alternative energy sources presentation

The Understand Energy Learning Hub is a cross-campus effort of the Precourt Institute for Energy .

Introduction to Renewable Energy

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Fast Facts View our summary of key facts and information. ( Printable PDF, 270 KB )

Before You Watch Our Lecture Maximize your learning experience by reviewing these carefully curated readings we assign to our students.

Our Lecture Watch the Stanford course lecture.

Additional Resources Find out where to explore beyond our site.

Fast Facts About Renewable Energy

Principle Energy Uses: Electricity, Heat Forms of Energy: Kinetic, Thermal, Radiant, Chemical

The term “renewable” encompasses a wide diversity of energy resources with varying economics, technologies, end uses, scales, environmental impacts, availability, and depletability. For example, fully “renewable” resources are not depleted by human use, whereas “semi-renewable” resources must be properly managed to ensure long-term availability. The most renewable type of energy is energy efficiency, which reduces overall consumption while providing the same energy service. Most renewable energy resources have significantly lower environmental and climate impacts than their fossil fuel counterparts.

The data in these Fast Facts do not reflect two important renewable energy resources: traditional biomass, which is widespread but difficult to measure; and energy efficiency, a critical strategy for reducing energy consumption while maintaining the same energy services and quality of life. See the Biomass and Energy Efficiency pages to learn more.

Significance

14% of world 🌎 9% of US 🇺🇸

Electricity Generation

30% of world 🌎 21% of US 🇺🇸

Global Renewable Energy Uses

Electricity 65% Heat 26% Transportation 9%

Global Consumption of Renewable Electricity Change

Increase: ⬆ 33% (2017 to 2022)

Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency measures such as LED light bulbs reduce the need for energy in the first place

Renewable Resources

Wind Solar Ocean

Semi-Renewable Resources

Hydro Geothermal Biomass

Renewable Energy Has Vast Potential to Meet Global Energy Demand

Solar >1,000x global demand Wind ~3x global demand

Share of Global Energy Demand Met by Renewable Resources

Hydropower 7% Wind 3% Solar 2% Biomass <2%  

Share of Global Electricity Generation Met by Renewable Resources

Hydropower 15% Wind 7% Solar 5% Biomass & Geothermal <3%

Global Growth

Hydropower generation increase ⬆6% Wind generation increase ⬆84% Solar generation increase ⬆197% Biofuels consumption increase ⬆23% (2017-2022)

Largest Renewable Energy Producers

China 34% 🇨🇳 US 10% 🇺🇸 of global renewable energy

Highest Penetration of Renewable Energy

Norway 72% 🇳🇴 of the country’s primary energy is renewable

(China is at 16%, the US is at 11%)

Largest Renewable Electricity Producers

China 31% 🇨🇳 US 11% 🇺🇸 of global renewable electricity

Highest Penetration of Renewable Electricity

Albania, Bhutan, CAR, Lesotho, Nepal, & Iceland 100%

Iceland, Ethiopia, Paraguay, DRC, Norway, Costa Rica, Uganda, Namibia, Eswatini, Zambia, Tajikistan, & Sierra Leone > 90% of the country’s primary electricity is renewable

(China is at 31%, the US is at 22%)

Share of US Energy Demand Met by Renewable Resources

Biomass 5% Wind 2% Hydro 1% Solar 1%

Share of US Electricity Generation Met by Renewable Resources

Wind 10% Hydropower 6% Solar 3% Biomass 1%

US States That Produce the Most Renewable Electricity

Texas 21% California 11% of US renewable energy production

US States With Highest Penetration of Renewable Electricity

Vermont >99% South Dakota 84% Washington 76% Idaho 75% of state’s total generation comes from renewable fuels

Renewable Energy Expansion Policies

The Inflation Reduction Act continued tax credits for new renewable energy projects in the US.

Production Tax Credit (PTC)

Tax credit of $0.0275/kWh of electricity produced at qualifying renewable power generation sites

Investment Tax Credit (ITC)

Tax credit of 30% of the cost of a new qualifying renewable power generation site

To read more about the credit qualifications, visit this EPA site .

*LCOE (levelized cost of electricity) - price for which a unit of electricity must be sold for system to break even

Important Factors for Renewable Site Selection

• Resource availability
• Environmental constraints and sensitivities, including cultural and archeological sites
• Transmission infrastructure
• Power plant retirements
• Transmission congestion and prices
• Electricity markets
• Load growth driven by population and industry
• Policy support
• Land rights and permitting
• Competitive and declining costs of wind, solar, and energy storage
• Lower environmental and climate impacts (social costs) than fossil fuels
• Expansion of competitive wholesale electricity markets
• Governmental clean energy and climate targets and policies
• Corporate clean energy targets and procurement of renewable energy
• No fuel cost or fuel price volatility
• Retirements of old and/or expensive coal and nuclear power plants
• Most renewable resources are abundant, undepletable
• Permitting hurdles and NIMBY/BANANA* concerns
• Competition from subsidized fossil fuels and a lack of price for their social cost (e.g., price on carbon)
• Site-specific resources means greater need to transport energy/electricity to demand
• High initial capital expenditure requirements required to access fuel cost/operating savings
• Intermittent resources
• Inconsistent governmental incentives and subsidies
• Managing environmental impacts to the extent that they exist

*NIMBY - not in my backyard; BANANA - build absolutely nothing anywhere near anything

Climate Impact: Low to High

• Solar, wind, geothermal, and ocean have low climate impacts with near-zero emissions; hydro and biomass can have medium to high climate impact
• Hydro: Some locations have greenhouse gas emissions due to decomposing flooded vegetation
• Biomass: Some crops require significant energy inputs, land use change can release carbon dioxide and methane

Environmental Impact: Low to High

• Most renewable energy resources have low environmental impacts, particularly relative to fossil fuels; some, like biomass, can have more significant impacts
• No air pollution with the exception of biomass from certain feedstocks
• Can have land and habitat disruption for biomass production, solar, and hydro
• Potential wildlife impacts from wind turbines (birds and bats)
• Modest environmental impacts during manufacturing, transportation, and end of life

Updated January 2024

Before You Watch Our Lecture on Introduction to Renewable Energy

We assign videos and readings to our Stanford students as pre-work for each lecture to help contextualize the lecture content. We strongly encourage you to review the Essential reading below before watching our lecture on  Introduction to Renewable Energy . Include the Optional and Useful readings based on your interests and available time.

• The Sustainable Energy in America 2023 Factbook (Executive Summary pp. 5-11) . Bloomberg New Energy Finance. 2023. (7 pages) Provides valuable year-over-year data and insights on the American energy transformation.

Optional and Useful

• Renewables 2023 Global Status Report (Global Overview pp. 11-40) . REN21. 2023. (30 pages).  Documents the progress made in the renewable energy sector and highlights the opportunities afforded by a renewable-based economy and society.

Our Lecture on Introduction to Renewable Energy

This is our Stanford University Understand Energy course lecture that introduces renewable energy. We strongly encourage you to watch the full lecture to gain foundational knowledge about renewable energy and important context for learning more about specific renewable energy resources. For a complete learning experience, we also encourage you to review the Essential reading we assign to our students before watching the lecture.

Presented by: Kirsten Stasio , Adjunct Lecturer, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University; CEO, Nevada Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) Recorded on:  November 16, 2022   Duration: 52 minutes

Table of Contents

(Clicking on a timestamp will take you to YouTube.) 00:00 What Does "Renewable" Mean? 12:56 What Role Do Renewables Play In Our Energy Use? 20:29  What Factors Affect Renewable Energy Project Development? 52:13 Conclusion

Lecture slides available upon request .

Additional Resources About Renewable Energy

Stanford university.

• Precourt Institute for Energy Renewable Energy , Energy Efficiency
• Stanford Energy Club
• Energy Modeling Forum
• Sustainable Stanford
• Sustainable Finance Initiative
• Mark Jacobson - Renewable energy
• Michael Lepech - Life-cycle analysis
• Leonard Ortolano - Environmental and water resource planning
• Chris Field - Climate change, land use, bioenergy, solar energy
• David Lobell - Climate change, agriculture, biofuels, land use
• Sally Benson - Climate change, energy, carbon capture and storage

Government and International Organizations

• International Energy Agency (IEA) Renewables Renewables 2022 Repor .
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
• US Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy (EERE)
• US Energy Information Administration (EIA) Renewable Energy Explained
• US Energy Information Administration (EIA) Energy Kids Renewable Energy
• US Energy Information Administration (EIA) Today in Energy Renewables

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

• Carnegie Institution for Science  Biosphere Sciences and Engineering
• The Solutions Project

Other Resources

• REN21: Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century
• REN21 Renewables 2023 Global Status Report Renewables in Energy Supply
• BloombergNEF (BNEF)
• Renewable Energy World
• World of Renewables
• Energy Upgrade California
• Windustry Community Wind Toolbox

Next Topic: Energy Efficiency Other Energy Topics to Explore

Fast Facts Sources

• Energy Mix (World 2022): Energy Institute. Statistical Review of World Energy . 2023.
• Energy Mix (US 2022): US Energy Information Agency (EIA). Total Energy: Energy Overview, Table 1.3 . 
• Electricity Mix (World 2022): Energy Institute. Statistical Review of World Energy . 2023.
• Electricity Mix (US 2022): US Energy Information Agency (EIA). Total Energy: Electricity, Table 7.2a.  
• Global Solar Use (2022): REN21. Renewables 2023 Global Status Report: Renewables in Energy Supply , page 42. 2023
• Global Consumption of Renewable Electricity Change (2017-2022): Energy Institute. Statistical Review of World Energy . 2023.
• Renewable Energy Potential: Perez & Perez. A Fundamental Look at Energy Reserves for the Planet . 2009
• Share of Global Energy Demand (2022): Energy Institute. Statistical Review of World Energy . 2023.
• Share of Global Electricity Demand (2022): Energy Institute. Statistical Review of World Energy . 2023.
• Global Growth (2017-2022): Energy Institute. Statistical Review of World Energy . 2023.
• Largest Renewable Energy Producers (World 2022): International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Renewable Capacity Statistics 2023 . 2023.
• Highest Penetration Renewable Energy (World 2022): Our World in Data. Renewable Energy . 2023.
• Largest Renewable Electricity Producers (World 2022):   Energy Institute. Statistical Review of World Energy . 2023.
• Highest Penetration Renewable Electricity (World 2022): Our World in Data. Renewable Energy . 2023.
• Share of US Energy Demand (2022): Energy Information Administration (EIA). Electric Power Monthly. 2023.
• Share of Electricity Generation (2022): Energy Information Administration (EIA). Electric Power Monthly. 2023.
• States with Highest Generation (2022): Energy Information Administration (EIA). Electric Power Monthly. 2023.
• States with Highest Penetration (2021): Energy Information Administration (EIA). State Profile and Energy Estimates. 2023.
• LCOE of US Renewable Resources: Lazard. LCOE. April 2023.
• LCOE of US Non Renewable Resources: Lazard. LCOE. April 2023.

More details available on request . Back to Fast Facts

Alternative Energy Use

Use the MapMaker Interactive to explore alternative energy use by countries across the globe.

Earth Science, Geography, Human Geography

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Alternative energy is energy that does not come from fossil fuels , and thus produces little to no greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). This means that energy produced from alternative sources does not contribute to the greenhouse effect that causes climate change . You can explore CO 2 emissions using the MapMaker Interactive here. These energy sources are referred to as “alternative” because they represent the alternative to coal , oil , and natural gas , which have been the most common sources of energy since the Industrial Revolution . These fossil fuels emit high levels of CO 2 when burned to produce energy and electricity. Alternative energy, however, should not be confused with renewable energy , although many renewable energy sources can also be considered alternative. Solar power , for example, is both renewable and alternative because it will always be abundant and it emits no greenhouse gases. Nuclear power, however, is alternative but not renewable, since it uses uranium , a finite resource. Learn more about renewable energy using the MapMaker Interactive here . This map shows the average percentage of a country’s total energy use that came from alternative sources between the years 2006-2010. Alternative energy here includes hydroelectric energy , solar energy, geothermal energy , wind energy , nuclear energy , and biomass energy . The data come from the World Bank . It is important to note that while the World Bank considers nuclear energy an alternative energy source, not all energy policy experts agree on how to categorize nuclear energy.

In 1980, only three countries—Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland—got more than 30 percent of their energy from alternative sources, including nuclear energy. In 2009, an additional seven countries got more than 30 percent of their energy from alternative sources. These were Paraguay, Tajikistan, France, Sweden, Costa Rica, Lithuania, and Armenia.

In 2010, Iceland used the equivalent of 16,842 kilograms (37,130.3 pounds) of oil per person, the highest per capita energy consumption of any country in the world. However, most of that energy is not coming from oil, because Iceland gets 85 percent of its energy from alternative sources, including hydroelectric and geothermal.

In 2009, Paraguay got 99.45 percent of its energy from hydroelectricity. The source of this enormous hydroelectric capacity is the Itaipu Dam, once the largest hydroelectric facility in the world. The dam is built on the Parana River on the Brazil-Paraguay border.

Saudi Arabia is the only country in the G-20 group of major economies that gets less than 1 percent of its energy from alternative sources. A major oil exporter, Saudi Arabia gets 100 percent of its energy from fossil fuels.

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March 18, 2024

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Renewable Energy Resources PPT Presentation

2023, Haldia Institute of Technology

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Most of the energy being consumed is derived mainly from fossil fuels, like petroleum products and generation of electricity. The rapid growth of industries and technology have increased the demand for fossil fuels. It is a finite resource, which is also harmful to the environment. To protect the environment and in effect reducing its use, alternate sources are being relied on, like solar energy, geothermal energy, etc. These sources are environmental friendly and are being used efficiently around the world.

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https://www.ijert.org/geothermal-energy-a-review https://www.ijert.org/research/geothermal-energy-a-review-IJERTV10IS030164.pdf Geothermal energy is energy created by the heat of the Earth. To extract energy from the underground, water is most times used as the heat carrier. As the crust is highly fractured and thus permeable to fluids, surface water, in most cases rainwater, penetrates at depth and exchanges heat with the rocks. Two main forms of heat transfer occur within the crust: conduction and convection. Where rocks are much fractured and circulating fluids are abundant, the resulting convective heat transfer is very efficient and can be easily exploited by drilling wells and discharge the hot fluids to the surface. The Earth's geothermal resources are theoretically more than adequate to supply humanity's energy needs, but only a very small fraction may be profitably exploited. Drilling and exploration for deep resources is very expensive. Forecasts for the future of geothermal power depend on assumptions about technology, energy prices, subsidies, plate boundary movement and interest rates. Geothermal energy is a well-established and relatively mature form of commercial renewable energy characterized by a high load factor, which means that its installed capacity produces significantly more electricity during a year than other sources like wind and solar power plants. Geothermal power plants provide stable production output, unaffected by weather or climate, resulting in high capacity factors ranging from 60% to 90% which is ideal for making the technology suitable for base load electricity production.

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Electricity Basics

Electricity is considered an alternative fuel under the Energy Policy Act of 1992. Electricity can be produced from a variety of energy sources, including natural gas, coal, nuclear energy, wind energy, hydropower, and solar energy. This electricity can be stored in batteries or used to produce hydrogen. Electric vehicles (EVs)—the collective term for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and all-electric vehicles—are capable of drawing electricity from off-board electrical power sources (generally the electricity grid) and storing the energy in batteries. Though not yet widely available, fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) generate electricity from hydrogen onboard the vehicle.

Powering Vehicles with Electricity

In EVs , onboard batteries store energy to power one or more electric motors. These batteries are charged using electricity from the grid and energy recaptured during braking, known as regenerative braking. Vehicles that run only on electricity produce no tailpipe emissions, but there might be upstream emissions associated with the production of electricity .

Powering EVs with electricity is currently cost effective compared to using gasoline, but EVs typically cost more to purchase. However, initial vehicle costs can be offset by energy cost savings, a federal tax credit , and state incentives. Electricity for charging vehicles is especially cost effective if drivers can take advantage of off-peak residential rates and other incentives offered by utilities. The cost is dependent on the price of electricity, which can vary by region, type of generation, time of use, and access point. However, due to the energy efficiency of EV powertrains, additional cost savings over conventional vehicles come from vehicle operation, even when electricity rates are relatively high (i.e., during peak rates or at public fast-charging stations). Learn about factors affecting electricity prices from the U.S. Energy Information Administration.

Electric Charging Stations

Many EV owners choose to do the majority of their charging at home (or at fleet facilities, in the case of commercially owned fleets) where the cost to charge will typically be lower than at public chargers. Some employers offer access to workplace charging. EV drivers also have access to public charging stations in a variety of places, such as shopping centers, public parking garages and lots, hotels, restaurants, and other businesses. Public charging infrastructure is rapidly expanding , providing drivers with the convenience, range, and confidence to meet their transportation needs.

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Alternative Energy Sources

Published by Dennis Price Modified over 8 years ago

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Presentation on theme: "Alternative Energy Sources"— Presentation transcript:

Alternate Energy Sources Chapter 4.2 At the present rate of consumption of fossil fuels, we will run out in 170 years.

Alternative Energy Sources Chapter 17. Hydroelectric Energy -Electricity that is produced from the energy of moving water. -Anything that has mass, and.

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Alternative Energy Resources Alternative energy is energy that is not made from burning fossil fuels.

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This video is part of: Centre for Energy and Materials

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A leading force in renewable energy

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Global recognition for Portugal's efforts

Portugal's dedication to clean energy has not gone unnoticed. The country ranks among the top 20 nations best prepared for the energy transition, as recognized by the World Economic Forum's Centre for Energy and Materials.

The country's success demonstrates the feasibility of a clean energy future and paves the way for a sustainable, secure, and equitable energy landscape for all.

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Alternative Energy Sources

Apr 02, 2019

340 likes | 575 Views

Alternative Energy Sources. Nuclear Energy. Nuclear Fission. The source of nuclear energy. 1. Artificial Transmutation 2. Decay The neutron is the key!. Transmutation. Radioactive Decay. U-236 is very unstable.

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• nuclear power programs
• nuclear energy
• heavy water
• daughter nuclei
• uncontrolled nuclear fission
• sankey diagram

Presentation Transcript

Alternative Energy Sources Nuclear Energy

Nuclear Fission • The source of nuclear energy. 1. Artificial Transmutation 2. Decay The neutron is the key!

Transmutation

Radioactive Decay • U-236 is very unstable. • The attraction between the new neutron and the nucleus throws off the balance between the strong nuclear force and electromagnetic force. • The nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei, releasing about 200MeV in the form of neutrons and gamma rays.

U-235 U-236 γ Kr Ba γ

The Products • The two daughter nuclei (usually Kr and Ba). • Neutrinos. • β particles. • γ rays. • Fast neutrons.

Sustaining a Chain Reaction • Neutrons • The fast neutrons ( v = 2x107 ms-1 ) produced by the reaction can start a chain reaction. • Mass • Critical Mass: The minimum amount of fissionable material required to sustain a chain reaction. • Shape • Uranium pellets in zirconium fuel rods.

Controlled vs. Uncontrolled Nuclear Fission • Two or three neutrons are produced in each fission reaction. • The neutrons usually have too much kinetic energy to start another reaction. • The neutrons must be slowed down by a moderator (usually water).

Uncontrolled Fission • All or most of the neutrons produced start their own reaction. • The chain reaction quickly goes out of control, causing an explosion. A NUCLEAR WEAPON

Controlled Fission • In nuclear reactors. • Only one of the neutrons produced by each reaction can go on to start another reaction. • The extra neutrons are absorbed by control rods:

If… • less than one neutron (on average) moves on, the chain reaction stops and the reactor shuts down. • more than one neutron moves on, the fuel melts, setting fire to the reactor (a meltdown).

Fuel Enrichment • Naturally occurring Uranium: 99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235, 0.006 % U-234 • Only U-235 is fissionable. • Enrichment: U-235 concentration is increased to about 4% using a centrifuge.

Nuclear Power Stations

Sankey Diagram:

The Thermal Fission Reactor • Thermal Fission: Slow neutrons. • Essential features: - The fuel - The coolant - A moderator - Radiation - The control rods shielding

Moderator: • Slows down neutrons to thermal speed. • Placed around core and between fuel rods. • Possible moderator materials: • Water • Heavy water(D2O) • Graphite

Coolant: • Water, which takes the heat from the core and uses it to produce steam. Control Rods: • Absorb the extra neutrons in the core. • Regulating rods moved in and out as needed. • Extra rods used for emergency shut-down.

Heat Exchanger • An engine used to convert the heat from the core into work.

Low T reservoir High T reservoir

High T source: 570K • Low T source: 310K • Efficiency:

Plutonium-239 • Start with U-238, which is not fissionable, but is fertile (can be changed into fissionable elements). • Next, two-step β decay to make Pu-239:

Used in breeder reactors (ones that create more fissionable material than they consume). • On average, 2.4 neutrons are produced in U-235 fission. • Blanket of U-238 absorbs 1.4 neutrons per reaction and produces Pu-239. • Usually, for every 100 U-235 fissions, 110 Pu-239 atoms are produced.

Safety and Risks • Nuclear energy is less efficient than fossil fuel. • U-235 can last for thousands of years. • Creates less pollution. • Mining for Uranium is difficult. • Disposal of nuclear waste. • Risk of thermal meltdown. • Risk of nuclear power programs being used to produce nuclear weapons.

Nuclear Fusion • Could provide a clean energy source. • Could be fueled by Deuterium and Tritium • Deuterium extracted from seawater. • Tritium bred from Lithium. • In the reaction, a very high energy neutron is produced, and the energy is converted to heat. • Requires T = 100 000 oC, which turns the H into a plasma.

Plasma must be confined at 500 trillion atoms per cubic centimeter for one second. • Not a chain reaction, so the density must be maintained: - A magnetic field (“magnetic bottle”) could be used to do this.

Unfortunately… • We still don’t have the technology. • The cost may be very high compared to other energy sources. • Currently, more energy is required to produce the fusion than is produced by the fusion.

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