith, a journalist with the Dallas Times, describes in his February 13, 2016 article....  (Full verbal citation)

Full vs. abbreviated verbal citations.

Full verbal citations  include all the information about the source thereby allowing the source to be easily found.  ex. According to Harvard University professors, Dr. Smith and Dr. Jones's research on this topic published in the Summer 2015 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine....

Abbreviated verbal citations  include less information about the source, but still includes the most important aspects of that specific source.  ex. A 2015 study in the New England Journal of Medicine reports that Harvard University professors....

• Tips for Oral Citations - Eastern Illinois U Tips and examples for articles, books, websites, multimedia and interviews.

The content on this page was modified from a resource created by Heather Morgan at Spokane Community College and originally appeared on  http://libguides.spokanefalls.edu/c.php?g=288749&p=4449154 . 

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COMM 201: Introduction to Communication

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Cite your sources in APA Style

• APA Style (7th Edition) Cook Library's guide to APA Style has examples for many APA citation formats including book, journal article, website and audiovisual works.

Why cite in your speech?

Verbally citing source in your speech will:

• Add credibility to your statements
• Show the audience you know your stuff
• Give credit to others for their work and ideas

Creating a Verbal Citation

Your verbal citation should be brief but highlight the most important information: who, what and when.

• Author Credentials
• Title of work (article, report, etc.)
• Date of work (if relevant)

Use an introductory phrase:

"According to Professor Dumbledore at Hogwarts University..."

"Rita Sketter, a journalist with the Daily Prophet, wrote in her 2014 article..."

Verbally cite your sources

Chart revised from Janene Davison

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Presentations, Speeches, and Projects

• Citing Your Sources in a Presentation

• Citing Sources in a PowerPoint Presentation

There are several ways to cite sources in a project depending on the source and your instructor's requirements.

Most instructors want you to cite your sources the same as you would if you were writing a paper for your in-text citations.

Some instructors instead have you number your sources on your Works Cited or References page and then use the number as the in-text citation. You would follow your instructors requirements.

For images, see Finding and Citing Images in a Project .

Citing Sources in a Presentation

• Intro to Verbal Citations
• Additional Verbal Citation Resources

When preparing your presentation, remember that all sources used must be cited in both the Works Cited page and in-text.  For a speech you will need to verbally give credit to your sources. Verbally citing a source can be as simple as stating, "Dr. Bob, a Professor at Clemson University, stated in a 2019 Forbes article, ..."   Other examples could be, "The World Health Organization published the following Zika virus statistics on April 12, 2016...," or "According to Neal's book we learned..."

By verbally citing your sources you are lending credibility to your topic and making  your position stronger. Be sure to vary the language in which you verbally cite sources to keep your presentation more interesting (don't say "According to..." every time). 

• Oral Citations Video (Video) A brief tutorial on creating and delivering oral citations in public speaking. Topics include the importance of oral citations, when oral citations are necessary, and how to create and deliver oral citations in a speech. (5 mins.)
• Orally Citing a Source in a Speech (Video) by Janene Davison This is a basic primer on how to incorporate indirect and direct quotes into your presentation. (4 mins.)
• Tips on citing sources when speaking publicly by Sarah Stone Watt Gives example of written sources versus orally attributions.

Most instructors want you to cite your sources the same you would if you were writing a paper for your in-text citations where you include an in-text on the slide where you used the information, and a Works Cited or References list of all your sources on a slide at the end of your presentation.

Some instructors instead have you number your sources on your Works Cited or References slide and then use the number as the in-text citation. Follow your instructor's requirements.

For images, see   Finding and Citing Images in a Project .

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• Assignment Requirements
• Finding and Using Statistics
• Finding and Citing Images
• Creating Your PowerPoint
• Resources for Presenting

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• Last Updated: Feb 8, 2024 2:28 PM
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CMM 103 - Fundamentals of Speech Communication: Citations

• Books and E-Books
• Recommended Resources
• Evaluate Your Sources
• Localize Your Topic

APA CITATIONS

APA CITATION GUIDE LOCATED HERE

How to create an oral citation

Oral citations, how to prepare an oral citation, as a rule of thumb, these are three basic elements, but this will vary with the type of source:, who/what:  identify the element of the source (author or title) that provides the greatest authority and/or secondary credibility. does the author have credentials what type of publication is it—newspaper, government report, magazine, journal (in other words, would everybody know that the kansas city star is a newspaper if not, tell them), when : when was the book, magazine, newspaper or journal published (date) when was the person interviewed when was the website last updated and/or when did you access the website, more specifically­­­­, if you are quoting from a magazine, newspaper, or journal article, give a quick statement of the author (if relevant) as well as the (full) date and title of the source. this applies to both print sources and those found in the library databases., “according to len zehm, a sports columnist for the chicago sun times, in an article from may 31, 2006…”, “newsweek magazine of december 4, 2005 lists bankruptcy as the…”, “in the latest gallup poll, cited in last week’s issue of time magazine…”, you do not need to give the title of the article, although you may if it helps in any way. for example, if you are quoting one or more articles from the same newspaper, this would help differentiate the sources. you do not need to give the page number nor the name of electronic database that cataloged the periodical/publication., if you are citing information from a book, provide the title of the book,year of publication and a brief mention of the author's credentials. you don’t have to mention the page, publisher or city of publication:, "in his 2005 book, eating to be smart, charles larson, a registered dietitian, notes that consuming yogurt…”, if you are citing a website you need to establish the credibility, currency, and objectivity (fact vs. opinion) of the site., the title of the website the “author”/organization/sponsor that supports, the site’s “credentials” you can confirm a site’s “credentials” by looking for links such as: “about us” “our mission” or “who we are”, the last date it was updated if known, the date you accessed the site., tip :  if you cannot find this information on a website, you may want to consider finding a different source., “one of the most active developers of neurotechnology, cyberkinetics.com, claims on their website, last updated on march 24, 2006, that…”, “from the website maintained by the wisconsin council of dairy farmers entitled “dairy products and your diet”, as of january 10, 2007, yogurt…” (or “of an unknown date which i accessed on september 18th of this year”), yogurt proves to be…”, in an oral citation of a website, you do not need to give the url., caution: if a website quotes a book, magazine, or newspaper, remember that your source is the website, not the book/magazine/newspaper from which the quote originates ., “from a website supported by beconvinced.com, a commercial website promoting the religion of islam, the book principles of oceanography is quoted as stating that…”, if you are quoting the source of an interview, give the person's name and statement of their credentials, date of interview, as well as the fact that the information was obtained from a personal interview:, “in a personal interview on january 15 that i conducted with nancy manes, head of cardiac care at central dupage hospital, the most important…”, caution: interviews are not the same as conversations or undocumented recollections class lectures; interview sources must be credentialed “experts” in their fields., why practice oral citations, without practice, oral citations can be challenging to incorporate into speeches. verbally presenting source references interrupts the flow of thoughts and speakers often are concentrating more on content, rather than worrying about where they sourced the information. accordingly, incorporate oral source citations into each of your speech rehearsals. citations become part of the overall timing of the speech, so use a watch or timer when practicing., tip : do not say "quote, unquote" when you cite a direct quotation. pause briefly instead..

Information taken from the College of DuPage Library research guide on Oral Citations

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• Last Updated: Jan 23, 2024 3:54 PM
• URL: https://libguides.marshall.edu/c.php?g=370841

Holman Library

• Library Instruction

Research Guide: Citations

• MLA Verbal/Speech Citation Example
• Citing Sources
• Quick Overview
• Plagiarism & Academic Honesty This link opens in a new window
• APA Citation Style Overview
• In-Text Citations - APA
• ARTICLES - APA Reference List
• BOOKS - APA Reference List
• ONLINE SOURCES - APA Reference List
• OTHER SOURCES - APA Reference List
• APA Formatted Paper Example
• APA Annotated Bibliography Example
• APA Verbal/Speech Citations Example
• APA Images and Visual Presentations Citations Example
• MLA Citation Style Overview
• In-Text Citations - MLA
• ARTICLES - MLA Works Cited
• BOOKS - MLA Works Cited
• ONLINE SOURCES - MLA Works Cited
• OTHER SOURCES - MLA Works Cited
• MLA Formatted Paper Example
• MLA Annotated Bibliography Example
• MLA Images and Visual Presentations Citations Example
• Other Citation Styles
• Citation Generator (NoodleTools)
• Synthesizing Sources
• Get Help & Citation Workshops

Verbal Citations in Speeches and Presentations

What should you include in a verbal citation, when you give a speech....

(click on image to enlarge)

Why cite sources verbally?

• to c onvince your audience  that you are a  credible  speaker.  Building on the work of others lends authority to your presentation
• to prove that your information comes from solid,  reliable sources that your audience can trust.
• to give credit to others for their ideas, data, images (even on PowerPoint slides), and words to  avoid plagiarism.
• to  leave a path for your audience  so they can locate your sources.

What are tips for effective verbal citations?

When citing books:

• Ineffective : “ Margaret Brownwell writes in her book Dieting Sensibly that fad diets telling you ‘eat all you want’ are dangerous and misguided.” (Although the speaker cites and author and book title, who is Margaret Brownwell?  No information is presented to establish her authority on the topic.)
• Better : “Margaret Brownwell, professor of nutrition at the Univeristy of New Mexico , writes in her book, Dieting Sensibly, that …” (The author’s credentials are clearly described.)

When citing Magazine, Journal, or Newspaper articles

• Ineffective : “An article titled ‘Biofuels Boom’ from the ProQuest database notes that midwestern energy companies are building new factories to convert corn to ethanol.” (Although ProQuest is the database tool used to retrieve the information, the name of the newspaper or journal and publication date should be cited as the source.)
• Better : “An article titled ‘Biofuels Boom’ in a September 2010 issue of Journal of Environment and Development” notes that midwestern energy companies…” (Name and date of the source provides credibility and currency of the information as well as giving the audience better information to track down the source.)

When citing websites

• Ineffective : “According to generationrescue.org, possible recovery from autism includes dietary interventions.” (No indication of the credibility or sponsoring organization or author of the website is given)
• Better : “According to pediatrician Jerry Kartzinel, consultant for generationrescue.org, an organization that provides information about autism treatment options, possibly recovery from autism includes dietary interventions.” (author and purpose of the website is clearly stated.)

Note: some of the above examples are quoted from: Metcalfe, Sheldon. Building a Speech. 7th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2010. Google Books. Web. 17 Mar. 2012.

Example of a Verbal Citation

Example of a verbal citation from a CMST 238 class at Green River College,  Auburn, WA, February 2019

MLA Guidelines for Oral Presentations

Guidelines for mla:.

• The first time a source is mentioned, provide enough information about the source for your audience to locate it - author, title and date
• Other publication information can be included if relevant 
• Use clear and varied phrases to introduce a quoted or paraphrased source
• Clearly indicate to your audience when a quote ends and your own words resume
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• Next: MLA Images and Visual Presentations Citations Example >>
• Last Updated: Mar 15, 2024 1:18 PM
• URL: https://libguides.greenriver.edu/citations

Citation Info & Tools

Purdue online writing lab, apa citation manual, chicago citation manual, mla citation manual, harvard style resources, ieee citation resources, sbl citations, presentation citations, indigenous community citations.

• Avoiding Plagiarism

Which Style Do I Use?

APA (American Psychological Association) is generally used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences.

MLA (Modern Language Association) style is generally used by the Humanities.

Research & Instruction Librarian

The Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material as a free service of the Writing Lab at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide are welcome to use OWL for information to assist with writing projects. 

OWL has extensive examples, explanations and tutorials on all citation styles, including APA, MLA and Chicago.  If you have a citation question, it's almost certain you'll find your answer on OWL.

For APA questions, check out the APA FAQ on the APA Style Blog  or the APA cheat sheet from the University of Calgary.

• Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide

Check out the MLA Style Center for FAQ, sample papers and research help.

• Harvard Format Citation Guide

* Harvard Format is very similar to the Author-Date version of Chicago Style .

(Fun fact: The "Harvard System" or "Harvard Style" has no affliation with Harvard University.)

• OWL Citation Guide for IEEE Style

The SBL (Society of Biblical Literature) Handbook of Style is intended to assist those writing on Near Eastern studies, biblical studies, and early Christianity. It is based on the Chicago Manual of Style, and covers citation questions specific to writing in these fields that are not covered in other style handbooks.

The SBL Handbook of Style is available as an e-book and in the reference section of Payson Library. The call number is Ref PN147 .S26 200.

The Student Supplement for The SBL Handbook of Style is available as a PDF.  

Verbal Citations

Verbal Citations add credibility to your speeches and properly give credit to others for their work and ideas.  Mentioning ideas and facts that are not your own within your speech, without verbally citing them, is plagiarism.

Creating a Verbal Citation:

Verbal Citations shouldn't interrupt the flow of your speech.  Use an introductory phrase and keep them brief but include the important "who, what, when" details:

• author name
• author credentials
• title of work (article, book, report, etc.)
• date of work (if relevant)

Verbal Citation Examples:

"According to Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences president, Jim Bailey, ..."

"In 2014, Maureen Russell, an ethnomusicologist at UCLA, wrote ..."

Slide Citations

To cite your sources within a PowerPoint or Google Slides presentation, you should include your references or in-text citations on each slide.  In-text citations for slides are formatted the same way as in research papers. 

You can also provide citations during your presentation verbally, by providing a reference list slide at the end of your presentation with corresponding in-text citations or combining verbal and written citations.

For any presentation, be sure your audience knows where the information, visuals, and other materials you use are from. Remember to double-check the assignment requirements and your instructor’s preferences.

Reference Slide Format

Reference Slides are formatted the same way as Reference Pages with a few minor differences:

• Center References on the final slide.
• Single space the entries.
• Do not use a hanging indent.

For examples of presentation citations, and tips on using images in presentations, check out the Nuts & Bolts for Power Point blog.

Citing Indigenous Elders & Knowledge Keepers

Templates for culturally responsive citation for the variation of knowledge across indigenous communities.

• Next: Avoiding Plagiarism >>
• Last Updated: Mar 3, 2024 2:18 PM
• URL: https://infoguides.pepperdine.edu/citation_tools

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Powell says Fed wants to see ‘more good inflation readings’ before it can cut rates

FILE - Federal Reserve chair Jerome Powell speaks during a news conference the Federal Reserve in Washington, March 20, 2024. On Friday, March 29, 2024, Powell takes part in a moderated discussion about interest rate policy at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. (AP Photo/Susan Walsh, File)

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WASHINGTON (AP) — Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell on Friday reiterated a message he has sounded in recent weeks: While the Fed expects to cut interest rates this year, it won’t be ready to do so until it sees “more good inflation readings’’ and is more confident that annual price increases are falling toward its 2% target.

Speaking at a conference at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, Powell said he still expected “inflation to come down on a sometimes bumpy path to 2%.’' But the central bank’s policymakers, he said, need to see further evidence before they would cut rates for the first time since inflation shot to a four-decade peak two years ago.

The Fed responded to that bout of inflation by aggressively raising its benchmark rate beginning in March 2022. Eventually, it would raise its key rate 11 times to a 23-year high of around 5.4%. The resulting higher borrowing costs helped bring inflation down — from a peak of 9.1% in June 2022 to 3.2% last month. But year-over-year price increases still remain above the Fed’s 2% target.

Forecasters had expected higher rates to send the United States tumbling into recession. Instead, the economy just kept growing — expanding at an annual rate of 2% or more for six straight quarters. The job market, too, has remained strong. The unemployment rate has come in below 4% for more than two years, longest such streak since the 1960s.

The combination of sturdy growth and decelerating inflation has raised hopes that the Fed is engineering a “soft landing’’ — taming inflation without causing a recession. The central bank has signaled that it expects to reverse policy and cut rates three times this year.

But the economy’s strength, Powell said, means the Fed isn’t under pressure to cut rates and can wait to see how the inflation numbers come in.

Asked by the moderator of Friday’s discussion, Kai Ryssdal of public radio’s “Marketplace’’ program, if he would ever be ready to declare victory over inflation, Powell demurred:

“We’ll jinx it,’' he said. ”I’m a superstitious person.’'