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How to Cite an Interview in APA

Interviews can be a extremely useful sources of information on almost any topic. Whether it be in the form of a video or an online article, this helpful guide will show you how to cite interviews for your APA-style research paper. All citations follow APA 7th edition.

Guide Overview

Here’s a run-through of everything this page includes:

Citing a personal interview

Citing a published interview, interview published as an online article, interview published as youtube video, interview from a research participant, radio interview recording in a digital archive, troubleshooting.

APA reference lists only include works that can be found by the reader. As a personal interview is not published or “findable,” it should not be included in an APA reference list. Instead, a personal interview should be referenced as a parenthetical citation.

Parenthetical citation example:

(J. Smith, personal communication, May 17, 2008).

Any personal interview conducted via the following methods (and that are unpublished) can be considered personal communication:

• in-person interview
• phone interview
• text messages
• online chats
• unrecorded lectures

If you would like to include a personal interview as part of your APA reference list, then include the interviewee, the date of the interview, and the type of interview.

Interview Citation Structure:

Last name, F. (Year, Month date). Personal communication [Communication type].

Interview Citation Example:

Cloyd, A. (2014, July 29). Personal communication [Personal interview].

MacInnes, P. (2021, August 24). Ellie Simmonds: ‘I’ve found the expectations harder as I’ve got older.’  The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/aug/24/ellie-simmonds-expectations-tokyo-paralympics-interview

In-text citation, parenthetical example:

In-text citation, narrative example:

Reference list entry examples:

60 Minutes Australia. (2018, June 23). Meet the tallest man in the world [Video]. YouTube.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjG6qIfoMeI

O’Brien, C. [Team Coco]. (2021, June 11). Tig Notaro full interview – CONAN on TBS [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imMsszmCdr4 

Quotations from a research participant are from your original research; therefore, they are not included in the reference list or treated as personal communications. When citing a direct quotation from a participant’s interview, indicate in the text that the quotation is coming from a participant.

In-text example:

Participant “Steven” described his experience at the company as “difficult but rewarding.”

When referencing an interview that is housed in a digital or a physical archive, you must credit the interviewee as the author.

Krashen, S. (1983, May 4). The basics of writing [Interview]. USC Archive; University of Southern California. https://libraries.usc.edu/locations/special-collections-department/university-archives

Here’s a quick video overview of how to cite an interview in APA:

Solution #1: How to cite a text message or personal email in APA

Personal emails or text messages are considered forms of personal communication. Since they are unpublished and cannot be accessed by anyone else, they should not be included on the reference sheet. An in-text citation should be made indicating that it was obtained through personal communication, including the person’s name and the date that the communication happened.

(Email writer’s first initial and last name, personal communication, date message was received in Month Day, Year format)

(A. Washington, personal communication, December 10, 2021)

Solution #2: How to cite a professor’s lecture you attended in-person in APA

Unless the lecture has been recorded and published, notes and quotes collected from a lecture are considered forms of personal communication. Therefore, it does not need to be included on your reference sheet according to APA guidelines. An in-text citation should be made indicating that the information or quote was obtained through personal communication, the date it was retrieved, and the professor’s name.

In-text citation structure & example:

(Professor’s first initial and last name, personal communication, date of lecture in Month Day, Year format)

(P. Espinoza, personal communication, April 30, 2019)

If it is required to cite the lecture in the reference sheet, the entry needs to include the same information.

Reference list entry structure & example:

Professor’s last name, first initial. (Year, Month Day). Personal Communication. [Lecture]

Espinoza, P. (2019, April 30). Personal Communication. [Lecture]

If the lecture has been recorded and is available online, it must be included in the reference sheet and is no longer considered a form of personal communication.

Professor’s last name, first initial. (Year, Month Day). Lecture name. Source of publication. URL.

Espinoza, P. (2019, April 30). Mesopotamia. University of Chegg. https://example.website.here.

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To cite an online interview, you need to know what format the interview is in. Was it an online video? An online article? A podcast? Whatever the medium (video, article, podcast, etc.), create a citation as you would normally for that medium.  The author is usually the interviewer’s (or publishing company’s) name.

In-text citation template and examples:

When citing information from an interview, make it clear who the interviewee (the person being interviewed) was. If you are citing a quote, include the location of where the quote came from. That could be a page number (p. 22), paragraph number (para. 12), or timestamp (1:42).

Here is an example of a video interview on YouTube.

Author Surname or Organization (Publication Year)

Manufacturing Intellect (2020) published a video of Romney Wheeler interviewing Bertrand Russell.

Parenthetical:

(Author Surname, Publication Year)

In one interview with Romeny Wheely, the philosopher Bertrand Russell said, “I wanted to know whether there is any truth in realities known, and I thought if there was any, it’s probably in mathematics” (Manufacturing Intellect, 2020, 8:58-9:05).

Reference list entry template and example:

Author Name. (Date published). Title of the video [Format]. Video Site Name. URL

Manufacturing Intellect. (2020, July 10). A conversation with Bertrand Russell [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xL_sMXfzzyA (Original work broadcast in 1952)

An interview is a talk or an exchange of information via electronic media. An interview can be published or unpublished, depending upon the type and nature of the interview. Interviews can be any of the following types:

Published interview

Personal interview

Interview of participants in a study

Interviews appearing in newspapers, magazines, television programs, YouTube videos, podcasts, and radio broadcasting will fall under this category. Here is a template and an example of how a published interview is cited in the text:

(Author Last Name, date of interview)

(Fuller, 2018)

If you get details through emails or phone calls to make the statement in your paper effective, you need to cite them as “personal communication,” since they cannot be published. A few examples of interviews that need to be treated as personal communications include:

• interview on the telephone
• text messages or emails

(Author Last Name, personal communication, date of interview)

(Sethusankar, personal communication, December 2, 2016)

If you interview your participants as a part of your study, APA style doesn’t require you to cite them. However, follow the APA guidelines on how to present the interview of participants.

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What is an Interview?

An interview is a dialogue or exchange of information between people.

There are three types of interviews as sources:

• Published interviews
• Personal interviews
• Research participant interviews

Published interviews  may appear in magazines, newspapers, podcasts, YouTube videos, etc.

Personal interviews  are those you conduct as a means of obtaining information to support a point in your paper. These types of interviews cannot be recovered.

Research participant interviews  are those you conducted as part of your methodology.

Citing Published Interviews

To cite a published interview, follow the format for the reference type (e.g., magazine article, podcast episode). 

In-text citation:

     (Shea & Ericson, 2021)

Citing Personal Interviews

Readers cannot recover personal interviews. Because of this, cite a personal interview as a personal communication.

     (A. Tolliver, personal communication, September 15, 2021)

Citing Research Participant Interviews

Research participant interviews do not require a citation in APA because you do not cite your own work in the paper in which it is first being reported.

Information gathered from participants can be presented and discussed in a paper according to these guidelines:

• Present a quotation of fewer than 40 words in quotation marks within the text
• Present a quotation of 40 words or more in block quotation
• State in the text that the quotations are from participants
• Abide by the ethical agreements regarding confidentiality and/or anonymity. Obtain consent from your participants to include their information in your report. You may need to assign participants a pseudonym, obscure identifying information, or present information in the aggregate.

See p. 278 of the manual for more information and examples.

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Interviews (television)

Reference : Last name, Initials of person interviewed. (Year of interview) ‘Title of the interview (if any)’. Interview by/with Interviewer’s First name Last name, Title of publication , Day Month of Publication, page numbers if present.

Example : Kenny, E. (2013) ‘Ireland’s lost generation’. Interviewed by Miriam O’Callaghan,  Prime Time , RTE One Television, 15 March.

In-Text-Citation :

• Interviewee(s) Last name (Year)
• (Interviewee(s) Last name, Year)
• Kenny (2010) claimed in an interview….
• In an interview on RTE (Kenny, 2010)….

Still unsure what in-text citation and referencing mean? Check here . 

Still unsure why you need to reference all this information? Check here . 

Interviews (newspaper)

Reference : Last name, Initials of person interviewed. (Year of interview) ‘Title of the interview (if any)’. Interview by/with Interviewer’s First name Last name, Title of publication , Day Month of Publication, page numbers if present.  

Example : O’Brien, M. (2014) ‘Achieving success in parenting’. Interview by Siobhan Moynihan,  Irish News Weekly , 6 June, p. 56.

• O’Brien (2014) outlined honesty as key to parenting……
• Honesty is seen as key to parenting through the teenage years (O’Brien, 2014).

Interviews (in person or virtual)

Reference : Last name, Initials of person interviewed. (Year of interview) ‘Title of the interview (if any)’. Interview by Interviewer’s First name Last name [virtual medium if appropriate], Day Month of interview.  

Example : O'Nally, S.. (2020) ‘Working from home experiences’. Interview by Sorcha Mulryan [Skype], 6 June.

• O’Nally (2020) talked about the importance of a quiet space……
• Having a designated quiet space was very important to the interviewee (O'Nally, 2020).

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As discussed in the 7th edition manual on p. 259, Section 8.7 Interviews, there are three types of interviews:

• O’Connell, S. (2010). Atul Gawande: Lists are key to survival.  New Scientist, 205 (2748), 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(10)60410-1
• Personal interviews - because the reader cannot recover this information, treat it as personal communication.  
• Since a personal interview is not published anywhere, it is considered personal communication and is not included in the reference list.  It is, however, cited within the body of the paper. For example: (J. Hernandez, personal communication, May 25, 2018).
• Research participant interviews - do not require a citation.
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Referencing interviews

Interview recorded and available in an archive, interview with participant(s), as part of your own research.

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• If it is a published interview , use the reference type in which you found the interview eg. online video, newspaper article
• For an interview you conduct, use the personal communication reference type format.
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Interviews and Personal Communication

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

This section contains information on The Chicago Manual of Style method of document formatting and citation. These resources follow the seventeenth edition of The Chicago Manual of Style , which was issued in 2017.

In citations for interviews and personal communications, the name of the person interviewed or the person from whom the communication is received should be listed first. This is followed by the name of the interviewer or recipient, if given, and supplemented by details regarding the place and date of the interview/communication. Unpublished interviews and personal communications (such as face-to-face or telephone conversations, letters, emails, or text messages) are best cited in-text or in notes rather than in the bibliography. Published interviews should be cited like periodical articles or book chapters.

Interviews with anonymous sources can be cited without including the name of the source–e.g. “anonymous informant #3” or “recreational psilocybin user”–but you must explain in the text why you are not giving the name of your source.

Unpublished Interviews

Note: If the interview is unpublished, but there is a transcript or recording available, you should include information as to where said transcript/recording can be found. This can be as simple as a URL, or as complex as a location in an institutional archive; the latter is shown in the example below.

Published or Broadcast Interviews

An interview published in a print medium is cited much like a periodical, as seen in the first example. An interview broadcast on television, radio, or similar has its own format, as follows:

This is shown in the second example.

Personal Communications

Personal communications are usually referenced within the text or a note. They rarely appear as bibliographic entries. Do not include the e-mail address or other contact information through which the communication was conducted unless it is necessary and you have the source’s permission.

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Reference an Interview

- powered by chegg, cite smarter, worry less with cite this for me premium, upgrade to save your work, check with plagiarism, and more, is your source credible don't forget to consider these factors:, purpose : reason the source exists.

• Is the point of the information to inform, persuade, teach, or sell?
• Do the authors/publishers make their intentions clear?
• Does the information appear to be fact or opinion?
• Does the point of view seem impartial? Do they identify counter-arguments?

Authority - Author:Source of the information

• Who is the author? What are their credentials or qualifications?
• What makes the author qualified to write on this topic?
• Are there clearly defined contact information for the author?

Authority - Publisher:Source of the information

• Who is the publisher? Is it a non-profit, government agency, or organisation? How might this affect their point of view?
• What makes the publisher qualified to generate works on this subject?
• What can the URL tell you about the publisher? For instance, .gov may signify that it is a government agency.

Accuracy : Reliability and truthfulness of the content

• Where does the information come from?
• Can the information presented be verified? Is it supported by evidence that is clearly cited?
• Does the language used seem free of emotion, and does the work seem impartial and objective?
• Are there any spelling or grammatical errors? If an online source, are all links working?
• If it was reproduced, who edited/reproduced it? Where was the information originally published?
• How original are the ideas presented in the work? Do they seem to be common knowledge?

Relevance : Importance of the information to your topic

• Does the information relate to your topic, or answer the question you have presented?
• Who is the intended audience of the work? Does that audience match with yours?
• Have you looked at other sources related to this one? Does it seem there are many others on the topic?
• Are you utilizing the entire source, or just a part of it?

Currency : Timeliness of the information

• When was the information published? When was it last updated? Does it reflect the most current information available?
• How does your topic fit in with this source’s publication date? Do you need current information to make your point or do older sources work better?

Comprehensiveness

• Does the source present one or multiple viewpoints on your topic?
• Does the source present a large amount of information on the topic? Or is it short and focused?
• Are there any points you feel may have been left out, on purpose or accidentally, that affect its comprehensiveness?
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​​​​​​ To be made up of:

• Name of person interviewed.
• Year of interview (in round brackets).
• Interview with/interviewed by.
• Interviewer's name.
• Date, location.

In-text citation:

(Sudek, 2020)

Reference list:

Sudek, J. (2020). Interviewed by Francesca Woodman. 7 July, London.

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A quick note:

The following examples follow the Notes-Bibliography style. For Author-Date style, please consult The Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition.

Chicago AND Turabian Citation Examples: Dissertations & Theses

Chicago and Turabian use the exact same format for citing dissertations and theses.

Important Elements:

• Author 
• Title of Dissertation or Thesis
• Type of Document (Dissertation or Thesis)
• Name of Degree Granting Institution

Thesis or dissertation

1. Author First Last, "Title of Dissertation or Theis" (Doctoral diss. or Master's Thesis, Name of Institution, Year), pp.-pp.

1. Dana S. Levin, "Let's Talk about Sex . . . Education: Exploring Youth Perspectives, Implicit Messages, and Unexamined Implications of Sex Education in Schools" (PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2010), 101-2.

Shortened note

2. Author Last, "Shortened Title," pp.

2. Levin, "Let's Talk about Sex," 98.

Bibliography Entry

Author Last, First. "Title of Dissertation or Thesis." Doctoral diss. or Master's Thesis, Name of Institution, Year.

Levin, Dana S. "Let's Talk about Sex . . . Education: Exploring Youth Perspectives, Implicit Messages, and Unexamined Implications of Sex Education in Schools." PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2010.

Examples courtesy of  The Turabian 8th edition .

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Useful Resources for Chicago/Turabian

Check out the  Chicago Manual of Style's Shop Talk website  for more great information about using the Chicago Manual of Style through the links below!

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Dissertation Interview – A Short Guide With Helpful Tips

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A dissertation interview is a vital tool in academic research, often serving as a primary source in data collection . These structured, semi-structured, or unstructured dialogues provide detailed and firsthand insights into the research topic, supplementing or extending other research methods. The design, execution, and analysis of dissertation interviews require careful planning and a clear understanding of the research question to ensure they contribute effectively to the overarching thesis. This guide aims to guide students with helpful tips for dissertation interviews.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• 1 Dissertation Interview – In a Nutshell
• 2 Definition: Dissertation interview
• 3 Including a dissertation interview
• 4 Referring to a dissertation interview
• 5 Quoting a dissertation interview
• 6 Using the name of the interviewee from the dissertation interview

Dissertation Interview – In a Nutshell

• Transcribe the interview accurately for inclusion in the dissertation.
• Situations in which you cannot include a dissertation interview transcript in your appendix.
• How to quote a dissertation interview in your dissertation
• What to consider when using the name of the interviewee.

Definition: Dissertation interview

A dissertation interview is a method of primary data collection used in academic research, typically undertaken for a dissertation or thesis. It can be in the form of a structured, semi-structured, or unstructured interview between the researcher and the interviewee(s), with the goal of gaining detailed, firsthand insights into the research topic. The interview questions are formulated based on the research objectives, and the responses are used to support or explore the thesis argument in depth. The information derived from such interviews often complements secondary data or may serve as the primary basis for the research findings.

• Closed questions only allow for a limited number of predetermined answers.
• Open questions encourage individuals to contribute details of their thoughts and feelings.

Including a dissertation interview

You have conducted interviews as part of your descriptive study for your dissertation. How do you incorporate them? There is a high possibility you do not know what is anticipated since no one ever told you.

Transcribing interviews is a condition for using them in dissertations. This may be accomplished with the use of transcribing software. The transcripts of the interviews might be included as an appendix. Due to the length of the appendix, it may be necessary to submit it as a separate document after discussing your dissertation interview with your supervisor. It is essential to have proof that interviews were conducted.

Referring to a dissertation interview

Include the transcripts of the interviews in an appendix, and then refer to them throughout your dissertation via paraphrasing. This is how paraphrasing works:

• Interviewee A claims that (Appendix 1).
• Through conversation with B, it became apparent that (Appendix 1)

There may be cases when you cannot include a dissertation interview transcript in your appendix. If we cannot make any references to the interview, it may be cited in the following way if you are using the APA format .

• Person A claims that (Individual conversation, December 24th, 2012).

Quoting a dissertation interview

You must use quotation marks if you take someone else’s statements in a dissertation interview. Finding fascinating quotations will be much simpler if you understand how to pull useful data out of the individual during the dissertation interview. It’s important to maintain professionalism throughout the dissertation interview.

Using the name of the interviewee from the dissertation interview

Do not copy down the interviewee’s name without considering these two things:

If the identity is important to the study and you have obtained the interviewee’s consent to use it, then you can go ahead. You may use a description instead if you are not authorized to use the name.

How is an interview included in a dissertation?

Use a transitional phrase like “according to” or another reference when introducing your interview in the piece. Likewise, tailor your responses to the particular dissertation interview format you are using. Doing so will give your paper a more credible and convincing character.

Is there a certain number of questions posed in a dissertation interview?

Use two or three queries to get started. Research may become overwhelming in scope if excessive questions are asked. For this reason, you should begin with no more than two or three research topics, but some studies may have more.

When writing a dissertation, how long should an interview last?

They normally take 30 minutes to a few hours to complete and are only done once. It’s common practice in many fields to conduct interviews to gather information.

How likely is it that a dissertation interview will be turned down?

The truth is that defending a dissertation is tough and that some students have theirs turned down. All the academics showing you the ropes on how to write a dissertation that will get you accepted have been rejected at some time in their careers.

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How to Cite a Dissertation in Harvard Style

Published by Alaxendra Bets at August 27th, 2021 , Revised On September 25, 2023

What is a Dissertation?

In the UK, countries of Western Europe, as well as New Zealand and Australia, the term ‘ dissertation ’ is used instead of a ‘thesis.’ The majority of the remaining countries in the world prefer to use ‘thesis’ instead of ‘dissertation.’

Both represent the same thing, though: a full-length, academic piece of writing that students must submit after their undergraduate, post-graduate (Master), or PhD studies.

More specifically, a dissertation can refer to:

• Large-scale research as part of a degree.
• An article based on a small-scale study as part of a degree.
• A review of another study, research or an accumulation of both.
• Other full-length body texts are a requirement of the student’s degree program, no matter which level it is.

1.    Basic Format

In Harvard, the following in-text citation format is used for the dissertation:

(Author Surname, Year Published)

For example, ‘Occasionally the talent for drawing passes beyond mere picture-copying and shows the presence of a real artistic capacity of no mean order. (Darius, 2014)’

In Harvard, the following reference list entry format is used for the dissertation:

Author Surname, Author Initials. (Year Published). Title of the dissertation in italics. Level. Institution Name.

For example, reference list entry for the above source would be:

Darius, H. (2014). Running head: SAVANT SYNDROME – THEORIES AND EMPIRICAL FINDINGS . University of Skövde, University of Turku.

However, a slightly different format is also used in some institutions. According to that, in-text citations are done in the following way:

Author surname Year, p.#

For instance, Exelby (1997, p. 3) described the process … OR … processing gold (Exelby 1997, p. 3).

But in the case of reference list entries, these ‘other’ institutions recommend naming the dissertation title not in italics but in single quotation marks. The format would then be:

Author Surname, Initials Year of Publication, ‘Title of thesis in single quotation marks’, Award, Institution issuing degree, Location of the institution.

So, according to this format, the above example’s reference list entry would be:

Exelby, HRA 1997, ‘Aspects of Gold and Mineral Liberation’, PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld.

Whichever format is followed largely depends on one’s institutional guidelines. The format specified by the university is the one that should be followed. Furthermore, it should be followed consistently throughout a manuscript.

2.    Citing a Dissertation Published Online

The format for both in-text and reference list entries is the same for online and print dissertations. For example:

• In-text citation: (Ram 2012) OR (Ram 2011, p. 130)
• Reference list entry: Ram, R 2012, ‘Development of the International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and Medium-sized Entities’, PhD thesis, The University of Sydney, viewed 23 May 2014, <http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8208>.

An important point to note: While referencing dissertations published online, the URL may or may not be enclosed within < > symbols. Whichever format is chosen, it should be used consistently throughout the text.

3.    Citing an Unpublished Dissertation

This type of dissertation also uses the same formatting for in-text and reference list entries in Harvard style. For example:

• In-text citation: (Sakunasingha 2006) OR (Sakunasingha 2006, p. 36)
• Reference list entry: Sakunasingha, B 2006, ‘An empirical study into factors influencing the use of value-based management tools’, DBA thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW.

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Frequently Asked Questions

How do i cite my dissertation.

To cite your dissertation, follow your chosen citation style (e.g., APA, MLA). Generally, include author name, year, title, and source details. For APA: Author. (Year). Title. Source. For MLA: Author. “Title.” Degree, University, Year.

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Elon Musk suggests his prescription ketamine use is good for investors

In a new interview, Elon Musk said prescription ketamine has been helpful in treating his occasional depressive episodes and suggested that taking the drug has been beneficial for investors in his companies.

Musk, speaking with former CNN anchor Don Lemon in an interview that was posted online Monday, claimed that he takes a “small amount once every other week” — sometimes less frequently — to treat what he described as “chemical tides” that can cause his depression.

“Ketamine is helpful for getting one out of a negative frame of mind,” the Tesla and SpaceX chief executive told Lemon.

Musk was asked by Lemon whether ketamine could “get in the way” of his government contracts and his standing on Wall Street. Musk said no, then echoed language he has used in the past to explain his drug use.

“From the standpoint of Wall Street, what matters is execution,” the technology mogul said. “Are you building value for investors?” He then went on to tout Tesla’s valuation and sales. “From an investor standpoint, he said, “if there is something I’m taking, I should keep taking it.”

Musk added that he originally mentioned his prescription ketamine use on X “because I thought, maybe this is something that could help other people.”

The video of the exchange was posted five days after Lemon announced that Musk had canceled his deal for a new talk show on X just hours after a “testy” interview at Tesla headquarters in Austin, Texas. 

X’s verified corporate account confirmed that the company had decided it would not “enter into a commercial partnership” with Lemon’s show, but that the former CNN anchor was still welcome to publish his content on the social media service.

Lemon was fired from CNN last April . X said in January that it had made a deal with him as part of what the company billed as a push to expand video offerings. The platform also teamed up with former Rep. Tulsi Gabbard, D-Hawaii, and sports radio host Jim Rome.

Musk’s use of ketamine was first reported by The Wall Street Journal. In one article on the topic , the newspaper reported that some Tesla and SpaceX executives were concerned about the billionaire tycoon’s use of drugs. 

Lemon asked Musk whether he ever “abuses” ketamine, which the billionaire said he is taking under a doctor’s supervision. Musk replied: “I don’t think so. If you use too much ketamine, you can’t really get work done, and I have a lot of work.”

Musk’s comments about ketamine are notable, in part, because he has previously cast aspersions on other drugs that are used to treat depression. 

In a tweet in April 2022, for example, Musk said he believes that the prescription antidepressant Wellbutrin should be “taken off the market.” In response to that post, health care professionals defended the drug’s effectiveness and safety.

In recent years, ketamine — a powerful anesthetic — has drawn more attention as a potential treatment for people seeking alternative therapies for depression, anxiety and other conditions.

The drug was recently linked to the death of “Friends” actor Matthew Perry, who died of the “acute effects of ketamine,” according to an autopsy report.

In a short introduction to the Musk interview, Lemon said that he did not know exactly why Musk had decided to scrap their deal. “I challenge you, Elon, to watch the whole interview and tell the world why this isn’t what you claim you want on X,” Lemon said, alluding to Musk’s stated desire to turn X into an arena for free speech.

Lemon also posted the first episode of “The Don Lemon Show” on YouTube, and said that he plans to release future installments on platforms such as Spotify, iHeartRadio and “just about any place you stream content.”

In a post on X last week, Musk said that Lemon “lacked authenticity” and that “his approach was basically just ‘CNN, but on social media.’”

Musk's interview with Lemon was contentious at times. Musk appeared to bristle when Lemon first brought up ketamine, saying: "It's pretty private to ask somebody about a medical prescription."

The interview touched on other hot-button topics, including Musk's recent meeting with former President Donald Trump and the proliferation of hate speech on X, which Musk acquired in October 2022 when the platform was still known as Twitter.

In a follow-up interview with NBC News’ Chloe Melas, Lemon described Musk’s demeanor during the interview as “a little cold,” adding that he seemed to become increasingly “uncomfortable” as it went along. 

He said “The Don Lemon Show” would air three days a week and tackle “whatever’s in the zeitgeist.” He and his team are looking for new media partners, but he did not provide specifics on those conversations.

He added that he expects X to live up to its end of their deal. But if the company doesn’t, he said, “then of course we’ll have to take legal action, but I’m not sure we’re at that point yet.”

Daniel Arkin is a national reporter at NBC News.

What Catherine, Princess of Wales, says between the lines in her video

Royal watchers say the princess shared more than just her cancer diagnosis in the two-minute video.

Catherine, Princess of Wales, shocked the world on Friday when she announced her cancer diagnosis while sitting on a bench in front of yellow flowers and lush greenery: a two-minute, plain-spoken video that ended weeks of widespread speculation about her whereabouts and health.

“It’s a very powerful statement,” said Sarah Hewson, a royal editor for Talk TV. “To see her directly address the camera — the world — to share her devastating diagnosis is profoundly moving.”

Catherine’s family members and government officials across the globe immediately issued statements of support for the princess. Some princess watchers who spent the past month spreading outlandish rumors, jokes and memes on social media felt twinges of regret . But the princess shared more than just her cancer diagnosis in the video, and experts say some of her most powerful messages were unspoken.

Here’s what Catherine revealed between the lines.

The video’s creation means the royals are taking this very seriously

Public concern and speculation about Catherine spiked after her abdominal surgery in January and retreat from public view. Those concerns were hardly assuaged by an edited family photo and grainy tabloid photos released in recent weeks. Experts consider the video to be the royal family’s latest attempt to finally stop the rumors.

“I think it all goes back to that statement by the late queen: you ‘ have to be seen to be believed ,’” said Emily Maitlis, a host of the “News Agents” podcast who’s known for an extraordinary interview she conducted with Prince Andrew several years ago. “The video allowed her to end all the speculation in one go. It couldn’t be Photoshopped. It couldn’t be faked.”

Catherine’s prerecorded video also directly credited its broadcaster and filmer, BBC, perhaps a “visible sign it was done independently,” Hewson said.

The video is a far cry from Buckingham Palace’s brief statement in February announcing King Charles III’s cancer diagnosis. British publicist Mark Borkowski said the grander gesture was necessary: “If it had been a statement, no one would have believed it, and many of the crazy rumors would have carried on percolating.”

Catherine and her family want privacy

Catherine’s video doesn’t mention the online obsession with her whereabouts, and Borkowski believes that’s on purpose: “They don’t want to send any signals out that they were influenced by this noise on social media.”

But she does repeatedly speak about her family and their needs after what she calls “an incredibly tough couple of months.”

“It has taken us time to explain everything to George, Charlotte and Louis in a way that is appropriate for them,” she said. “... We hope that you will understand that, as a family, we now need some time, space and privacy while I complete my treatment.”

In short, back off.

“She doesn’t directly address the conspiracy theorists, but this statement has some very clear messages,” Hewson said. “Where was Kate? Reeling from a shock diagnosis, putting all her energy into getting strong enough to start chemotherapy and, above all, protecting her children.”

Catherine has support, but she’s her own person, too

In the video, the princess briefly mentions the support she’s received from her husband, Prince William: “Having William by my side is a great source of comfort and reassurance, too.”

The statement prompted some confusion, because William is nowhere in the shot. Many wondered why the prince didn’t sit with Catherine to present a united front.

Justin Vovk, adjunct professor of history at Redeemer University, thinks the choice to film only the princess was intentional.

“It really was Kate’s moment to make this declaration, to reaffirm her own personhood,” he said. “She is not simply somebody’s wife, but she is a woman going through cancer treatment.”

Even though he wasn’t seen, Hewson said, mentioning William may have been intended to quell “scurrilous rumors about the state of their marriage.” (An illicit affair was among the rumored conspiracy theories for Catherine’s pause from her public duties.)

Catherine is encouraging other cancer patients

Catherine ended her video with a message for other cancer patients: “For everyone facing this disease, in whatever form, please do not lose faith or hope. You are not alone.”

Maitlis believes the princess knew the profound effect her news would have on families, cancer patients and mothers with difficult news to share with their young children. The video, Maitlis said, even shows Catherine surrounded by what appears to be daffodils, which symbolize hope for those affected by cancer.

“Even in her darkest hour,” Hewson said, “she managed to issue a message of hope and support to others.”

Zach Purser Brown and Adela Suliman contributed to this report, which has been updated.

Princess Catherine

Catherine, Princess of Wales, announced in a personal video message on March 22 that she has been diagnosed with cancer. Here’s a timeline of the months preceding the announcement , during which Catherine stayed out of the public eye and health issues repeatedly put the royal family in the spotlight.

The diagnosis: The cancer diagnosis for Catherine comes amid rising rates of certain cancers among young people globally. Although details of Catherine’s condition remain sparse, here’s what we know about her health.

Reaction: World leaders and everyday Britons on Friday voiced their support for Catherine . After weeks of intense internet rumors as to why Catherine stayed out of the public eye for the past three months, many of those who had been participating in the social media jokes felt a collective chagrin .

Media frenzy: The internet erupted with conspiracy theories and absurd memes regarding Catherine’s public absence, asking: “Where is Kate Middleton?” The questions about her health status and whereabouts only continued after a photo of Catherine and her three children released by Kensington Palace was retracted by global news agencies over concerns that it had been doctored. Catherine later said she had been the one who altered the official photo.

• Princess of Wales faces cancer diagnosis: A timeline of key events March 23, 2024 Princess of Wales faces cancer diagnosis: A timeline of key events March 23, 2024
• What Catherine, Princess of Wales, says between the lines in her video March 23, 2024 What Catherine, Princess of Wales, says between the lines in her video March 23, 2024
• Flood of support, calls for privacy after Princess Catherine’s cancer news March 23, 2024 Flood of support, calls for privacy after Princess Catherine’s cancer news March 23, 2024

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Trump Says Jews Who Support Democrats ‘Hate Israel’ and ‘Their Religion’

The comments, on a conservative radio program, echo an antisemitic trope and escalate claims he made as president that were widely criticized.

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By Chris Cameron

Reporting from Washington

• March 18, 2024

Former President Donald J. Trump accused Jews who vote for Democrats of hating their religion and Israel, reviving and escalating a claim he made as president that Jewish Democrats were disloyal.

A few hours later, facing mounting criticism from Jewish groups, Mr. Trump’s campaign repeated his incendiary charge, declaring that “Trump is right,” and that the Democratic Party “has turned into a full-blown anti-Israel, antisemitic, pro-terrorist cabal.”

Mr. Trump made his remarks in an interview published online on Monday with Sebastian Gorka, a former White House aide for Mr. Trump who now hosts a conservative talk radio program . Mr. Gorka asked Mr. Trump about criticism that prominent Democrats — including President Biden and Senator Chuck Schumer, the majority leader — had levied against Benjamin Netanyahu, the right-wing prime minister of Israel.

“I actually think they hate Israel,” Mr. Trump replied. Mr. Gorka agreed.

“Any Jewish person that votes for Democrats hates their religion,” Mr. Trump added later. “They hate everything about Israel, and they should be ashamed of themselves because Israel will be destroyed.”

Democratic officials “hate Israel,” he said, because they want votes from people who are sympathetic to the plight of the Palestinians in Gaza, where more than 30,000 people have been killed in the war there.

“Don’t forget, when you see those Palestinian marches — even I am amazed at how many people are in those marches,” Mr. Trump said. “And guys like Schumer see that, and to him it’s votes. I think it’s votes more than anything else, because he was always pro-Israel. He’s very anti-Israel now.”

A White House spokesman described Mr. Trump’s comments as “vile and unhinged antisemitic rhetoric.”

“There is no justification for spreading toxic, false stereotypes that threaten fellow citizens,” said Andrew Bates, a deputy press secretary for Mr. Biden, adding that the Biden administration “will never give hate any safe harbor, including today.”

Jonathan Greenblatt, the chief executive of the Anti-Defamation League — a Jewish advocacy group — said that “accusing Jews of hating their religion because they might vote for a particular party is defamatory and patently false.”

Mr. Schumer called Mr. Trump’s remarks “highly partisan and hateful rants.”

“To make Israel a partisan issue only hurts Israel and the US-Israeli relationship,” Mr. Schumer said on social media, adding, “I am working in a bipartisan way to ensure the US-Israeli relationship sustains for generations to come, buoyed by peace in the Middle East.”

Mr. Trump had received significant criticism for similar comments he made as president, when he repeatedly accused Jewish voters of disloyalty if they voted for Democrats. Those remarks, and Mr. Trump’s comments on Monday, evoke an antisemitic trope that Jews have a “dual loyalty” and are often more loyal to Israel than to their own countries.

Jewish Democrats quickly expressed outrage at Mr. Trump’s remarks.

“Another day, another depraved antisemitic screed from Donald Trump, who has repeatedly vilified the overwhelmingly majority of American Jews,” Halie Soifer, the chief executive of the Jewish Democratic Council of America, said on social media . (Jews are considered to be one of the most consistently liberal and Democratic demographics in America.)

Amy Spitalnick, the chief executive of the liberal Jewish Council for Public Affairs, said on social media that Mr. Trump was “further normalizing dangerous antisemites.”

Mr. Schumer had, in a carefully worded speech last week, said Mr. Netanyahu was an impediment to peace, and called for new elections in Israel. The partisan backlash was immediate , with Republicans accusing Mr. Schumer of being anti-Israel and of betraying one of America’s closest allies.Mr. Trump appeared to latch on to those criticisms, but escalated them far beyond what most Republicans have said on the matter.

His remarks to Mr. Gorka also followed an incendiary, freewheeling speech in Ohio on Saturday, where he said some migrants are “not people” and that the country would face a “blood bath” if he lost the election in November.

Chris Cameron covers politics for The Times, focusing on breaking news and the 2024 campaign. More about Chris Cameron

Our Coverage of the 2024 Elections

Presidential Race

President Biden, amping up a populist pitch in his re-election campaign, has repeatedly said he would raise taxes on the wealthy and corporations to make them pay their “fair share.” But his record so far is as a net tax cutter .

Senator Lisa Murkowski, Republican of Alaska, said that she would not vote for former President Donald Trump . She also did not rule out the possibility of leaving the Republican Party.

Four years after the pandemic began, Covid-19 receives little discussion on the campaign trail. But its shadow continues to play a profound role in voters’ pessimism and distrust  amid a Biden-Trump rematch.

Other Key Races

Kari Lake, a Trump acolyte running for Senate in Arizona, is struggling to walk away from the controversial positions  that have turned off independents and alienated establishment Republicans.

Ohio will almost certainly go for Trump this November. Senator Sherrod Brown, the last Democrat holding statewide office, will need to defy the gravity of the presidential contest  to win a fourth term.

March 19 was the biggest primary night since Super Tuesday, and there were few surprises in the results. Here are the key takeaways .

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Sag-aftra sets stage for network code talks covering reality series & game shows including ‘the voice’ & ‘jeopardy’, drake bell gives first interview since release of scandalous documentary ‘quiet on set’.

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Drake Bell has spoken out in his first interview since the release of ID’s scandalous Quiet on Set: The Dark Side of Kids TV.

Speaking on The Sarah Fraser Show podcast, Bell said he hasn’t been impressed with Nickelodeon’s response to the documentary, which details his sexual abuse as a teen by  Amanda Show  dialogue coach Brian Peck.

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He added, “I find it pretty empty, their responses, because, I mean, they still show our shows, they still put our shows on,” he continued. “And I have to pay for my own therapy, I have to figure out what — I mean if there was anything, if there was any truth behind them actually caring, there would be something more than quotes on a page by obviously a legal representative telling them exactly how to tailor a response.”

Bell said he participated in the documentary because of a comfort level with the producers. He added that he declined a previous documentary project from a different group, and was astonished when they lashed out at him.

“[Another documentary] requested my involvement, and when I declined, the response I got was unbelievable,” he said. “In the email, they said that people like me were the problem, and this is why things aren’t gonna change in the industry because people like you won’t speak out and won’t come forward. It was just all this shaming of me not wanting to be a part of their documentary. So I’ve always been cautious and on-edge whenever approached to talk about such a sensitive topic.”

Bell went to rehab shortly after meeting with the Quiet on Set producers.

Bell also talked about involving his father in the documentary.

“My dad is a very emotional guy, and he has such a big heart. And I was very cautious about involving him,” Bell said. He decided to include him, believing that “maybe it would be cathartic and beneficial for my dad to be able to do” the doc as well. “I’m sure that my dad puts a lot of blame on himself, you know? And I thought that this might be an opportunity for him to realize that, you know, that it’s one person’s fault.”

Following the release of Quiet on Set , Nickelodeon issued the following statement: “Now that Drake Bell has disclosed his identity as the plaintiff in the 2004 case, we are dismayed and saddened to learn of the trauma he has endured, and we commend and support the strength required to come forward,”

That statement adds to a Nickelodeon statement that ended every episode of Quiet on Set : “In response to producers’ questions, Nickelodeon has stated it ‘investigates all formal complaints as part of our commitment to fostering a safe and professional workplace… [W]e have adopted numerous safeguards over the years to help ensure we are living up to our own high standards and the expectations of our audience.”

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• How to cite a dissertation in APA Style

How to Cite a Dissertation in APA Style | Format & Examples

Published on December 16, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 27, 2023.

The format for citing someone else’s dissertation or thesis in APA Style depends on whether the thesis is available from a database, published somewhere else (e.g. on a university archive or personal website), or unpublished (only available in print form directly from the author or university).

To cite a dissertation or thesis from a database, use the following format. In the square brackets, specify the type of dissertation or thesis and the university. As with other database sources, no URL or DOI is included.

Table of contents

Citing a dissertation published elsewhere, citing an unpublished dissertation in apa style.

To cite a dissertation or thesis published in a university archive (often in PDF form ) or on a personal website, the format differs in that no publication number is included, and you do list a URL.

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To cite an unpublished dissertation (one you got directly from the author or university in print form), add “Unpublished” to the bracketed description, and list the university at the end of the reference, outside the square brackets.

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If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2023, December 27). How to Cite a Dissertation in APA Style | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved March 25, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/dissertation/

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