literature review for sustainable drainage system

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• A Review of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems Considering the Climate Change and Urbanization Impacts

Description

Climate change and urbanization are converging to challenge city drainage infrastructure due to their adverse impacts on precipitation extremes and the environment of urban areas. Sustainable drainage systems have gained growing public interest in recent years, as a result of its positive effects on water quality and quantity issues and additional recreational amenities perceived in the urban landscape. This paper reviews recent progress in sustainable drainage development based on literature across different disciplinary fields. After presenting the key elements and criteria of sustainable drainage design, various devices and examples of sustainable drainage systems are introduced. The state-of-the-art model approaches and decision-aid tools for assessing the sustainable alternatives are discussed and compared. The paper further explores some limitations and difficulties in the application of the innovative solutions and suggests an integrated and trans-disciplinary approach for sustainable drainage design.

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Published in Climate-ADAPT Jun 07 2016   -   Last Modified in Climate-ADAPT Dec 12 2023

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A Review of Approaches to Drainage System Management: Current Status and Future Research Directions

• Conference paper
• First Online: 06 February 2024
• Cite this conference paper

• Gabriel Lloyd C. Malinay 10 ,
• Clariz D. Santos 10 ,
• Gayle Ann Marie B. Sarmiento 10 ,
• Franz D. Santos 11 &
• David B. Sanson 10  

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering ((LNCE,volume 389))

Included in the following conference series:

• International Civil Engineering and Architecture Conference

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Throughout humans’ existence, drainage systems have been a very vital part of civilization and sanitation development. Drainage systems are coined to have purposively given way to the improvement of modern-day sanitation, through which disposal and transport of wastewater and stormwater were given priority in aid of public health and flood concerns. However, through time, the practices in drainage system management have also gradually changed. In this paper, approaches to drainage system management are reviewed through scholarly articles worldwide. Historical accounts of drainage system development are consulted to formulate the current approaches. Governmental action, especially governing legislations and ordinances to public utilization and prevention of urbanization-related problems (e.g., flooding) are also analyzed. Lastly, a greener approach to a drainage system is also viewed as essential in this review. Hence, Sustainable Drainage Systems and the technological approaches in this regard are reviewed to shed light on the current standing of drainage systems around the globe.

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Sustainable urban drainage systems: examining the potential for green infrastructure-based stormwater management for Sub-Saharan cities

Patience Mguni, Lise Herslund & Marina Bergen Jensen

Making the Case for Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems as a Nature-Based Solution to Urban Flooding

• Drainage system management
• Urban drainage system
• Government approach
• Sustainable drainage system

1 Introduction

In the course of the continuous progression of the world, from its oldest stance of evolution up to the earliest technological advances, drainage systems are playing a crucial role in helping humankind shape the world. Drainage simply means the ‘draining’ of liquid [ 1 ] from one point source to another. By incorporating a systematized approach to this concept, it becomes a system of waterworks that enables the transport or storage [ 2 ], depending on the complexity of the structure.

Earliest accounts of the utilization of drainage systems date back to the archaic cultivation of land [ 3 ], which influenced drainage's application to irrigation practice. Because of this, as an ancient idea coinciding with the start of agriculture, drainage boasted a historic unconsciousness as a sign of early civilization. However, the simplicity of the concept does not equate to the present situation, especially considering the millennial gap. The need for comprehensive drainage system management is required to attest to the underlying problems of today.

Fundamental concepts aligned to its evolution must also be reviewed in grasping drainage system management. For example, Butler et al. [ 4 ] have noted in their book that wastewater and stormwater are the two types of water being serviced by urban drainage systems (mutually varying in water quality, physicochemical characteristics, and disposal). In a nutshell, a drainage system aims to either remove or transport a type of liquid from one place to another. The facility where it is being done can be delineated into the natural versus the humanmade. In this regard, each type of system explores different complexity. Piped drainage system can be classified into combined and separate, for which the battle which is better to be used remains a debate in the realm of drainage system management [ 5 ]. Meanwhile, natural drainage system obviously refers to the innate path of waterbodies [ 6 ]. Varying conditions, especially considering the differences between the two marginal epoch, have amplified the need for drainage system while preserving the purpose throughout the years.

The world no longer tries to survive the problem of irrigation alone, but also the arising urban and modern problem that may or may not be related to the lack of drainage systems or the poor utilization of its facility. Urbanization is seen as a significant driving factor for the need for drainage system within the regions of densely populated areas, often called as urban drainage system [ 7 ]. The trend, however, is not caged to citification alone, but also with the migration of people [ 8 ] due to the socioeconomic stability that these areas promise. The inherent problem with this trend is the lingering domino effect it brings to environment, economy, and public health. As argued by Pratiwi Adi and Imam Wahyudi [ 7 ], urbanization calls for growth of population that demands higher consumption, that eventually leads to the unmanageable solid waste generation and increased risk of land disruption brought by incorrect land use.

Climate change is another factor that proposes the need for the analysis of drainage system management. This phenomenon challenges the utilization in terms of management, since it becomes unprecedented as time progresses. Climate change disrupts the normal hydrologic patterns that induces extreme rainfall within the areas [ 9 ]. This, therefore, draws the relationship of higher volume of flood and increased flood risks, especially in the highly urbanized areas with poor urban drainage system [ 10 ]. The aftermath of flooding then affects public health, as more hazards and risks regarding the safety of the masses are under question. Concerns like drowning, flood-related diseases, and disrupting smell threaten the health of the people exposed to flood [ 11 ].

Flooding is one of the natural disasters that has been occurring throughout the world and has damaged the lives and properties of communities [ 12 ]. Urbanization and improper implementation of government policies towards drainage system management resulted to problems like flooding. Accordingly, this paper discussed the different approaches worldwide for properly managing drainage systems.

2 Method of Collection

The backbone of this paper relies on the collated papers and studies sourced from reputable databases such as Elsevier, ResearchGate, MDPI, Springer, and ScienceDirect. General topics, retrieved from 2000 to 2022, were sourced using under the umbrella terms “Urban drainage systems,” “Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems,” “History of drainage systems,” “General policies of government and environmental institutions,” and the “Effectivity of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems in mitigating floods.”

Google Scholar and ScienceDirect were utilized as the primary search engines for scholarly works and Mendeley for a systematic citation of sources.

3 Result and Discussion

3.1 brief ancient historical development of drainage system management.

To fully understand the ways and means of drainage system management as a tool to alleviate urbanization-related problems (e.g., flooding) in today’s world, it is best to have a quick stroll down the history of how it evolved.

The very concept of drainage system presented itself naturally in the environment. Before the drainage system concept was even thought of, nature had its way of transporting and draining the excess liquids on its surface. Natural processes have ruled and managed the earliest signs of flood and waste disposal [ 5 ]. Only through the natural course, the waterways being paved by massive floodings in ancient times did the idea of a drainage system finally come into the public realm. Khan et al. [ 13 ], through their paper, have believed that Indus and Minoan Civilizations paved the way for the earliest designs of drainage systems. For instance, the paper has demonstrated that Indus Civilization (Harappa) was believed to have mastered water engineering even in the earliest times through a comprehensive linkage of residential lines connected to the main sewer (see Fig.  1 ). Meanwhile, from 2800 to 1100 BC, the Minoan civilization incorporated stone to build the facility away from the residential areas [ 14 ]. However, these ancient innovations seem to be still true and in practice today, except for the materials being incorporated and with a more elaborate plan in consideration of urbanization.

Source Adapted from [ 21 ]

Shows traces of Ancient Indus Drainage System in India.

However, Valipour et al. [ 1 ], citing the work of Gilmore et al. [ 15 ], have argued that the Mesopotamian Civilization showed the most primitive utilization of artificial water management found in the channel of Iran in aid of the drainage system. In the strengths of these ancient civilizations, the drainage management systems of today continue to flourish. In fact, an interesting account of history has been revealed by Yazdanfar and Sharma [ 16 ], stating that the combined sanitary sewers being used today is an idea that stemmed from the ancient Romans as they worked with runoff drainage. On the other hand, ancient Chinese civilization boasts their innovation about stormwater management. According to Cun et al. [ 17 ], there is an excellent interconnection between the modern and ancient philosophy of stormwater management, which upholds the “practical” style amidst the intricate urbanization trends and culture.

These archaic civilizations have given the way for modern urban drainage systems to flourish. However, the civilizations that have sprouted simultaneously around the world cannot fit into writing for this paper. Table 1 shows other featured ancient civilizations and their historical accounts related to drainage systems.

3.2 Government Action on the Management and Public Utilization of Drainage System

Planning and implementation of the government on the proper management of drainage systems are beneficial to prevent flooding, landslide, and potential health hazards. Climate change and urbanization are some of the factors that cause problems in drainage systems [ 22 ]. These factors can often lead to problems, especially if there are water quality problems, which may affect the health of the people when they are exposed to stormwater.

Government actions are often done through the conventional management of drainage systems to minimize the risk of flooding through directing the surface runoff, leading them to discharge and drains [ 23 ]. However, the conventional management of drainage systems is still not enough for the future problems that may happen. Drainage systems should be managed properly as it helps the people in their needs and provide solutions to the problems they encounter because of stormwater [ 17 ]. Government actions such as policies, ordinances, or environmental laws are some of the most common methods in the management of drainage system which can be sustainable for flood management [ 24 ]. Furthermore, the different methods on the management of drainage system that are used worldwide was shown in Table 2 .

Local Regulations on the Proper Waste Disposal. Implementation of the laws or ordinances by the government contributes to the management of drainage system worldwide. This includes the programs which motivates the public to participate in cleaning, storing, and properly dispose their waste in appropriate places to prevent drainage overflow. Laws regarding flood risk management can help in preventing flood risks [ 25 ], while ordinances on proper waste disposal contributes to the management of drainage systems. Since floods affects both life and properties, measures and policies are implemented worldwide to act for this problem. The Ghanaian government uses early warnings for flood and implements strategies that would help mitigate the risks of flooding [ 26 ]. This indicates that problems on drainage systems can be minimized through planning and developing strategies.

Implementation of Environmental Related Laws. Environmental laws that are proposed and implemented to protect the environment was also beneficial in the management of drainage systems. The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 or the Republic Act 9003 is an environmental related law in the Philippines where the reduction of solid waste as well as the proper disposal of solid waste were implemented in the country [ 27 ]. The United States also have environmental related laws which is the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990. This act focuses on the prevention of pollution through source reduction, whereas prevent improper disposal of waste indicating that waste should be disposed in an environmentally safe way [ 28 ]. This indicates that environmental laws are also implemented to properly dispose waste, which not only protects the environment, but also helps in the management of drainage systems through preventing problems like drainage overflow caused by improperly disposed garbage.

Different countries worldwide who have poor drainage systems often experience problems such as flooding due to heavy rains. These countries implement flood prevention measures; however, these measures only help in the redistribution of floodwater, but do not resolve the root cause of flooding [ 29 ]. Furthermore, laws should encourage people to follow the measures that can help mitigate flooding [ 30 ].

Responsibility of the Public Towards the Participation on Drainage System Management. The public benefits from drainage systems since it transports waste material and helps in preventing flood occurrence caused by accumulation of water in households. However, responsibility of the public towards the management of drainage systems should also be considered. Legal and environmental laws are implemented to manage the drainage systems, but public participation is also needed. Community involvement should be considered in the management of drainage systems [ 31 ]. Thus, stating the importance of the management of stormwater can help in encouraging the citizens to actively participate in the laws and ordinances by the government [ 32 ].

Interactions with communities particularly to citizens can also help in spreading awareness and allow them to analyze the importance of proper drainage system management [ 33 ]. The citizens and the government should equally help each other in the implementation of laws and ordinances [ 31 ] (Fig.  2 ). Moreover, the management of drainage systems should be through the cooperation of the government and the public to properly manage and minimize the problems encountered on drainage systems.

Source Adapted from [ 34 ]

Storm Water Management in Boise City, Oklahoma.

3.3 Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SuDS)

Drainage system management across the globe progresses as the environment changes caused by rapid urbanization and increased surface runoffs. From a broader perspective, this has been the main goal of introducing the Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SuDS) to most countries worldwide. This system provides the best management practices, low-impact developments (LI), and water-sensitivity design due to its imitation of natural hydrological processes such as infiltration, evapotranspiration, filtration, retention, and reuses [ 24 ]. It further intends to improve water quality and prevent the possibility of flooding to strengthen the city’s resilience [ 11 ]. It can be classified as green roofs, rainwater harvesting systems, permeable paving, swales, rain garden, etc. all under one purpose of reducing runoff volume and improving water quality control through infiltration, absorption, and channeling rainwater to avoid it from flowing directly to the sewage system [ 35 ]. The climate, on the other hand, is one of the influencing factors for the design of SuDS. This intends to state that while the climate varies, parameters and factors to be considered also change due to their hydrologic condition differences [ 23 ].

In the European Union, this intervention was seen as a “transitional pathway from conventional to sustainable flood management” [ 24 ]. Moreover, this sustainable way of transition works together with Green Infrastructure (GI) which focuses on the lenses of the environmental landscapes and was quoted to be a smart approach to preserving and making use of natural spaces within the city [ 11 ]. Despite the numerous findings on the efficacy of SuDS, Brazil is still challenged by its management toward mitigating urban floods due to insufficient legislation mainly in semi-arid regions [ 35 ]. Table 3 shows the different considerations for SuDS that are based on climate.

As seen in Table 3 , climate is a driving factor to consider for designing SuDS with varying parameters and factors. The parameters for the sub-tropical and semi-arid countries are almost the same, specifically the design consideration for the size of the pipes. As already mentioned, SuDS are designed for the management of stormwater runoff, and this depends on the volume of runoff a certain area receives. Consequently, for the sub-tropical countries, rainfall rate and total precipitation are valuable factors while the semi-arid considers soil moisture and dry periods for the location and details of the design [ 35 ]. Moreover, it has been found that subtropics are the best climate for SuDS application due to its high pollutant removal brought by high-intensity rainfalls [ 23 ].

SuDS Approach Technologies. The need for urban drainage management arises due to the continuous growth of the population over the years. As a response to this ongoing dilemma, global attention is geared toward the SuDS that creates a simultaneous result of both water quantity and quality for the drainage management systems. However, transitional frameworks shall be considered in accordance with the diverse adaptability of the cities involved [ 31 ]. Flood Mitigation, Pollutant Removal, and Aesthetics are one of the multicriteria Analysis for the design of SuDS depending on the place and its specifications such as the size and filter to be utilized [ 36 ].

Despite the positive agenda of this implementation to mitigate flooding, there are still barriers that are beyond the grasp of the engineering design which are the financial provisions and higher management approval. Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine justified this concern by highlighting the aggravated regulatory frameworks, as well as the major funding, powered by international sponsors promoted by the non-Government office (NGO) [ 37 ]. England and Wales on the other hand are not fully confident in this sustainable solution due to their separate call for addressing the concern in water quality and quantity which impedes the possibility of maximizing outputs with lower economic cost [ 38 ]. While some of the countries halted due to barriers present, most of the countries are welcoming this proposal with different approaches to SuDS and its effectiveness towards the reduction of surface runoff compared to conventional drainage management systems. Shown in Table 4 are some studies that highlighted the different SuDS and their corresponding the surface runoff reduction in different countries.

The table above shows the percentage of the reduced surface runoff for Brazil, Vietnam, and Berlin. As seen, different approaches were maximized for each country wherein Brazil showed favorability to pervious pavements on sidewalks (Fig.  3 a) as recorded with decreased flow volumes upon adaptation. But as compensation for areas where pervious pavements are not advisable such as free spaces, rain gardens are utilized instead [ 35 ]. In the case of Vietnam, the green roof (Fig.  3 b) showed the most effective response to flood mitigation while considering the load capacity of roofs, existing piping systems, and other relevant parameters that were specifically analyzed [ 36 ]. Berlin on the other hand also showed a different SuDS approach through Rain Gardens or the intervention of green spaces. Rain garden boasts a visual statement for passerby, which offers more function than stated as seen in Fig.  3 c. This intervention was studied for a year suggesting situating SuDS downstream of streets to maximize its purpose [ 39 ]. Overall, it can be inferred that SuDS varies depending on the adaptation of the countries. Technical factors such as climate, topography, and population can come up with the best solution suited for the location.

Source Adapted from [ 40 ], b Green roof at the Flight office building, Denver. Source Adapted from [ 41 ], c Rain Gardens between a road and sidewalk. Source Adapted from [ 42 ]

a Pervious pavements.

4 Conclusion

Countries worldwide experience rampant problems involving drainage systems. Heavy rains lead to problems in drainage systems such as flooding where the discharge of water goes beyond the drainage capacity [ 43 ] affecting the lives and properties of communities as well as risks that these problems impose on public health. This paper discussed the different approaches for the proper management of drainage systems worldwide. The management of drainage systems is important to prevent problems such as flooding, drainage overflow, and health-related concerns. In order to manage drainage systems, different approaches were taken by countries worldwide.

Approaches such as (1) Historical development of drainage system management (2) Government actions on the management and public utilization of drainage system, (3) Management of drainage system resources through Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SuDS) including the application of technological innovation in the management of drainage systems.

Historical Development of Drainage System Management. Archaic civilizations have allowed the innovation of stormwater management which gave way to a practical and modern way for the modern urban drainage system to flourish.

Government Actions on the Management and Public Utilization of Drainage System. The relationship between the citizens and the government should be analyzed to determine the impacts of cooperation toward the proper management of drainage systems.

Management of Drainage System Resources through Sustainable Urban Drainage System (Suds). The SuDS varies on the factors such as climate, topography, and population which can help provide the best practical solution to the problems of drainage system management. Modeling and simulation through technological innovation of drainage systems should also be emphasized to generate future ideas that may help resolve problems in drainage systems.

Moreover, identifying the different approaches to drainage system management can help other countries to determine the best practice and approaches suitable for them. Furthermore, among the different approaches towards the proper management of drainage systems, it is important to know the most appropriate approach considering the available resources and practices that are most suitable for the needs and capabilities of the country.

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Acknowledgements

The proponents would like to express our most incredible gratitude and acknowledge National University—Manila particularly the Research and Development (NURD) Office for their support towards the presentation and publication of this research in the international stage.

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Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering, National University, 1008, Manila, Philippines

Gabriel Lloyd C. Malinay, Clariz D. Santos, Gayle Ann Marie B. Sarmiento & David B. Sanson

Department of Civil Engineering, National University, 1008, Manila, Philippines

Franz D. Santos

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Marco Casini

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Malinay, G.L.C., Santos, C.D., Sarmiento, G.A.M.B., Santos, F.D., Sanson, D.B. (2024). A Review of Approaches to Drainage System Management: Current Status and Future Research Directions. In: Casini, M. (eds) Proceedings of the 3rd International Civil Engineering and Architecture Conference. CEAC 2023. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 389. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6368-3_57

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6368-3_57

Published : 06 February 2024

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