types of speech style according to martin joos

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The 5 Different Types of Speech Styles

Human beings have different ways of communicating . No two people speak the same (and nor should they). In fact, if you’ve paid any attention to people’s speeches around you, you might have already noticed that they vary from speaker to speaker, according to the context. Those variations aren’t merely coincidental. 

The 5 Different Types of Speech Styles (Table)

Martin Joos, a famous german linguist and professor, was the first one to organize the speeches according to their variations, having come up with five speech styles, depending on their degree of formality: 

1. Frozen Style (or Fixed speech)

A speech style is characterized by the use of certain grammar and vocabulary particular to a certain field, one in which the speaker is inserted. The language in this speech style is very formal and static, making it one of the highest forms of speech styles. It’s usually done in a format where the speaker talks and the audience listens without actually being given the space to respond. 

Application: It’s generally reserved for formal settings such as important ceremonies (for instance, a ceremony at the royal palace or one in which a country’s president is present), weddings, funerals, etc. 

Examples: a presidential speech, an anthem, and a school creed.

2. Formal Style

This style, just like the previous one, is also characterized by a formal (agreed upon and even documented) vocabulary and choice of words, yet it’s more universal as it doesn’t necessarily require expertise in any field and it’s not as rigid as the frozen style. 

The language in this speech is respectful and rejects the use of slang, contractions, ellipses and qualifying modal adverbials. Oftentimes the speaker must plan the sentences before delivering them. 

Application: Although it’s often used in writing, it also applies to speaking, especially to medium to large-sized groups. It’s also the type of speech that should be used when communicating with strangers and others such as older people, elders, professionals, and figures of authority. 

Examples: meetings (corporate or other formal meetings), court, class, interview, speech, or presentation. 

3. Consultative Style 

The third level of communication it’s a style characterized by a semi-formal vocabulary, often unplanned and reliant on the listener ’s responses and overall participation. 

Application: any type of two-way communication, dialogue, whether between two people or more, where there’s no intimacy or any acquaintanceship. 

Examples: group discussions, teacher-student communication, expert-apprentice, communication between work colleagues or even between employer-employee, and talking to a stranger. 

4. Casual Style (or Informal Style) 

As the name says, this style is characterized by its casualty, with a flexible and informal vocabulary that may include slang. It’s usually unplanned, pretty relaxed, and reliant on the fluid back and forth between those involved, without any particular order. 

Application: used between people with a sense of familiarity and a relatively close relationship, whether in a group or in a one-on-one scenario.

Examples: chats with friends and family, casual phone calls, or text messages. 

5. Intimate Style

This is the speech style that’s reserved for people who have a really close connection. It’s casual and relaxed and goes beyond words, as it incorporates nonverbal communication and even personal language codes, such as terms of endearment and expressions whose meaning are only understood by the participants, besides slang. 

Application: used between people who share an intimate bond. 

Examples: chats between best friends, boyfriend and girlfriend, siblings and other family members, whether in messages, phone calls, or personally.  

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4 factors that influence speech styles.

Although knowing the definition and some examples of situations in which each speech style might apply is helpful, there are four important factors that are key in speech styles. These factors help the speakers understand when it is appropriate to use one style instead of the other. They are: 

1. The Setting 

The setting is essentially the context in which the speech shall take place. It’s probably the most important factor to be considered when choosing which speech style to use as nothing could be more harmful than applying the wrong speech style to the wrong setting. 

Although it’s a factor that’s exhausted and diverse,  to make things simple for you, I’ve divided them in three main categories: 

• Formal Settings:  
• Casual Settings: 

In these settings, people are more relaxed and less uptight than in formal settings. Since there’s a degree of familiarity between those speaking, even though people are not necessarily intimate, the speaker can apply either consultative or casual speech styles. Some examples of these settings include weddings, company or team meetings, and school classes. 

• Informal Settings: 

These settings are more open than casual ones as there are almost no rules to how people should interact. Everyone in it either has a deep degree of familiarity or intimacy. The styles of speeches that are used in these settings are Casual and Intimate. A few examples of these settings are family and friends gatherings, private conversations, etc. 

Misreading the setting can be really embarrassing and have devastating consequences. If, for instance, you make inappropriate jokes in a work meeting or use slang words, you could be perceived as unprofessional and disrespectful, and that could cost you your job. 

2. The Participants  

Your audience, the people to whom your speech is directed, or the people you interact with are decisive factors when choosing your speech style. 

To put it simply: 

• Reserve Frozen and Formal styles for people whom you respect and are not intimate or even familiar with ,  either because of their position in society or because of their position in relation to you. These can be authority figures or even superiors in your workplace and strangers.
• Use Consultative and Casual speech styles with people who, even though they are familiar to you (either because you both know each other or interact often), still owe them a certain level of respect . These can be people in your workplace such as your colleagues and business partners, people in school, elders and older family members, neighbors, acquaintances and even strangers . 
• Feel free to use Intimate speech styles with anyone who you share an intimate bond with . These can be your friends and your immediate and extended family members .

3. The Topic 

Speech styles can give appropriate weight to serious topics, just as they can help alleviate the heaviness of certain topics. There’s no specific rule of which style to use with each topic, actually, when it comes to topics, the choice should be more intuitive and keep in mind the other factors. 

For example, sometimes, when making a presentation about a serious topic at a conference, you might want to mix formal speech with a more consultative or casual speech by sliding in a joke or two in between your presentation, as this helps lighten up the mood. 

4. The Purpose of The Discourse or Conversation 

The purpose of your discourse is your main motivation for speaking.  Just like with the topic, when it comes to choosing the speech style taking into account the purpose, the choice is mostly intuitive and keeps in mind the other factors. 

You should remember never to mix a business-centered discussion, where the purpose is mostly professional and formal, with a mainly informal speech of speaking. 

Speaker Styles

• Content-rich speaker:  

A content-rich speaker is one whose aim is to use the speech to inform. He is factual and very objective and focused on providing all the information the audience or receptor of the message needs.

A man speaking in a presentation could be an example of this, or even a lawyer defending a case in court. 

• Funny or humorous speakers:

As the name already suggests, this type of speaker uses humor as a tool to help them deliver their message. Even when delivering facts, they make jokes to lighten things up and break the tension. 

Stand-up comedians are a great example of this type of speaker. 

• Storyteller: 

This type of speaker usually relies on the story format to deliver his message; whether it’s factual or not is not relevant as long as the main message behind the story is relevant to the receptor. 

Usually, the type of speaker is not fixed in each speech style; one person can be many types of speakers depending on the speech style that they are using and keeping in mind the factors that influence the choice of the speech style. 

Make sure you weigh all factors equally before choosing a speech style. You don’t want to be THAT person bringing up an intimate subject to a friend in front of a group of strangers during a business meeting where the subject has nothing to do with whatever you’re talking about.

What’s The Importance of Speech Styles In Communication 

Using and knowing speech styles is the key to effective communication. Choosing the right way to communicate in different settings and with different people is what separates a good communicator from a bad communicator. 

Knowing the speech styles and the rules that apply to each of them saves you from embarrassment and positions you as someone of principles and respectful, especially in formal and conservative settings. 

Besides that, people tend to gravitate more towards and get influenced by good communicators; therefore, learning something new in that area and improving the quality of your speech and presentations will only benefit you. 

Further Readings

Speech Styles- ELCOMBLUS

Types of Speech Styles | PDF | Sentence (Linguistics) | Cognitive Science- SCRIBD

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Types Of Speech Style – A Brief Explanation According To Martin Joos

Here’s a brief discussion of the types of speech style and the types of speech act..

TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE – This is a small discussion of the types of speech style and speech act that you should know.

Speech style, according to the definition given by Martin Joos, is the “form of language that the speaker uses which characterized by the degree of formality”. He identified these styles into five classes: frozen style, formal style, consultative style, casual style, and intimate style.

These are levels of formality based on situations and each level is determined through the language that is used appropriately in a specific context.

Here are the types:

• Frozen Speech Style – the most formal and is the type that is used during formal events, ceremonies, or any respectful situations like anthems, marriage ceremonies, laws, and among others.
• Intimate Speech Style – the language used between couples, families, and friends. This is used in conversations between people who have close relationships towards each other. The people involve can also understand each other through gestures such as raising of voice’s tone, grunt, or the raise of an eyebrow.
• Formal Speech Style – This is a one way type of conversation where the listeners are not obliged to participate in the talk. Examples are announcements, State of the Nation Address (SONA), and among others.
• Casual Speech Style – This is the speech you make with your friends, peers, or acquaintances. The words used are easily understood and situations under this type include phone calls, everyday conversation with a friends, chats, and the inside joke you make with a friend.
• Consultative Speech Style – A semi-formal type of communication. The listener may cooperate or ask for elaborations from the speaker or make an interruption about a certain topic. The sample conversations are those between the students and teachers and between the doctor and his patients.
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3 Martin Joos’s Readings in Linguistics as the apogee of American structuralism

• Published: June 2022
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As early as 1948 the idea was in the air to compile a collection of papers in American linguistics. This idea came to fruition with the publication of Martin Joos’s Readings in Linguistics in 1957, which is narrowly focussed on the more positivist of the ideas current in the US at the time. Joos’s reader is famous for the super-positivist Introduction and for his comments after most of the chapters. Via elaborating the stages in the publication of this work, the changes made in the successive editions, and the contemporary reviews of the book, we are given a fascinating picture of the development of American structural linguistics over the years and of the interplay among American linguists, both structuralist and non-structuralist. Joos’s reader became a model for ‘how linguistics used to be done’. Modern theorists, formalist and functionalist alike, decry Joos’s positivist comments in the book.

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sociolinguistics

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1. In sociolinguistics and stylistics, variations of linguistic style or tone in relation to conventions regarding appropriateness to the social context of use: in particular in relation to the situation, setting (public or private), communicative genre, audience size, and communicative relationships (including degree of acquaintance). Martin Joos (1907–78), an American linguist, identified five degrees of formality in language: intimate, casual, consultative, formal, and frozen. These are sometimes referred to as registers. Compare elaborated code; restricted code.

2. In communication theory, an aspect of modes of address: relative formality or social distance being one of the ways in which these differ. Using Edward T. Hall's terms for ‘zones’ in proxemics, a distinction can be made between intimate, personal, social and public (or impersonal) modes of address. In camerawork this is reflected in shot sizes—*close-ups signifying intimate or personal modes, medium shots a social mode, and long shots an impersonal mode.

3. A dimension of connotation in relation to communicative choices, where some forms may be subjectively evaluated as relatively formal or casual: as in choosing Times or Lucida Handwriting (fonts), word-processing or handwriting, post or email. Such choices may be interpreted as implying either a formal or a casual communicative relationship which may be evaluated in terms of appropriateness.

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Table of Contents

Ai, ethics & human agency, collaboration, information literacy, writing process.

• © 2023 by Joseph M. Moxley - University of South Florida

Learn to analyze the register of a communication situation so you know when you need to code switch . Use register as a measure of audience awareness and clarity in communication . Inform your efforts to engage in rhetorical analysis  and rhetorical reasoning . Learn about different ways to assess Register. Consider Martin Joos' 5 registers: 1. Casual, 2. Consultative, 3. Formal, 4. Frozen, 5. Intimate.

What is Register?

Register , in linguistics , refers to the way a  writer, speaker, knowledge worker . . . adjusts what they say (semantics) and how they say it ( stylistics ) to adopt a writing style, a persona, that is appropriate for a particular occasion — their rhetorical situation .

• For instance, you are likely to adjust the level of formality you use in your speech and writing (e.g., diction, sentence structure, evidence) according to the social situation. Power differentials between people affect the Register they adopt when communicating with one another.

Related Concepts: Audience ; Code Switching ; Rhetorical Stance ; Style ; Tone ; Voice ; Persona

Halliday & Hasan’s Model of Register

Register , according to M.A.K Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan, is “the set of meanings, the configuration of semantic patterns, that are typically drawn upon under the specified conditions, along with the words and structures that are used in the realization of these meanings” (p. 23).

For Halliday and Hasan, the register is composed of three attributes:

• “The FIELD is the total event, in which the text is functioning, together with the purposive activity of the speaker or writier; it thus includes the subject-matter as one element of it” (p. 23)
• “The MODE is the function of the text in the event, including therefore both the channel taken by the language — spoken or written, extempore or prepared — and its genre, or rhetorical mode . . .”
• “The TENOR refers to the type of role interaction, the set of relevant social relations, permanent and temporary, among the particpants involved.”

Register v. the Rhetorical Stance

Register is closely tied to the concept of Rhetorical Stance in Rhetoric and Writing Studies . From this perspective,  writers, speakers, knowledge workers . . . engage in rhetorical analysis and rhetorical reasoning in order to identify “in any given case the available means of persuasion” (Aristotle 350 B.C.E.).

Thus, when a writer, speaker, knowledge worker . . . adopts a rhetorical stance, they are making informed decisions about the appropriate persona , tone , and voice they should adopt in the text .

How Should I Consider Register When Composing or Editing the Work of Others?

You can think of a register as a thermometer : it’s a tool you can use to adjust your diction , sentence structure, media , genre, etc. based on rhetorical analysis . The words you choose, your diction , should reflect the formality or informality of the rhetorical situation.

Academic writing often calls for the use of formal diction in contrast to the less formal language of everyday conversation. The use of conversational language and informal tone—writing as we speak—in academic papers or business documents is often too casual and may weaken the credibility of the writer. On the other hand, the use of language that is pompous or stuffy can make the writing sound overly complex.

[ Academic Language vs. Colloquial Language ]

When composing, people assess their rhetorical situation . They engage in rhetorical analysis and rhetorical reasoning . We do this all of the time, tacitly , even if we are not aware we are doing it. Rhetorical Knowledge is grounded in habits and social conventions. For instance,

• if you were trying to explain why you chose a particular topic to study or why you want to work in a particular profession, the words you would use, your diction , would vary depending on your audience and your experience.
• if you were interviewing for a job or admission to an academic program, you would use f ormal language . You’d speak in sentences, avoid hyperbole and vulgarities, and you’d give the detailed contextual information about your past achievements in relation to the job or academic program.
• if you were speaking with friends and family, you’d use informal language: you wouldn’t detail your past accomplishments. You’d probably speak in partial sentences and there might be a lot of dialogue.
• if you were speaking with a loved one about intimate matters, your language might include words you wouldn’t use in a public setting.

This ability you have to read the rhetorical situation and identify the register you should use to communicate is a crucial step in communication. As a wordsmith, you invariably engage in rhetorical analysis : you weigh the appropriateness of Archaisms, Cliché s, Concrete & Sensory Language , Figurative Language , Homonyms, Idioms, Jargon , and Vague Language, Generalizations.

What are Commonplace Types of Registers?

Over the years, scholars have proposed a number of taxonomies for categorizing discourse in texts .

One especially popular taxonomy was proposed by Martin Joos , a linguist, in 1961. Joos theorized five major registers based on five distinct rhetorical situations:

• Texts exchanged between friends. These texts may be deeply personal and abbreviated. They rely on shared experiences and values, and they tend to be abbreviated and absent. They tend to break grammar and mechanical conventions. These exchanges are largely punctuated with body language, such as laughs, shrugs of shoulders, and even vulgarities. These exchanges often employ hyperbole.
• Texts between people of unequal power relations, such as doctors and patients, teachers and students, lawyers and clients. These texts tend to be conversational (aka dialogic —i.e., they are characterized by a good bit of back and forth dialogue). This language is much like formal register in the sense it may be detailed, precise, and evidence-based.
• Historically, formal language eschews the first personal, yet that distinction is no longer true as it once was. [ A Synthesis of Professor Perspectives on Using First and Third Person in Academic Writing ]
• Texts that don’t change over time (or change very little). Examples of static texts include government constitutions, pledges of allegiance, prayers, and ceremonies.
• Texts between family and loved ones—and perhaps even the self-talk we may engage in when trying to motivate ourselves or solve problems.

Halliday, M.A.K. and Ruqaiya Hasan. Cohesion in English . NY and Oxon: Routledge, 1976, p. 23.

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