phd in digital forensics india

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Rashtriya Raksha University

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From the Desk of the Vice Chancellor

Professor S.Gowri, B.E (TCE,MKU)., M.Tech (IITM)., Ph.D(IITM).

Vice-chancellor.

As the Vice Chancellor of this premier university, I am extremely pleased to share this space to converse with all of you. The University of Madras is a post- sesquicentennial institution which has forged a glorious path for itself and has been the site for significant scientific discoveries as well as the beacon for national and regional societal transformation. It has successfully managed to hold aloft its tradition even while keeping up with the emerging trends. One reason for this is the way in which the university has kept alive its interactions with all the stakeholders.

The COVID 19 pandemic has introduced a ‘new normal’ and its impact is felt in the workings of the university as well. The students have been attending the lectures online. While online learning has the advantage of being anytime and anywhere, it has taken away the peer group interaction and peer learning which are integral aspects of the university experience. We look forward to welcoming you to the campus very soon. Meanwhile, our faculty and administration will continue to bring the best to the virtual classrooms. As students, you need to view the restrictions posed by the pandemic as a temporary deterrent. Your focus should be to gain the competencies to conduct application oriented research in order to evolve as useful citizens of our society.

Our university boasts of faculty with a high degree of knowledge and commitment to offer the best in teaching and research. Given the context of the pandemic, we need to redefine our teaching-learning processes to offer the best pedagogic experience to our students. Similarly, the post-pandemic era demands that we hone the employment potential and entrepreneurial capacity of our learners. This necessitates that we focus on sponsored research in cutting edge areas.

Our administrative staff have been the backbone of the university. While we move towards a transparent and complete e-governance model, we need more support from you. When the teaching-learning process at our university – from admission to certification -- is moving into the digital era, your skills and competencies need to keep pace.

At our university, we are gearing up for the final round of NAAC re-accreditation. This has offered us an opportunity to assess our Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Challenges. Further, it has made us more determined to reiterate our quality benchmarks in teaching, research and extension activities. We are aware of this responsibility and fully prepared for it because, our university has always encouraged individual thinking within the established frameworks. This is echoed in the words of Tim Burners Lee, who initiated the World Wide Web: “We are forming cells within a global brain and we are excited that we might start to think collectively. What becomes of us still hangs crucially on how we think individually.” Let us unite to make the educational experience at the University of Madras a synergy of the best minds and best thoughts.

Vice Chancellor

Prof.dr.s.gowri, university of madras.

• Departments

Centre for Cyber Forensics and Information Security

Dr.N.Kala PhD

Assistant professor.

Dr.N.Kala is Assistant professor in the Centre for Cyber Forensics and Information Security, University of Madras. He/She has graduated in B.Sc Chemistry (Chemistry), M.Sc Forensic Science (Forensic Science), Honors Diploma in Network Centered Curriculum (Network Centered Curriculum), Ethical Hacking (Ethical Hacking), Post Graduate Diploma, Cyber Crimes and Information Security (Cyber Crimes and Information Security), Diploma in Cyber Forensics Procedures, Methodology, & Equipment Operation (Cyber Forensics), National Eligibility test (Forensic Science), Digital Forensic Investigative Professional (Digital Forensics), Doctorate of Philosophy, Cyber Forensics (Cyber Forensics), UGC Sponsored Orientation Program (Orientation Program), UGC Sponsored Refresher course (Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning), Short Term Courses (Mooc, E-Content Development and Open Educational Sources), Online FDP (MOOC Preparation and its importance), UGC Sponsored Refresher course (Research Methodology in Science). ... Published 30 publications in Indian / international journals and papers in national/international seminars, organized & participated in 175 workshops/seminars. His/Her area of specialization is/are Cyber Forensics,  Read more

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Master of Science

• Digital Forensics and Information Security

Eligibility

Bachelors in Science (Forensic Science), Bachelor’s in Computer Applications, Bachelor’s in Science (Physical Sciences/ Computer Science), and Bachelor’s in Science (Life Sciences) with a foundation course in computer science.

This programme is appropriate for those new to computer security and computer forensics as well as practitioners looking to improve their abilities. It includes necessary skills, software and hardware technologies, as well as more theoretical topics that support daily practise in digital forensic technologies. It ensures that students have a working knowledge of the legal and regulatory requirements, as well as international standards, governing digital forensics and information security. Students achieve a better understanding of computer crime, police and forensic techniques, and regulatory obligations for evidence collection. Students graduate with the ability to manage and configure mission-critical distributed applications. Additionally, they develop an awareness of the vulnerabilities that businesses face when it comes to networks and servers. The curriculum offers hands-on training using today's forensic tools as they are utilised by law enforcement and corporates. Thus, students can effectively contribute to the security of a company's information technology and information assets.

Study Campus

School of Sciences #34, 1st Cross J C Road Bangalore - 560027 P +91 80434 30100

Admissions Office

JAIN Knowledge Campus # 44/4, District Fund Road Jayanagar 9th Block Campus Bangalore - 5600 69 P : +91 73376 13222 P : +91 76763 86870

Curriculum Structure

• Introduction to Forensic Science
• Forensic Computing
• Cyber Crime and Cyber Law

Semester II

• Mobile and Network Forensics
• Email and Cloud Forensics
• Incident Handling and Response.
• Criminology

Semester III

• Information Security Audit
• Cryptology and Information Security
• Processing of Digital Evidence.
• Frauds in IT Sector

Semester IV

• Digital Forensics Methods and Best Practices.
• Cyber Criminology
• Police Administration
• Policies and Ethics

Course Highlights

• Added external certification: External certifications from relevant agencies are incorporated in the programme which helps the students stand out among the peer team across the country (Example: CHFI certification by EC Council).
• Hands-on experience: Students will get hands-on experience as part of the programme curriculum and additionally while being a part of consultancy services alongside faculty mentors.
• Well-equipped laboratories: Well-equipped laboratories and infra-structure enable students to get a personalised learning experience as part of the programme.
• PCL and entrepreneurship linkage: Alongside academics, the students will get an opportunity to be mentored by faculty members towards product development, patent, and start-ups in the field of digital forensics.
• Campus placements: Placement opportunities in the final year by the University Placement Cell.
• Internship Opportunities: Compulsory curriculum integrated internship opportunity during the programme tenure at Government and private organisations.
• Dissertation/Research-based opportunities: Compulsory dissertation/ research activities under faculty mentors enable students to familiarise themselves with research culture in the field of Digital Forensics.

Career Enhancement Programs

• CHFI (Computer Hacking Forensic Investigator) certification by ECCOUNCIL.
• Throughout the programme, students will have access to a virtual lab equipped with cutting-edge tools for digital forensic analysis.
• Internships in companies dealing with Digital Forensics and Incident Response.
• Dissertation Projects.
• Advanced Research Projects.

Career Outcomes

Over the years, digital forensics has grown in popularity. As a result of increased caseloads, the government and corporate sectors are expected to engage extra digital forensic professionals to meet demand. Additionally, with the rapid advancement of technology, the digital forensics profession will be in high demand to keep up with the ever-changing world. Across all sectors, technology continues to shape the global economy's future. Digital forensics is gaining popularity in various industries as a means of identifying computer crimes and safeguarding data.

Some of the most important jobs in digital forensics;

• Digital Forensics and Incident Response (DFIR) Analyst.
• Computer Forensics Scientific Officer.
• Malware Analyst.
• Security Forensic Analyst.
• Cyber Security Incident Responder.
• e-Discovery Specialist.

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Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore

Ph.D. in Cyber Security

• About Course

Ph.D. in Cyber Security - Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore

A Ph.D. in cyber security can take anywhere from three to seven years. Some people get their degree right away, while others may already have a master's degree and have a few years of experience. The length of the program will depend on how many classes you take and how you format your program. You can choose between full-time and part-time programs. The program requirements and the amount of research you complete will also play a role in the length of the program.

If you want to be a professor, a Ph.D. in cyber security is a great choice. Graduates are prepared to evaluate the social, economic, environmental, ethical, and legal impact of their actions. They also develop advanced solutions to complex problems and explore various viewpoints. In addition to gaining academic expertise, you can contribute to the body of knowledge by publishing your research and contributing to the field.

You can pursue your Ph.D. at any accredited university or online. The distance-learning option may be preferable, especially if you already have a job. An online program can help you get the information you need faster. A hybrid program, on the other hand, allows you to have a mix of in-person and online classes. This option may be the perfect compromise for working professionals or those who wish to combine the two. The duration of the program will depend on the school and your personal preference. It can take anywhere from three to seven years, depending on the school and the student.

Ph.D. in Cyber Security Eligibility

Candidates who want to take admission in Ph.D. must have a post-graduate degree in Cyber Security and its relevant discipline with at least 55% marks from a recognized university and must have passed the national level entrance examination or university level entrance examination. National level entrance exams like UGC NET / UGC CSIR NET / GATE / SLET or University entrance exams consist of written tests and personal interviews.

The Benefits of a Ph.D. in Cyber Security

The Ph.D. in Cyber Security positions the graduate as a cyber security expert and increases their employability. They also have the chance to focus on a specific area of cyber security and do original research and work that will set them apart from the rest of the field. This makes them well suited for senior cyber security positions, such as chief information security officer and director of national cybersecurity. There are also several reasons to get a Ph.D. in Cybersecurity.

Getting a Ph.D. in Cybersecurity allows you to work on your degree while keeping your job as a working professional. However, many cybersecurity programs require an on-campus residency to prepare students for final exams and to present their dissertations. This type of degree program will focus on the practical solutions to cybersecurity problems, as well as the theoretical development of the field. You'll also have the opportunity to teach others about cybersecurity.

Getting a Ph.D. in Cybersecurity can lead to numerous career opportunities. These days, cyber security is one of the fastest-growing fields and is full of room for growth. Earning a Ph.D. in Cyber Security will enable you to apply your knowledge to an array of industries. The benefits of earning a Ph.D. in Cybersecurity are numerous, including lucrative career options and job satisfaction.

The Career and Job Opportunities of a Ph.D. in Cyber Security

The career opportunities for a Ph.D. in Cyber Security are more diverse than those for other graduate degrees. These programs are generally well-funded and offer a variety of career options. Some Ph.D. programs also have work-study opportunities where students can teach undergraduate coursework while earning their degrees. This type of research will often benefit companies. Some PhDs will be able to conduct research on new threat mitigation technologies, such as machine learning and artificial intelligence, and some will even be able to conduct research with cutting-edge technology.

A Ph.D. in Cybersecurity program is a great choice for aspiring cybersecurity professionals. With the growing need for cyber-security specialists and the emergence of new threats, this field is gaining importance in the global economy. The salary for this position is also increasing steadily and is estimated to raise between $91,590 and $159,180 annually. The demand for cyber-security professionals is expected to grow at a steady rate, and earning a Ph.D. in cybersecurity will open up many doors for you in the future.

If you're looking for a rewarding and innovative career, earning a Ph.D. in cyber security is the right choice. Not only will your Ph.D. enhance your credentials, but you'll be able to qualify for jobs that are not available to those with lesser degrees. And because of the high demand for cybersecurity professionals, the field is becoming more interdisciplinary.

The Future Scope of a Ph.D. in Cyber Security

Earning a Ph.D. in cyber security will give you the technical skills needed to tackle today's challenging cybersecurity threats. With the explosive growth of the industry, there are many opportunities for those with advanced degrees in this field. Some of these opportunities include research positions in universities, teaching, and product management. In addition, there are several start-up companies looking for people with a strong background in cyber security.

While the job market is growing at a rapid rate, there is a huge skills gap in the field. The industry is expected to reach $170 billion by 2020, so there is a growing need for skilled professionals with these skills. A cybersecurity specialist earns an average of $70,000 more per year than an average IT professional, with an annual salary gap of 9%. With this shortage in the industry, the demand for well-trained cyber experts is increasing.

The future scope of cybersecurity is enormous, with the need for experts to stay abreast of the growing number of threats. With recent news stories about data breaches and hacking, it is clear that the number of attack vectors and cybercrime opportunities is constantly expanding. Historically, it was not easy to commit cybercrime, but it has become a widespread and increasingly common crime. With a Ph.D. in cybersecurity, you'll be part of a rapidly evolving field.

jobs that are not available to those with lesser degrees. And because of the high demand for cybersecurity professionals, the field is becoming more interdisciplinary. The Future Scope of a Ph.D. in Cyber Security

jobs that are not available to those with lesser degrees. And because of the high demand for cybersecurity professionals, the field is becoming more interdisciplinary.

The course duration of the Ph.D. in Cyber Security

The Ph.D. in Cyber Security course is a minimum of 3 years and a maximum of 5 years in duration. This depends on the university offering the course.

Fees for research program for Cyber Security

The average fee for Ph.D. in Cyber Security degree is between INR 50K and INR 5 Lacs.

Bangalore Urban

Delivery Mode

Eligibility

Masters degree + the candidates should have cleared the Entrance test conducted by the respective university.

Type of Course

Indian institute of science, bangalore highlights, student also visited.

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National Law University (NLU), Delhi

Silver Oak University, Ahmedabad

UPL University of Sustainable Technology

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Presidency University, Bengaluru

University courses.

Ph.D. in Electronics and Communication Engineering

Ph.d. in computer science and engineering.

Ph.D. in Dermatology

Ph.d. in pharmacology.

Ph.D. in Education

Ph.d. in commerce.

Ph.D. in Agri. Business

Ph.d. in business management.

Ph.D. in Economics

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Doctoral Programs

• California Sciences Institute offers a Ph.D. in Digital Forensics.
• University of Rhode Island offers a PhD in Computer Science with Digital Forensics research. The Digital Forensics classes are taken online, other classes may require residency.
• Purdue (CERIAS) offers an Interdisciplinary PhD degree with a specialization in Information Security, and many excellent projects to research on digital forensics. They also offer standard graduate degrees with the same specialization.

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Digital Forensics: India’s Roadmap for the Next Decade

By Lt Col (Dr) Santosh Khadsare (Retd) : The 8 th Interpol Digital Forensic Expert Group (DFEG 2023) meeting was held from 15 – 17 Aug 2023 at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on the backdrop of Cybersecurity Malaysia conference. It was attended by 44 countries including India and the attendance comprised of Law Enforcement Agencies(LEAs), Academia and Industry. The twentieth Annual IFIP WG 11.9 International Conference on Digital Forensics is also planned to be held at New Delhi India on 3-4 January 2024. This conference alternately is conducted in US and India and in India being coordinated by Dr Gaurav Gupta, a well-done digital forensic expert. Such conferences help in planning a future roadmap and understanding the pace at which global entities or addressing this issue which is very important from a national perspective.

                         The 8th Interpol Digital Forensic Expert Group (DFEG 2023) meeting was held from 15 – 17 Aug 2023 at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

In last few years global entities are looking at India as a futuristic market for selling the digital forensic products and have started aligning to India’s Make In India(MII) initiative. One good thing that has happened is that now you have a basket of solutions available for performing a particular task whether it is traditional forensics, mobile forensics or any other forensic stream which has evolved lately.

ALSO READ: Remote Working Exposed Unsecured Networks, Leading To Increased Cyber Attacks: DFIR Veteran Lt Col (Dr.) Santosh Khadsare

The Atmanirbhar Bharat call by the government of India has motivated indigenous entrepreneurs to come out with varied, competitive and cheap solutions in every segment of the forensic field. Academic institutions such as Rashtriya Raksha University (RRU) and National Forensics Science University (NFSU) have been acknowledged by the government for capacity building in the niche field. Many private universities and academic institutions offering post graduate courses on digital dorensics. Private forensic laboratories have cropped up in addition to the government Cyber Forensic Laboratories (CFLs) which are there at national and state level. Government expenditure has grown multifold for development of infrastructure and procurement of solutions that can help the law enforcement agencies to investigate cases involving cybercrime and national security.

But is it really enough……

In spite of the above initiatives taken in the niche field there is a lot more to do and achieve so that India becomes a leader in services and a solutions provider in the coming decade. To understand this we have to accept few shortcomings and find constructive solutions to address the same. The initial phase of motivating enthusiasts and professionals to accept this field as a career is on the right track and many are being influenced to join this and make it as the primary career. We have also achieved the part one of our goal in providing infrastructure and solutions for a limited scope of computer, mobile, drone and network forensics to the concerned. Notification of Laboratories under 79A of the Information Technology Act has notified 15 government laboratories as Examiner of Electronic Evidence(EEE) till date.

ALSO READ: International Police Expo 2023 Witnesses eSec Forte Technologies Unveil “Make in India” Innovations

So now what should be the roadmap for the coming decade so that India can spearhead this Digital Forensics revolution……

• There is a requirement of creating a Joint Working Group (JWG) for Digital Forensics so that research and product development is planned, measured and delivered in time. It should constitute of experts from the Government, Law Enforcement, Accademia and the Industry. The five year and ten year plan should be prepared by this team.
• Academic institutions have started multiple courses but lack the infrastructure and expertise in terms of faculties to impart training to the students and professionals. The syllabus is outdated and theoretical which needs a change and should be more practical in nature. Industry experts should be utilised for imparting training in form of guest lectures or workshops.
• More Laboratories needs to be notified under the section 79A of the Information Technology Act, as 15 laboratories will not be sufficient for catering the present pendency at various computer forensic laboratories. There should also be a strong consideration of notifying private laboratories under this scheme, as it will assist in achieving faster analysis of case wherever digital forensic analysis is required. The process of notification should be expedited as the strike rate seems to be very low. The scope provided for notification also needs to be re-looked and other emerging forensics should also be notified under the scheme.
• Shortage of human resource in this niche field is a big problem and needs to be addressed from a long-term perspective. Law Enforcement Agencies and Cyber Forensic Laboratories is should catch talent early and make sure that the retention policies are in place. Present resources should be assisted in enhancing the skill sets by means of certifications and continuity training.
• It is observed that as on date skill sets and infrastructure related to limited scope is available which needs to be enhanced. Advance solutions and infrastructure should be made available to handle futuristic crimes involving technologies such as deep fakes and crypto currencies. Use of advanced technologies such as Blockchain and artificial intelligence should be incorporated into the development so that it can address the issue of problem of plenty and problem of capacity faced by the analysts.
• Digital Forensic fields such IOT, Drone, Cloud, Vehicle, ICS/SCADA, etc should start taking centre stage in addition to the traditional forensics been carried out. Capacity building and infrastructure development should begin so that when such cases arrive we are prepared to handle the same.
• Indigenous product development involving both hardware and software is the need of the hour. We not only will be able to capture the world attention by providing skilled manpower but also providing better, competitive and cheap solutions. Indian companies such as eSec Forte Technologies ( www.esecforte.com ) have developed DRONA series of hardware solutions such as Drona Workstations, Drona Labstation, Drona faraday bags, Drona Incident Response Kit and Drona Kiosk under this initiative. CDAC has also developed indigenous products and solutions to cater for Digital Forensics which need to be available with all law enforcement agencies so that they can be utilised and compete with the other solutions available.

Santosh Khadsare, VP – Digital Forensics & Incident Response, eSec Forte Technologies Pvt Ltd

• At present certification bodies such as CDAC, EC Council, CISA, SANS, etc providing certifications in this niche filed. CDAC Trivandrum which is the centre of excellence for Digital Forensics in India should come up with many more such certifications which can be acceptable at the global level and endorse the skill set of the individual undertaking the certification course.

India is on a progressive path and will continue to lead the world in various spheres. There is a need of a clear roadmap in case we want to be a leader in providing skilled manpower to the world and also provide cheaper and competitive solutions in the Digital Forensics field. The journey has already started but far from over as for this we need to be continuously at it and contribute whatever we can. We have intrapreneurs, start-ups, policies in place but need to have a vision to be a global leader in this niche field of Digital Forensics.

Abou t The Author: Lt Col (Dr) Santosh Khadsare (Retd)  VP – Digital Forensics & Incident Response, eSec Forte Technologies Pvt Ltd. Santosh Khadsare  is an InfoSec and DFIR professional who specializes in Digital Forensics and is presently heading a Digital Forensic Lab at New Delhi.

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Ph.D. in Digital and Cyber Forensic Science

The Doctor of Philosophy in Digital and Cyber Forensic Science is designed to produce students of the digital forensics and cyber-security realms with the technical skills, critical thinking ability, problem-solving skills, and advanced, discipline-specific knowledge to allow them to advance into leadership positions in business and industry as well as academia. This is accomplished by demonstrating the ability to perform independent and collaborative original research, the successful completion of academic coursework, hands-on experience in the laboratory, and collaboration with digital forensics and cyber-security agencies, institutes, and partners. The program will provide students with the theoretical, conceptual, methodological, and computational skills needed to understand the role of digital and cyber forensic science in post technological societies. The program will allow students to explore the potential for forensically sound digital data capture and analysis and to develop new tools and methods for handling digital and cyber forensic evidence. In doing so, this program has, as its primary focus, research into the computational and scientific basis for forensic and cyber technologies. 

Additional information : Reference the Program Landing Page for additional information, such as cost, delivery format, contact information, or to schedule a visit.

The Ph.D. in Digital and Cyber Forensic Science is a full-time, on campus program.  Admission to the program requires devoting a significant amount of time to the program. Students are admitted as part of an annual cohort and have a fixed program of study in the first two years of the program.  

Applicants seeking admission to the doctoral program in forensic science must submit the following directly to the Office of Graduate Admissions :

• Graduate Admissions Application
• Application Fee
• Bachelor's degree conferred by a regionally accredited institution in computer science, digital forensics, or a closely related field
• Official transcript(s) from degree granting institution(s)
• Official transcripts from all colleges/universities attended
• GPA of 3.5 or higher
• Program Application
• Personal statement , not to exceed 1000 words
• Three letters of recommendation. A minimum of two letters must be from faculty who are sufficiently acquainted with the student to comment on potential for success in the doctoral program
• Current resume or vita
• In some instances, a personal interview may be requested.

The program requires the completion of a minimum of eighty-five hours of graduate credit, as prescribed in the degree plan.

Students must register full-time and maintain a 3.0 grade point average in all courses. In order to advance to candidacy, students must have successfully completed forty-six graduate credit hours of coursework and internship, submit a portfolio for review, and pass Comprehensive Examinations. Once the doctoral program committee determines that the portfolio, proposal, and comprehensive examinations are satisfactory, the student may enroll in dissertation credits.

A minimum of fifteen hours of dissertation credits are required, and students must maintain continuous enrollment in DFSC 8370 Dissertation until they graduate. Students must complete and defend a doctoral dissertation, which is the product of original scholarly research and is of sufficient publishable quality to represent a meaningful contribution to knowledge in the field of digital and cyber forensic science.

The Ph.D. in Digital and Cyber Forensic Science requires the completion of 85 credit hours beyond the bachelor's degree. Students complete:

​The curriculum is designed to deliver an essential core curriculum in digital and cyber forensic science, together with specialized electives and intensive research in the area of interest. Students are expected to fulfill the requirements during four to five years of full-time study.

  DFSC 7106 must be taken for a total of four credit hours.

Once enrolled in DFSC 8370 , students must enroll in this course every semester until graduation.

The Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board (THECB) marketable skills initiative is part of the state’s 60x30TX plan and was designed to help students articulate their skills to employers.  Marketable skills are those skills valued by employers and/or graduate programs that can be applied in a variety of work or education settings and may include interpersonal, cognitive, and applied skill areas.

The  Ph.D. in Digital and Cyber Forensic Science is designed to provide graduates with the following marketable skills:

• Solve complex cybersecurity-related problems.
• Apply theoretical principles to the development of digital forensics tools and techniques.
• Post-secondary teaching capability.
• Technical communication ability.
• Strong research-oriented capabilities.
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A PDF of the 2023-2024 catalog.

National Law School of India University, Bengaluru

Professional And Continuing Education (PACE)

Postgraduate Diploma in Cyber Law & Cyber Forensics (PGDCLCF)

Home > Programmes > Postgraduate Diploma in Cyber Law & Cyber Forensics (PGDCLCF)

The PGDCLCF focuses on cutting-edge issues in the field of cyber law and forensics. Equips graduates to understand and work in the fields of internet-enabled and online business and commerce, as well as to understand the implications of online social interactions and actions. With grounding in international and Indian law relating to cyber law and forensics, graduates from this programme can play roles in policy-making, law enforcement, and the development of business and social strategies that leverage the capabilities of information technology in general and the Internet in particular. The PGDCLCF has been provided continuously since 2013.

Programme Highlights:

• Examines the interlinkages between emerging technologies and their applications with current laws, policy developments, and practical applications of international and Indian cyber laws and forensics.
• Specific studies of areas such as crypto currency, blockchain, and artificial intelligence that examine whether contemporary legal systems are effective in regulating developing technologies, how citizens and businesses may interface with such technologies, and the developmental direction of jurisprudence in this space.
• Graduates can expect to play roles in strategy, policy, advocacy, and legal advisory and litigation roles for businesses, individuals, and organisations that depend upon technology; graduates would also be equipped for positions in governance and efforts in bridging the digital divide.
• The programme is spread across one year and gives learners the flexibility to design their own learning pathway.

Course 1: Introduction to Law & Legal Systems

This paper introduces the student to legal thinking and reasoning, and to legal systems, with a particular focus on Indian law and the Indian legal system. Those students who are from a non-law background would find this course particularly helpful.

Course 2: Cyber Technology, Cyber Wrongs & Cyber Laws

This paper consists of the following modules:

Module I: Fundamentals of Digital/Computing & Communications Devices Module II: Introduction to Advancements In Digital Technology Module III: Cybercrimes – Technical Perspective Module IV: Technical Aspects of Current Cyber Security Threats Module V: Cybercrimes and Legal Perspectives Module VI: Cyber Civil Wrongs and Legal Aspects Module VII: Cyber Judicial System and Other Institutional Framework Module VIII: Growing Concerns Relating To Cyber Space and Cyber Technology

Course 3: Law of Cyber Crimes and Cyber Forensics

Module I: Investigation of Cybercrimes – Indian Law Framework Module II: Jurisdiction on Cyber Space Module III: Internet Intermediaries And Legal Aspects Module IV: Digital Evidence: Technical Perspectives Module V: Cyber Forensics – Evidentiary Aspects From Technical Perspective Module VI: Legal Aspects of Digital Evidence Module VII: Legal Aspects of Cyber Forensics Module VIII: International Approach Towards Legally Regulating Cyber Space with Emphasis Upon Selected Regional And National Approaches

Course 4: Legal Aspects of Cyber Space

Module I: Law Relating to Digital Contracts Module II: Techno Legal Aspects of Digital and Electronic Signatures Module III: E-Commerce And Legal Issues Module IV: E-Governance And Legal Aspects Module V: Intellectual Property Rights On Cyber Space And Relating to Cyber Technology Module VI: Privacy And Data Protection On Cyber Space Module VII: Legal Issues Of E-Banking And Digital Payment System Module VIII: Cyber Law Compliance Relating Issues In Industries

Dr. Nagarathna. A

Associate Professor of Law

Coordinator, Advanced Centre on Research, Development & Training in Cyber Law and Forensics

Aparajita Lath

Assistant Professor

Manu Kulkarni

Visiting Faculty

For Indian Nationals

For foreign nationals.

Please note the following information regarding eligibility and the mode of applying for this programme.

Eligibility

The minimum eligibility for applying for this programme is a graduate degree (in law or other fields) from a recognized university.

Students with a degree certificate or its equivalent from any UGC-recognized university, Association of Indian Universities, CA, CS, ICWA, Open University/distance learning can apply. There shall be no restriction as to age, nationality, gender or employment status.

Application Timeline

Applications can be filled out online at the URL: https://paceadmissions.nls.ac.in

The deadline for submission of applications to all our programmes is July 31, 2023 .

For admission-related queries, please write to [email protected]

These are some commonly asked questions about this programme. For general questions about the NLSIU Distance Progamme, please visit the General FAQs page .

How many years does a student have to complete a programme?

Students of the Diploma programmes can complete their programme in up to five years from the year of their enrolment.

Students are required to pay the prescribed fee at the time of admission. If a student has to continue the programme beyond one academic year because of non-fulfilment of the prescribed requirements for the award of the diploma, they will be permitted to continue for the subsequent two academic years by paying a continuation fee as prescribed for each year.

After a period of 3 years if the student is unable to clear the programme they may be given an extension of another 2 years by paying Rs. 5000 per year for the subsequent two years as extension fee,  provided they have cleared 2 out of the 4 courses in a Diploma programme. At the end of the fifth academic year, if the student is unable to complete the requirements for the award of the diploma, the admission stands automatically cancelled.

What if the candidate does not complete the course in 3 years?

If the candidate does not pass or complete the course, his enrollment ceases. He will have to register afresh by following the usual procedures prescribed for first admission. His performance at the earlier exams is not carried forward. He will have to redo the entire academic exercise prescribed, in the syllabus.

What is the scheme of Assessment?

Every course shall have a combination of formative and summative assessments. This will aid in regular learning and understanding concepts better. Please note the following details regarding the upcoming assessments: Assessment Details:

What is Grading Mechanism?

To successfully complete a programme, a student must take all three assessments (Formative I + Formative II + Summative) and obtain a cumulative grade point average (CGPA) of three and above out of seven. An aggregate of your performance will count towards the final grade in each course.

Admission Status

Number of courses, course fee (indian nationals).

Rs. 50,500 (Fees mentioned is provisional and subject to ratification by the University Governing Bodies)

Course Fee (Foreign Nationals)

Rs. 1,34,200 (Fees mentioned is provisional and subject to ratification by the University Governing Bodies)

• Forensics Colleges » Online Forensics Programs » Online Doctorate (PhD) in Forensic Science

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Online Doctoral Programs (PhD) in Forensic Science

When human life is lost, law enforcement officers and forensic science specialists must determine the motivation for a crime and the cause of death. As simple as this formula seems, humans alone cannot be trusted to provide witness testimony. Enter the work of experienced forensic scientists who prove or determine probable fault using laboratory-based and carefully constructed questions when interviewing witnesses.

Leading forensic scientists and psychologists can practice their craft with a bachelor’s or master’s degree, but to delve into the nuanced areas of forensics and leadership, some senior-level positions require a doctoral degree in forensic science.

When two witnesses point fingers at each other, saying the other is guilty, forensic science takes a multidisciplinary approach to provide essential information to bring criminals to justice. A case report involving the murder of a 55-year-old man illustrates the need for a multidisciplinary approach. The man accused of killing his neighbor admits he killed him in self-defense, but relatives of the murder victim say that there were other motivations not being admitted.

To provide more details, a forensic scientist can serve as a medical examiner, a forensic chemist can do ballistics analysis, and a forensic psychologist can conduct interviews to determine the mental health state of the accused murderer so that justice can be served with accuracy.

Forensic scientists and psychologists working in the field can pursue doctoral degree options to bolster their expertise. Read on to learn more about online doctoral programs in forensic science.

Featured Online PhDs Related to Forensic Science

At present, there are no online doctoral programs in forensic science that can be completed 100 percent online. Because forensic science is a laboratory-based discipline, most programs require students to be on campus at least part-time for research and clinical work.

However, there are PhD programs that fall under the umbrella of forensic science, such as forensic biology, chemistry, and psychology. Applicants interested in these programs are strongly encouraged to learn about the accreditation status of these programs, which is discussed in detail below.

Walden University (Related Program)

Walden University in Minneapolis, Minnesota is unique because it offers the only online PhD program in forensic psychology. Students in this program can choose from a regular or fast-track option which enables students to waive up to six courses or 53 credits from the master’s degree in forensic psychology. The program also has optional four-day intensives focused on key topics.

Students in this doctoral program can also choose from seven unique specializations to focus their studies on a specific field of forensic psychology: general, criminal justice (self-designed), crisis leadership management, crisis response, legal issues in forensic psychology, self-designed program, and victimology. This program also provides two tracks: one for students with a master’s degree in forensic psychology and one for those with a GPA of 3.0 on their bachelor’s degree or a master’s degree in another discipline.

Some of the courses in the curriculum include themes and theories of psychology; abnormal behavior; criminal behavior; understanding violence, risk, and threat assessment; advanced issues in forensic psychology; treatment of forensic populations; psychology in the courts; police psychology; and consulting for organizational change.

• Location: Minneapolis, MN
• Accreditation: Higher Learning Commission (HLC)
• Expected Time to Completion: Four to eight years
• Estimated Tuition: Tracks 1 & 2 ($600 per quarter-hour); fast track ($6,970 per term)

Fielding Graduate University (Related Program)

Fielding Graduate University offers a doctoral program in clinical psychology with an optional concentration in forensic psychology and is accredited by the American Psychological Association.

Blending in-person learning opportunities with digital formats, this PhD program includes in-person and online seminars, meetings with faculty members and other students, weeklong residential sessions, and clinical and research training experiences. The program includes a clinical practicum as well as a clinical doctoral internship. Apart from these, the program also includes two additional in-person residency requirements.

Admission requirements to the program include a bachelor’s degree, a minimum GPA of 3.0, an online application form, a curriculum vitae (CV), a statement of purpose, a critical thinking writing sample, three letters of recommendation, and official transcripts. GRE scores are not required for admission.

The curriculum includes core courses in developmental bases of behavior; history and systems of psychology; social bases of behavior; cognitive and affective bases of behavior; psychopathology; multicultural psychology. Courses in the forensic psychology concentration include forensic psychology; ethics in forensic psychology; forensic assessment in civil court; malingering and deception; evaluations for the immigration courts; forensic assessment in criminal cases; and forensic psychology lab.

• Location: Santa Barbara, CA
• Accreditation: WASC Senior College and University Commission (WSCUC); American Psychological Association (APA)
• Expected Time to Completion: Five to six years
• Estimated Tuition: $9,700 per term

University of Arizona Global Campus (Related Program)

The University of Arizona Global Campus offers an online doctor of psychology (PsyD) program that helps students in building their knowledge base in the systems and history of psychology, and then students will be able to focus their PsyD degree by selecting a concentration that aligns with their specific research and career interests.

With the criminology and justice studies specialization, students will develop their expertise in criminal behavior and the corrections systems and criminal justice. Students in this specialization will be prepared to use psychological principles to solve complex real-world issues regarding justice and crime.

The PsyD includes ten core courses, seven specialization courses, and a capstone seminar. Students will then complete an applied doctoral project, which includes two planning courses and five units of the applied doctoral project.

Comprising 62 credits, the curriculum includes courses such as contemporary criminological theory; types & characteristics of crime; advanced analysis of criminal justice processes; juvenile justice; mental health & crime; drugs, addiction, & crime; and evaluating criminal justice interventions.

• Location: Chandler, AZ
• Accreditation: WASC Senior College and University Commission (WSCUC)
• Expected Time to Completion: Four years
• Estimated Tuition: $1,082 per credit

On-Campus Doctoral Programs in Forensic Science

As previously mentioned, no fully online doctoral programs lead to a PhD in forensic science, but there are forensic science doctoral programs in related subfields.

Here are on-campus doctoral programs in forensic chemistry, forensic mental health counseling, forensic science, and forensic psychology.

West Virginia University

West Virginia University’s PhD in forensic science program is unique in that it is only the second such program in the United States. Students in this PhD will be prepared to work as professionals in government laboratories, private industries, or academia as laboratory specialists. Students in this program must successfully complete a minimum of 71 credits. The program also includes a dissertation proposal presentation, an oral defense of the dissertation, and an oral qualifying examination.

In this research-intensive program, students study the foundations of criminalistics using research design, qualitative methods, statistical analysis, and communication skills in scientific writing and presenting. All students take a common core of advanced forensic science courses and other courses determined by their dissertation committees.

• Location: Morgantown, WV
• Accreditation: Forensic Science Education Programs Accreditation Commission (FEPAC); Higher Learning Commission (HLC)
• Estimated Tuition: Resident ($513 per credit); non-resident ($1,449)

Florida International University

Florida International University offers a doctor of philosophy (PhD) in chemistry with a forensic science track. This track prepares graduates for research in environmental and biogeochemistry with an emphasis on forensic science applications. This track has two tracks to choose from: an analytical chemistry/trace concentration and a biochemistry/DNA analysis concentration.

Students in this program benefit from collaborative agreements with local, state, national, and international agencies and learn about detecting trace amounts of evidence at crime scenes, DNA typing in mass disasters, and canine screening for explosives.

Research projects are coordinated by the International Forensic Research Institute, and graduates from this program go to work in government laboratories with the FBI, Department of Homeland Security, Secret Service, and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives.

• Location: Miami, FL
• Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC)
• Estimated Tuition: In-state ($4,101 per semester); out-of-state ($9,015 per semester)

Sam Houston State University

Sam Houston State University offers a doctor of philosophy in forensic science program providing students with problem-solving skills; advanced, discipline-specific knowledge; and critical thinking ability allowing them to advance into leadership positions. To achieve this, students will develop the ability to perform independent research, complete multidisciplinary academic coursework, gain hands-on experience in laboratories, and collaborate with accredited forensic laboratories, partners, and institutes.

Consisting of 86 credits beyond the bachelor’s degree, students will complete 43 credits of core coursework, a minimum of 15 credits of dissertation research, and an additional 28 credits of electives. Sample some of the courses in the curriculum: forensic instrumental analysis; controlled substances; pattern and physical evidence concepts; forensic biology; forensic toxicology; law and forensic sciences; and quality assurance and ethical conduct in forensic science.

• Location: Huntsville, TX
• Expected Time to Completion: Five years
• Estimated Tuition: Texas resident ($320.25 per credit); out-of-state ($728.25 per credit)

Other Online Forensic Science Programs to Consider

Bachelor’s degree holders who want to begin graduate studies in forensic science and related fields can consider two-year master’s degree programs. This degree option offers clinical and research-based rigor to prepare students for future doctoral studies.

Here are three online master’s programs in forensic science and psychology and one hybrid (online and on-campus) forensic science program which can prepare graduates for doctoral-level coursework in forensic science or psychology.

Oklahoma State University (MS in Forensic Science)

Oklahoma State University offers a hybrid master of science in forensic science with several concentration options (two of them are FEPAC-accredited). These concentrations include arson and explosives investigation; forensic investigative sciences; forensic biology/DNA (accredited by FEPAC); forensic chemistry/toxicology (accredited by FEPAC); and forensic psychology.

The concentration in forensic biology/DNA is a 36-credit FEPAC-accredited program that can be completed part- or full-time and features a death scene investigation track for those who have taken forensic science or biology, genetics, or molecular biology courses at the undergraduate level.

In the first year of the program, students can choose to take courses on-campus or online and the second year includes laboratory and research courses that must be taken on campus. Students have seven years to complete the requirements and must maintain a 3.0 GPA throughout their time in the program.

The curriculum includes courses such as the survey of forensic sciences; molecular biology; population genetics; forensic bioscience; ethical research and scientific writing; quality assurance in forensic science; methods in forensic sciences; criminalistics and evidence analysis; advanced criminalistics; and forensic statistics.

• Location: Tulsa, OK
• Expected Time to Completion: Oklahoma residents ($233.80 per credit); non-residents ($879.75 per credit); non-residents – online only ($364 per credit)

University of North Dakota (MA in Forensic Psychology)

The University of North Dakota offers an online master of arts in forensic psychology that prepares graduates for civil and criminal justice systems work. This 30-credit program is offered fully online and part-time to meet the needs of working students.

The curriculum includes courses such as psychology and law; research methods in forensic psychology; advanced social psychology; behavior pathology; readings in psychology; cognitive psychology; diversity psychology; eyewitness testimony memory; and supervised fieldwork.

Graduates from this program are prepared to conduct focus groups in legal settings for jury selection, select and use appropriate assessment tools, evaluate programs using research-based methods, and assist in addressing forensic issues in legal settings.

• Location: Grand Forks, ND
• Expected Time to Completion: 1.5 to two years
• Estimated Tuition: $588.65 per credit

Walden University (MS in Forensic Psychology)

Walden University offers a 48-credit online master’s of science (MS) in forensic psychology. As mentioned above, students in this master’s program have the option of applying up to half of their master’s coursework towards an online PhD in forensic psychology which saves students time and money and enables them to earn MS and PhD degrees on a faster timeline.

The master’s program offers eleven specializations related to forensic psychology and other sub-fields of forensic science: criminal justice self-designed; cybercrimes; family violence; legal issues in forensic psychology; military; police psychology; self-designed learning; sex offender behavior; terrorism; victimology; and general program.

Some of the topics students will explore include foundations of graduate studies in psychology; abnormal behavior; criminal behavior; understanding forensic psychology research; understanding violence, risk, and threat assessment; psychological aspects of violent crime; victimology; and criminal investigative analysis and profiling.

• Expected Time to Completion: 18 to 24 months
• Estimated Tuition: $548 per quarter hour

Arizona State University (Master’s in Forensic Science)

Arizona State University’s online professional science master’s in forensic science (PSM) program allows currently working forensic science professionals to consider career advancement in sectors such as law enforcement, forensic science, medicolegal, and other closely related fields.

To be considered for admission, applicants must have earned a bachelor of science or bachelor of arts degree in a related field with a minimum GPA of 2.75. Additionally, applicants must complete an online application and submit official transcripts, two letters of recommendation, a personal statement, and an up-to-date resume. Proof of English language proficiency is required of applicants whose native language is not English.

The program comprises 30 credits, including coursework in forensic science and governance; ethics in forensic science; laboratory leadership, policy, and practice; advanced forensic psychology; advanced topics in human forensic DNA; applied biostatistics in medicine and informatics; biostatistics and data management; criminal procedure of investigations for social and forensic scientists; and forensic toxicology; among others.

• Location: Phoenix, AZ
• Expected Time to Completion: Two years
• Estimated Tuition: $847 per credit

Forensic Science PhD Admission Requirements

To be admitted into a forensic science PhD program, applicants must meet certain academic requirements. Here’s a list of documents commonly requested when applying for a doctoral program in forensic science:

• A personal statement (typically 1,000 words or less)
• Application fee
• A resume with one to two years of professional experience in forensic science
• A background check (especially for competitive internships for program credit)
• Competitive Graduate Record Examination (GRE) scores
• GRE Subject Test scores (generally optional)
• Interview (in-person, phone, or web-based)
• Letters of recommendation
• Official transcripts from all undergraduate (and/or graduate) institutions with a stellar GPA (e.g., >3.5)
• Proof of having completed specific coursework in a relevant major (e.g., forensic science, natural science, chemistry, biology)
• Proof of professional publications (recommended, but not always required)
• TOEFL scores (for non-native speakers of English only)

Common Courses & Requirements for Forensic Science PhD Programs

Each forensic science or psychology doctoral program has its own unique requirements for students to meet to be considered for admission and graduate from the program. Here is a list of common degree requirements and course titles.

Credit Requirements for Forensic Science Programs

• Foundational courses (3-6 credits)
• Advanced coursework (24-30 credits)
• Research methods (9-12 credits)
• Specialization courses (12-15 credits)
• Dissertation writing (3-6 credits)
• Residencies, internships, clinical practicums (timelines vary)

Common Courses for Forensic Science and Psychology Programs

• Research methods and statistics in psychology
• Psychological research and biblical worldview
• Theories and research in industrial/organizational psychology
• Teaching of psychology
• Criminal investigative analysis and profiling
• Field experience
• Vicarious trauma and compassion fatigue
• Doctoral writing assessment
• Qualitative and quantitative reasoning and analysis
• Clinical practicum
• Clinical psychopharmacology
• Dissertation writing
• Eyewitness testimony and memory
• Ethics in forensic leadership
• The chemistry of pyrotechnics and explosives
• Fire dynamics in forensic investigations
• Computer fire modeling
• Molecular biology for the forensic scientist
• Forensic pathology and medicine
• Forensic microbiology
• Forensic toxicology
• Criminalistics and evidence analysis

Online Forensic Science PhD Residencies, Internships, or Practicums

As previously discussed, the nature of forensic science or forensic psychology involves on-campus or in-person research in laboratory or clinical settings and there are few to no online opportunities for residencies, internships, or practicums.

For illustration, Walden University requires students in its PhD in clinical psychology program to spend an Academic Year in Residence (AYR) in addition to four four-day PhD residencies. The AYR earns students 40 credits and numerous opportunities to develop skills and knowledge needed for a career as a forensic psychologist.

West Virginia University also partners with several governmental and private organizations that offer forensic science internships in federal laboratories and the Department of Homeland Security for students to gain hands-on experience during summer-only experiential learning.

Forensic Science Programmatic & Institutional Accreditation

When researching educational programs, accreditation is an essential factor to consider. Accreditation is granted to programs or institutions by national, regional, or programmatic accreditation organizations tasked with ensuring that high standards of educational quality are met.

Why is it important to verify a program or institution’s accreditation? First, accreditation validates the educational quality. Future employers look for graduates from accredited programs to ensure that their professional programs and clients receive the highest level of professionalism. And most importantly, accreditation is a requirement for state or national licensure for some careers, including forensic psychology. Sometimes, candidates can only sit for licensure exams if they have completed an accredited academic program.

Programmatic Accreditation

The Forensic Science Education Programs Accreditation Commission (FEPAC) grants the gold standard in forensic science program accreditation. Forensic psychology programs are granted accreditation from the American Psychological Association (APA). To earn programmatic accreditation requires adhering to rigorously high standards in specialized areas.

Institutional Accreditation

If any institution does not hold programmatic accreditation, then a prospective student is advised to research a school’s institutional accreditation. The United States Department of Education’s Council for Higher Education (CHEA) recognizes the following regional accrediting organizations:

• Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC)
• Higher Learning Commission (HLC)
• Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE)
• New England Commission of Higher Education (NECHE)
• Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities (NWCCU)
• WASC Senior College and University Commission (WSCUC)
• Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges (ACCJC) Western Association of Schools and Colleges

Rachel Drummond, MEd

Rachel Drummond has given her writing expertise to ForensicsColleges.com since 2019, where she provides a unique perspective on the intersection of education, mindfulness, and the forensic sciences. Her work encourages those in the field to consider the role of mental and physical well-being in their professional success.

Rachel is a writer, educator, and coach from Oregon. She has a master’s degree in education (MEd) and has over 15 years of experience teaching English, public speaking, and mindfulness to international audiences in the United States, Japan, and Spain. She writes about the mind-body benefits of contemplative movement practices like yoga on her blog , inviting people to prioritize their unique version of well-being and empowering everyone to live healthier and more balanced lives.

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Purdue Polytechnic Institute

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Ph.D. in Technology

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Specialization in Cyber Forensics

The Purdue Polytechnic offers a Ph.D. in Technology with a specialization in cyber forensics. All details about the degree including the admission procedures, course structure, faculty and other resources can be found  here . Additional details of the Ph.D. specific to the cyber forensics area of specialization are mentioned below.

Curriculum requirements for the cyber forensics specialization includes all the  requirements of the Ph.D. in Technology degree with the added constraint that students need to complete 15 credit hours in core cyber forensics courses. The requirements are explained below.

Core Courses

CNIT 55600 - Basic Computer Forensics - 13485 Covers the fundamentals of the maturing discipline of computer forensics. The focus of the course is on gaining a broad understanding of the field of study and how technology and law interact to form this forensic science. Emerging standards and current and future issues related to the field are also explored. Examines law and public policy, the computer forensic methodology, report presentation, and expert witness testimony, as well as anti-forensic techniques that can be used to obfuscate evidence. Students are exposed to theory and practice with lab exercises, thought and term papers, and a practical, as well as written, final exam.

CNIT 55700 - Advanced Research Topics In Cyber Forensics - 45535 Provides students at the advanced degree level the opportunity to expand their knowledge of cyber forensics. Students are expected to have fundamental understanding of cyber forensics and digital forensic science. The emphasis is on directed learning and scholarly inquiry. Possible research topics range from law and public policy to software and/or hardware development. Permission of instructor required.

CNIT 58100 - Cyber Frn Cloud/Virtual Enviro - 69894 There are various architectures of virtual and cloud technology environments placing different emphasis on storage, transmission, and processing of information. The student will develop skills and abilities in evaluating the patterns of evidence within this domain. This course examines the identification and acquisition of digital evidence, residing on hosts or in transmission between hosts, from different network topologies, and protocols. This course will also examine the techniques or processes by which information can be hidden, exposed, examined, and processed in a forensics manner. The fundamental principles of forensics are applied to virtual operating environment and networks.

CNIT 58100 - Cyber Forensics Of File Sys - 69783 The plethora of strategies to store information in different formats continues to expand. This course examines the various media and strategies of storing information and the processes of documenting the collection, imaging, and processing of forensic evidence. Topics include file formats, file systems, hardware, and software involved in forensic investigation. The overall pattern of forensic evidence in file systems will be examine along with the acquisition, analysis, and reporting of evidence artifacts found in file systems. Permission of instructor or graduate standing required.

CNIT 58100 - Cyberforensics Of Malware - 69893 Consumer technologies are rapidly moving forward with items integrating processing, storage, and transmission into their base functionality. The enterprise issues with bring your own device has rapidly expanded requirements on forensics investigators to address a plethora of mobile device types. Whether it is the automobile black box or a home thermostat there are various elements of interesting evidence possible to be gained. As a simplistic example the wireless home thermostat tracks when there is activity in a house. The forensic possibilities of being able to attribute presence via the thermostat or geo-location by a cellphone are of interest to forensics investigators. This is a classic example of a device as a witness. The embedded and consumer device pantheon is developing as an important area of forensic science.

Specialization Requirements

PhD Guidance in Digital Forensics

     PhD Guidance in Digital Forensics assists you to certify as a best research fellow in various areas of forensics. Digital forensics is an investigation of data found after the crime or cyber-attack.   After investigation, recovery, and encompasses from the crime.   Due to its significance, we also need to develop tools and invent new effective solutions to identifying crime. If you are currently a PhD student, want to research digital forensics come to us.

Our top professionals will also guide you in various aspects of your research like algorithm development, topic selection, software and tools selection, programming languages, and major application development. If you are interested in online guidance, our professionals are ready to meet you and solve your online issues 24/7.  Get our digital forensics  on time.

  Let’s explore our next generation technologies of digital forensics,

Next generation of digital forensics.

• Biometrics used
• Forensic DNA analysis
• Geographical location
• Mobile devices user authentication services
• End user types (government, federal, corporate and also private)
• Applications also using Digital forensics:

                  -Computer forensics

                  -Mobile device forensics

                  -Network devices

                  -Forensic data analysis

                  -Database forensics

Modern Forensic Science Technologies

• DNA sequencer
• Alternative light photography
• Forensic carbon-14 dating
• 3D forensic facial reconstruction
• High speed ballistics photography
• Link analysis software also for forensic accounts
• Digital surveillance also for Xbox XFT device
• Video spectral comparator 2000
• Automated finger print identification and also magnetic finger printing

Guidance in Digital Forensics

     PhD Guidance in Digital Forensics offers you learning environment and also study platform for your research in digital forensics. Your success is our main motto, and also we work in a broad range of research areas also in digital forensics to offer you the best research with small efforts

We have specialized employees working in digital forensics who are extremely supportive and passionate to help your research and attain your complete potential.

Find out our major research areas in digital forensics below,

Major research areas in digital forensics.

• Cloud and Mobile cloud forensics
• Big data analysis
• Criminal data mining
• Artifacts of pirates browsers
• Reverse database engineering
• Cloud storage artifacts (idrive, and also skydrive)
• Tamper Resistant Communication Networks
• Artificial intelligence
• Data mining
• Forensic data abstraction: disk image, packet capture files, file signatures, extracted named entities, also signature metrics
• Forensic software: C, C++, Python, Perl, and also Java and guidance software proprietary enScript language.

Digital Forensics in Mobile Forensics

• Malicious programs
• Mobile-platform security
• Mobile operating system
• Accidental reset
• Passcode recovery
• Hardware differences
• Data modification detection and also prevention

Digital Forensics in Bio Metrics Market

• Ballistic Forensics
• Firearm analysis
• DNA profiling
• Finger printing analysis

Techniques which are Used in Mobile Anti-Forensics

• Data hiding
• Data forgery
• Secure wiping
• Time stamping detection
• Data obfuscation

Development Tools and Software’s

• WindowsSCOPE
• Bulk Extractor
• X-ways forensics
• Digital Forensics frameworks
• NetForceSuite
• Paraben Forensic Tool
• Llib forensics

Purpose of Tools and Software’s

• CAINE: Computer Aided Investigative Environment that also used to create digital forensics.
• Python: IDE based programming language used for digital forensics applications, penetration testing and also cyber security .
• Volatility: Memory forensics framework to analysis of malware and also incident response
• WindowsSCOPE: Reverse engineering and also memory forensics tool that used for analyzing volatile memory
• Bulk Extractor: Computer forensics tool that also used for scan files, directory files and disk images and extract bulk information.
• X-ways forensics: More advanced platform also to examine digital forensics .
• OCFA: Open Computer Forensics Architecture also used in open source distributed computer forensics framework.
• Digital Forensics frameworks: Open source software framework that used for digital forensics
• F-Dac: Search engine with comprised of carves different files that used to optimize and identify the files based footers and also headers.
• NetForceSuite: Combinatorial tool which integrated with three tools such as cyber investigator, email tracer and also network session analyzer.
• Paraben Forensic Tool: Forensic tool also for password recovery, data acquisition, email examination and PDAs etc.
• EnCase: Multi-purpose forensic platform that also used for evidence based report production and digital forensic process.
• Llib forensics: Library tool to develop applications also based on digital forensics.
• SANS Investigative Forensics Toolkit: Also known as “SIFT” which is a multi-purpose forensic operating system used also for digital forensics processes.

Major Topics in Digital Forensics

• Evidence volume
• Audit trails trust
• Anti-forensics
• Tracking botnets
• Monolithic applications
• Validation and also testing
• Network attack attribution
• Network abnormal behavior analysis
• Automatic digital audio forensics system
• Cloud enabled big data storage
• Forensic data abstraction
• Modularization and also composability
• Live big data evidence also from cloud
• Validation and also scale
• Bling forensics also in digital images
• Device diversity
• Suppressing random artifacts
• Revisiting urban war nibbling
• Social network provenance also for image origin classification
• Pairwise used coupling also based keystroke dynamics
• Privacy preserving image denoising
• Browser fingerprinting
• Privacy preserving mapreduce

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Digital Forensics In India- An Overview

This article is submitted by:

• Panjala Shreeya
• Kaveti Vinisha

Introduction:

The term “forensic” is derived from the Latin word “forenses,” which means “forum.” A forum was a public gathering place in early Rome where judicial hearings and debates were held.

The collecting, preservation, and analysis of evidence for prosecuting an offender in a court of law is all part of forensic science. The role of forensic science in the investigation, identification, and conviction of criminals is widely accepted in the criminal justice systems around the world.

Forensic science is the general term used for all of the scientific processes involved in solving a crime. The role of forensic scientists had grown over the past few decades due to the rise in crime rate and technological developments. Criminal activity in electronic or digital environments, particularly in cyberspace, has become commonplace. Criminals are increasingly relying on technology to carry out their crimes, posing new obstacles for law enforcement officers, attorneys, judges, military personnel, and security personnel. Digital forensics has become an important tool for identifying and distinguishing computer-based and computer-assisted crime. Because of the dependability and precision of forensic evidence in criminal identification, it has the potential to aid in the rapid disposition of criminal cases.

Justice Anand Pathak, while hearing a case in the Madhya Pradesh High Court highlighted some major issues related to forensic sciences:

“ Forensic science does not only mean DNA reports or Blood Sampling or PSL report as it goes beyond and if we wish to march with time, then we should have to be well equipped with technologies. When artificial intelligence, robotics, and drone technologies are knocking at the doors then policymakers or stakeholders cannot place rule of law or adjudication process at the mercy of archaic methods of investigation and prosecution. Police investigation and prosecution in courts cannot lie at the altar of the statement of witnesses alone but it should be based upon a scientific way of investigation and police officers, public prosecutors and trial judges ought to be well equipped with the subjects and tools of forensic sciences.”

There lies no doubt in saying that it holds an important place in the judicial system, particularly in the field of criminal justice system. Many courts have reaffirmed its evidentiary value in diverse instances.

Evidentiary value of digital forensics

The major provisions governing digital forensics are embedded in the Indian Evidence Act,1872, and the Information Technology Act,2000. The following are the said provisions:

Inclusion of electronic evidence under evidence

• The term Evidence originally did not contain Digital evidence, it was only through the amendment made to section 3 which allowed for the inclusion of electronic evidence as “Evidence” under the Indian Evidence Act,1872. [1]
• Section 4 of the Information Technology (Amendment) Act,2008 provides for the electronic evidences in place of paper-based records. [2]

Admissibility of electronic evidence

The Indian courts have reiterated that evidence from digital sources cannot be refused, however, their accuracy must be proved.[3] The following sections allow electronic evidence thereby giving them legal backing.

Section 65-A and 65-B of the Evidence Act provides the conditions for the admissibility of electronic records. [4]

Section 79A of the IT (Amendment) Act, 2008 defines electronic evidence as any information of probative value that is either stored or transmitted in electronic form and includes computer evidence, digital audio, digital video, cell phones, and digital fax machines.

Reliability

• Section 79A of the IT (Amendment) Act, 2008, empowers the Central government to appoint any department or agency of Central or State government as Examiner of Electronic Evidence. [5]

Cyber-crime and the Ever-Evolving Computer Forensics

Cybercrime is on the ascent as the globe increasingly relies on digital technologies and their deep, enduring, and dynamic nature. Computer forensics widely termed “digital forensics” or “cyber forensics” is the use of investigation and analytical techniques to collect and preserve evidence from a specific electronic device in a form that may be presented in court. The primary objective of Computer forensics is to conduct a systematic investigation and maintain a recorded chain of evidence in order to determine exactly what transpired on a computing device and who was accountable for it. The collecting of information in a secure way is the first step in digital forensics. The data or system is then examined to see if it was altered, how it was altered, and who made the alterations. Computer forensics is not always used in connection with a crime, it is also used to collect data from a crashed server, failed disc, reformatted operating system (OS), or other circumstance when a machine has abruptly ceased working.

Types of forensic examinations

There are various types of forensic examinations that help in tackling such crimes and some of the prominent ones are as follows:

• Database forensics: The study of examination of databases and their accompanying meta data.
• Email forensics: Email forensics is the analysis of the source and content of an email as evidence to identify the legitimate sender and receiver of a message, as well as certain additional information such as the date/time of transmission and the sender’s intent. It includes inspecting information, scanning ports, and conducting keyword searches.
• Malware forensics: It is a method of locating, analysing, and examining various aspects of malware in order to identify the perpetrators and cause of the attack.  Checking for hostile code, detecting its entry, the mechanism by which it spreads, the impact on the system, the ports it tries to use, and so on are all part of the strategy.
• Memory forensics: The examination of potentially volatile data contained in a computer’s memory dump is known as memory forensics. Memory forensics is a technique used by information security professionals to investigate and detect breaches or malicious activities that leave no readily visible traces on hard disc data.
• Mobile forensics: Mobile device forensics is a subset of digital forensics that primarily focuses on retrieving digital data or evidence from a device under specified conditions. The word “mobile device” most usually refers to phones, although it may also allude to any digital device with internal memory and communication capabilities, such as PDAs, GPS devices, and tablet PCs.
• Network forensics: Unlike other fields of digital forensics, network investigations deal with volatile and dynamic data. As network traffic is sent out and subsequently lost, network forensics is often used as a proactive inquiry.

Techniques used by the Industrial Experts

Reverse steganography: 

Steganography is a data hiding technique , it consists of the dissimulation of secret information into digital files so that an intended recipient can extract it successfully. A reversible steganographic method allows to extract data from the file as well as to retrieve the cover file, both the secret information and the cover image are retrieved by the recipient.

Stochastic forensics:

Theft of intellectual property has been on the rise in recent decades but what makes it more harmful is the fact that it is very difficult to trace the thief since most of the time it is done by an insider who has access to the information. Stochastic forensics is a method to forensically reconstruct digital activity lacking artifacts by analyzing emergent properties resulting from the stochastic nature of modern computers.

Example:   In 2018, Zhang an Apple’s Research and Development organizations employee, with access to the project’s technical databases was accused of stealing confidential data from the company’s secret containing electrical schematics for a circuit board that contains Apple’s proprietary infrastructure of a self-driving car project.

It is in cases like these the method is proven to be most effective in identifying the culprit behind the theft.

Cross-drive analysis:

  It is an approach that is designed to allow an investigator to simultaneously consider information from across a corpus of data sources such as disk drives and solid-state storage devices. 

Live analysis:

The examination of computers from within the operating system using custom forensics or existing tools to extract evidence.

Deleted file recovery:

There are professional recovery tools used by data recovery specialists which enable them to recover files even when the drive has been re-partitioned and re-formatted.

Loopholes in the system

Lack of experts: 

According to estimations, there are mere 0.33 forensic experts for every 0.1 million people in India, for the task of examining crime scenes and preparing reports. However, depending on the workload of criminal investigations in different nations, the population ratio of forensic scientists in other countries ranges from 20 to 50 scientists per 0.1 million inhabitants. [6]

High rate of pending cases:

The present state of pending cases in 2021 is no better; the expected pendency of cases in India’s Forensic Science Laboratories is from 0.7 to 0.8 million cases. In these circumstances, the referral rate of cases to FSLs in India is approximately 10–12 percent of total crime recorded in various states. This percentage demonstrates not just the infrastructural falter, but also the government’s inadequacy to enact progressive laws that enable the prompt disposition of cases. [7]

Reliability of scientific evidence:

Several factors are subverting the reliability of scientific evidence in India, some of these can be listed as lack of scientific certainty, insufficient research arising due to meager resources, absence of a code of ethics, lack of certification of the experts, paucity of databases, and non-availability of error rate statistics for all the techniques. [8]

Increase in cybercrimes associated with a need for stronger infrastructure:

Since the nature of cybercrime is inherently dynamic, the present infrastructure becomes incompatible in resolving such cases.

Varied legislations:

Lack of single legislation that accommodates the provisions dealing with the subject of digital forensics.           

Transnational cybercrime activities:

Another challenge to digital forensics is the transnational nature of cybercrimes, which pose serious legal complications.

Nonetheless, the authors feel that the following suggestions can help the state navigate through the ever-evolving concept of digital forensics and narrow down the existing incompetenciess and find a “ way forward ”.

Way Forward

Capacity building : Conducting technical training sessions and coordinating the stakeholders to boost the number of competent investigators and judges.

Legislations: In order to establish forensic regulatory mechanisms in India, the Forensic Regulatory and Development Authority Bill must be passed immediately, which includes codes of conduct and ethics for the country’s forensic practitioners.

Education and research centers : In September 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India, passed two Acts i.e., The National Forensic Science University (NFSU) Act 2020 [9] and Rashtriya Raksha University (RRU) Act 2020 [10]. It provides for the establishment of regional institutions for education and research. In Gujarat, the NSFU has been created and several RRUs have been created in various cities like Gandhi Nagar, lavad, and dahegam. Many specialized centers should be established, offering a more solid platform for research and education. 

Implementation of recommendations : Various committees have been formed to evaluate the state of forensic science in India, and recommendations have been made, but most of them have remained on paper indefinitely. One such example is the recommendations made by the Justice Dr. V.S. Malimath Committee in March 2003, which is yet to be implemented. Such delays aggravate the pre-existing deficiencies in forensic systems.

[1] Indian Evidence Act, 1872.

[2] Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008.

[3] Ram Singh v Col Ram Singh, 1985 (Supp) SCC 611.

[4] Indian Evidence (Amendment) Act, 2000.

[5] Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008.

[6] Forensic Science International; Report, Volume-3, 100215, July 2021.

[7] Forensic Science International; Report, Volume-3, 100215, July 2021.

[8] J. Peterson, I. Sommers, D. Baskin, D. Johnson, The role and impact of forensic evidence in the criminal justice process, September 2010,https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/231977.pdf

[9] National Forensic Sciences University Act, 2020, NO.32, Acts of Parliament, 2020 (India).

[10] Rashtriya Raksha University Act, 2020, No.31, Acts of Parliament, 2020 (India).

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