writing an art history research paper

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Guidelines for Writing Art History Research Papers

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Writing a paper for an art history course is similar to the analytical, research-based papers that you may have written in English literature courses or history courses. Although art historical research and writing does include the analysis of written documents, there are distinctive differences between art history writing and other disciplines because the primary documents are works of art. A key reference guide for researching and analyzing works of art and for writing art history papers is the 10th edition (or later) of Sylvan Barnet’s work, A Short Guide to Writing about Art . Barnet directs students through the steps of thinking about a research topic, collecting information, and then writing and documenting a paper.

A website with helpful tips for writing art history papers is posted by the University of North Carolina.

Wesleyan University Writing Center has a useful guide for finding online writing resources.

The following are basic guidelines that you must use when documenting research papers for any art history class at UA Little Rock. Solid, thoughtful research and correct documentation of the sources used in this research (i.e., footnotes/endnotes, bibliography, and illustrations**) are essential. Additionally, these guidelines remind students about plagiarism, a serious academic offense.

Paper Format

Research papers should be in a 12-point font, double-spaced. Ample margins should be left for the instructor’s comments. All margins should be one inch to allow for comments. Number all pages. The cover sheet for the paper should include the following information: title of paper, your name, course title and number, course instructor, and date paper is submitted. A simple presentation of a paper is sufficient. Staple the pages together at the upper left or put them in a simple three-ring folder or binder. Do not put individual pages in plastic sleeves.

Documentation of Resources

The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS), as described in the most recent edition of Sylvan Barnet’s A Short Guide to Writing about Art is the department standard. Although you may have used MLA style for English papers or other disciplines, the Chicago Style is required for all students taking art history courses at UA Little Rock. There are significant differences between MLA style and Chicago Style. A “Quick Guide” for the Chicago Manual of Style footnote and bibliography format is found http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. The footnote examples are numbered and the bibliography example is last. Please note that the place of publication and the publisher are enclosed in parentheses in the footnote, but they are not in parentheses in the bibliography. Examples of CMS for some types of note and bibliography references are given below in this Guideline. Arabic numbers are used for footnotes. Some word processing programs may have Roman numerals as a choice, but the standard is Arabic numbers. The use of super script numbers, as given in examples below, is the standard in UA Little Rock art history papers.

The chapter “Manuscript Form” in the Barnet book (10th edition or later) provides models for the correct forms for footnotes/endnotes and the bibliography. For example, the note form for the FIRST REFERENCE to a book with a single author is:

1 Bruce Cole, Italian Art 1250-1550 (New York: New York University Press, 1971), 134.

But the BIBLIOGRAPHIC FORM for that same book is:

Cole, Bruce. Italian Art 1250-1550. New York: New York University Press. 1971.

The FIRST REFERENCE to a journal article (in a periodical that is paginated by volume) with a single author in a footnote is:

2 Anne H. Van Buren, “Madame Cézanne’s Fashions and the Dates of Her Portraits,” Art Quarterly 29 (1966): 199.

The FIRST REFERENCE to a journal article (in a periodical that is paginated by volume) with a single author in the BIBLIOGRAPHY is:

Van Buren, Anne H. “Madame Cézanne’s Fashions and the Dates of Her Portraits.” Art Quarterly 29 (1966): 185-204.

If you reference an article that you found through an electronic database such as JSTOR, you do not include the url for JSTOR or the date accessed in either the footnote or the bibliography. This is because the article is one that was originally printed in a hard-copy journal; what you located through JSTOR is simply a copy of printed pages. Your citation follows the same format for an article in a bound volume that you may have pulled from the library shelves. If, however, you use an article that originally was in an electronic format and is available only on-line, then follow the “non-print” forms listed below.

B. Non-Print

Citations for Internet sources such as online journals or scholarly web sites should follow the form described in Barnet’s chapter, “Writing a Research Paper.” For example, the footnote or endnote reference given by Barnet for a web site is:

3 Nigel Strudwick, Egyptology Resources , with the assistance of The Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge University, 1994, revised 16 June 2008, http://www.newton.ac.uk/egypt/ , 24 July 2008.

If you use microform or microfilm resources, consult the most recent edition of Kate Turabian, A Manual of Term Paper, Theses and Dissertations. A copy of Turabian is available at the reference desk in the main library.

C. Visual Documentation (Illustrations)

Art history papers require visual documentation such as photographs, photocopies, or scanned images of the art works you discuss. In the chapter “Manuscript Form” in A Short Guide to Writing about Art, Barnet explains how to identify illustrations or “figures” in the text of your paper and how to caption the visual material. Each photograph, photocopy, or scanned image should appear on a single sheet of paper unless two images and their captions will fit on a single sheet of paper with one inch margins on all sides. Note also that the title of a work of art is always italicized. Within the text, the reference to the illustration is enclosed in parentheses and placed at the end of the sentence. A period for the sentence comes after the parenthetical reference to the illustration. For UA Little Rcok art history papers, illustrations are placed at the end of the paper, not within the text. Illustration are not supplied as a Powerpoint presentation or as separate .jpgs submitted in an electronic format.

Edvard Munch’s painting The Scream, dated 1893, represents a highly personal, expressive response to an experience the artist had while walking one evening (Figure 1).

The caption that accompanies the illustration at the end of the paper would read:

Figure 1. Edvard Munch, The Scream, 1893. Tempera and casein on cardboard, 36 x 29″ (91.3 x 73.7 cm). Nasjonalgalleriet, Oslo, Norway.

Plagiarism is a form of thievery and is illegal. According to Webster’s New World Dictionary, to plagiarize is to “take and pass off as one’s own the ideas, writings, etc. of another.” Barnet has some useful guidelines for acknowledging sources in his chapter “Manuscript Form;” review them so that you will not be mguilty of theft. Another useful website regarding plagiarism is provided by Cornell University, http://plagiarism.arts.cornell.edu/tutorial/index.cfm

Plagiarism is a serious offense, and students should understand that checking papers for plagiarized content is easy to do with Internet resources. Plagiarism will be reported as academic dishonesty to the Dean of Students; see Section VI of the Student Handbook which cites plagiarism as a specific violation. Take care that you fully and accurately acknowledge the source of another author, whether you are quoting the material verbatim or paraphrasing. Borrowing the idea of another author by merely changing some or even all of your source’s words does not allow you to claim the ideas as your own. You must credit both direct quotes and your paraphrases. Again, Barnet’s chapter “Manuscript Form” sets out clear guidelines for avoiding plagiarism.

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Writing Essays in Art History

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Art History Analysis – Formal Analysis and Stylistic Analysis

Typically in an art history class the main essay students will need to write for a final paper or for an exam is a formal or stylistic analysis.

A formal analysis is just what it sounds like – you need to analyze the form of the artwork. This includes the individual design elements – composition, color, line, texture, scale, contrast, etc. Questions to consider in a formal analysis is how do all these elements come together to create this work of art? Think of formal analysis in relation to literature – authors give descriptions of characters or places through the written word. How does an artist convey this same information?

Organize your information and focus on each feature before moving onto the text – it is not ideal to discuss color and jump from line to then in the conclusion discuss color again. First summarize the overall appearance of the work of art – is this a painting? Does the artist use only dark colors? Why heavy brushstrokes? etc and then discuss details of the object – this specific animal is gray, the sky is missing a moon, etc. Again, it is best to be organized and focused in your writing – if you discuss the animals and then the individuals and go back to the animals you run the risk of making your writing unorganized and hard to read. It is also ideal to discuss the focal of the piece – what is in the center? What stands out the most in the piece or takes up most of the composition?

A stylistic approach can be described as an indicator of unique characteristics that analyzes and uses the formal elements (2-D: Line, color, value, shape and 3-D all of those and mass).The point of style is to see all the commonalities in a person’s works, such as the use of paint and brush strokes in Van Gogh’s work. Style can distinguish an artist’s work from others and within their own timeline, geographical regions, etc.

Methods & Theories To Consider:

Expressionism

Instructuralism

Postmodernism

Social Art History

Biographical Approach

Poststructuralism

Museum Studies

Visual Cultural Studies

Stylistic Analysis Example:

The following is a brief stylistic analysis of two Greek statues, an example of how style has changed because of the “essence of the age.” Over the years, sculptures of women started off as being plain and fully clothed with no distinct features, to the beautiful Venus/Aphrodite figures most people recognize today. In the mid-seventh century to the early fifth, life-sized standing marble statues of young women, often elaborately dress in gaily painted garments were created known as korai. The earliest korai is a Naxian women to Artemis. The statue wears a tight-fitted, belted peplos, giving the body a very plain look. The earliest korai wore the simpler Dorian peplos, which was a heavy woolen garment. From about 530, most wear a thinner, more elaborate, and brightly painted Ionic linen and himation. A largely contrasting Greek statue to the korai is the Venus de Milo. The Venus from head to toe is six feet seven inches tall. Her hips suggest that she has had several children. Though her body shows to be heavy, she still seems to almost be weightless. Viewing the Venus de Milo, she changes from side to side. From her right side she seems almost like a pillar and her leg bears most of the weight. She seems be firmly planted into the earth, and since she is looking at the left, her big features such as her waist define her. The Venus de Milo had a band around her right bicep. She had earrings that were brutally stolen, ripping her ears away. Venus was noted for loving necklaces, so it is very possibly she would have had one. It is also possible she had a tiara and bracelets. Venus was normally defined as “golden,” so her hair would have been painted. Two statues in the same region, have throughout history, changed in their style.

Compare and Contrast Essay

Most introductory art history classes will ask students to write a compare and contrast essay about two pieces – examples include comparing and contrasting a medieval to a renaissance painting. It is always best to start with smaller comparisons between the two works of art such as the medium of the piece. Then the comparison can include attention to detail so use of color, subject matter, or iconography. Do the same for contrasting the two pieces – start small. After the foundation is set move on to the analysis and what these comparisons or contrasting material mean – ‘what is the bigger picture here?’ Consider why one artist would wish to show the same subject matter in a different way, how, when, etc are all questions to ask in the compare and contrast essay. If during an exam it would be best to quickly outline the points to make before tackling writing the essay.

Compare and Contrast Example:

Stele of Hammurabi from Susa (modern Shush, Iran), ca. 1792 – 1750 BCE, Basalt, height of stele approx. 7’ height of relief 28’

Stele, relief sculpture, Art as propaganda – Hammurabi shows that his law code is approved by the gods, depiction of land in background, Hammurabi on the same place of importance as the god, etc.

Top of this stele shows the relief image of Hammurabi receiving the law code from Shamash, god of justice, Code of Babylonian social law, only two figures shown, different area and time period, etc.

Stele of Naram-sin , Sippar Found at Susa c. 2220 - 2184 bce. Limestone, height 6'6"

Stele, relief sculpture, Example of propaganda because the ruler (like the Stele of Hammurabi) shows his power through divine authority, Naramsin is the main character due to his large size, depiction of land in background, etc.

Akkadian art, made of limestone, the stele commemorates a victory of Naramsin, multiple figures are shown specifically soldiers, different area and time period, etc.

Iconography

Regardless of what essay approach you take in class it is absolutely necessary to understand how to analyze the iconography of a work of art and to incorporate into your paper. Iconography is defined as subject matter, what the image means. For example, why do things such as a small dog in a painting in early Northern Renaissance paintings represent sexuality? Additionally, how can an individual perhaps identify these motifs that keep coming up?

The following is a list of symbols and their meaning in Marriage a la Mode by William Hogarth (1743) that is a series of six paintings that show the story of marriage in Hogarth’s eyes.

Man has pockets turned out symbolizing he has lost money and was recently in a fight by the state of his clothes.
Lap dog shows loyalty but sniffs at woman’s hat in the husband’s pocket showing sexual exploits.
Black dot on husband’s neck believed to be symbol of syphilis.
Mantel full of ugly Chinese porcelain statues symbolizing that the couple has no class.
Butler had to go pay bills, you can tell this by the distasteful look on his face and that his pockets are stuffed with bills and papers.
Card game just finished up, women has directions to game under foot, shows her easily cheating nature.
Paintings of saints line a wall of the background room, isolated from the living, shows the couple’s complete disregard to faith and religion.
The dangers of sexual excess are underscored in the Hograth by placing Cupid among ruins, foreshadowing the inevitable ruin of the marriage.
Eventually the series (other five paintings) shows that the woman has an affair, the men duel and die, the woman hangs herself and the father takes her ring off her finger symbolizing the one thing he could salvage from the marriage.

The Writing Place

Resources – how to write an art history paper, introduction to the topic.

There are many different types of assignments you might be asked to do in an art history class. The most common are a formal analysis and a stylistic analysis. Stylistic analyses often involve offering a comparison between two different works. One of the challenges of art history writing is that it requires a vocabulary to describe what you see when you look at a painting, drawing, sculpture or other media. This checklist is designed to explore questions that will help you write these types of art history papers.

Features of An Art History Analysis Paper

Features of a formal analysis paper.

This type of paper involves looking at compositional elements of an object such as color, line, medium, scale, and texture. The goal of this kind of assignment it to demonstrate how these elements work together to produce the whole art object. When writing a formal analysis, ask yourself:

What is the first element of the work that the audience’s eye captures?
What materials were used to create the object?
What colors and textures did the artist employ?
How do these function together to give the object its overall aesthetic look?

Tips on Formal Analysis

Describe the piece as if your audience has not seen it.
Be detailed.
The primary focus should be on description rather than interpretation.

Features of a Stylistic / Comparative Analysis

Similar to a formal analysis, a stylistic analysis asks you to discuss a work in relation to its stylistic period (Impressionism, Fauvism, High Renaissance, etc.). These papers often involve a comparative element (such as comparing a statue from Early Antiquity to Late Antiquity). When writing a stylistic analysis, ask yourself:

How does this work fit the style of its historical period? How does it depart from the typical style?
What is the social and historical context of the work? When was it completed?
Who was the artist? Who commissioned it? What does it depict?
How is this work different from other works of the same subject matter?
How have the conventions (formal elements) for this type of work changed over time?

Tips for Stylistic and Comparative Analysis

In a comparison, make a list of similarities and differences between the two works. Try to establish what changes in the art world may account for the differences.
Integrate discussions of formal elements into your stylistic analysis.
This type of paper can involve more interpretation than a basic formal analysis.
Focus on context and larger trends in art history.

A Quick Practice Exercise...

Practice - what is wrong with these sentences.

The key to writing a good art history paper involves relating the formal elements of a piece to its historical context. Can you spot the errors in these sentences? What would make the sentences better?

“Courbet’s The Stone Breakers is a good painting because he uses texture.”
“Duchamp’s work is in the Dada style while Dali’s is Surrealist.”
“Pope Julius II commissioned the work.”
“Gauguin uses color to draw in the viewer’s eye.”

Answers for Practice Sentences

Better: “Courbet’s The Stone Breakers is a radical painting because the artist used a palette knife to create a rough texture on the surface.”
Better: “The use of everyday objects in Duchamp’s work reflects the Dada style while Dali’s incorporation of absurd images into his work demonstrates a Surrealist style.”
Better: “In 1505, Pope Julius II commissioned the sculpture for his tomb.”
Better: “The first element a viewer notices is the bold blue of the sky in Gauguin’s painting.”

Adapted by Ann Bruton, with the help of Isaac Alpert, From:

The Writing Center at UNC Handouts ( http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/art-history/ )

The Writing Center at Hamilton College ( http://www.hamilton.edu/writing/writing-resources/writing-an-art-history-paper )

Click here to return to the “Writing Place Resources” main page.

University of Texas Libraries

Art and Art History

How to Write About Art
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Write and Cite

Cite Sources UT Austin Guide Learn more about what citations are and how to manage them. Includes information about citation tools like Noodle Tools and Zotero.
UT Austin University Writing Center A resource for help with your writing. The Writing Center includes one on one consultations as well as classes.
OWL Purdue - Chicago Style The OWL Purdue is a great resource for writing and citation help. Chicago Style is the preferred citation format for art history. The OWL also includes citation help for other styles include APA and MLA.

Writing Aids and Publication Manuals

Write about Art

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Art History Research at Yale: How to Research Art

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Starting Your Research

Before you begin conducting research, it’s important to ask yourself a few questions:

1. What’s my topic? Review your assignment closely and choose an appropriate topic. Is this topic about a single artist or an art movement? Is it a study of one work or a body of works? How long is the paper—will you need a basic overview, or detailed analysis? Guiding questions such as these can help you determine what the best approach to your research will be. If you aren’t sure where to start, you can ask your professor for guidance, and you can always contact an Arts Librarian using their contact information on this page.

2. Which sources are best for my topic? With infinite time, you would want to read everything available, but there are often resources that are more applicable depending on your research topic. How to Find Art Resources provides more detailed information about choosing helpful sources based on general topics. Watch this video for brief instructions on how to find information on a work of art at the Yale University Art Gallery.

3. How will I manage and cite my sources? When you turn in your paper or presentation, you will need to provide citations in keeping with the preferred citation style. Keeping on top of your citations as you work through your research will save time and stress when you are finishing your project. All Yale students have access to tools to keep citations organized, generate a bibliography, and create footnotes/endnotes. For a quick guide, see How to Cite Your Sources , and more guidance is available on the Citation Management guide .

Related Guides for Art History Research at Yale

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History of British Art

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Writing for Art & Art History

The following guides to art research and writing can help you develop your visual analysis skills and writing style.

The Writing Process

Getting Started:

You may choose to focus on an artist, a work of art, an art movement, or consider a larger theme that encompasses multiple artists, works, or periods, based on your course assignment. Whatever your topic, be sure to formulate an engaging t hesis statement to grab your reader. Placed in the introduction, your thesis should clarify exactly what you wish to argue or demonstrate throughout the rest of the paper.

Conducting Research:

When you have chosen a topic , begin gathering relevant resources from the library's collections of books and journals. Use Database Finder for online access to journal articles and digital image collections. Once you have a good sense of your research begin outlining your argument.

Citing your Sources:

It is extremely important to cite the resources used in your research, both in the text and in the bibliography page at the end of your paper. Generally, footnotes or endnotes, rather than parenthetical (in-text) citations , are used for art research papers. The ARt History and ARchaeology program uses the Chicago Style to format footnotes, endnotes, bibliographies, and the table of contents. Check out this guide to general citation practices , and our guide to art history citations . Using a bibliographic citation manager as you begin your work is extremely useful and makes citations simple.

Writing for art and art history is usually formal in style and analytical in content. Following the guidelines provided by your professor, you will likely need to devote a significant portion of your paper to visually analyzing one or more works of art. The guides to writing about art in the left-hand column of this page will help you hone your visual analysis and writing skills.

This final step before submitting your paper is one of the most important. The editing process can turn a mediocre paper into an engaging and professional one. The first step is to read through it several times on your own, both silently and aloud. Reading aloud will make any awkward constructions or run-on sentences apparent. If you can, have a friend read your paper to catch the mistakes you missed. You can also take your paper to the English Department's Writing Center where a trained student will help you edit your paper for free!

Formatting your Paper:

Consult the guidelines provided by your professor for this particular course. Your syllabus should indicate which style manual you should use. In general, your paper should include an introduction, a body of several or many paragraphs to develop your thesis statement, a conclusion, and a bibliography. You will likely need to include an appendix of images discussed in your paper.

Methods & Historiography

What is art history? How do scholars conduct research and write about art history today? How did they do so in the past? These are the types of questions answered in the following texts on art historical methodologies and historiographies. Essentially, these texts present the history of art history and the methods of writing used in the past and present. You may write a paper with an eye toward the social history of art, adhere to iconographic analysis in the tradition of Erwin Panofsky, or use a combination of methods -- the choice is yours, unless specified by your professor .

Basic Library Skills

Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sources

The following guides to information resources address a variety of basic questions about the research process:

Art Book Reviews
Requesting Resource Delivery
Annotated Bibliography
Fair Use & Copyright
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General Fine Arts Library Information
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Writing About Art

For those new to art history (and for general inspiration for everyone) discipline-specific guides to art research and writing about art can be very useful:

Writing an Artist's Statement

Artist's Statement Guidelines from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago [PDF] These two short pages from SAIC provide tips in a good consolidated guide.

Citing Your Sources

Writing a research paper means documenting, or " citing ," the sources of the information you use. How do you cite your sources? Every time you quote from or mention another person's writing or research in your own paper, you also mention the source of that work in a little aside called an " annotation. " At the end of your paper, you include a list called a bibliography of all the sources you used throughout.

There are many different ways to annotate or call out sources in your paper, and many different ways to format the bibliography. These are called citation styles , and the professor who assigns a paper (or the publisher of a paper if it is being written for publication) tells writers which style they should use for any particular paper. Two common styles used when writing about the arts are Chicago (the Chicago Manual of Style) and MLA (the MLA Handbook).

Citing Images

Here is a short, authoritative guide to image citation from Colgate University:

Colgate University Library's Image Citation Guide

image citations

Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide Examples of the humanities style that is preferred by many in literature, history, and the arts.

Chicago Manual of Style, examples

( from : colgate visual resources library, colgate university, hamilton, new york. https://sites.google.com/a/colgate.edu/colgatevr/citing-images/citing-images-chicago (accessed october 28, 2015), image scanned from a book:, alice neel, nancy and the rubber plant . 1975, oil on canvas, 203.2 x 91.4 cm. the estate of alice neel. from: ann temkin et al. alice neel . new york: harry n. abrams, 2000. plate 64., image downloaded from artstor:.

Rogier van der Weyden, Saint Catherine of Alexandria . 1430-1432, Diptych panel, 18.5 x 12 cm. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria. Available from: ARTstor, http://www.artstor.org (accessed September 30. 2009).

Image downloaded from museum website:

Caravaggio, The Denial of Saint Peter . Early 15th century. Oil on canvas, 94 x 125.4 cm. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. From: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, http://www.metmuseum.org (accessed September 29, 2009).

Image downloaded from Flickr Commons:

Thomas eakins, william rudolf o'donovan . 1981, black and white photographic print, 6 x 8 cm. archives of american art, smithsonian institution, washington, dc. available from: flickr commons, http://www.flickr.com/photos/smithsonian/2547841439 (accessed september 29, 2009)., image downloaded from flickr (personal images uploaded by others):.

Friedrich von Schmidt, Vienna Rathaus . 1872-1883. Source: Harshil Shah, Vienna - Rathaus. 2009, Digital Image. Available from: Flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/harshilshah/3823135957 (accessed September 14, 2012).

Style Manuals

The Writing Center

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Art History

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Citation Management Tools

Links to information about citation management tools and to specific management tools.

Current UD students, faculty, and staff only

Citation management tool that allows you to create your own personal database by importing references from webpages, databases, & other sources. You can use these references in writing papers & automatically format the paper & the bibliography.

For information about setting up your account & using RefWorks consult RefWorks @ the University of Delaware .

Academic Writing, Historiography

Guides to writing about topics in art history, history, and material culture.

A Short Guide to Writing about Art Reference - N7476 .B37 2015
Writing Art History: Disciplinary Departures N7480 .I84 2010
How to write about contemporary art N7476 .W55x 2014
Writing material culture history GN406 .W74 2015
History Through Material Culture D13 .H36x 2017
Writing History: A Guide for Students D16 .S864 2009
Essaying the past: how to read, write, and think about history D16 .C83 2013 - 2nd edition
Essaying the Past : How to Read, Write, and Think about History Ebook - 3rd edition

Style Manuals & Best Practices

Style guides or style manuals which describe how to cite your sources and how to understand the concept of fair use in writing.

Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide
Citing Your Sources A guide to the many citation styles (Chicago, MLA, Turabian, etc.) which are used by students and researchers.
Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for the Visual Arts College Art Association, 2014.
FAQ - Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for the Visual Arts
Statement on the Fair Use of Images for Teaching, Research, and Study Visual Resources Association, 2011
Copyright and Image Use in the Artstor Digital Library
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Tips for Writing an Art History Paper

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Art History
Architecture
Ph.D., Art History, City University of New York Graduate Center
M.A., Art History, State University of New York at Binghamton
B.A., Art History, State University of New York at Binghamton

You have been assigned an art history paper to write. You would like to finish your assignment on time with a minimum of stress, and your instructor fervently hopes to read an engaging, well-written paper. Here are some dos and don'ts to guide you, written by an art history professor who has graded thousands of these papers ranging from the superlative to the good, the bad and the phenomenally ugly.

Choose a Topic You Love

Look through an art history book, slowly and leisurely.
Look through our list of art history topics for ideas. Good starting points are our lists of movements , artists' bios, and image galleries .
Pick a topic based on eye appeal and compelling personal interest.

Fill Your Brain with Information

Remember: a car works on gas, a brain works on info. Empty brain, empty writing.
Research your topic using websites, books, and articles.
Read the footnotes in the books and articles - they can lead to creative thinking.

Be an Active Reader

Ask yourself questions while you read and look up what you can't find or don't understand on the page.
Take notes.
Search the internet with the words, names, titles you learn.
Write down interesting facts and thoughts that come to mind while you read.

Writing Your Introduction

Compose a thesis statement. Declare that you have noticed something about the art, building, artist, architect, critic, patron, or whatever your focus is for your analysis.
Then, "frame" your thesis. Tell your reader about discovering information that can help us understand the work of art/building better. (For example, the French artist Paul Gauguin moved to Tahiti late in life. Your thesis analyzes his late paintings in terms of his Tahiti lifestyle. You've read his biography, Noa, Noa and other sources for ideas to support your thesis.)
If you are focusing on artworks, remember to put the artist's name/artists' names, the title(s) of the work(s) and the date (s) in the first paragraph. You can refer to the title(s) alone thereafter.

Describe and Point Out What You Want the Reader to Notice

If you are going to include the artist's/architect's biography, begin with a short summary. Unless your paper is a biography of the person, most of your paper should be about art, not life.
Make sure your arguments are constructed in a parallel fashion: Establish a sequence of information.
Consider the paragraph a unit of information. Each paragraph should discuss one topic within the quantity of information you plan to cover.
Ideas for units of information or topics: appearance, medium and technique, narrative, iconography, history, artist's biography, patronage, etc. - whatever will help you support your thesis.
Iconography might require more than one paragraph, especially if your whole paper is about analyzing the iconography of a work of art.
Write about the connections between what you described in these analyses and what you declared in the thesis statement
Follow the same sequence of ideas for the second artwork, building, artist, architect, critic, patron, etc.
Follow the same sequence for the third artwork, building, artist, architect, etc.
When you have analyzed all the examples, synthesize: compare and contrast .
Comparison: Dedicate one paragraph to discussing what is the same about the artworks, the building, the architects, the artists, the critics, the patrons, etc.
Contrast: Dedicate one paragraph to discussing what is different about the artworks, the building, the architects, the artists, the critics, the patrons, etc.

What Do You Want Your Reader to Learn from Your Essay?

Reiterate the thesis.
Remind your reader about your findings in a summary sentence or two.
Persuade the reader that you have demonstrated that your thesis is soundly based on your findings.
Optional: state that your analysis is important in terms of understanding a larger picture (but not too large). For examples, the artist's other work from that period, the artist's work all together, the artwork's relationship to the movement or the artwork's relationship to that moment in history. The connection should not open a new topic, but simply offer the reader food for thought and then declare this investigation is beyond the scope of your paper. (It demonstrates that you thought of it, but you're not going to go there.)
DO NOT write that art history is wonderful and you've learned a lot. You are writing to your teacher, and s/he is tired of reading that sentence for the umpteenth time. Leave a good impression and avoid being trite.
Be sure to footnote/cite your sources in the body of the paper when you use information or an opinion from a book, article, website, etc.
Make a list of your sources at the end of the paper. Follow your teacher's instructions and/or visit a website on citation style or bibliography style. Ask the teacher which citation style s/he prefers.
Titles for works of art should be in italics: The Birth of Venus
First and last names begin with a capital letter. Exceptions include place and familial indicators including "da," "del," "de," "den" and "van," among others, unless the last name begins the sentence. ("Van Gogh lived in Paris.")
Months and days of the week begin with a capital letter.
Language, nationalities and country names begin with a capital letter.
Leonardo is not called da Vinci .
Do not wait until the last minute to begin your essay.
Start your research after midterms.
Start to write at least one week before the paper is due.
Take the time to EDIT, EDIT, EDIT - be concise and clear.
Ask your professor for help and advice as you write your paper - s/he will enjoy discussing the topic with you.
How to Write a Research Paper That Earns an A
How to Write a Solid Thesis Statement
How to Write a Good Thesis Statement
10 Tips for Art History Students
An Introduction to Academic Writing
The Introductory Paragraph: Start Your Paper Off Right
What Is Expository Writing?
How to Help Your 4th Grader Write a Biography
Formatting Papers in Chicago Style
Tips on How to Write an Argumentative Essay
Writing a Paper about an Environmental Issue
Definition and Examples of Analysis in Composition
The Five Steps of Writing an Essay
Write an Attention-Grabbing Opening Sentence for an Essay
10 Topic Ideas for Art History Papers
How To Write an Essay

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Methods & Theories
Compare & Contrast

Art History Analysis – Formal Analysis and Stylistic Analysis

Typically in an art history class the main essay students will need to write for a final paper or for an exam is a formal or stylistic analysis.

Organize your information and focus on each feature before moving onto the text – it is not ideal to discuss color and jump from line to then in the conclusion discuss color again. First summarize the overall appearance of the work of art – is this a painting? Does the artist use only dark colors? Why heavy brushstrokes? etc and then discuss details of the object – this specific animal is gray, the sky is missing a moon , etc. Again, it is best to be organized and focused in your writing – if you discuss the animals and then the individuals and go back to the animals you run the risk of making your writing unorganized and hard to read. It is also ideal to discuss the focal of the piece – what is in the center? What stands out the most in the piece or takes up most of the composition?

Methods & Theories To Consider:

Expressionism

Instructuralism

Postmodernism

Social Art History

Biographical Approach

Poststructuralism

Museum Studies

Visual Cultural Studies

Stylistic Analysis Example:

Compare and Contrast Essay

Compare and Contrast Example:

Stele of Hammurabi from Susa (modern Shush, Iran), ca. 1792 – 1750 BCE, Basalt, height of stele approx. 7’ height of relief 28’

Stele, relief sculpture, Art as propaganda – Hammurabi shows that his law code is approved by the gods, depiction of land in background , Hammurabi on the same place of importance as the god, etc.

Top of this stele shows the relief image of Hammurabi receiving the law code from Shamash, god of justice, Code of Babylonian social law, only two figures shown , different area and time period, etc.

Stele of Naram-sin , Sippar Found at Susa c. 2220 - 2184 bce. Limestone, height 6'6"

Akkadian art, made of limestone, the stele commemorates a victory of

Naramsin, multiple figures are shown specifically soldiers, different area and time period, etc.

Iconography

The following is a list of symbols and their meaning in Marriage a la Mode by William Hogarth (1743) that is a series of six paintings that show the story of marriage in Hogarth’s eyes.

Man has pockets turned out symbolizing he has lost money and was recently in a fight by the state of his clothes.
Lap dog shows loyalty but sniffs at woman’s hat in the husband’s pocket showing sexual exploits.
Black dot on husband’s neck believed to be symbol of syphilis.
Mantel full of ugly Chinese porcelain statues symbolizing that the couple has no class.
Butler had to go pay bills, you can tell this by the distasteful look on his face and that his pockets are stuffed with bills and papers.
Card game just finished up, women has directions to game under foot, shows her easily cheating nature.
Paintings of saints line a wall of the background room, isolated from the living, shows the couple’s complete disregard to faith and religion.
The dangers of sexual excess are underscored in the Hograth by placing Cupid among ruins, foreshadowing the inevitable ruin of the marriage.
Eventually the series (other five paintings) shows that the woman has an affair, the men duel and die, the woman hangs herself and the father takes her ring off her finger symbolizing the one thing he could salvage from the marriage.

Defining Art Criticism

Art criticism is responding to, interpreting meaning, and making critical judgments about specific works of art.
Art critics help viewers perceive, interpret, and judge artworks.
Critics tend to focus more on modern and contemporary art from cultures close to their own.
Art historians tend to study works made in cultures that are more distant in time and space.
When initially introduced to art criticism, many people associate negative connotations with the word "criticism."

A professional art critic may be

a newspaper reporter assigned to the art beat,
a scholar writing for professional journals or texts, or
an artist writing about other artists.

Journalistic criticism –

Written for the general public, includes reviews of art exhibitions in galleries and museums.
(Suggestions that journalistic criticism deals with art mainly to the extent that it is newsworthy.)

Scholarly art criticism

Written for a more specialized art audience and appears in art journals.
Scholar-critics may be college and university professors or museum curators, often with particular knowledge about a style, period, medium, or artist.

FORMAL ANALYSIS

Four levels of formal analysis, which you can use to explain a work of art:

1. Description = pure description of the object without value judgments, analysis, or interpretation.

It answers the question, "What do you see?"
The various elements that constitute a description include:

a. Form of art whether architecture, sculpture, painting or one of the minor arts

b. Medium of work whether clay, stone, steel, paint, etc., and technique (tools used)

c. Size and scale of work (relationship to person and/or frame and/or context)

d. Elements or general shapes (architectural structural system) within the composition, including building of post-lintel construction or painting with several figures lined up in a row; identification of objects

e. Description of axis whether vertical, diagonal, horizontal, etc.

f. Description of line, including contour as soft, planar, jagged, etc.

g. Description of how line describes shape and space (volume); distinguish between lines of objects and lines of composition, e.g., thick, thin, variable, irregular, intermittent, indistinct, etc.

h. Relationships between shapes, e.g., large and small, overlapping, etc.

i. Description of color and color scheme = palette

j. Texture of surface or other comments about execution of work

k. Context of object: original location and date

2. Analysis = determining what the features suggest and deciding why the artist used such features to convey specific ideas.

It answers the question, "How did the artist do it?"
The various elements that constitute analysis include:

a. Determination of subject matter through naming iconographic elements, e.g., historical event, allegory, mythology, etc.

b. Selection of most distinctive features or characteristics whether line, shape, color, texture, etc.

c. Analysis of the principles of design or composition, e.g., stable,

repetitious, rhythmic, unified, symmetrical, harmonious, geometric, varied, chaotic, horizontal or vertically oriented, etc.

d. Discussion of how elements or structural system contribute to appearance of image or function

e. Analysis of use of light and role of color, e.g., contrasty, shadowy,

illogical, warm, cool, symbolic, etc.

f. Treatment of space and landscape, both real and illusionary (including use of perspective), e.g., compact, deep, shallow, naturalistic, random

g. Portrayal of movement and how it is achieved

h. Effect of particular medium(s) used

i. Your perceptions of balance, proportion and scale (relationships of each part of the composition to the whole and to each other part) and your emotional

j. Reaction to object or monument

3. Interpretation = establishing the broader context for this type of art.

It answers the question, "Why did the artist create it and what does it mean
The various elements that constitute interpretation include:

a. Main idea, overall meaning of the work.

b. Interpretive Statement: Can I express what I think the artwork is about in one sentence?

c. Evidence: What evidence inside or outside the artwork supports my interpretation?

4. Judgment: Judging a piece of work means giving it rank in relation to other works and of course considering a very important aspect of the visual arts; its originality.

Is it a good artwork?
Criteria: What criteria do I think are most appropriate for judging the artwork?
Evidence: What evidence inside or outside the artwork relates to each criterion?
Judgment: Based on the criteria and evidence, what is my judgment about the quality of the artwork?

Barrett's Principles of Interpretation

Artworks have "aboutness" and demand interpretation.
Interpretations are persuasive arguments.
Some interpretations are better than others.
Good interpretations of art tell more about the artwork than they tell about the critic.
Feelings are guides to interpretations.
There can be different, competing, and contradictory interpretations of the same artwork.
Interpretations are often based on a worldview.
Interpretations are not so much absolutely right, but more or less reasonable, convincing, enlightening, and informative.
Interpretations can be judged by coherence, correspondence, and inclusiveness.
An artwork is not necessarily about what the artist wanted it to be about.
A critic ought not to be the spokesperson for the artist.
Interpretations ought to present the work in its best rather than its weakest light.
The objects of interpretation are artworks, not artists.

Art Criticism

internet art

Ways to Describe Art

General Information

In many cases, this information can be found on the label or a quick google search.

Artist or Architect
Technique and Medium (exp. Sculpture, Photograph, Painting, Installation, etc.)
Subject Matter (Who or What is Represented?)

Ways to Describe Form

Line (straight, curved, angular, flowing, horizontal, vertical, diagonal, contour, thick, thin, implied etc.)
Shape (what shapes are created and how)
Light and Value (source, flat, strong, contrasting, even, values, emphasis, shadows)
Color (primary, secondary, mixed, complimentary, warm, cool, decorative, values)
Texture and Pattern (real, implied, repeating)
Space (depth, overlapping, kinds of perspective)
Time and Motion
Unity and Variety
Balance (symmetry, asymmetry)
Emphasis and Subordination
Scale and Proportion (weight, how objects or figures relate to each other and the setting)
Mass/Volume (three-dimensional art)
Function/Setting (architecture)
Interior/Exterior Relationship (architecture)
Words for Art Looking for descriptive art words? Below you'll find a "masterpiece" of art words and phrases, perfect for the description of any form of art or artistic expression. Adjectives | Nouns | Verbs | Negatives | Styles & Movements | Phrases

Media @FIULibraries

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What Is Beauty? : An Art Critic's Journey Is beauty found only in the eye of the beholder or is there something more universal we can conclude about it? In this visually stunning program, renowned art critic Matthew Collings takes us on a thoughtful and memorable exploration of beauty in art. He explores the timeless visual principles that form the basis of all great art, and which produce the rush of pleasure one experiences when encountering a beautiful painting or sculpture. Examples are drawn from the works of Piero della Francesca, Michelangelo, Magritte, Gauguin, Rauschenberg, and others. From the prehistoric cave art of the Dordogne to the masterpieces of the Renaissance to the much more debatable pleasures of contemporary art, viewers discover underlying aesthetic tenets which, in Collings's view, run through all of art history.
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Guidelines for Art History Comps Proposals

There are two primary goals for writing a research proposal.

To provide the reader with a concrete sense of what you are proposing to investigate, why your topic is relevant or important, and how you propose to follow the project through to completion.
To give yourself a good “road map” for your research and writing. No one simply sits down and writes a 30-page research paper. Your proposal, therefore, serves as a useful guide as you work your way through both the research and the writing phases. It can lend a sense of perspective, and reminds you what is most important and why.

Your research proposal should contain the following elements:

A working title for your project
A detailed description of your topic, in which you pay special attention to its scope and feasibility. Are you considering representations of the biblical figure Judith? That is a good start, but this topic would cover a lot of ground and may be too broad. You might narrow your topic to depictions of Judith beheading Holofernes in Southern Europe in the early modern period. In your description of this topic, you should provide some sense of the richness of the material. You want the reader to wish to learn more about it.
A statement detailing your research questions. These are different than your topic. For instance, you may be considering the paintings of Judith mentioned above, but these are simply the objects you you are considering, and now is the time to explain what you want to learn about them. What do the changes in depictions of Judith tell us about the shifting status of women in the early modern period? How do the depictions of Judith differ from contemporaneous portrayals of Salome, and what do these differences tell us about shifting attitudes toward the Other? These are some examples of questions you may want to pose. Keep in mind, though, that the question you pose should be something you can actually answer given the visual and textual evidence available to you.
A statement of your working hypothesis. In short, what is your current hunch in terms of how you would answer your research question? This can be provisional. After all, you haven’t yet done all your research.
A brief discussion of the importance of this project for the field of Art History. How does your project contribute to our understanding of the topic you are studying? Why is your approach important to other scholars who study this material? And how does your approach relate to others who have looked at this material? In short, you should provide the reader with the “lay of the land” in terms of the ongoing critical conversation around your topic.
A discussion of your research methods and theories that will guide your analysis. What kinds of historical evidence might you use? Are there art historical theories that are guiding you? And if so, why are these particular methodologies important?
A brief discussion of what challenges you might anticipate as you work through your research and writing. Are you worried that you may not have access to the proper materials to complete your research? Do you have the language skills necessary to translate any texts not in your first language? Is there sufficient scholarly work already done on your topic?
A bibliography of at least ten sources that will contribute substantively to your understanding of your topic. You should provide annotations for at least ten sources in which you demonstrate how the source will aid in your understanding of your research question.

All proposals should be 5–7 pages, double-spaced (except for the bibliography, which should be single-spaced), using a 12-point font. Please use one-inch margins around the page. Footnotes and bibliographic entries should follow the Chicago Manual of Style.

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A Guide to Writing in Art and Art History

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Psychology in Everyday Life

ISBN:9781319230784

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A Guide to Writing in Art and Art History, part of the Writer’s Help Guidebook Series, offers writing and research support for students writing in the discipline. This compact yet comprehensive guidebook provides the value students want with the essential instruction they need to complete writing tasks successfully. Students will find advice on how to think, read, research, and design and write papers and projects like an art professional. Coverage includes the following topics, all focused on the specific needs of writers in art and art history: Writing process Conventions in the discipline Integrating and evaluating sources Documentation style required in the discipline--with plenty of models Sample student writing

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First Edition | 2019

Stephen A. Bernhardt

Stephen A. Bernhardt is Professor of English and the Andrew B. Kirkpatrick Chair in Writing at the University of Delaware, where he teaches composition, grammar, and technical writing. His professional interests include computers in composition/distance education, writing across the curriculum, professional and technical communication, and visual rhetoric. He has also taught at New Mexico State University and at Southern Illinois University. The author of many journal articles and technical reports, Bernhardt is also the author of Writing at Work (1997) and coeditor of Expanding Literacies: English Teaching and the New Workplace (1998). Bernhardt designed the research plan and reworked content for Writers Help .

Nancy Sommers

Nancy Sommers , who has taught composition and directed composition programs for thirty years, now teaches in Harvard’s Graduate School of Education. She led Harvard’s Expository Writing Program for twenty years, directing the first-year writing program and establishing Harvard’s WAC program. A two-time Braddock Award winner, Sommers is well known for her research and publications on student writing. Her articles “Revision Strategies of Student and Experienced Writers” and “Responding to Student Writing” are two of the most widely read and anthologized articles in the field of composition. Recently she has been exploring different audiences through blogging and through publishing in popular media. Sommers is the lead author on Hacker handbooks, all published by Bedford/St. Martin’s, and is coauthor of Fields of Reading , Tenth Edition (2013).

A Guide to Writing in Art and Art History with 2021 MLA Update

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Survey 1: Prehistory to Gothic
Survey 2: Renaissance to Modern & Contemporary
Thematic Lesson Plans
AP Art History
Books We Love
CAA Conversations Podcasts
SoTL Resources
Teaching Writing About Art
VISITING THE MUSEUM Learning Resource
AHTR Weekly
Digital Art History/Humanities
Open Educational Resources (OERs)

Survey 1 See all→

Prehistory and Prehistoric Art in Europe
Art of the Ancient Near East
Art of Ancient Egypt
Jewish and Early Christian Art
Byzantine Art and Architecture
Islamic Art
Buddhist Art and Architecture Before 1200
Hindu Art and Architecture Before 1300
Chinese Art Before 1300
Japanese Art Before 1392
Art of the Americas Before 1300
Early Medieval Art

Survey 2 See all→

Rapa Nui: Thematic and Narrative Shifts in Curriculum
Proto-Renaissance in Italy (1200–1400)
Northern Renaissance Art (1400–1600)
Sixteenth-Century Northern Europe and Iberia
Italian Renaissance Art (1400–1600)
Southern Baroque: Italy and Spain
Buddhist Art and Architecture in Southeast Asia After 1200
Chinese Art After 1279
Japanese Art After 1392
Art of the Americas After 1300
Art of the South Pacific: Polynesia
African Art
West African Art: Liberia and Sierra Leone
European and American Architecture (1750–1900)
Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth-Century Art in Europe and North America
Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Sculpture
Realism to Post-Impressionism
Nineteenth-Century Photography
Architecture Since 1900
Twentieth-Century Photography
Modern Art (1900–50)
Mexican Muralism
Art Since 1950 (Part I)
Art Since 1950 (Part II)

Thematic Lesson Plans See all→

Art and Cultural Heritage Looting and Destruction
Art and Labor in the Nineteenth Century
Art and Political Commitment
Art History as Civic Engagement
Comics: Newspaper Comics in the United States
Comics: Underground and Alternative Comics in the United States
Disability in Art History
Educating Artists
Feminism & Art
Gender in Nineteenth-Century Art
Globalism and Transnationalism
Playing “Indian”: Manifest Destiny, Whiteness, and the Depiction of Native Americans
Queer Art: 1960s to the Present
Race and Identity
Race-ing Art History: Contemporary Reflections on the Art Historical Canon
Sacred Spaces
Sexuality in Art
Writing About Art

Naraelle Hohensee

January 31, 2016

3 responses to “Writing About Art”

I worked in a Wikipedia Edit Day into my Writing About Art course last semester. The Wiki Ed Foundation asked me to write about it, and this is the post I wrote for them: https://wikiedu.org/blog/2016/01/27/wiki-art-history/

Looking forward to these resources. Thanks for AHTR!

I could use it today! When do you anticipate each section will be populated?

Cheers Laura

Ancient Art History Research Paper Topics

This page presents a comprehensive guide for students examining ancient art history research paper topics . The field of ancient art history, encompassing a vast spectrum of civilizations and epochs, offers countless areas of exploration. We have prepared an extensive list of 100 research paper topics, meticulously categorized into ten sections, each reflecting a specific region or era in ancient art history. Expert advice on selecting relevant ancient art history research paper topics is provided, complemented by practical tips on writing an impactful and academically robust ancient art history research paper. In the next segment, we introduce iResearchNet’s custom writing services. Students have the opportunity to order a personalized ancient art history research paper on any chosen topic.

100 Ancient Art History Research Paper Topics

Introduction: In this section, we present a comprehensive list of ancient art history research paper topics. By exploring these topics, students studying art history can find inspiration for their research papers and delve into the fascinating world of ancient art. The following 10 categories encompass various aspects of ancient art history, providing a wide range of options to explore.

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Prehistoric Art

The Origins of Cave Paintings: Symbolism and Interpretation
Neolithic Sculpture and its Cultural Significance
Paleolithic Venus Figurines: Representations of Fertility and Power
Rock Art Across Different Prehistoric Cultures
Megalithic Monuments: Exploring the Purpose and Construction Techniques
Shamanistic Art: Unveiling the Spiritual Beliefs of Early Humans
Artistic Expressions in Ice Age Cultures
Portable Art of the Paleolithic Era: A Window into Ancient Lifestyles
The Role of Animals in Prehistoric Art
Decorative Motifs in Prehistoric Pottery

Ancient Egyptian Art

Symbolism in Egyptian Funerary Art and Architecture
The Role of Pharaohs in Shaping Egyptian Art and Culture
The Amarna Revolution: Artistic Expression under Akhenaten
Artistic Techniques in Egyptian Wall Paintings and Reliefs
The Influence of Ancient Egyptian Art on Later Civilizations
The Temple Complexes of Ancient Egypt: Sacred Spaces and Rituals
Egyptian Tomb Paintings: Depicting the Afterlife Journey
Hieroglyphs and the Art of Writing in Ancient Egypt
The Role of Women in Egyptian Art and Society
Religious Iconography in Ancient Egyptian Art

Ancient Greek Art

The Evolution of Greek Sculpture: From Archaic to Classical
Athenian Vase Painting: Themes, Styles, and Significance
Greek Temples and Architectural Innovations
Alexander the Great and Hellenistic Art: Blending Cultures
The Parthenon Marbles: Controversies and Repatriation Debates
Mythology in Greek Art: Gods, Heroes, and Legends
Greek Pottery: Form, Function, and Decoration
Greek Theater and its Visual Representations
Olympic Games in Ancient Greek Art
Portraits of Rulers and Statesmen in Ancient Greece

Roman Art and Architecture

Roman Portraiture: Capturing Identity and Power
The Colosseum: Function, Design, and Entertainment
Roman Wall Paintings: Exploring Domestic Art
The Pantheon: Engineering Marvel and Religious Symbolism
Roman Mosaics: A Reflection of Society and Culture
Roman Imperial Sculpture: Ideals of Power and Authority
Roman Frescoes and their Themes
Roman Triumphal Arches: Commemorating Victories
Roman Coinage and its Depiction of Emperors and Deities
The Influence of Etruscan Art on Roman Civilization

Ancient Mesopotamian Art

Mesopotamian Cylinder Seals: Significance and Iconography
The Ishtar Gate: A Symbol of Babylonian Power
Sumerian Ziggurats: Architecture and Religious Beliefs
Assyrian Palace Reliefs: Depictions of Conquest and Royal Life
The Code of Hammurabi Stele: Legal System and Visual Representation
Mesopotamian Jewelry and Adornment
The Epic of Gilgamesh in Art and Sculpture
Mesopotamian Clay Tablets: Cuneiform Writing and Record-Keeping
Babylonian Astronomical Instruments and their Depiction in Art
Mesopotamian Influence on Ancient Near Eastern Art

Ancient Asian Art

Buddhist Art in Ancient India: Symbolism and Iconography
Chinese Calligraphy: Script as an Art Form
Japanese Woodblock Prints: Beauty and Narrative
The Terracotta Army: Commemorating Emperor Qin Shi Huang
Gandhara Art: Fusion of Greek and Indian Influences
Silk Road Art and Cultural Exchange
The Art of Tea in East Asia: Ceramics, Utensils, and Rituals
The Zen Garden: Artistic Expression and Spiritual Contemplation
Hindu Temples and their Architectural Features
Korean Celadon Pottery: Techniques and Aesthetics

Ancient African Art

Nok Terracottas: Early Nigerian Artistic Expressions
Egyptian Influence on Nubian Art and Architecture
Great Zimbabwe: Architecture and Cultural Significance
Ife Bronze Heads: Portraits of Royalty and Divinity
African Masks: Rituals, Symbolism, and Performance
Rock Art of the Sahara: Depicting Ancient Life and Beliefs
Benin Bronzes: Courtly Art and Royal Power
Sahelian Architecture: Mud Brick Structures and Design
Dogon Sculpture: Ancestral Spirits and Cosmic Order
Ethiopian Christian Art: Illuminated Manuscripts and Iconography

Pre-Columbian Art of the Americas

Mayan Glyphs and Hieroglyphic Writing: Decoding Ancient Texts
Aztec Temples and Sacred Spaces
Inca Metalwork: Techniques and Cultural Significance
Olmec Colossal Heads: Mystery and Meaning
Native American Rock Art: Communication and Spiritual Practices
Chavin de Huantar: Architecture and Rituals in Ancient Peru
Nazca Lines: Geoglyphs and Astronomical Alignments
Moche Pottery: Figurines and Narrative Scenes
Maya Murals: Religious and Historical Narratives
Inca Textiles: Weaving Techniques and Symbolism

Byzantine Art and Iconography

The Hagia Sophia: Architecture and Religious Symbolism
Iconoclasm and the Shifting Role of Religious Images
Byzantine Mosaics: Glorious Decoration and Spiritual Expression
The Byzantine Influence on Russian Iconography
The Empress Theodora: Power and Patronage in Byzantine Art
Illuminated Manuscripts in Byzantium
Byzantine Ivory Carvings: Religious and Secular Themes
The Byzantine Iconostasis: Artistic Elements and Liturgical Function
The Byzantine Cross: Symbolism and Variations
Early Christian Symbols in Byzantine Art

Early Christian Art

Catacomb Paintings: Early Christian Devotion and Symbolism
The Basilica of San Vitale: Byzantine Influence in Ravenna
Early Christian Mosaics: Expressions of Faith and Worship
Early Christian Manuscripts: Scriptural Illustrations and Decoration
Christian Iconography in Roman Catacombs
Christian Pilgrimage Art: Relics, Shrines, and Devotion
The Cult of Saints in Early Christian Art
Early Christian Basilicas: Architecture and Liturgy
The Book of Kells: Illuminated Manuscript from Early Medieval Ireland
Early Christian Sarcophagi: Representations of Salvation and Resurrection

This comprehensive list of ancient art history research paper topics offers students studying art history a wide range of fascinating and engaging subjects to explore. Whether focusing on specific civilizations or broader themes, these topics provide ample opportunities for research, analysis, and the appreciation of the rich artistic traditions of the ancient world. Delve into the captivating realm of ancient art history and unlock the secrets of our cultural heritage through these intriguing research paper topics.

Ancient Art History: Exploring the Range of Research Paper Topics

Ancient art history is a captivating field that allows us to delve into the artistic traditions and cultural expressions of past civilizations. From the dawn of human creativity in prehistoric times to the remarkable achievements of ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, and beyond, studying ancient art provides us with valuable insights into the beliefs, aesthetics, and societal contexts of these ancient cultures. In this section, we will explore the diverse range of research paper topics in ancient art history, highlighting the breadth and depth of this fascinating field.

Ancient art encompasses various time periods, regions, and artistic styles, offering a rich tapestry of human creativity and cultural heritage. It provides us with a window into the past, shedding light on the values, ideologies, and social structures of ancient societies. Whether you are interested in the grandeur of Egyptian pyramids, the refined sculptures of ancient Greece, the monumental architecture of Rome, or the intricate craftsmanship of ancient China, there is a wide array of research paper topics to explore within the realm of ancient art history.

Prehistoric Art : The origins of art can be traced back to prehistoric times when our ancestors expressed their creativity through cave paintings, rock art, and small figurines. Research paper topics in prehistoric art could delve into the techniques used, the symbolism behind the artworks, the role of art in prehistoric societies, and the cultural significance of these ancient expressions.
Egyptian Art : The art of ancient Egypt is renowned for its monumental architecture, striking sculptures, and elaborate burial rituals. Topics in Egyptian art could explore the symbolism and religious beliefs reflected in tomb paintings, the techniques employed in sculpting statues of pharaohs, the evolution of artistic styles over different dynasties, and the social and political functions of art in ancient Egypt.
Mesopotamian Art : Mesopotamia, known as the cradle of civilization, boasts a rich artistic heritage. Topics in Mesopotamian art might delve into the symbolism and religious beliefs conveyed through monumental ziggurats, the intricate details of cylinder seals, the royal reliefs adorning palace walls, and the role of art in communicating power and authority in ancient Mesopotamian societies.
Greek Art : Ancient Greece was a cradle of artistic achievement, with its sculptures, architecture, and pottery serving as enduring legacies. Research paper topics in Greek art might focus on the idealized representations of the human form in classical sculpture, the influence of mythology on Greek vase painting, the architectural wonders of the Acropolis, and the significance of art in shaping Greek identity and civic life.
Roman Art : The Romans built upon the artistic traditions of the Greeks and created their own unique contributions to the art world. Topics in Roman art could explore the realistic portraiture that adorned public spaces, the engineering marvels of Roman architecture such as the Colosseum and aqueducts, the narrative scenes depicted in wall paintings in Pompeii, and the role of art in propaganda and the projection of imperial power.
Ancient Near Eastern Art : The ancient Near East encompasses a diverse range of cultures, including Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians. Research paper topics in ancient Near Eastern art might examine the iconic Ishtar Gate of Babylon, the divine symbolism in Assyrian relief sculptures, the development of cuneiform writing and its influence on art, and the connections between art, religion, and politics in the ancient Near East.
Indus Valley Art : The Indus Valley Civilization flourished in ancient South Asia and left behind a rich artistic legacy. Research paper topics in Indus Valley art could explore the significance of the iconic Dancing Girl sculpture, the intricacies of the seal script, the representation of animals in the art of the region, and the cultural and religious contexts of Indus Valley artworks.
Chinese Art : China has a long and illustrious artistic tradition spanning thousands of years. Topics in Chinese art could include the symbolism and spirituality of traditional Chinese painting, the intricate craftsmanship of porcelain and jade, the significance of Buddhist sculptures in the ancient Silk Road trade, and the role of art in representing imperial power and social status in ancient China.
Celtic Art : The art of the ancient Celts is characterized by intricate metalwork, stone carvings, and vibrant designs. Research paper topics in Celtic art might explore the symbolism of Celtic knotwork, the cultural and religious significance of Celtic artifacts, the stylistic variations across different regions and time periods, and the interactions between Celtic art and other ancient artistic traditions.
African Art : The art of ancient Africa is characterized by its diversity, creativity, and cultural significance. Research paper topics in African art might focus on the spiritual symbolism of masks and sculptures, the aesthetics of body adornment and textiles, the representation of power and authority in royal art, and the cultural exchange and influence between different regions and civilizations in ancient Africa.

The study of ancient art history allows us to explore the rich cultural heritage and artistic achievements of past civilizations. By examining the diverse range of research paper topics in ancient art history, students can gain a deeper understanding of the artistic techniques, cultural contexts, and social functions of art in different ancient societies. From prehistoric cave paintings to the monumental sculptures of ancient Egypt, the refined pottery of ancient Greece, and the intricate artworks of ancient China, the world of ancient art history offers a captivating journey into the past. By conducting research and writing papers on these topics, students can contribute to the ongoing exploration and appreciation of ancient art and its significance in shaping human history.

Choosing Ancient Art History Research Paper Topics

Selecting the right research paper topic in ancient art history is crucial to the success of your project. It allows you to explore an area of interest, contribute to the existing scholarship, and showcase your analytical and research skills. In this section, we will provide you with expert advice on how to choose compelling and engaging ancient art history research paper topics that will captivate your readers and demonstrate your expertise in the field.

Define Your Interests : Begin by reflecting on your personal interests within the realm of ancient art history. Consider the time periods, cultures, artistic styles, or specific artworks that intrigue you the most. Are you fascinated by the enigmatic beauty of Egyptian hieroglyphs? Or perhaps you have a passion for the classical sculptures of ancient Greece? Identifying your areas of interest will help narrow down potential research paper topics.
Explore Uncharted Territory : While it’s important to study well-established topics in ancient art history, there is also value in exploring lesser-known or understudied areas. Look for gaps in the existing literature or unexplored aspects of ancient art that pique your curiosity. By choosing a unique and original research topic, you can make a valuable contribution to the field and generate fresh insights.
Consider Cross-Cultural Connections : Ancient art was not created in isolation but often influenced by interactions and exchanges between different cultures. Consider exploring the cross-cultural connections and artistic influences between ancient civilizations. For example, you could investigate the influence of Egyptian art on Minoan frescoes or the impact of Hellenistic art on the Gandharan sculptures of ancient India.
Analyze Artistic Techniques and Materials : Artistic techniques and materials used in ancient art offer a wealth of research possibilities. You can delve into the methods of sculpting, painting, pottery-making, or metalworking employed by ancient artists. Explore how technological advancements or regional resources influenced artistic production and the evolution of artistic styles.
Investigate Social and Cultural Contexts : Art is a reflection of the society and culture in which it was created. Choose research paper topics that allow you to delve into the social, political, religious, or economic contexts of ancient art. For example, you could explore the role of art in ancient burial practices, the depiction of power and authority in royal artworks, or the symbolism of religious motifs in ancient artistic traditions.
Study Iconography and Symbolism : Ancient art is often rich in symbolism and iconography, conveying deeper meanings and cultural significance. Analyze the symbols, motifs, and visual language used in ancient artworks and their connections to religious, mythological, or social contexts. Investigate the messages and narratives embedded within the visual representations to gain a deeper understanding of ancient cultures.
Examine Restoration and Conservation Efforts : Restoration and conservation play a vital role in preserving ancient artworks for future generations. Research topics could focus on the techniques and challenges involved in restoring ancient murals, sculptures, or architectural elements. Explore how modern conservation practices have evolved over time and their impact on our understanding and appreciation of ancient art.
Investigate Art and Identity : Ancient art provides insights into the formation of individual and collective identities. Choose research paper topics that examine the representation of gender, ethnicity, or social status in ancient art. Explore how artists depicted diverse identities, challenged societal norms, or reinforced cultural hierarchies through their artworks.
Explore the Intersection of Art and Politics : Art and politics often intersect in powerful ways. Investigate the role of art in political propaganda, cultural diplomacy, or the projection of power in ancient civilizations. Examine how rulers used art to legitimize their authority, promote specific ideologies, or communicate with their subjects.
Embrace Interdisciplinary Approaches : Ancient art history is a multidisciplinary field that can benefit from interdisciplinary approaches. Consider integrating insights from archaeology, anthropology, history, or other related disciplines into your research paper. This interdisciplinary approach can provide a broader understanding of ancient art and enrich your analysis.

Choosing the right research paper topic in ancient art history requires careful consideration and exploration of your interests, the existing scholarship, and the broader cultural and historical contexts. By defining your areas of interest, exploring uncharted territory, considering cross-cultural connections, analyzing artistic techniques and materials, investigating social and cultural contexts, studying iconography and symbolism, examining restoration and conservation efforts, investigating art and identity, exploring the intersection of art and politics, and embracing interdisciplinary approaches, you can find a captivating and meaningful research topic. Remember to select a topic that not only engages you but also contributes to the scholarly discourse and demonstrates your expertise in the fascinating world of ancient art history.

How to Write an Ancient Art History Research Paper

Writing a research paper in ancient art history requires careful planning, diligent research, and effective organization. In this section, we will provide you with a step-by-step guide on how to write a compelling and well-structured ancient art history research paper that showcases your knowledge and analytical skills.

Understand the Assignment : Before you begin writing, thoroughly understand the requirements and guidelines of your research paper assignment. Clarify any uncertainties with your instructor to ensure you are on the right track. Pay attention to the formatting style, word count, and specific research parameters.
Conduct In-Depth Research : Gather relevant and reliable sources to support your research paper. Consult scholarly books, academic journals, museum catalogs, and reputable online databases. Take comprehensive notes, highlighting key arguments, supporting evidence, and relevant quotations. Ensure that you use a combination of primary and secondary sources to provide a well-rounded analysis.
Develop a Strong Thesis Statement : Craft a clear and concise thesis statement that encapsulates the main argument or research question of your paper. Your thesis should be specific, debatable, and supported by evidence from your research. It sets the foundation for your entire paper and guides the direction of your analysis.
Organize Your Research : Create an outline to organize your research and structure your paper. Divide your paper into logical sections, such as introduction, literature review, methodology, analysis, and conclusion. Within each section, outline the main points and supporting evidence that you will discuss.
Introduction : In your introduction, provide background information on the topic and context of your research. Present the significance of your research question and explain why it is relevant to the field of ancient art history. Finally, end your introduction with a clear thesis statement that outlines the main argument or objective of your research paper.
Literature Review : In the literature review section, critically analyze and synthesize the existing scholarship on your chosen topic. Identify the main theories, arguments, and debates within the field of ancient art history related to your research question. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of previous studies and highlight the gaps in the literature that your research aims to address.
Methodology : If applicable, describe the research methodology and approach you will use in your study. Explain the sources you have used, such as archaeological findings, textual analysis, or visual analysis. Justify your chosen methodology and discuss any limitations or challenges you may encounter.
Analysis : Present your analysis and interpretation of the evidence gathered from your research. Use a combination of visual examples, textual references, and scholarly arguments to support your analysis. Be clear and concise in your explanations and provide sufficient evidence to back up your claims.
Use Visuals : Ancient art is primarily visual, so it is essential to include relevant images, illustrations, or diagrams to support your analysis. Ensure that you provide proper captions and citations for all visuals used in your research paper.
Conclusion : In your conclusion, summarize the main points of your research and restate your thesis statement. Reflect on the significance of your findings and their implications for the field of ancient art history. Discuss any limitations or areas for further research. Leave your readers with a thought-provoking final statement that encourages them to contemplate the broader implications of your research.
Citations and References : Properly cite all the sources used in your research paper using the appropriate citation style (such as APA, MLA, or Chicago). Create a bibliography or reference list that includes all the sources consulted. Ensure that you follow the formatting guidelines for your chosen citation style accurately.
Revise and Edit : After completing your initial draft, take the time to revise and edit your research paper. Check for clarity, coherence, and logical flow of ideas. Ensure that your arguments are supported by evidence and that your writing is free of grammatical and spelling errors. Seek feedback from peers or professors to gain different perspectives on your work.
Proofread : Before submitting your research paper, thoroughly proofread it to eliminate any lingering errors. Pay attention to grammar, punctuation, spelling, and formatting. Ensure that your paper adheres to the required formatting style and meets all the guidelines set by your instructor.

Writing an ancient art history research paper requires meticulous planning, in-depth research, and effective organization. By following the steps outlined above, you can develop a compelling and well-structured research paper that demonstrates your knowledge and analytical skills in the field of ancient art history. Remember to carefully analyze your sources, develop a strong thesis statement, present a clear and coherent argument, and support your analysis with relevant evidence. With dedication and attention to detail, you can create an exceptional research paper that contributes to the ongoing scholarly discourse in the field of ancient art history.

iResearchNet’s Writing Services

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Art history beginning research : Books about writing about art

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Guidelines for Writing Art History Research Papers
A key reference guide for researching and analyzing works of art and for writing art history papers is the 10th edition (or later) of Sylvan Barnet's work, A Short Guide to Writing about Art. Barnet directs students through the steps of thinking about a research topic, collecting information, and then writing and documenting a paper.
Art History Essays
Art History Analysis - Formal Analysis and Stylistic Analysis . Typically in an art history class the main essay students will need to write for a final paper or for an exam is a formal or stylistic analysis. A formal analysis is just what it sounds like - you need to analyze the form of the artwork. This includes the individual design ...
Resources
Generally, art history papers do not ask you to make a value judgment about the quality of a work, so there is no reason the writer should call the painting "good." Furthermore, the writer does not specify what the texture of the painting is like. All paintings have texture, so the write must describe more carefully.
PDF Art History Research Paper
The research paper takes one of two forms: analytical and narrative. The first sets up a problem or argument, then provides evidence to support whatever position you, the writer, have chosen. The narrative approach is usually a description of a topic based on facts and opinions presented as paraphrases and direct quotes from secondary sources.
LibGuides: Art and Art History: How to Write About Art
A resource for help with your writing. The Writing Center includes one on one consultations as well as classes. The OWL Purdue is a great resource for writing and citation help. Chicago Style is the preferred citation format for art history. The OWL also includes citation help for other styles include APA and MLA.
Art History Research at Yale: How to Research Art
How to Write Art History by Anne D'Alleva. Call Number: N380 D255 2006 (LC) Publication Date: 2006 ... When you turn in your paper or presentation, you will need to provide citations in keeping with the preferred citation style. ... Related Guides for Art History Research at Yale. Religion and the Arts. History of British Art. Arts Librarian ...
Research Basics
This straightforward guide prepares students to describe, interpret, and write about works of art in meaningful and lasting terms. This efficient book features a step-by-step approach to writing-from choosing a work to write about, to essay organization, to research techniques, to footnote form, to preparing the final essay. Writing Art History ...
writing about art
Geared toward undergraduate students, this work explains in very clear detail exactly how to research and write an art history term paper. A Short Guide to Writing about Art by Sylvan Barnet. Call Number: Fine Arts Library N 7476 .B37. One of the field's classic texts on writing about art.
Standards and Expectations for an Art History Paper
1. Standards and expectations for an art history paper. What does your art history professor expect in a paper? First, read your instructor's assignment carefully to determine any special requirements for particular assignments; those special requirements take precedence over the suggestions below; in general, we want papers to have the ...
Writing & Citing
Guides to writing about topics in art history, history, and material culture. A Short Guide to Writing about Art. Reference - N7476 .B37 2015. Writing Art History: Disciplinary Departures. N7480 .I84 2010. How to write about contemporary art. N7476 .W55x 2014. Writing material culture history. GN406 .W74 2015.
Tips for Writing an Art History Paper
Writing Your Introduction. Compose a thesis statement. Declare that you have noticed something about the art, building, artist, architect, critic, patron, or whatever your focus is for your analysis. Then, "frame" your thesis. Tell your reader about discovering information that can help us understand the work of art/building better.
How do you write an art history paper? Part I: Identify the artwork
For a sculpture, you would see height x width x depth = three dimensions, so the work is three-dimensional. 6. The location of the artwork. Sometimes this identifying feature is left out of a caption but you should make a practice of knowing the location of a work of art.
PDF Writing in Art History
Writing in Art History This guide provides a brief introduction to writing in the field of art history through the lens of threshold concepts. It includes: • A statement of threshold concepts in art history • "So you're taking an art history course": A Description of Writing Characteristics Valued in Art History
Writing the Art History paper
1. Take a pad of paper and a pencil with you so that you might record your thoughts as they occur to you. A tape recorder is an option, too. 2. Choose your work(s) carefully. Find a painting or a sculpture that "speaks" to you - not just emotionally, but intellectually as well. 3. Consider your response to the work.
FIU Libraries: Art Research Guide: Writing about art
Art History Analysis - Formal Analysis and Stylistic Analysis. Typically in an art history class the main essay students will need to write for a final paper or for an exam is a formal or stylistic analysis.. A formal analysis is just what it sounds like - you need to analyze the form of the artwork.This includes the individual design elements - composition, color, line, texture, scale ...
Guidelines for Art History Comps Proposals
All proposals should be 5-7 pages, double-spaced (except for the bibliography, which should be single-spaced), using a 12-point font. Please use one-inch margins around the page. Footnotes and bibliographic entries should follow the Chicago Manual of Style. There are two primary goals for writing a research proposal To provide the reader with ...
Art History Research Paper Topics
Writing an art history research paper requires a combination of research skills, critical thinking, and effective writing techniques. By following these steps, you can create a well-structured and compelling research paper that showcases your understanding of art history, engages with scholarly discourse, and contributes to the field. ...
A Guide to Writing in Art and Art History, 1st Edition
A Guide to Writing in Art and Art History was crafted by a subject matter expert currently teaching in the discipline, in collaboration with Writer's Help authors Stephen Bernhardt and Nancy Sommers. Designed with affordability and portability in mind, the writing guide is available as an ebook. The guide features Editing Strategies, an appendix that offers trusted instruction to help ...
Writing About Art
This section will include resources on writing mechanics (formulating an argument, organizing a paper, common grammar struggles, using citations and quotations) and research strategies (teaching library and web research, evaluating sources, creating bibliographies, and writing traditional research papers). Art History Methods for Writing and ...
Ancient Art History Research Paper Topics
Writing an ancient art history research paper requires meticulous planning, in-depth research, and effective organization. By following the steps outlined above, you can develop a compelling and well-structured research paper that demonstrates your knowledge and analytical skills in the field of ancient art history. Remember to carefully ...
Art history beginning research : Books about writing about art
Art history beginning research: Books about writing about art Students will find books, articles, films, images and reference sources for their research paper with an emphasis on full-text e-resources.
PDF A Brief Guide to Writing the History Paper
s¬3TOREY ¬7ILLIAM¬+ELLEHER ¬Writing History: A Guide for Students. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. s¬4URABIAN ¬+ATE¬, ¬A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Conventions of History Writing

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