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• Published: 23 April 2024

The myriad ways to engineer cells

Nature Biomedical Engineering ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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The widening range of strategies to alter the phenotypes and functions of mammalian cells is a boon for their biomedical applications.

‘How to engineer a cell’ could be the title of a thick book that gets substantially heavier with every new edition. Indeed, there is an increasing number of methods to modify mammalian cells to, for instance, express specific receptors, produce certain cytokines, metabolites or hormones, or excrete extracellular vesicles with biased tropism or functionality. When differentiating stem cells, their transformation path can be biased towards certain lineages with increasingly easier or more efficient protocols. And some somatic cell types can be reprogrammed into a more stem-cell-like state, or transdifferentiated into another cell type. In general, many cellular functions can be switched off or potentiated, and new functions introduced. Nearly everything in a cell can be tinkered with — from the genes to the glycocalyx on the cell’s surface (and including the structural organization of the genome, gene-expression profiles, the shuttling of transcription factors through the nucleus, protein production, signalling networks, protein distribution, cytoskeletal organization, organelle functions, and the expression and display of specific cell-surface receptors; this is not an exhaustive list). The biochemical and biophysical microenvironment of cells can also be controlled as a way to alter cellular phenotypes.

Yet, cell engineering is more than just tinkering with cells; the concept suggests a degree of control for a biological or biomedical purpose. In genome engineering, genes are introduced, knocked out or silenced, or their promoter regions modified, to make cells express specific receptors or produce certain cytokines, for instance. All of these modifications can be done via genome editing (through CRISPR-associated nucleases), transposon systems (such as Sleeping Beauty or piggyBac) or the viral transduction or non-viral transfection of nucleic acid payloads (for example, in optogenetics, these can be light-responsive gene-expression systems). In epigenetic engineering, the epigenetic landscape of cells and thus gene-expression patterns and cellular behaviour can be altered via RNA interference, DNA-methylation editing, or histone or chromatin remodelling. In metabolic engineering, enzymes involved in biosynthetic pathways can be overexpressed or knocked down, or precursors or co-factors can be added, to enhance the production of desired molecules. With synthetic biology, genetic circuits can be reprogrammed (via logic gates or feedback loops, for example) to use cells as sensors or reporters of specific biochemical or physical cues in their microenvironment. With protein engineering, the extracellular domain of receptors can be optimized to enhance their binding affinity or specificity. The composition and targeting specificity of secreted extracellular vesicles can also be engineered (genetically, and via microenvironmental stimuli) for uses in the delivery of biomolecules and in diagnostics. In cell-surface engineering, ligands (typically antibodies) are used to alter cell–cell communication and the interactions of the cells with the extracellular matrix. And bioprinting and culture techniques (culture conditions such as oxygen levels, pH, nutrient availability and shear stress can influence the expression of particular receptors and the secretion of certain cytokines and extracellular vesicles) alongside genetic and epigenetic manipulations can be used to induce specific cell states (such as senescence or pluripotency), and to construct multicellular tissue models to recapitulate the structural and functional aspects of native tissues, or for use in tissue regeneration.

The requirements of the application, the cell type, the cell components to be altered, and the desired levels of control and scalability typically dictate the types of strategy for cell engineering. For example, as shown by Joshua Leonard and colleagues in an Article included in this issue of Nature Biomedical Engineering , to effectively deliver biologics to T cells via extracellular vesicles, the vesicles’ parent cells were genetically modified to secrete vesicles displaying single-chain variable fragments binding to a specific receptor on T cells as well as viral glycoproteins to facilitate vesicle uptake and fusion with the recipient T cells (pictured). The parent cells were also encoded genetically to load specific cargo into the vesicles during their biogenesis (by tagging the cargo with vesicle-localizing domains). And for the delivery of mRNA into neurons, leucocytes can be engineered to produce extracellular vesicles that incorporate retrovirus-like mRNA-packaging capsids (to enhance the loading of the RNA cargo, to recruit enveloping proteins to their surface and to promote uptake by recipient neurons), as described by Shaoyi Jiang, Robert Langer and colleagues in another Article in this issue.

To lower the immunogenicity of transplanted allogeneic cells and tissues, immunomodulatory transgenes can be overexpressed (by inserting the transgenes with expression vectors for piggyBac and Sleeping Beauty transposons), as described by Andras Nagy in this issue, for the ‘cloaking’ of embryonic stem cells and tissues derived from them. And to enhance the antigen-specific immunosuppression of allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells, which are used to treat immune disorders, Saad Kenderian and co-authors show that the cells can be genetically modified to incorporate chimaeric antigen receptors for the cell-adhesion protein epithelial cadherin, for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease in mice. Moreover, to enhance the antitumour activity of T cells with chimaeric antigen receptors targeting solid tumour antigens, Stephen Gottschalk and colleagues designed a system based on the ‘leucine zipper’ structural motif to replace (via retroviral transduction) the extracellular domains of heterodimeric cytokine receptors in T cells with two leucine zippers (which provided optimal Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signalling).

Advances in genome engineering, viral and non-viral delivery, high-content screening, computational modelling (for protein design, the processing of omics datasets, and the optimization of nucleic acid sequences, among a plethora of other uses) and in many disparate methods of molecular and cellular biology are widening the range of strategies for cell engineering. Whether the aim is to design or optimize cells as therapeutics or biosensors, or for use in disease modelling or for evaluating the toxicities of biologics, the strategies in the methodological toolbox are myriad.

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The myriad ways to engineer cells. Nat. Biomed. Eng (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-024-01213-7

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Published : 23 April 2024

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What Is Biomedical Engineering?

If you’re looking for a profession that uses engineering to make a positive impact on others’ lives, consider a career in biomedical engineering. Read on to learn more about this exciting field.

Biomedical engineers have designed some of the most important medical devices used today – from pulse-regulating pacemakers to easy-to-use blood glucose monitors. 

Whether you’re interested in joining the field because you want to save lives or simply because you’re fascinated by the challenging problems it's faced with, a career in biomedical engineering offers the opportunity to make a real impact in the world. In this article, you’ll learn more about what biomedical engineering is, what biomedical engineers do, and their salary and job outlook. You’ll also learn about how to become one and find some suggested courses you can take to get started. 

Biomedical engineering explained

Biomedical engineering is the application of engineering principles to solve health and health care problems. Using their knowledge of engineering, viology, and health care, biomedical engineers design medical equipment and processes that improve human health outcomes. Common examples of biomedical equipment used every day include pacemakers, blood glucose monitors, and artificial limbs.

Bioengineering vs biomedical engineering

Although they sound similar and share much in common, biomedical engineering is not exactly the same as bioengineering. 

In simplest terms, bioengineering refers to the general application of engineering practices to biological systems such as agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and health care. Biomedical engineering , meanwhile, is a specialized subset of bioengineering strictly focused on the application of engineering practices for health care purposes by designing medical devices and developing processes to improve health outcomes. 

What do biomedical engineers do? 

Biomedical engineers use their knowledge of engineering to create medical devices, equipment, and processes to heal, treat, or improve health conditions. While the exact duties a biomedical engineer performs day to day vary from project to project, some of the most common responsibilities include: 

Design medical devices, such as pacemakers or artificial limbs 

Repair and install medical devices and equipment 

Conduct original research into existing biomedical devices and biological processes 

Train medical professionals in the use of new medical equipment 

A Brief History of Pacemakers

Although the use of electricity to restart hearts had been observed sporadically by medical professionals and researchers for hundreds of years, the first artificial pacemakers were not invented until the late 1920s and early 1930s. 

In 1928, Australian anesthesiologist Mark Lidwell used intermittent electrical stimulation to restart a child’s heart born in cardiac arrest. Later, in 1932, the American Physiologist Albert Hyman developed a spring-wound hand-cranked motor that used electrical impulses to restart hearts. He called his device an “artificial pacemaker,” a term that is still used to this day. 

Unfortunately, Hyman’s device was not welcomed by the medical community, which viewed it simply as a “gadget” rather than a serious medical tool.  

The early 1950s saw the rise of large, external pacemakers that needed to be plugged into wall sockets and wheeled around on racks to be transported. By 1957, however, the first wearable battery-operated, wearable pacemaker was invented by Earl E. Bakken. The invention is regarded by many experts as starting the field of “medical electronics,” a precursor to modern biomedical engineering. 

Just one year later in 1958, Ake Senning and Rune Elmqvist in Sweden developed the first implantable pacemaker in Sweden. Fitting for such a device, the pacemaker was implanted in a 43-year-old engineer named Arne Larsson [ 1 ]. 

From ridiculed fringe science to mainstream medical marvel, the pacemaker has gone through many iterations over the decades – and saved countless lives as a result. All thanks to early biomedical engineers. 

Biomedical engineering: salary and job outlook

Their unique skill set means that biomedical engineers are well-compensated and much sought after. Here, you’ll learn more about what biomedical engineers earn and their job outlook for the foreseeable future. 

Biomedical engineers make a higher-than-average salary. 

According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), bioengineers and biomedical engineers made a median annual salary of $97,410 as of May 2021 [ 2 ]. Glassdoor, meanwhile, puts the average annual pay for biomedical engineers at $83,637 per year [ 3 ]. 

Job outlook

Over the next decade, those hoping to enter the biomedical engineering field can expect average job growth. According to the BLS, the number of job openings for both bioengineers and biomedical engineers is expected to grow by six percent between 2020 and 2030 with an average 1,400 new jobs opening up each year [ 2 ].

How to get started in biomedical engineering 

Biomedical engineers use their knowledge of engineering to solve problems in biology and medicine.  

1. Consider a degree. 

Sixty-five percent of biomedical engineers have a bachelor's degree, 16 percent have a master's degree, and 12 percent have an associate degree [ 4 ]. Most commonly, biomedical engineers study biomedical engineering, electrical engineering, or mechanical engineering.

2. Gain the right skills.

To solve some of the most important medical problems plaguing people today, you’ll need to use a wide variety of both technical and human skills every day. As you’re looking to start your own career, consider the skills you might want to develop to ensure that you do the best job possible. Here are some of the skills biomedical engineers use in their day-to-day work: 

Analytical skills

Statistics 

Math and engineering

Computer science 

Written and verbal communication skills

Problem-solving and creativity

If you're still building your biomedical engineer skill set, consider taking an online course in a specialized area from an accredited university. For example, you can learn about different types of healthcare systems and how systems engineering processes apply to them in the Foundations of Healthcare Systems Engineering course from Johns Hopkins University:

3. Gain experience.

One of the best ways to gain a foothold in a new career is to gain relevant work experience. If you’re just starting out, then you might consider obtaining a relevant internship or entry-level position to practice your skills in the real world. 

According to the BLS, the top five most common employers of biomedical engineers are as follows [ 2 ]: 

Prepare for an entry-level role in biomedical engineering with Coursera

To prepare for an entry-level role, consider enrolling in an online course like the Systems Biology and Biotechnology Specialization by the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. During this course, you'll familiarize yourself with the concepts and methodologies used in systems-level analysis of biomedical systems.

Article sources

NIH. “ A brief history of cardiac pacing , https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3232561/.” Accessed February 17, 2023.

BLS. “ Occupational Outlook Handbook: Bioengineers and Biomedical Engineers , https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/biomedical-engineers.htm.” Accessed February 17, 2023.

Glassdoor. “ How much does a Biomedical Engineer make?, https://www.glassdoor.com/Salaries/us-biomedical-engineer-salary-SRCH_IL.0,2_IN1_KO3,22.htm?clickSource=searchBtn.” Accessed February 17, 2023.

Zippia. " Biomedical Engineer Education Requirements , https://www.zippia.com/biomedical-engineer-jobs/education/." Accessed February 17, 2023.

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Biomedical Engineering lies at the intersection of the physical and life sciences, incorporating principles from physics and chemistry to understand the operation of living systems. As in other engineering fields, the approach is highly quantitative: mathematical analysis and modeling are used to capture the function of systems from subcellular to organism scales. The objectives of this concentration include providing students a solid foundation in engineering, particularly as applied to the life sciences, within the setting of a liberal arts education.

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What Is Biomedical Engineering?

Required coursework, job prospects, and average salaries for graduates

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Biomedical engineering is an interdisciplinary field that weds the biological sciences with engineering design. The general goal of the field is to improve healthcare by developing engineering solutions for assessing, diagnosing, and treating various medical conditions. The field spans a wide range of applications including medical imaging, prosthetics, wearable technology, and implantable drug delivery systems.

Key Takeaways: Biomedical Engineering

• Biomedical engineering draws upon many fields including biology, chemistry, physics, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and materials science.
• Biomedical engineers can work for hospitals, universities, pharmaceutical companies, and private manufacturing companies.
• The field is diverse, and research specialties range from large full-body imaging equipment to injectable nanorobots.

What Do Biomedical Engineers Do?

In general terms, biomedical engineers use their engineering skills to advance healthcare and improve the quality of human life. We're all familiar with some of the products created by biomedical engineers such as dental implants, dialysis machines, prosthetic limbs, MRI devices, and corrective lenses.

The actual jobs performed by biomedical engineers vary widely. Some work largely with computers and information technologies in order to analyze and understand complex biological systems. As one example, genetic analyses conducted in medical laboratories as well as companies such as 23andMe require the development of robust computer systems for number crunching.

Other biomedical engineers work with biomaterials, a field that overlaps with materials engineering . A biomaterial is any material that interacts with a biological system. A hip implant, for example, must be made of a strong and durable material that can survive within a human body. All implants, needles, stents, and sutures need to be made from carefully engineered materials that can perform their designated task without causing a harmful reaction from the human body. Artificial organs are an emerging area of study that depends heavily upon experts in biomaterials.

As with all technologies, advancements in biomedical engineering are often linked to creating smaller medical devices. Bionanotechnology is a growing field as engineers and medical professionals work to develop new methods for delivering medicines and gene therapy, diagnosing health, and repairing the body. Nanorobots the size of a blood cell already exist, and we can expect to see significant advancements on this front.

Biomedical engineers frequently work in hospitals, universities, and companies that develop products in the health field.

College Coursework in Biomedical Engineering

To be a biomedical engineer, you will need a minimum of a bachelors degree. As with all engineering fields, you'll have a core curriculum that includes physics, general chemistry, and mathematics through multi-variable calculus and differential equations. Unlike most engineering fields, the coursework will have a significant focus on the biological sciences. Typical courses include:

• Molecular Biology
• Fluid Mechanics
• Organic Chemistry
• Biomechanics
• Cell and Tissue Engineering
• Biosystems and Circuits
• Biomaterials
• Qualitative Physiology

The interdisciplinary nature of biomechanical engineering means that students need to excel in several STEM fields . The major can be a good choice for students with broad interests in math and the sciences.

Students who want to advance into engineering management would be wise to supplement their undergraduate education with courses in leadership, writing and communication skills, and business.

Best Schools for Biomedical Engineering

Biomedical engineering is a growing field that is projected to keep expanding as populations increase in both number and age. For this reason, more and more schools have been adding biomedical engineering to their STEM offerings. The best schools for biomedical engineering tend to have large programs with a talented faculty, well-equipped research facilities, and access to area hospitals and medical facilities.

• Duke University : Duke's BME department is just a short walk from the highly regarded Duke University Hospital and School of Medicine, so it has been easy to develop meaningful collaborations between engineering and the health sciences. The program is supported by 34 tenure-track faculty members and graduates about 100 bachelor's degree students a year. Duke is home to 10 centers and institutes related to biomedical engineering.
• Georgia Tech : Georgia Tech is one of the nation's top public universities, and it tends to rank highly for all engineering fields. Biomedical engineering is no exception. The university's Atlanta location is a true asset, and the BME program has a strong research and educational partnership with neighboring Emory University . The program emphasizes problem-based learning, design, and independent research, so students graduate with plenty of hands-on experience.
• Johns Hopkins University : Johns Hopkins does not typically top lists of best engineering programs, but biomedical engineering is a clear exception. JHU often ranks #1 in the country for BME. The university has long been a leader in biological and health sciences from the undergraduate to doctoral levels. Research opportunities abound with 11 affiliated centers and institutes, and the university is proud of its new BME Design Studio—an open floor-plan workspace where students can meet, brainstorm, and create prototypes of biomedical devices.
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology : MIT graduates about 50 biomedical engineers each year, and another 50 from its BME graduate programs. The institute has long had a well-funded program for supporting and encouraging undergraduate research, and undergrads can work alongside graduate students, faculty members, and medical professionals at the school's 10 affiliated research centers.
• Stanford University : The three pillars of Stanford's BSE program—"Measure, Model, Make"—highlights the school's emphasis on the act of creating. The program resides jointly in the School of Engineering and the School of Medicine leading to unimpeded collaboration between engineering and the life sciences. From the Functional Genomics Facility to the Biodesign Collaboratory to the Transgenic Animal Facility, Stanford has the facilities and resources to support a wide range of biomedical engineering research.
• University of California at San Diego : One of two public universities on this list, UCSD awards about 100 bachelors degrees in biomedical engineering each year. The program was founded in 1994, but has quickly grown to preeminence through its thoughtful collaboration between the Schools of Engineering and Medicine. UCSD has developed for focus areas where it truly excels: cancer, cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Average Salaries for Biomedical Engineers

Engineering fields tend to have salaries that are much higher than national averages for all jobs, and biomedical engineering fits this trend. According to PayScale.com , the average annual pay for a biomedical engineering is $66,000 early in an employee's career, and $110,300 by mid-career. These numbers are slightly below electrical engineering and aerospace engineering , but a little bit higher than mechanical engineering and materials engineering. The Bureau of Labor Statistics states that the median pay for biomedical engineers was $88,040 in 2017, and that there are a little over 21,000 people employed in the field.

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• How to Confirm: https://youtu.be/aJSZoI_fDio

Non-BME students should check with their academic advisor regarding what degree requirement, if any, research credits can be applied to.

If it is a student’s first time doing research for credit, they should register for BME 29600.

If a student has done research for credit in a previous semester, they should register for bme 49800., bme students working with bme faculty.

After a BME student has identified a BME faculty member to work with and been invited by that faculty member to work in their lab, the student will need to register for BME research credits. Students will need to add research credits via Scheduling Assistant using the "+ Variable Title Course" button. If a student uses the "+ New Course" button, their override request will be denied. Please note that research credits can only be added during Open Registration; students should not include research credits when submitted their Course Request Form (CRF) during the batch registration process.  Each credit hour during the fall & spring semesters is equivalent to 5 hours of research related activities. In the summer, each credit hour is equivalent to 10 hours of research related activities.

• How to Register:  https://youtu.be/TL_P6UQuWdg
• How to Confirm:  https://youtu.be/aJSZoI_fDio

If it is a student’s first time doing research for credit, they should register for BME 29600. BME students are also required to meet with Chantalle Brown (BME Senior Academic Advisor) by setting up a formal appointment or coming to walk-in hours.

Bme students working with non-bme faculty.

After a BME student has identified a faculty member to work with and been invited by that faculty member to work in their lab, the student will need to register for research credits. If the faculty member does not have an appointment with BME, the student will need to register for research credits in the faculty member's home department. Students should contact an advisor in that department for more information on how to register for research credits in that department.

Research as Tech Elective Credits (BME students only)

BME students who wish to use research credits towards their tech elective totals may do so with the following restrictions:

• When submitting the override request to add research, students should include a note that they are using the credits towards tech electives.
• If it is the first time a BME student is doing research as tech elective credits, they must meet with Chantalle Brown.
• Students must be working with a faculty member who has an appointment with BME. Non-BME faculty members are not permitted to oversee research for tech elective credits.
• Fall semesters: October
• Spring semesters: March
• Summer semesters: June
• Students can use up to three (3) credits of research towards their tech elective totals. Students can split up these credits across multiple if they wish or take all three credits in one semester.

• Undergraduate

Research Areas

Biofabrication and biomanufacturing.

Biofabrication explores the use of traditional and novel material fabrication and processing techniques (e.g., cellular bioprinting, electrospinning, 3D printing) to create scaffolds and engineered constructs for advanced biologic models, tissues, and organs, for medical and non-medical biologic applications. The great flexibility of biofabrication approaches make them particularly attractive for engineering complex tissues, tissue surrogates, or multi-tissue systems, with a variety of applications in areas such as tissue engineering and in vitro diagnostics. In biomanufacturing, biologic systems are utilized to produce products, such as biomolecules and biomaterials, of commercial or clinical importance. Biomanufacturing research typically explores developing products for food and drug applications, as well as novel biologic-based methods for industrial manufacturing.

Participating faculty

Jonathan s. dordick, ryan gilbert, juergen hahn, deepak vashishth, qun (leo) wan, biomedical imaging and image analytics.

Biomedical imaging produces internal images of patients, animals or tissue samples for basic research, preclinical and clinical applications. Biomedical imaging at RPI focus on cutting-edge x-ray, optical tomographic imaging, multi-modality imaging, image formation and analysis as well as artificial intelligence / machine learning methods. Research and training involve the entire process from innovation, instrumentation, to validation for real-world applications. Close collaborative ties have been formed with leading medical schools, and with industrial partners such as the GE Global Research Center, enabling translational impact.

Xavier Intes

Pingkun yan, biomolecular science and engineering.

Biomolecular science is one area in the life sciences which focuses on the understanding of cellular processes at the molecular level and modifications of extracellular matrix. Developing an understanding and using this knowledge for manipulating cell and matrix processes in order to predict, prevent or ameliorate medical conditions are key components of biomolecular science and engineering. Research in biomolecular science deals with applications including drug development and delivery, proteomics, and tissue engineering.

Steven Cramer

Mariah s. hahn, jennifer hurley, andrés muñoz-rojas, edmund palermo, douglas m. swank, deanna m. thompson, musculoskeletal biomechanics and mechanobiology.

The musculoskeletal well-being of aging individuals is a key factor affecting quality of life. As medical advances continue to extend people’s lifespans, diseases of the musculoskeletal system are a significant threat to independence and lifestyle. Thus, a better understanding of the mechanobiology and biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system are key for the development of better therapeutic approaches, engineered tissues, and medical devices which target degenerated or injured tissues. In response to this critical need, Rensselaer faculty are investigating, modeling and/or regenerating bone, cartilage, intervertebral discs, muscle, tendon, ligament, and skin. This program promotes musculoskeletal research and discovery from molecules to tissues to animals to humans. We bring together and prepare future biomedical engineers with expertise in multiscale biomechanics, biomaterials, cell and tissue engineering, in vivo models, stem cells and regenerative medicine, and proteomics.

Elizabeth Blaber

Lucy t. zhang, systems biology and health care analytics.

Systems biology is the coordinated study of biological systems, at the cellular, organ, or whole body level, which aims at achieving a systems-level understanding of biological processes. Systems biology lies at the interface of engineering, computer science, and molecular/cell biology and involves sophisticated computational and high-throughput experimental approaches. One of the key outcomes of systems biology is the development of biomedical models describing the system which can lead to precision medicine approaches to tailor treatments to individuals. Health care analytics makes use of similar Big Data approaches as systems biology, but the focus is on extracting knowledge about diseases and intervention strategies from extremely large data sets such as those maintained by hospitals and health care providers.

Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

Tissue engineering combines cells, bioactive components, and/or biomaterials with the primary goal of regenerating diseased or damaged tissues. A secondary area of this diverse field includes generating in vitro tissue models of diseases toward development and screening of new therapeutic interventions. From a tissue repair perspective, tissue engineering at Rensselaer focuses on cartilage/bone repair and brain and spinal cord regeneration while musculoskeletal and neurodegenerative diseases are the focus from a disease model perspective.

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Biomedical Research

Research is central to the advancement of human health through biomedical engineering, and our faculty focus on three primary research areas: cellular and biomolecular engineering , biomechanics , and biomedical information processing . At the Russ College, we take advantage of the broad biomedical engineering resources available through our collaboration with the Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine, Health Sciences Professions, and Arts and Sciences, and the Edison Biotechnology Institute to provide you with hands-on, world-class lab experiences. With facilities and equipment from our collaborative partnerships, you’ll have the chance to investigate the next great innovation to improve the human condition.

To learn more about our faculty, visit our our faculty research page.

Dr. Erika Moore Engineers Biomaterial Models to Advance Biomedical Research and Address Health Disparities

Dr. Erika Moore is an Assistant Professor within the Fischell Department of Bioengineering at the University of Maryland, College Park. The mission of her lab is “engineering biomaterial models that harness the regenerative potential of the immune system across health inequities.”

In this interview, she shares advice for trainees and the next generation of scientists, discusses her biomedical engineering research, and describes her scientific outreach activities.

What advice do you give to the next generation of scientists? 

I think if I could go back to my first moment of curiosity, I would tell myself to really hold tight to the love, the beauty, and the exploration of science. 

There can be discouragement and rejection when pursuing science. My advice is to keep your curiosity, especially during those times when you get negative feedback. 

I think people often operate in seasons. Not every season is spring or summer, and sometimes winter may be here longer than you like; however, keeping that curiosity will get you through the tough times. 

Can you describe your biomedical research? 

Sometimes elements of diseases are better understood when we take a step outside of a complex situation. It’s hard to understand everything that’s happening when it’s all mixed together. Where my program really comes in is we build these small tissue models of different biological processes outside of the body.

We take our model, let’s call it Jell-O, and that mimics the environment of our tissues. We put cells in that Jell-O, and we observe what they do within physiological processes and responses. So, all of that exists under the umbrella of the mission of our group, which is to use the biomaterial models or Jell-O to understand and harness the regenerative capabilities of the immune system as we apply it towards human health.

In my lab, we study the immune system in those Jell-O structures, and specifically investigate health inequities.

We're always trying to answer these questions of what's the immune system doing and how can we study that in a little tissue model that makes it a little bit easier to see what's happening.

Why do you think biomaterials are important for research, including cancer biology?

I think we are starting to see the advent and integration of personalized approaches coming online. 

With biomaterial models, including my lab’s engineered tissue systems, we're able to start taking your cells and can put them in a system to determine what cocktail of chemotherapeutics or therapies would be most beneficial for you.

Using these types of biomaterial models, we can grow patient-derived cultures to get a more personalized understanding of the growth dynamics of tumors, where metastasis occurs, and how to effectively treat a cancer or to intercept cancer development.

Additionally, a lot of cancers are known to be more prevalent in certain populations. Our biomaterial model systems can help us understand at a molecular and cellular level why certain populations are at risk for developing certain cancers. It’s important to think about demographic background, ancestry, age, sex, and those types of factors that can be integrated into these models.

The systems can also help us utilize multiple data sets of patients to understand why certain cancers are prevalent in specific populations and to help address cancer disparities.

Could you share some of your laboratories outreach activities related to research?

One of our main research projects is focusing on lupus, and we support advocacy for lupus research by participating in lupus awareness blogs, as well as having communication and transparency around lupus. These activities connect us from the lab to patients and advocates.

Another advocacy activity that I am involved in is focusing on financial literacy. I think financial literacy and or the lack of understanding of personal finance contributes significantly to barriers in access to entry for people from non-traditional backgrounds into science. I really believe in trying to educate our students who are from these non-traditional backgrounds so that they can make empowered and informed decisions around their finances, specifically as they navigate STEM degrees.

• Erika Moore Investigator Profile
• Moore Lab Website

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Visit our Financial Aid and Scholarship Office for updated information, workshops and FAQs.

Biomedical Engineering

Biomedical Engineering Research

Research by Faculty Member

Guna Selvaduray

Research publications and presentations by Guna Selvaduray.

Folarin Erogbogbo

Research publications and presentations by Folarin Erogbogbo.

Alessandro Bellofiore

Research publications and presentations by Alessandro Bellofiore.

Mindy Simon

Research publications and presentations by Mindy Simon.

Matt Leineweber

Research publications and presentations by Matt Leineweber.

Patrick Jurney

Research publications and presentations by Patrick Jurney.

Research publications and presentations by Yun Wang.

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Off-the-Shelf Vascular Grafts Could Simplify Surgeries

Researchers advance their engineered vascular graft from the lab to real-world clinical application.

April 23, 2024 By Bailey Noah

• Biomedical Engineering
• Health Care

Much like a feeder road can bypass traffic on a highway, vascular grafts redirect blood flow past artery blockages to vital organs and tissues. 

However, current methods for vascular grafts involve removing a healthy blood vessel from the patient’s leg or chest wall, increasing the potential for surgical complications. 

Dr. Feng Zhao, an associate professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Texas A&M University, and her lab were awarded a grant from Texas A&M Innovation to aid in her development of an engineered vascular graft, which would eliminate the need to remove a vessel from the patient.

“Normally, surgeons use blood vessels from the patient to do the bypass surgery, but many complications can arise, such as secondary surgery-related damage and shortage in resources for multiple surgeries,” Zhao said. “Our solution can be used off the shelf.”

Zhao said other engineered vascular graft solutions are too complex to fabricate or are derived from human donor or animal tissue and pose a risk of immune rejection. Additionally, she says that engineering small-diameter blood vessels less than 6 millimeters is especially tricky.

The off-the-shelf small-diameter vascular graft is made to be easily stored and shipped for the treatment of patients with cardiovascular diseases. The graft is also biodegradable and will eventually be replaced by natural tissue in the body, offering growing pediatric patients a sustainable option. 

Zhao’s research was one of three projects from the biomedical engineering department selected to receive a Texas A&M Innovation Translational Investment Fund (TIF) grant. Dr. Abhishek Jain was selected for his project creating customizable vessel-chips for pharmaceutical testing and John Hanks and joint faculty Amir Tofighi Zavareh were selected for their project developing a human-informed full stack software for arterial disease screening. 

The TIF grants provide system researchers with services and support to transfer their ideas and discoveries into new technologies that can be commercialized for societal benefit. In this way, research can impact lives through translation — the act of moving scientific discoveries from the lab into the real world. 

The TIF grant will also allow Zhao to test her vascular graft further, with human clinical trials to follow. 

“This grant helped me move on to the next step, and it's closer to the translation,” Zhao said. “It’s like a Chinese proverb ‘Pao Zhuan Yin Yu’ that means ‘laying brick to attract jade.’ Although this is modest, we will get something big from it.”

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• Four SEAS students receive SUNY Chancellor’s Award

Four SEAS students receive SUNY Chancellor’s Award

UB recipients of the SUNY Chancellor's Award for Student Excellence who traveled to Albany for a special ceremony on April 11 pose for a photo. Four of the recipients are students from SEAS. 

Published April 23, 2024

Four SEAS students have been named recipients of the SUNY Chancellor’s Award for Student Excellence; the highest honor SUNY bestows upon its students.

The award, created in 1997, is given annually to recognize high-achieving SUNY students who also excel in such areas as leadership, community service, campus involvement or the arts.

Each year, selection committees from each SUNY campus consider nominees, who are then recommended to the chancellor’s office.

This year’s winners were invited to attend an awards ceremony April 11 in Albany.

UB’s recipients of the 2024 SUNY Chancellor’s Award for Student Excellence:

Dior Gillins

Dior Gillins of Wappinger Falls graduates with a BS in electrical engineering and a BA in media study with a production concentration. A University Honors College scholar and Dean’s List student, Gillins has been a student leader, student assistant grader, treasurer of the Women’s Healthcare and Wellness Association, and praise dance coordinator for the UB gospel choir. She also worked as a technical operations and engineering intern at CNBC and as a cloud production assistant intern at CBS Sports. In addition, she took part in a National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates with the University of Michigan’s PICASSO program.

Brennan Gorman

Brennan Gorman graduates with an MBA and a BS in civil engineering and a minor in music performance. As president of the UB Residence Hall Association, Gorman started the award-winning. late-night talk show “Late Night at UB.” Gorman also played a pivotal role as the executive director of policy for the SUNY Student Assembly, advocating on behalf of SUNY’s 1.4 million students. An entrepreneur as well as a student, Gorman founded Bay Gull Productions to empower Gen-Z creators, and also co-founded Empowered Advocacy Network, a nonprofit dedicated to education reform.

Anoop Nilam

Anoop Nilam of Williamsville graduates with a BS in biomedical engineering and a BA in mathematics. A Pride of New York scholar in the University Honors College, Nilam has conducted nanomedicine research at UB, leading a project to develop a malaria vaccine. He has served in several leadership roles, including as president of UB’s Association of Pre-Medical Students, treasurer of UB’s Tau Beta Pi engineering honors society. He is a member of Compeer’s volunteer advisory board committee, leading mental health support recruitment. Nilam also has served as a teaching assistant for introductory and upper-level biology courses.

Anna Walsh of Spencerport graduates with a BS in biomedical engineering and a minor in biological sciences. An Honors College scholar and member of the Tau Beta Pi engineering honor society, Walsh has held positions as a teaching assistant, peer mentor and leader in the biomedical engineering society. She take part in numerous programs to support early exposure, mentorship and inclusivity in technical fields. Walsh created a team that teaches introductory STEM concepts in schools without active curriculum in these areas. She also interns in the cardiac rhythm management division at Medtronic.

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• MyU : For Students, Faculty, and Staff

BME students receive NSF Graduate Research Fellowships

April 22, 2024 — Congratulations to our 2024 National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship recipients:

• Bri Brennecke — PhD student in Paolo Provenzano and David Wood’s labs
• Hannah Szafraniec — PhD student in Dave Wood’s lab

In addition, two BME students were recognized with an honorable mention:

• Kira Lynch  — Undergraduate student
• Paige Nielsen — PhD student in Kyoko Yoshida’s lab

The NSF Graduate Research Fellowship program recognizes and supports outstanding graduate students in NSF-supported science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines who are pursuing research-based master’s and doctoral degrees at accredited U.S. institutions. Fellowships provide the student with a three-year annual stipend of $37,000 along with a $16,000 cost of education allowance for tuition and fees (paid to the institution), as well as access to opportunities for professional development available to NSF-supported graduate students.  

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