public international law essay topics

Free International Law Essay Examples & Topics

If you’re looking for international law essay examples or writing ideas, you’re in the right place. Our team has worked out a list of international law topics for an essay that can help you write your paper. We’ve explored why it’s worth your time to study it as well. Thus, first of all, we invite you to understand what international law is.

International law (same as public international law) is the set of legal rules, standards, principles, and norms between sovereign states and other international legal actors. These rules are recognized by most states and can be applied to govern the relationships between them.

So, why study it?

The primary purpose international law is maintaining peace and justice. That’s when the importance of international law becomes clear. Without it, countries would not be able to solve issues in an organized manner.

Another critical role of international law is promoting business-related and industrial development worldwide. International law and its principles view economic growth as a global public responsibility. Trading, negotiating, producing, and investing worldwide is possible due to standard norms and shared regulations.

11 International Law Essay Topics

To be able to write an exceptional international law essay, you need an excellent paper idea. Here you will get some amazing topics ! You can use these international law essay ideas for composing your paper or read them for inspiration.

Use the following ideas to practice or complete your assignment:

• The evolution of antitrust laws in the UK.
• Comparison of gun control laws in the US and Sweden.
• Child labor in the global economy and laws against it.
• Rules of private international law.
• Conflicts of regulations in public international laws.
• Why do nations have to obey modern international law?
• New international commercial court drafting of laws.
• Reasons why the former first lady of Ivory Coast is tried for crimes against humanity.
• Palestinian territory occupied: possible ways to resolve the conflict.
• “Access the Sea” case in Bolivia and Chile.
• Influence of the United Nations on modern international law.

7 International Law Essay Questions

In this paragraph, we’ve combined a list of international law essay questions. They are useful for numerous reasons, some of which we’ve already explained above. The key aspect is that they can help you practice writing international public law essays.

Here are our seven international law assignment topics:

• List the theories that explain the relationships between domestic and international law.

In this essay, a student is invited to explore the relationships between domestic and international laws. Indeed, these relationships are genuinely complex. While listing theories, try to answer the question about the position of domestic law within the international one.

• Explain what is the role of international law in the modern world?

It’s a great essay topic that gives a lot of space for students to develop ideas. Indeed, the role of international law in the modern world is hard to overestimate.

• Analyze legal systems of Asia and Africa.

An analysis of these two legal systems can be a fascinating endeavor. Additionally, explain what the difference between “laws” and “legal systems” is.

• Illustrate legal justifications for the use of force?

Here, we urge students to explain the legal thinking behind the implementation of force. Illustrate when and how legal entities can apply the laws on the use of power.

• What do you think about Kosovo as a state?

It’s a pretty personal question. However, be mindful of basing your response on the laws and principles of international law. A great topic that can capture the reader’s attention if delivered correctly.

• Show the importance of recognition within the international legal system.

Here you should demonstrate what importance acknowledgment plays in international law. Additionally, enumerate the conditions nations should fulfill to be recognized.

• Discuss the extent to which international law protects the rights of minorities?

When answering this essay question, keep in mind how international law defines minorities and what it does to protect these groups. Explain who can claim minority rights.

11 International Law Research Paper Topics

Below, we’ve collected interesting and easy international law topics for research papers. Check them out!

• The role of international law in solving global environmental issues.
• How to balance international obligations regarding human rights and state sovereignty.
• The international criminal court’s effectiveness and challenges.
• How international trade law impacts global economic relations.
• Protecting civilians in war zones according to international humanitarian law.
• How international refugee law evolved: challenges and responses.
• The role of international law in combating transnational organized crime.
• Ways of balancing innovation and access to knowledge according to international intellectual property law.
• Historical and current conflicts related to territorial disputes.
• Indigenous peoples and their rights under international law.
• Effectiveness and limitations of the United Nations peacekeeping operations.

15 Public International Law Assignment Topics

This collection of public international law essay topics delves into diverse areas of the subject. Check them out below:

• Liability regarding state responsibility for environmental damage.
• How international organizations promote global health and well-being.
• What legal challenges does international law face in the digital age?
• Ways of balancing preservation and security in protecting cultural heritage during armed conflicts.
• The rights and obligations of states during the refugee crisis.
• International legal approaches and cooperation in combating transnational terrorism.
• International trade law and dispute resolution in global commerce.
• The right to self-determination in indigenous peoples in the context of international legal frameworks.
• State obligations in mitigating climate change.
• Analysis of the responsibility to protect (r2p) and its implementation challenges.
• Violations of international humanitarian law in non-state armed groups.
• The use of force in international law during humanitarian interventions.
• Corporate accountability for violations of human rights: what are the legal avenues for redress?
• International criminal law and accountability for war crimes.
• Ways of balancing maritime interests and environmental conservation.

Thank you so much for reading our article. We hope it can help you in your next international law assignment. Now you can check the free essays below to see how other students handled the task.

90 Best Essay Examples on International Law

Obama had authority to order operation geronimo, global justice in modern world.

• Words: 2073

Costa Rica v. Nicaragua Maritime Delimitation

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Legal Standard of Genocide: The Enduring Problem

The vienna convention on the law of treaties, eu’s single market: article 36 tfeu.

• Words: 3000

Transnational Crime and International Policing

• Words: 1944

Terrorism, Human Trafficking, and International Response

• Words: 1201

Legality of Operation Neptune Spear (Geronimo)

• Words: 1107

The Discussion of the Geneva Convention

United states supreme court justices, the main sources of international humanitarian law, the foxtrot marines boarding in the territorial sea, operation geronimo’s international liability, the international covenant on social and cultural rights: ratification by cyprus.

• Words: 2322

US Constitution and International Law & Policy

Aspects of the u.n. charter and the us constitution, discussion thread: international court, estonia’s membership in the un security council.

• Words: 1183

The European Union Infringement Procedure

• Words: 1472

Being Outside International Criminal Court Jurisdiction

The russo-ukrainian war’s impact on the world.

• Words: 1497

The Smart Border Declaration by the USA and Canada

International law: definition and uses.

• Words: 1058

The European Group of Legal Systems

• Words: 1413

Aspects of Talent Visas

Article 102 of the treaty of the functioning of the european union: abuse of dominance.

• Words: 1997

Choice of Law in Contract Under Rome Convention

• Words: 11144

Conceptualizing Sovereignty Transformations

• Words: 1528

Reaction Paper about Treaty Bodies of Human Rights 2020

The paris club in the international law context.

• Words: 1654

How Powerful Is the European Parliament in the EU Decision Making Process?

• Words: 2750

International Law, Security, and Global Peace

• Words: 2418

The Concept of Transnational Public Policy

• Words: 5620

Australia’s Federal System Is in Need of Reform

• Words: 1574

The Concept of Jurisdiction in International Law

Human trafficking: enforcing laws worldwide.

• Words: 1110

International Law: Extradition of Terrorists

Time for revision and reinterpretation.

• Words: 2548

Recognition in International Affairs

• Words: 1215

Human Rights and Laws on the International Level

Nuclear weapons resolutions and international law.

• Words: 1158

International Law and Its Adoption by Nation States

Vienna convention on law of treaties, international law: war crimes and crimes against humanity.

• Words: 4971

Jurisdiction and Immunities from Jurisdiction

International court punishing rape in armed conflict.

• Words: 4570

Bribery and Corruption in International Arbitration

• Words: 5014

Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe

• Words: 1089

Resettlement Support Center Africa in the US

Effects of the uk exit from the union.

• Words: 2562

Marxism and International Law

• Words: 1395

Transforming the Existing International Humanitarian Law

• Words: 3067

Oil-For-Food Program: International Law Issues

• Words: 1973

Temple of Preah Vihear: Cambodia vs Thailand

• Words: 1001

International Judicial Review and Culture

International law in the 20th century history.

• Words: 1172

Genocide in the “Ghost of Rwanda” Documentary

• Words: 1156

Genocide Factors in Rwanda and Cambodia

• Words: 2481

Global Commons and International Environmental Policies

Trademark laws between the us and china.

• Words: 1384

Identifying the Concepts of the International Law

Human life regulation by united nations documents, syrians’ protection by international community.

• Words: 1424

International Criminal Justice and Atrocity

• Words: 4141

Transnational Organized Crime and Its Factors

The flags of convenience’ system.

• Words: 1115

Service of the United Nations and Reparations

• Words: 3236

EU Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive

• Words: 2224

Assassination: Moral, Legal, Political and Practical Views

• Words: 2570

Legitimacy of International Criminal Law

• Words: 1119

Human Rights and Legal Framework in Poor Countries

• Words: 1265

Maritime Conflict: Offshore Political Geography

Us opposition to international law, international law: the nature of power and legitimacy, public international law: norms and sources, international law and its regulations, politics: the gulf cooperation council trade agreements, the free movement of persons under the european union law.

• Words: 1438

Principle of International Law

• Words: 3321

Law in the International System and Its Aspects

• Words: 1912

International Relations Issues

The principle of non-intervention in contemporary international law.

• Words: 1484

International Law and Vienna Conventions

• Words: 1506

The right of self-determination in International law

• Words: 4273

International Law is not really law

• Words: 2045

International Legal Norms

• Words: 2227

The Efficacy, Nature and Debates of the Modern International Law

Prescriptive jurisdiction and enforcement jurisdiction in international law, highs and lows of the geneva convention.

• Words: 2135

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International Law Guide

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See also...

Foreign Law Guide

General Guides and Resources for Public International Law

• GlobaLex Research guides to international law (by subject) and foreign law (by jurisdiction) from NYU's Hauser Global Law School Program.

• ASIL Research Guide to Public International Law An up-to-date guide to treaty and other public international law research with an emphasis on online resources. From the American Society of International Law.

Criminal Law

• ASIL Research Guide to International Criminal Law
• Research Guides to the International Criminal Courts for the Former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone From GlobaLex.
• Comparative Criminal Procedure: A Selected Bibliography From GlobaLex.
• International Criminal Court Legal Tools Provides access to documents important to international criminal law, including treaties, judgments and decisions, summaries of domestic criminal justice systems in many countries including relevant statutes or codes, and commentary on international criminal law and other aspects of international law.

Environmental Law

• ECOLEX: A Gateway to Environmental Law
• United Nations Environment Programme
• ASIL Research Guide to International Environmental Law
• A Basic Guide to International Environmental Legal Research From GlobaLex.

Human Rights and Humanitarian Law

• UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)
• OHCHR Jurisprudence Database Contains recommendations and findings from the various UN human rights committees that consider complaints from individuals.
• Refworld UNHCR's comprehensive information source on refugee status includes treaties, legislation and court decisions, as well as information organized by country and topic.
• European Court of Human Rights Pending cases, judgments, basic texts and a complete index to all ECHR judgments.
• Bayefsky.com: The United Nations Human Rights Treaties
• ICRC's Customary International Humanitarian Law Database A free online version of their two-volume publication.
• University of Minnesota Human Rights Library
• Human Rights Library: Collections on the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and Inter-American Commission on Human Rights From the University of Minnesota.
• ESCR-Net Caselaw Database Database of domestic, international, and quasi-judicial cases and decisions on economic, social and cultural rights.
• U.S. Department of State - Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
• Project Diana: An Online Human Rights Case Archive From Yale Law School.
• ASIL Research Guide to International Human Rights
• ASIL Research Guide to International Humanitarian Law
• International Human Rights Research Guide From GlobaLex.
• ICJ E-bulletin on Counter-Terrorism and Human Rights International Commission of Jurist's free monthly publication of legal developments in the fields of counter-terrorism and human rights.

Intellectual Property

• WIPO: World Intellectual Property Organization
• WIPO Lex Collection of intellectual property legislation (in English) from WIPO member countries.
• AIPPI - International Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property An international NGO devoted to the "the development and improvement of intellectual property." The Questions/Committees section contains country-by-country reports on specific intellectual property law topics.
• European Patent Office
• U.S. Patent & Trademark Office General information, forms, and a free searchable patent and trademark database.
• U.S. Copyright Office Copyright basics, law, forms, and other materials available through the Library of Congress, the entity responsible for copyrights.
• ASIL Research Guide to International Intellectual Property Law
• IP Precedents Database Database of English translations of precedential domestic court decisions on IP topics; from the Research Center for the Legal System of Intellectual Property.

Law of the Sea

• United Nations: Oceans and Law of the Sea
• International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
• International Seabed Authority
• UVA Center for Oceans Law & Policy
• ASIL Research Guide to Law of the Sea

Trade, Investment or Economic Law

• GATT Documents Online From the WTO.
• GATT Digital Library From Stanford University.
• WorldTradeLaw.net
• International Trade Database: Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods From Pace University.
• Trans-Lex.org Research platform for transnational commercial law from the Center for Transnational Law, Cologne University, Germany.
• SICE - Foreign Trade Information System From the Organization of American States.
• United States International Trade Commission
• United States Trade Representative
• Harmonized Tariff Schedule

• ASIL Research Guide to International Economic Law
• ASIL Research Guide to International Commercial Arbitration
• Research Guide on the Harmonization of International Commercial Law From GlobaLex.

Women's Rights

• Women's Human Rights Resources From the University of Toronto.
• Women's Human Rights Documents From the University of Minnesota.
• Women's Rights Links From the University of Minnesota.
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International Law Research Paper Topics

This page presents a comprehensive collection of international law research paper topics , curated to aid students studying law in their research endeavors. International law is a multifaceted field with diverse areas of study, and this page aims to provide students with an extensive list of topics that can serve as a foundation for their research papers. By exploring these topics, students can delve into various aspects of international law, such as human rights, criminal law, environmental law, trade law, and humanitarian law, among others. This page also offers insights into how to choose compelling international law research paper topics, tips on writing a coherent and impactful paper, and highlights the custom international law research paper writing services provided by iResearchNet. The ultimate goal is to empower students to embark on an enriching and successful academic journey in the realm of international law research.

100 International Law Research Paper Topics

International law encompasses a vast array of subjects, reflecting the intricate and interconnected nature of global affairs. As students of law, exploring these topics can open new horizons and deepen their understanding of how international legal frameworks shape our world. This comprehensive list presents 10 categories, each comprising 10 diverse and thought-provoking international law research paper topics. Whether you are interested in human rights, environmental protection, trade regulations, or armed conflicts, these topics offer a wealth of opportunities for academic exploration and intellectual growth.

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• The Universality of Human Rights: A Global Perspective
• Human Rights and Armed Conflicts: Challenges and Protections
• Gender Equality and Women’s Rights in International Law
• The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Promoting Human Rights
• Freedom of Speech and Expression in the Digital Age
• Human Rights Violations and the Responsibility to Protect (R2P)
• Children’s Rights and Child Protection Laws Internationally
• The Right to Asylum: Refugee Protection and International Law
• Combating Human Trafficking: International Legal Frameworks
• Indigenous Peoples’ Rights and Cultural Heritage Preservation
• Climate Change and Global Efforts for Environmental Protection
• Biodiversity Conservation and the Convention on Biological Diversity
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Environmental Justice
• Transboundary Pollution and International Liability
• The Role of International Courts and Tribunals in Environmental Disputes
• The Precautionary Principle in International Environmental Law
• Oceans Governance and the Protection of Marine Resources
• International Agreements on Wildlife Conservation and Endangered Species
• Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Rights: Perspectives and Challenges
• The Economics of Environmental Protection: Balancing Trade and Conservation
• World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Multilateral Trading System
• Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and Regional Economic Integration
• Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) Mechanisms in Trade Agreements
• Intellectual Property Rights and International Trade
• Trade and Labor Standards: Addressing Social Issues in Global Commerce
• Environmental Protection in International Trade: Conflicts and Synergies
• Trade Remedies: Anti-dumping, Countervailing, and Safeguard Measures
• Trade Liberalization and Economic Development: Case Studies
• Cross-Border E-Commerce and Digital Trade Regulations
• Challenges of Trade in Services: Legal and Regulatory Perspectives
• The International Criminal Court (ICC) and Its Role in Ending Impunity
• Prosecuting War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity: Legal Challenges
• Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Prosecute
• The Evolution of International Criminal Law: From Nuremberg to the ICC
• The Principle of Universal Jurisdiction: Holding Perpetrators Accountable
• Truth and Reconciliation Commissions in Post-Conflict Societies
• The Role of the United Nations in Combating International Crimes
• War Criminals and Refugees: The Intersection of Criminal and Migration Law
• Cyberwarfare and the Application of International Criminal Law
• Combating Terrorism: Legal Approaches and Human Rights Concerns
• The Geneva Conventions and the Protection of War Victims
• Targeted Killings and Drones: The Legal Challenges of Modern Warfare
• The Principle of Proportionality in Armed Conflicts
• War Crimes and Accountability in Non-International Armed Conflicts
• The Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflicts
• Autonomous Weapons and the Ethics of Lethal Autonomous Systems (LAS)
• The Role of National Courts in Prosecuting War Crimes
• The Humanitarian Impact of Economic Sanctions and Trade Embargoes
• Children in Armed Conflicts: From Recruitment to Rehabilitation
• Humanitarian Assistance and the Challenges of Providing Aid in Conflict Zones
• Comparative Constitutional Law: Analyzing Different Legal Systems and Their Impact on Global Governance
• The Role of International Law in Shaping Domestic Constitutions
• Constitutional Design and State Building in Post-Conflict Societies
• Human Rights and Constitutional Protections: Assessing the Impact of International Treaties
• Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law: Ensuring Effective Governance in International Relations
• Judicial Independence and the Enforcement of Constitutional Rights in International Contexts
• The Impact of International Institutions on National Constitutions
• The Right to Privacy in the Digital Age: Balancing National Security and Civil Liberties
• Federalism and the Division of Powers in Constitutional Design
• The Role of Constitutional Courts in Protecting Democratic Principles
• Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions: Legal and Regulatory Challenges
• International Commercial Arbitration: Enforcement and Recognition of Awards
• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Multinational Corporations
• Foreign Investment Protection and Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs)
• International Contract Law and Choice of Law Clauses
• Dispute Resolution in International Trade: Litigation vs. Arbitration
• Intellectual Property Rights and International Business Transactions
• International Trade Law and the World Trade Organization (WTO)
• Corporate Governance and Compliance in International Business
• Environmental and Social Responsibility in International Business
• Double Taxation Treaties: Legal Implications and Challenges
• Transfer Pricing and Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)
• Tax Havens and Their Impact on Global Taxation
• Taxation of Digital Economy and E-commerce Transactions
• Taxation of Multinational Corporations: Fairness and Equity Concerns
• Tax Avoidance vs. Tax Evasion: Legal Distinctions and Consequences
• Taxation of Foreign Source Income and Territorial vs. Worldwide Tax Systems
• Developing Countries and International Taxation: Bridging the Gap
• The Role of International Organizations in Shaping Global Tax Policies
• Addressing Tax Challenges Arising from the COVID-19 Pandemic
• The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and Its Implementation
• Maritime Boundaries and Dispute Resolution in the South China Sea
• Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) and Marine Resource Management
• Freedom of Navigation and Maritime Security in the Indian Ocean
• Environmental Protection in the High Seas: Addressing Pollution and Overfishing
• Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea: Legal Responses and Jurisdictional Challenges
• Submarine Cables and Cybersecurity in International Waters
• The Role of International Tribunals in Resolving Maritime Disputes
• Deep Sea Mining and the Regulation of Exploitation of Marine Resources
• Indigenous Rights and Traditional Knowledge in Marine Conservation
• Diplomatic Negotiations and Conflict Resolution in International Relations
• The Role of Mediation in Resolving International Disputes
• International Arbitration: Institutional Frameworks and Best Practices
• The Use of Force and Armed Conflict: Legal Perspectives on Peacekeeping
• Compliance with International Court Judgments and Decisions
• The Settlement of Territorial Disputes: Case Studies and Legal Approaches
• The Role of Non-State Actors in International Conflict Resolution
• The Legality of Targeted Sanctions and Economic Coercion
• The Use of International Courts and Tribunals in Human Rights Disputes
• The Role of Regional Organizations in Conflict Mediation and Resolution

In conclusion, the field of international law offers a vast array of research topics that delve into critical global issues, ranging from human rights and environmental protection to trade and business regulations. Scholars and students of law can explore the complexities of international relations, the challenges of cross-border disputes, and the ever-evolving legal frameworks that shape the international community. The comprehensive list of international law research paper topics provided above serves as a starting point for students to delve deeper into their areas of interest and contribute to the understanding and development of international law. Through diligent research and critical analysis, they can further advance the principles of justice, equality, and cooperation on the global stage.

Exploring the Range of International Law Research Paper Topics

International law is a complex and dynamic field that governs the interactions between nations and other actors in the global community. As a crucial component of the global legal system, international law encompasses a diverse range of topics that have significant implications for peace, security, human rights, trade, and cooperation among nations. Researching international law research paper topics offers students a unique opportunity to delve into the intricacies of international relations, diplomatic relations, and the role of international organizations in promoting peace and stability.

• The Sources of International Law : This topic explores the various sources of international law, including treaties, customary international law, general principles of law, and decisions of international courts and tribunals. Students can investigate the hierarchy of these sources and their application in resolving disputes between states.
• International Human Rights Law : This area of international law deals with the protection and promotion of human rights on a global scale. Research topics may cover issues like the role of international human rights organizations, the enforcement of human rights treaties, and the impact of human rights violations on international relations.
• International Humanitarian Law : Also known as the law of armed conflict or the law of war, this branch of international law governs the conduct of parties during armed conflicts. Students can explore topics such as the protection of civilians in armed conflicts, the use of force in self-defense, and the prosecution of war crimes.
• International Environmental Law : With growing concerns about climate change and environmental degradation, international environmental law has become increasingly relevant. Research topics may include international agreements on climate change, biodiversity conservation, and the responsibility of states for transboundary environmental harm.
• International Criminal Law : This field focuses on the prosecution of individuals for international crimes, such as genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. Students can investigate the role of international criminal tribunals, the challenges of obtaining evidence in international cases, and the pursuit of justice for victims of international crimes.
• International Trade Law : International trade is essential for global economic development and cooperation. Research topics in this area may cover international trade agreements, dispute settlement mechanisms in trade disputes, and the impact of trade policies on developing nations.
• Law of the Sea : This branch of international law governs the use and protection of the world’s oceans and resources. Students can explore topics such as the rights and responsibilities of states in their maritime zones, the protection of marine biodiversity, and the resolution of disputes over territorial waters.
• International Investment Law : As globalization continues to shape economic relationships, international investment law has gained prominence. Research topics may include the regulation of foreign direct investment, investor-state dispute settlement mechanisms, and the balance between investor rights and host state regulatory powers.
• International Arbitration and Mediation : International dispute resolution is essential for maintaining peaceful relations among states. Students can explore topics such as the effectiveness of international arbitration and mediation in resolving conflicts, the role of international organizations in facilitating dispute resolution, and the enforcement of arbitral awards.
• Cybersecurity and International Law : With the rise of cyber threats and cyber warfare, international law has grappled with issues of cyber sovereignty, cyber espionage, and the application of existing legal principles to cyberspace. Research topics may delve into the challenges of attributing cyber-attacks, the development of international norms for responsible state behavior in cyberspace, and the protection of human rights in the digital age.

In conclusion, international law offers a vast array of research paper topics that reflect the complexities and challenges of the global legal landscape. As students delve into these topics, they gain a deeper understanding of the intricacies of international relations, human rights, trade, and conflict resolution. Exploring the multifaceted nature of international law research allows students to critically analyze the role of law in shaping the conduct of states and the broader international community, fostering a deeper appreciation for the significance of international law in today’s interconnected world.

How to Choose International Law Research Paper Topics

Selecting a compelling and relevant research paper topic is essential to the success of any academic endeavor. In the context of international law, choosing the right research topic requires careful consideration of various factors that can shape the scope and impact of the research. Whether you are a law student, an aspiring international lawyer, or a researcher interested in global legal issues, the following guide provides valuable insights on how to choose international law research paper topics that are engaging, insightful, and contribute meaningfully to the field of international law.

• Identify Your Area of Interest : International law is a vast and diverse field encompassing numerous sub-disciplines, including human rights law, environmental law, international trade law, and more. Start by identifying your specific area of interest within international law. Reflect on the subjects that intrigue you the most and the issues you are passionate about. This will serve as the foundation for selecting a research topic that resonates with your academic and professional aspirations.
• Stay Abreast of Current Developments : International law is constantly evolving to address contemporary global challenges and opportunities. Keeping up to date with current international legal developments, landmark cases, and significant treaties and agreements can provide valuable inspiration for research topics. Consider exploring emerging issues and debates in the field, as these can offer unique opportunities for original research and innovative insights.
• Analyze Relevant Legal Frameworks : International law operates within a complex web of legal frameworks, including treaties, conventions, and customary international law. Analyzing these legal sources can help you identify gaps, contradictions, or areas where further research is needed. Topics that delve into the interpretation and application of international legal instruments can add depth and value to your research.
• Consider Timeliness and Relevance : A relevant and timely research topic is more likely to capture the attention of readers and contribute to ongoing discussions in the field. Consider the significance of your chosen topic in the context of current global events, policy debates, or emerging challenges. Topics that address pressing international issues, such as climate change, human rights violations, or cybersecurity threats, can have a significant impact on both academic and policy circles.
• Review Existing Literature : Conduct a thorough literature review to understand the existing body of research on your chosen topic. This will help you identify gaps in the literature that you can explore in your research. Additionally, reviewing existing studies can provide insights into the methodologies and approaches used by other researchers, informing your own research design.
• Balance Complexity and Feasibility : While it is essential to select a topic that reflects the complexities of international law, it is equally important to ensure that your research is feasible within the scope and limitations of your academic assignment or project. Avoid overly broad or ambitious topics that may be challenging to address comprehensively within the available time and resources.
• Consult with Professors and Experts : Seek guidance and advice from your professors, academic advisors, or experts in the field of international law. They can provide valuable insights into potential research topics, relevant literature, and methodologies. Engaging in discussions with experienced scholars can help refine your research question and add depth to your analysis.
• Focus on Practical Implications : Consider the practical implications of your research topic in the real world. How might your findings impact international relations, legal practices, or policymaking? Research that offers practical solutions to global challenges or sheds light on pressing legal issues can have a more significant impact on the field of international law.
• Address Controversial Issues : International law often involves contentious and complex topics that evoke strong opinions and debates. Embracing controversial issues can lead to thought-provoking research that challenges existing norms and perceptions. However, ensure that you approach such topics with sensitivity and a commitment to unbiased analysis.
• Conduct a Preliminary Study : Before finalizing your research topic, conduct a preliminary study to gather relevant information and assess the availability of data and resources. This will help you determine whether your chosen topic is viable and whether you can access the necessary materials to conduct a comprehensive study.

In conclusion, choosing the right international law research paper topic is a critical step in producing a successful and impactful piece of academic work. By identifying your area of interest, staying informed about current developments, analyzing legal frameworks, and considering the timeliness and relevance of your topic, you can select a research question that is both intellectually stimulating and practically significant. Engage with existing literature, seek guidance from experts, and balance the complexity and feasibility of your research to ensure a rewarding and insightful exploration of international law issues.

How to Write an International Law Research Paper

Writing an international law research paper requires careful planning, rigorous research, and a structured approach to presenting your arguments and findings. Whether you are a law student or a seasoned researcher, mastering the art of academic writing in the field of international law is essential to communicate your ideas effectively and contribute to the broader legal discourse. This section provides a comprehensive guide on how to write an international law research paper, from choosing a suitable research question to crafting a well-organized and persuasive paper.

• Define Your Research Question : The first step in writing an international law research paper is to define a clear and focused research question. Your research question should be specific, relevant, and aligned with your area of interest within international law. It should address a significant legal issue or gap in the literature and demonstrate your research objectives.
• Conduct a Thorough Literature Review : Before diving into your research, conduct a comprehensive literature review to understand the existing scholarship on your chosen topic. This will help you identify key debates, theoretical frameworks, and gaps in the literature that your research can address. A strong literature review serves as the foundation for your research paper and provides context for your study.
• Develop a Well-Structured Outline : Organize your research paper with a clear and logical structure. Create an outline that includes an introduction, literature review, methodology, main body sections, analysis of findings, and conclusion. Each section should flow seamlessly into the next, guiding the reader through your research process.
• Craft a Compelling Introduction : The introduction sets the tone for your research paper and should capture the reader’s attention. Start with a hook or a thought-provoking question related to your research topic. Provide background information on the issue at hand and clearly state your research question and objectives. Conclude the introduction with a strong thesis statement that outlines the main argument of your paper.
• Conduct Rigorous Research : International law research papers require a robust research methodology. Depending on your research question, you may use various methods, such as legal analysis, case studies, empirical research, or comparative analysis. Ensure that you use credible and authoritative sources for your research and cite them properly using the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
• Analyze and Present Your Findings : In the main body of your research paper, present your findings and analyze them in-depth. Use a clear and coherent structure to present your arguments and evidence. Use relevant case law, treaties, and legal principles to support your analysis and draw well-reasoned conclusions.
• Address Counterarguments : Acknowledge and address counterarguments to your research findings. Demonstrating that you have considered opposing viewpoints and providing a thoughtful rebuttal strengthens the credibility and persuasiveness of your research.
• Consider Policy Implications : In international law, research often has practical implications for policymakers and legal practitioners. Discuss the potential policy implications of your findings and offer recommendations for addressing the legal issue at hand. This demonstrates the real-world relevance of your research.
• Maintain a Cohesive Writing Style : Use clear and concise language throughout your research paper. Avoid jargon and technical terms that may confuse the reader. Maintain a cohesive writing style, ensuring that each paragraph and section contributes to the overall argument of your paper.
• Write a Strong Conclusion : The conclusion is your opportunity to summarize your key findings, restate your thesis statement, and highlight the significance of your research. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion and instead, focus on leaving the reader with a lasting impression of your research’s importance and potential impact.
• Edit and Revise : After completing your first draft, take the time to edit and revise your research paper. Check for clarity, coherence, grammar, and proper citation. Consider seeking feedback from peers or professors to gain valuable insights and improve the overall quality of your paper.
• Review Formatting and Citations : Ensure that your research paper adheres to the required formatting guidelines, such as font size, margins, and line spacing. Double-check your citations and references to avoid plagiarism and maintain academic integrity.

By following these steps and guidelines, you can craft a well-structured, persuasive, and impactful international law research paper. Remember to approach your research with curiosity and dedication, as it is through thorough exploration and analysis that you can make meaningful contributions to the field of international law.

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116 International Law Essay Topics

🏆 best essay topics on international law, ✍️ international law essay topics for college, 📌 easy international law essay topics, 👍 good international law research topics & essay examples, ❓ international law essay questions.

• The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
• Protection of Marine Environment Under International Law: Treaties and International Legal Instruments
• International Business Law, Its Role and Issues
• International Marine Pollution Law
• International Finance Law and Economics
• Customary International Law as Source of Law
• International Criminal Law and Measures
• Individual Legal Personality in International Law The individual is a legal personality once involved in a legal system and gained rights and obligations. The question is if the legal status can be on an international basis.
• International Law Critique From Realist Perspective This paper discusses the popular theoretical perspective of realism in the context of international law and analyzes the weaknesses of political realism.
• International Climate Change Law and National Acts The growing number of countries involved in the fight against environmental problems is seen as a positive step. As a justification, the scope of emission coverage is considered.
• International Trade Law: Cif Contract CIF contracts are one of the most popular trade agreements between a buyer and a seller in the sphere of international trade when sea carriage is used.
• The Terrorism Definition in International Law Terrorism is an anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by (semi-) clandestine individual, group, or state actors.
• International Law and Action: The Rebuttal Recently, Country Bravo experienced terrorist attacks from a militant terrorist organization based in a nearby Country, Alpha.
• International Law and Conflicts in Jurisdiction Courts, political or administrative offices, and, in several contexts, law-enforcement agencies can all be considered examples of formally sanctioned legal bodies.
• International Law and Its Developmental Process International law must develop permanently. This is explained by the fact that states and their relationships are evolving; thus, the law must meet the requirements of modernity.
• Articles about Global Issues: Reading Summary and Reflective Comments This paper presents reading summary and reflective comments on two articles: “Understanding international law” and “Global issues: Politics, economics, and culture”.
• Was President Obama Legally Justified in Executing Operation Geronimo? The legality of Operation Geronimo and the killing of the leader of the terrorist organization Al-Qaeda Osama bin Laden in Pakistan remains debatable in terms of liberal democracy.
• International Law: States’ Right to Self-Determination A state C is exploited by state A with the permission of state B, state P initiates proceedings against A with regard to resources and land belonging to the impoverished state C.
• Red Cross and International Humanitarian Law The following document will look at Red Cross as an international body its date of formation as well as the requirements that one has to have before joining.
• The Concept of Fairness in the EU Competition Law A critical review of Dunne’s article on the concept of fairness in the EU competition law under current market conditions was provided.
• The International Law Rules in the Space Despite the insignificant presence of people in space, every action out of Earth is governed by international law rules, including autonomous space exploration.
• Global Health Law: International Law and Public Health Policy Although the global health system is not an organized system, there is a network of small organizations that serve as a global instrument in sustaining global health.
• Developing States-World Trade Organization Conflict The latest conflict between developing countries and World Trade Organization (WTO) is concerns international patent laws.
• International Law in Relation to Nation States The greatest purpose of international law is to supervise the deportment of different member states in a bid to uphold sound relations for the benefit of all.
• Law of the Sea Treaty: The Use of the World’s Seas The purpose of the treaty was to come up with a comprehensive rules governing the oceans and replacing the previous conventions of 1958 and that of 1961.
• International Law: Formation History International law is concerned with regulating activities between different countries as well as the procedures that regulate international institutions like the United Nations.
• International Norms, Values, and Law Enforcement International law is defined as the amalgamation of rules of conduct deduced from reasoning as components to justice, from the societal constructs of independent states.
• International Politics. A More Secure World This article is a report which was made by a High-level Panel on the threats, challenges, and change that the world is faced with.
• Law in International Relations: The Avena Case The Avena case started on 31 March 2004 with the United States’ defeat in the international law arena, illustrates the attitude of the US to the imperative of international law.
• History of Cold War and International Law During the Cold War, there were many reasons for both the US and USSR to be equally interested in preserving the integrity of international law.
• International Law and CIA Rendition Rendition means transferring individuals perceived to be criminals from one state to the other. In the current international system, rendition is the major cause of controversy.
• Legal Personality Development in International Law The matter of the part of the individual in international law was an issue for decades. The work analyzes the process of development of the legal personality.
• International Law, Organizations, and Power It is hard to underestimate the power of international law. Organizations like the UN influence all sorts of global relations among countries.
• Individual in the International Legal System Since the institution of international law, numerous scholars have focused on the subject of the status of the individual in the international legal framework.
• Russian and European International Competition Law This paper compares competition law on restrictive business practices in Russia with provisions of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.
• International Business Law: The Case of Metorex and Chin Wah and Possible Legal Actions This paper is going to take a close look on a couple of instances of how an international business law is implemented.
• The Role of National Courts in Creating and Enforcing International Law
• Sovereignty and the Changing Nature of Public International Law
• Concurrence Between Individual and State Responsibility in International Law
• Feminist Perspective of International Law in the 21st Century
• The Evolution of International Law: Colonial and Post-Colonial Realities
• An Assessment of the Work of the International Law Commission
• International Health Law as an Emerging Field of Public International Law
• Examining the Application of Criminal Immunity in International Law
• Indigenous Peoples and International Law: On the Evolution of Rights
• Corruption as a Hidden Nemesis of International Law
• Precedent, Compliance, and Change in Customary International Law
• The Dimensions of Public Policy in Private International Law
• Counter-Hegemonic International Law: Rethinking Human Rights and Development as a Third World Strategy
• The Impact of “Politics Among Nations” on International Law
• Indians, Immigrants, Colonial Subjects: Why U.S. Jurisprudence Needs to Incorporate International Law
• Privacy and the Role of International Law in the Digital Age
• The European Union and International Investment Law Reform: Between Aspirations and Reality
• The Challenge of Electronic Resources for International Law
• Suprastatehood and Supranationality Through the Prism of Modern International Law
• Beyond State-Centrism: International Law and Non-State Actors in Cyberspace
• International Law’s Contribution to Security in the Post-Cold War Era
• The Role of the New States in International Law
• Private International Law in Consumer Contracts: A European Perspective
• Non-State Actors in International Law-Making During the UN Decade of International Law
• Subversive Trends in the Jurisprudence of International Law
• Emerging Trends in International Law Concerning Global Infectious Disease Control
• The Principle of Self-Determination in International Law
• International Law and Non-Intervention: When Humanitarian Concerns Supersede Sovereignty
• Ecosystem Vulnerability: New Semantics for International Law
• Recent Developments in Private International Law Applicable to the Internet
• International Law and Imperialism in the Late 19th-Century Britain
• Explaining the Strategic Behavior of States: International Law as System Structure
• Holy Wars: International Law and the Gulf Crisis
• Broadening Access to International Law Resources Through New Technology
• Antitrust Jurisdiction Under Customary International Law
• International Law Commission’s Guidelines on the Protection of the Atmosphere
• Contemporary International Law: Is It Relevant to Today’s World?
• Legal Consequences of Globalization: The Status of Non-Governmental Organizations Under International Law
• Improving the Civil Rights of People With Disabilities Through International Law
• The Role of International Law in U.S. Foreign Policymaking
• Climate Refugees: Challenges and Opportunities for International Law
• The Liability of the International Carrier of Goods in International Law
• Religion and the Sources of International Law in Antiquity
• Empirical Perspectives on the Emerging Norm of Democracy in International Law
• International Law and Nuclear Energy: An Overview of the Legal Framework
• The Legal Construct of Historic Title to Territory in International Law
• Defining Cybersecurity Due Diligence Under International Law
• Judicial Enforcement of International Law Against the Federal and State Governments
• On the Concept of War in Modern International Law
• The Role of Private International Law in the Regulation of Outer Space
• How Does International Law Impact Global Citizenship?
• What Is Pragmatism in International Law?
• What Is Called the Coercive Measures Taken Against a Nation Violating International Law?
• How Is International Law Classified?
• Is International Law the Same as Corporate Law?
• What Aspects of International Law Is Feasible to Attract Investment?
• Why Do Nations Obey International Law?
• What Is International Business Law About?
• Are Global Corporations Subject to International Law?
• What Is the Basis of International Law in General?
• What Are the Sources of International Law?
• Does International Law Protect Intellectual Property?
• What Is Monism in International Law?
• Which Country Has Violated the Most International Laws in History?
• Who Does International Law Apply To?
• What Is the Difference Between International Law and Domestic Law?
• Did the Annexation of Crimea Violate International Law?
• Who Are Subjects of International Law?
• How Does International Law Limit the Import and Export of Goods?
• Does the Untied Nation Influence International Law?
• What Is International Employment Law?
• How Does International Law Limit the Concept of Sovereignty?
• How Does Politics Play on International Law?
• Is the Interaction Between Nations and Foreign Firms Governed by International Law?
• What Are the Principles of International Law?
• Is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Customary International Law?
• What Are the Main Theories of International Laws?
• What Mechanisms Are Most Effective for Convincing States to Comply With International Law?
• How Is International Human Rights Law Enforced?
• What Is an Example of a Case in Private International Law?

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StudyCorgi . "116 International Law Essay Topics." May 18, 2023. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/international-law-essay-topics/.

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These essay examples and topics on International Law were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on December 27, 2023 .

Public International Law

Turkiye halk bankasi a.s. v. united states, torture in our schools.

• Leila Nadya Sadat

The Promise and Perils of Carbon Tariffs

Chapter Five

Fedotova v. Russia

European Court of Human Rights Holds That Russia Must Give Legal Recognition to Same-Sex Couples

Legal Responses to Black Subordination, Global Perspectives

• Kevin E. Davis

The “Prudential Exhaustion” Doctrine in Transnational Litigation in U.S. Courts

United states v. hamidullin.

Fourth Circuit Holds Taliban Member Not Entitled to Combatant Immunity.

Jesner v. Arab Bank, PLC

American courts and the u.n. high commissioner for refugees: a need for harmony in the face of a refugee crisis, bin ali jaber v. united states.

D.C. Circuit Holds Statutory Challenge to Drone Strike is Nonjusticiable.

Public International Law

International Law, also known as Public International Law and Law of Nations , is the set of rules, norms, and standards generally accepted in relations between nations. It establishes normative guidelines and a common conceptual framework to guide states across a broad range of domains, including war, diplomacy, trade, and human rights. International Law thus provides a means for states to practice more stable, consistent, and organized international relations.

Public International Law refers to the body of legal rules and principles which determine the international rights and obligations of nation-states and regulate the operations of international organizations. Also non-governmental entities and individuals have become part of Public International Law. The scope of activities covered by Public International Law has grown over the years to include additional topics, e.g., human rights, international environmental law, international criminal law, and international economic law. The normative system of Public International Law is derived from the four sources, listed in Article 38.1 of the International Court of Justice Statute, i.e., treaties, customary international law,  general principles of law, and ‘judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as a subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law’. Various international courts and arbitration tribunals provide for the settlement of disputes in the field of Public International Law. For detailed guidance on individual topics of Public International Law, see the individual research guides on the various special topics.

This Research Guide is intended as a starting point for research on Public International Law. It provides the basic legal materials available in the Peace Palace Library, both in print and electronic format. Handbooks, leading articles, bibliographies, periodicals, serial publications and documents of interest are presented in the Selective Bibliography section. Links to the PPL Catalogue are inserted. The Library's subject heading (keyword) Public International Law is instrumental for searching through the Catalogue. Special attention is given to our subscriptions on databases, e-journals, e-books and other electronic resources. Finally, this Research Guide features links to relevant websites and other online resources of particular interest.

Klabbers, J., International Law, Fourth Edition, 2024

Sources of international law.

• Besson, S. and J. D'Aspremont (eds.), The Oxford Handbook on the Sources of International Law , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2017.
• Boyle, A. and C. Chinkin, The Making of International Law , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007.
• D'Amato, A., International Law Sources , Leiden, Nijhoff, 2004.
• D'Aspremont, J., Formalism and the Sources of International Law: A Theory of the Ascertainment of Legal Rules , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011.
• Degan, V.D., Sources of International Law , The Hague, Nijhoff, 1997.
• Dekker, I.F. and H. Meijers (eds.), On the Foundations and Sources of International Law , The Hague, T.M.C. Asser Press, 2003.
• Hoof, G.J.H. van, Rethinking the Sources of International Law , Deventer, Kluwer, 1983.
• Kolasa, Jan, et al. The Nature of Source in International Legal Order . E-Wydawnictwo. Prawnicza i Ekonomiczna Biblioteka Cyfrowa. Wydział Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2017.
• Koskenniemi, M. Sources of International Law , Aldershot, Ashgate/Dartmouth, 2000.
• Les sources , Grandes pages du droit international, Volume II, Paris, Editions A. Pedone, 2016.
• Müller, J.P. und L. Wildhaber, Praxis des Völkerrechts , 3. Auflage, Bern, Stämpfli, 2000.
• Pellet, A. and D. Muller, "Article 38", in: The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary , Oxford; New York, Oxford University Press, 2012.
• Roberts, A. and S. Sivakumaran, "The Theory and Reality of the Sources of International Law", in M.D. Evans (ed.), International Law , Fifth Edition, Oxford, Oxford University, 2018, pp. 89-118.
• Shelton, D., Jus Cogen s, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2021.
• "Sources of International Law",  Thesaurus Acroasium , 19 (1992).
• Thirlway, H., The Sources of International Law , Second Edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2019.
• Tladi, D., Peremptory Norms of General International Law (Jus Cogens): Disquisitions and Disputations , Leiden; Boston, Brill Nijhoff, 2021.
• League of Nations Treaty Series

The online League of Nations treaty collection includes treaties registered with the Secretariat of the League of Nations and published in the print League of Nations Treaty Series. Coverage is from 1920 through 1944.

• United Nations Treaty Series Online

This treaty database may be searched by popular name, title, and party. Coverage is from 1946 –present and includes treaties that have entered into force and are registered with the UN Treaty Office. Unavailability of more recent documents may be due to delays in producing the required translated treaty texts. In the event the researcher experiences inconsistent or absent search results, searching alternative government or commercial resources may be necessary to locate the treaty document.

The United Nations Treaty Series (UNTS) is a publication produced by the Secretariat of the United Nations containing all treaties and international agreements registered or filed and recorded by the Secretariat since 1945, pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter . Previously only available in printed format, the UNTS is now available as a fully-searchable on-line database. To search for a specific treaty or group of treaties please use the Advanced Search tool.

Mandated by Article 102 of the UN Charter and the General Assembly Regulations to give effect to Article 102, the UNTS includes the texts of treaties in their authentic language(s) along with translations into English and French, as appropriate. All integral elements of treaties, such as various types of maps, charts, sketches of boundary delimitation, annexes, protocols, exchanges of letters, etc. are also published.

Registration numbers for instruments included in the UNTS consist of a Roman numeral and an Arabic numeral, joined by a colon (i.e., I:54321;II:965). The Roman numeral indicates treaties and international agreements registered with the Secretariat; Roman numeral II indicates treaties and international agreements filed and recorded by the Secretariat. The Arabic numeral indicates the serial number assigned to the instrument within categories I and II.

The texts of treaties are published in the following formats: full publication, partial publication and limited publication . For more information on the publication policy under the UNTS please see the Limited Publication Policy page.

Collections and compilations of treaties and other documents of international law

• Beham, M.P., M. Fink und R. Janik (bearb.), KODEX Völkerrecht 2020 , 4. Auflage, Stand 1.10.2019, Wien, LexisNexis, 2019.
• Brownlie, I. (ed.), Basic Documents in International Law , Sixth Edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009.
• Código Derecho Internacional , Las Rozas (Madrid), Wolters Kluwer, 2019.
• David, E. et C. Van Assche, Code de droit international public: textes en vigueur au 1er janvier 2016 , 6e édition, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 2016.
• Dupuy, P.-M. et Y. Kerbrat, Les grands textes de droit international public , 11e édition, Paris, Dalloz, 2022.
• Eriksson, M.K. and O. Mårsäter, Documents in Public International Law , Third Edition, Stockholm, Norstedts Juridik, 2015.
• Evans, M.D. (ed.), Blackstone's International Law Documents , 15th Edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2021.
• Gouveia, J. Bacelar (comp.),  Textos fundamentais de direito internacional público , 5.a edição, revista e atualizada, Coimbra, Almedina, 2021.
• Pabel (hg.), Vö lkerrecht: Fassung vom 1.9.2022 , 2. Auflage, Wien, Facultas/FlexLex, 2022.
• Parry, C. and B.H.W. Hill (eds.), The Consolidated Treaty Series , Dobbs Ferry, Oceana Publications, 1961-1986.
• Pereira, Maria de Assunção do Vale,  Textos de direito internacional , 2a edição, Coimbra, Almedina, 2022.
• Tomuschat, C. und C. Walter, Völkerrecht: Textsammlung , 8. Auflage, Baden-Baden, Nomos, 2018.
• Torres Ugena, N., Derecho internacional público: instrumentos normativos , 2a edición, Valencia, Tirant lo Blanch, 2017.
• Ziegler, A.R. et S. Besson [éd.], Traités internationaux (et droit des relations extérieures de la Suisse): Recueil de textes 2012 , 2e éd., Berne, Stämpfli, 2012.

General principles of law

There is no treaty or other instrument that clearly spells out what is meant by 'general principles of law', so the parameters of this source have been explored primarily through international jurisprudence and scholarly writings.

• Andenas, M. (et al.) (eds.), General Principles and the Coherence of International Law , Leiden, Boston, Brill Nijhoff, 2019.
• Cheng, B., General Principles of Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals , London, Stevens, 1953.
• Degan, V.D., "General Principles of Law (A Source of General International Law)", The Finnish Yearbook of International Law , 3 (1992), pp. 1-102.
• Ellis, J., "General principles and Comparative Law", European Journal of International Law , 22 (2011), No. 4, pp. 949-971.
• Jain, N., "Comparative International Law at the ICTY: The General Principles Experiment", American Journal of International Law , 109 (2015), No. 3, pp. 486-497.
• Jain, N., "Judicial Lawmaking and General Principles of Law in International Criminal Law", Harvard International Law Journal , 57 (2016), No. 1, pp. 111-150.
• Kotuby, C.T. and L.A. Sobota, General Principles of Law and International Due Process: Principles and Norms Applicable in Transnational Disputes , New York, Oxford University Press, 2017.
• McNair, A., "The General Principles of Law Recognized by Civilized Nations", British Year Book of International Law , 33 (1957), pp. 1-19.
• Raimondo, F., General Principles of Law in the Decisions of International Criminal Courts and Tribunals , Leiden, Nijhoff, 2008.
• Vázquez-Bermúdez, M. and Crosato, A., "General Principles of Law: The First Debate within the International Law Commission and the Sixth Committee", Chinese journal of international law , 19 (2020), No. 1, pp. 157-172.
• Abass, A., International Law: Text, Cases, and Materials , Second Edition, 2014.
• Annual Digest of Public International Law Cases , (1919-1949 )
• Bjørge, E. and C. Miles (eds.), Landmark Cases in Public International Law , Oxford, Portland, Hart Publishing , Reprinted, 2017.
• Damrosch, L.F. and S.D. Murphy, International Law: Cases and Materials , Seventh Edition, St Paul, West Academic Publishing, 2019.
• Damrosch, L.F. and S.D. Murphy, Basic Documents Supplement to International Law: Cases and Materials , Sixth Edition, St Paul, West Academic Publishing, 2014.
• Harris, D., and S. Sivakumaran, Cases and Materials on International Law , Eight Edition, London, Sweet & Maxwell, Thomson Reuters , 2015.
• Heinze, E. and M. Fitzmaurice (eds.), Landmark Cases in Public International Law , London, The Hague, Boston, Kluwer Law International, 1998.
• International Law Reports , (1950-..)    [More info]
• International Legal Materials    [More info]
• Janis, M.W., J.E. Noyes and L.N. Sadat, International Law: Cases and Commentary , Sixth Edition, St. Paul, MN, West Academic Publishing, 2020.

UN Declarations and Resolutions

Although resolutions and decisions of international organizations cannot themselves constitute international law or serve as conclusive evidence of a rule of customary law, such resolutions do have value in providing evidence of existing or emerging law. Focus your research on the actions of the United Nations and its various organs.

'United Nations - Uphold International Law'

The UN Charter , in its Preamble , set an objective: "to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained". Ever since, the development of, and respect for international law has been a key part of the work of the United Nations Organization. This work is carried out in many ways - by courts, tribunals, multilateral treaties - and by the Security Council, which can approve peacekeeping missions, impose sanctions, or authorize the use of force when there is a threat to international peace and security, if it deems this necessary. These powers are given to it by the UN Charter, which is considered an international treaty. As such, it is an instrument of international law, and UN Member States are bound by it. The UN Charter codifies the major principles of international relations, from sovereign equality of States to the prohibition of the use of force in international relations.

• Official Document System Search. ODS is the UN's Official Document System. You can search for UN declarations, resolutions and other documents by keywords, then narrow your search. 

The Official Document System (ODS) is an online database of UN documents that was first launched in 1993 and updated in 2016. ODS has full-text, born-digital UN documents published from 1993 onward, including documents of the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and their subsidiaries, as well as administrative issuances and other documents. The database also includes scanned documents published between 1946 and 1993, including all resolutions of the principal organs, all documents of the Security Council and the General Assembly Official Records. Documents are available in the official languages of the UN; some documents are also available in German. ODS does not have the following types of materials: documents issued before 1993 that have not yet been digitized, press releases, sales publications, such as the Yearbook and the Treaty Series, and documents that do not have a UN symbol. ODS is maintained by the Office of Information and Communications Technology (OICT). New documents are added by the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management (DGACM). Scanned documents and metadata are contributed by the Dag Hammarskjöld Library and the UN Office at Geneva Library.

More information can be found on the website of the United Nations. The following pages are of special interest:

• Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• General Assembly Resolutions
• Security Council Resolutions
• Secretary-General's Annual Reports
• Abbott, K. and D. Snidal, "Hard and Soft Law in International Governance", in International Law: Classic and Contemporary Readings , Boulder; London, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2009, pp. 21-48.
• Boyle, A.E., "Soft Law in International Law-Making", in M.D. Evans (ed.), International Law , Fifth Edition, Oxford, Oxford University, 2018, pp. 119-137.
• Boyle, A.E., "The Choice of a Treaty: Hard Law versus Soft Law", in The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Treaties , New York, Oxford University Press, 2019, pp. 101-117.
• Bradlow, D.D. and D. Hunter (eds.), Advocating Social Change through International Law: Exploring the Choice between Hard and Soft International Law , Leiden; Boston, Brill, 2020.
• Klabbers, J., " The Redundancy of Soft Law", Nordic Journal of International Law , 65 (1996), No. 2, pp. 167-182.
• Kolb, R., "To what Extent may Hard Law Content be Incorporated into Soft Instruments?", Schweizerische Zeitschrift für internationales und europäisches Recht = Revue suisse de droit international et de droit européen, 29 (2019), No. 3, pp. 335-344.
• Le Floch, G., "L'évolution de la soft law vers la hard law est-elle comparable en droit interne et international?", in Regards croisés sur la soft law en droit interne, européen et international , Issy-les-Moulineaux, LGDJ, 2018, pp. 335-345.
• Pronto, A.N., "Understanding the Hard/Soft Distinction in International Law", Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law , 48 (2015), No. 4, pp. 941-956.
• Nasser, S.H., Sources and Norms of International Law: a Study on Soft Law , Berlin, Galda & Wilch, 2008.

Reference works

• Arnauld, A. von, Völkerrecht , 5., neu bearbeitete Auflage, Heidelberg, C.F. Müller, 2023.
• Beham, M., M. Fink und R. Janik, Völkerrecht verstehen: Lehrbuch , 2. überarbeitete Auflage, Wien, Facultas, 2019.
• Carreau, D., P. Lagarde, H. Synvet (dir.), Répertoire de droit international , Paris, Dalloz, (2004-..)
• Gaeta, P., J.E. Viñuales and S. Zappalà,  Cassese's International Law , Oxford, Oxford University Press , Third Edition, 2020.
• Crawford, J., B rownlie's Principles of Public International Law , Oxford, Oxford University Press, Ninth Edition, 2019.
• Herdegen, M., Völkerrecht , 22., überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage, München, C.H. Beck, 2023.
• Klabbers, J., International Law , Fourth Edition, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2024.
• López Martín, A.G., Derecho internacional público , 5a edición, Madrid, Dilex, 2019.
• Shaw, M.N., International Law , Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, Eight Edition, 2017.
• Slagter, T.H., J.D. van Doorn and W.R. Slomanson, Fundamental Perspectives on International Law , Seventh Edition, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2023.
• Graf Vitzthum, W. und A. Proelß (Hrsg.), Völkerrecht , 8., neu bearbeitete Auflage, Berlin, De Gruyter, 2019.
• Wolfrum, R. (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 10 Vols, 2012.

We have selected these reference works for you based on relevance, author and imprint. Of course there are many more and it is almost impossible to show them all here. More reference works can be found in the following overviews classified by language: English , French , Spanish , German .

Selected books and articles

• Abi-Saab, G., K. Keith, G. Marceau and C. Marquet (eds.), Evolutionary Interpretation and International Law , Oxford; London, Hart, 2020.
• Bennouna, M., International Law: Between the Letter and the Spirit - General Course on Public International Law, The Hague, The Hague Academy of International Law, 2018.
• Bull, H.N., The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics , London, Macmillan, 1977. [Read this in combination with The Anarchical Society at 40: Contemporary Challenges and Prospects ]
• Cançado Trindade , A.A., International Law for Humankind: Towards a New "Jus Gentium" , Leiden, Boston, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers , Second Revised Edition, 2013.
• Distefano, G., Fundamentals of Public International Law: A Sketch of International Legal Order , Leiden, Boston, Brill Nijhoff , 2019.
• Evans, M.D. (ed.), International Law , Fifth Edition, Oxford, Oxford University, 2018.
• Franck, T.M., The Power of Legitimacy among Nations , Oxford; New York, Oxford University Press , 1990.
• Friedmann, W.G., The Changing Structure of International Law , London, Stevens & Sons, 1964.
• Goldsmith, J.L. and E.A. Posner, The Limits of International Law , New York, Oxford University Press, 2005.
• Guzman, A.T., How International Law Works: A Rational Choice Theory , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2008.
• Hathaway, O.A. and H.H. Koh. (eds.), Foundations of International Law and Politics , New York, Foundation Press, 2005.
• Henkin, L., International Law: Politics and Values , Dordrecht, Nijhoff, 1995.
• Higgings, R.,  Problems and Process , Oxford, Clarendon Press; New York, Oxford University Press, 1994.
• Johns, L., Politics and International Law: Making, Breaking, and Upholding Global Rules , Cambridge; New York, Cambridge University Press, 2022.
• Khan, D.-E., E. Lagrange, S. Oeter and C. Walter (eds), Democracy and Sovereignty: Rethinking the Legitimacy of Public International Law , Leiden; Boston, Brill Nijhoff, 2023.
• Koskenniemi, M., The Politics of International Law , Oxford, Hart, 2011.
• Koskenniemi, M., "What is International Law For?", in in M.D. Evans (ed.), International Law , Fifth Edition, Oxford, Oxford University, 2018, pp. 28-50.
• Ku, C. and P.F. Diehl (eds.), International Law: Classic and Contemporary Readings , 3rd Edition, Boulder, Lynne Rienner, 2009.
• Müllerson, R., Ordering Anarchy: International Law in International Society , The Hague, Nijhoff, 2000.
• Lauterpacht, H., The F unction of Law in the International Community , Oxford, Oxford University Press , First Published 1933, This Edition 2011.
• Nussbaum, A Concise History of the Law of Nations , revised edition, New York, NY, Macmillan, 1954.
• Ollino, A., Due Diligence Obligations in International Law , Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2022.
• Research Handbook on the Theory and History of International Law , Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2011.
• Scicluna, N.,  The Politics of International Law , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2021.
• Tunkin, G,I., Theory of International Law , 2nd Edition, London, Wildy, Simmonds and Hill, 2003.
• Weiler, J. and A.T. Nissel, International Law: Critical Concepts in La w, 6 Vols., London, Routledge, 2011.

For all peer-reviewed articles in the PPL Catalogue,  click here .

Periodicals, serial publications

• African Journal of International and Comparative Law
• African Yearbook of International Law
• Air and Space Law
• American Journal of Comparative Law
• American Journal of International Law
• American University International Law Review
• Amsterdam Law Forum
• Anuario colombiano de direito internacional
• Anuario Iberamericano de derecho internacional penal
• Annuaire français de droit international
• Arbitration International
• Arab Law Quarterly
• Archiv des Völkerrechts
• Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law
• Asian International Arbitration Law Journal
• Asian Journal of International Law
• Asian Yearbook of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
• Asian Yearbook of International Law
• Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy
• Australian Yearbook of International Law
• Baltic yearbook of international law
• Berkeley Journal of International Law
• Boston University International Law Journal
• British Yearbook of International Law
• Brooklyn Journal of International Law
• Canadian Yearbook of International Law
• California Western International Law Journal
• Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
• Chicago Journal of International Law
• Chinese Journal of International La w
• Climate Law: a Journal on Climate Change and the Law
• Columbia Journal of Transnational Law
• Common Market Law Review
• Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa
• Connecticut Journal of International Law
• Cornell International Law Journal
• Creighton International and Comparative Law Journal
• Cuadernos de Derecho Transnacional
• Czech Yearbook of Public and Private International Law
• Denver Journal of International Law and Policy
• Diritti Umani e Diritto Internazionale
• Dispute Resolution International
• Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law
• Emory International Law Review
• ERA Forum: Journal of the Academy of European Law
• Erasmus Law Review
• Ethics and International Affairs
• Ethiopean Yearbook of International Law
• Europäische Grundrechte Zeitschrift
• European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice
• European Journal on Migration and Law
• European Human Rights Law Review
• European Intellectual Property Review
• European International Arbitration Review
• European Journal of International Law
• European Journal of International Security
• European Law Review
• European Review of Private Law
• Eyes on the ICC
• Florida Journal of International Law
• Fordham International Law Journal
• Foreign Affairs
• Friedens-Warte: Journal of International Peace and Organization
• George Washington International Law Review
• Georgetown Journal of International Law
• Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law
• German Law Journal
• German Yearbook of International Law
• Global Journal of Comparative Law
• Global Responsibility to Protect - GR2P
• Global Trade and Customs Journal
• Göttingen Journal of International Law
• Gonzaga Journal of International Law
• GRUR-Prax: Praxis im Immaterialgüter- und Wettbewerbsrecht
• Hague Journal of Diplomacy
• Hague Journal on the Rule of Law
• Hague Yearbook of International Law
• Harvard International Law Journal
• Hastings International and Comparative Law Review
• Houston Journal of International Law
• Humanitares Volkerrecht: Informationsschriften
• Human Rights and International Legal Discourse
• Human Rights Law Review
• Human Rights Review
• ICSID Review: Foreign Investment Law Journal
• ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law
• Indian Journal of International Law: a Quarterly
• Indiana International and Comparative Law Review
• Indonesian Journal of International and Comparative Law
• International Affairs
• International and Comparative Law Quarterly
• International Arbitration Law Review
• International Community Law Review
• International Criminal Law Review
• International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics
• International Human Rights Law Review
• International Journal of Constitutional Law
• International Journal of Cultural Property
• International Journal of Human Rights
• International Journal of Law in Context
• International Journal of Legal Information
• International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law
• International Journal of Procedural Law
• International Journal of Refugee Law
• International Journal of Transitional Justice
• International Legal Materials
• International Organization
• International Organizations Law Review
• International Peacekeeping
• International Review of the Red Cross
• International Sports Law Journal
• Israel Law Review
• Italian Yearbook of International Law
• Journal du droit international
• Journal européen des droits de l’homme
• Journal of African Law
• Journal of Air Law and Commerce
• Journal of Comparative Law
• Journal of Conflict and Security Law
• Journal of East Asia and International Law
• Journal of Immigration, Asylum and National Law
• Journal of Intellectual Property Law and Practice
• Journal of International Arbitration
• Journal of International Criminal Justice
• Journal of International Dispute Settlement
• Journal of International Economic Law
• Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies
• Journal of International Law and International Relations
• Journal of International Maritime Law
• Journal of International Peacekeeping
• Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy
• Journal of Modern African Studies
• Journal of Private International Law
• Journal of the History of International Law
• Journal of World Intellectual Property
• Journal of World Investment and Trade
• Journal on the Use of Force and International Law
• Juridica International
• Korean Journal of International and Comparative Law
• Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals
• Legal Issues of Economic Integration
• Leiden Journal of International Law
• London Review of International Law
• Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review
• Manchester Journal of International Economic Law
• Maryland Journal of International Law
• Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law
• Melbourne Journal of International Law
• Michigan Journal of International Law
• Michigan State International Law Review
• Minnesota Journal of International Law
• Natur und Recht
• Netherlands International Law Review
• Netherlands Yearbook of International Law
• New Journal of European Criminal Law
• New York University Journal of International Law and Politics
• New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law
• New Zealand Yearbook of International Law
• Nordic Journal of Human Rights
• Nordic Journal of International Law
• North Carolina Journal of International Law
• Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business
• Notre Dame Journal of International and Comparative Law
• L’observateur des Nations Unies
• Ocean and Coastal Law Journal
• Ocean Development and International Law
• Ocean Yearbook online
• Pace International Law Review
• Penant: Revue de droit des pays d'Afrique
• Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal
• Polish Yearbook of International Law
• Praxis des internationalen Privat- und Verfahrensrecht: IPRAX
• Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting
• Questions of International Law
• Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht
• Recht der internationalen Wirtschaft
• Reports of International Arbitral Awards
• Review of European, Comparative and International Environmental Law
• Review of International Studies
• Revista de Direito Internacional
• Revista EJIL
• Revista Electronica de Estudios Internacionales
• Revista Espanola de Derecho Internacional
• R evista derecho PUCP = Agenda internacional
• Revista Tribuna Internacional
• Revue belge de droit international
• Revue critique de droit international privé
• Revue de droit des affaires internationales
• Revue de droit international et de droit comparé
• Revue de l’arbitrage
• Revue du droit de l‘Union Européenne
• Revue française de droit aérien et spatial
• Revue générale de droit international public
• Revue hellenique de droit international
• Revue québécoise de droit international
• Revue trimestrielle des droits de l’homme
• Revue trimestrielle de droit Européen
• Rivista di diritto internazionale
• Rivista ordine internazionale e diritti umani
• Romanian Journal of International Law
• San Diego International Law Journal
• Santa Clara Journal of International Law
• Schweizerische Zeitschrift für internationales und europäisches Recht
• Sicherheit und Frieden: Vierteljahreszeitschrift für Sicherheit und Frieden
• South African Yearbook of International Law
• Southwestern Journal of International law
• Spanish Yearbook of International Law
• Sri Lanka Journal of International Law
• Stanford Journal of International Law
• Studies in Conflict and Terrorism
• Suffolk Transnational Law Review
• Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce
• Temple International and Comparative Law Journal
• Texas International Law Journal
• Transnational Dispute Management
• Transnational Environmental Law
• Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems
• Trinity College Law Review
• Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law
• Tydskrif vir hedendaagse Romeins-Hollandse reg
• Uniform Law Review
• UC Davis Journal of International Law and Policy
• UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs
• United Nations Disarmament Yearbook
• University of Miami Inter-American Law Review
• University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review
• University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law
• Utrecht Journal of International and European Law: Merkourios
• Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational La
• Vereinte Nationen: Zeitschrift fur die Vereinten Nationen
• Virginia Journal of International Law
• Washington International Law Journal
• Willamette Journal of International Law and Dispute Resolution
• Wisconsin International Law Journal
• World Trade Review
• Yale Journal of International Law
• Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law
• Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law
• Yearbook of Polar Law online
• Yearbook of Private International Law
• Zeitschrift für Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik
• Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht
• Zeitschrift fur europaisches Privatrecht
• Zeitschrift für internationale Strafrechtsdogmatik
• Zeitschrift fur Japanisches Recht
• Zeitschrift fur Luft- und Weltraumrecht
• Zeitschrift fur Vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft

Bibliographies

• Oxford Bibliographies in International Law is designed to provide authoritative guidance. The field is rife with debate and controversy, as with most anything that deals with such a complex system of rules and principles meant to govern the relations between states and other institutional subjects, such as the United Nations or the European Union. Because scholarship in this field is so bound up with diplomacy, the vast array of potentially relevant material that appears on the free web can overwhelm even the savviest scholars. With advances in online searching and database technologies, researchers can easily access library catalogs, bibliographic indexes, records of court decisions, and other lists that show thousands of resources that might also be useful to them. In this situation what is most needed is expert guidance. Researchers at all levels need tools that help them filter through the proliferation of information sources to material that is reliable and directly relevant to their inquiries.  Oxford Bibliographies in International Law will offer a trustworthy pathway through the thicket of information overload.
• Public International Law: a Current Bibliography of Articles, (1975-2016) This bibliography has, since 1975, made available to scholars and practitioners information on articles published on all aspects of public international law which are contained in journals, yearbooks, and commemorative compilations, e.g. festschriften. Starting with Vol. 16 (1990), Public International Law , subtitled A Current Bibliography of Books and Articles , has also listed published monographs and collections of essays in addition to commemorative compilations. This bibliography in print has been discontinued as of 2016.

Nowadays, comprehensive bibliographies of public international law are no longer published, simply because library catalogs are more exhaustive. The bibliographies below are some of the latest attempts in print available at the Peace Palace Library.

• Beyerly, E., Public International Law: A Guide to Information Sources , London, Mansell, 1991.
• Delupis, I., Bibliography of International Law , London; New York, Bowker, 1975.
• Merrills, J.G., A Current Bibliography of International Law , London, Butterworths, 1978.
• Wiktor, C.L., Canadian Bibliography of International Law , Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1984.

Dictionaries

• Bemba, J., Dictionnaire de la justice internationale, de la paix et du développement durable: principaux termes et expressions , 3ième édition, Paris,  L'Harmattan, 2018.
• Boczek. B.A., T he A to Z of International Law , Lanham, Scarecrow Press, 2010.
• Doebbler, C.F.J., Dictionary of Public International Law , Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield, 2018.
• Gärtner, H., Internationale Sicherheit und Frieden: Definitionen von A - Z , 3th expanded and updated edition, Baden-Baden, Nomos, 2018.
• Gómez-Robledo Verduzco, A. y J. Witker (coord.), Diccionario de Derecho Internacional , México, Ed. Porrúa, 2001.
• Parry, C., J.P. Grant and J.C. Barker, Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law , 3rd ed., New York, Oxford University Press, 2009.
• Salmon, J., Dictionnaire de droit international public , Bruxelles, Bruylant, 2001.
• ASIL Electronic Resource Guide "Researching Public International Law" by Kelly Vinopal

HeinOnline (HOL) is a premier online database launched in 2000 by William S. Hein & Co., Inc. (WSH Co), a Buffalo, New York publisher specializing in legal materials. It contains more than 178 million pages and 270,000 titles of historical and government documents in a fully searchable, image-based format. HeinOnline bridges an important research gap by providing comprehensive coverage from inception of more than 2,700 law-related periodicals. In addition to its vast collection of academic journals, HeinOnline contains the entire Congressional Record, Federal Register, and Code of Federal Regulations, complete coverage of the U.S. Reports back to 1754, and entire databases dedicated to treaties, constitutions, case law, world trials, classic treatises, international trade, foreign relations, U.S. Presidents, and much more.

HeinOnline’s powerful search engine and user-friendly interface combine to provide both new and experienced users with an excellent research experience. Locating documents is quick, and searching includes facets to guarantee relevant search results. The Peace Palace Library has subscriptions to various HeinOnline databases. Please, make sure you are logged in to PPL.

HeinOnline Databases (general overview)

European Centre for Minority Issues Foreign & International Law Resources Database Foreign Relations of the United States Hague Academy Collected Courses Online Harvard Research in International Law History of International Law Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals International & Non-U.S. Law Journals International Commission of Jurists Library International Law Association Reports Israel Law Reports Kluwer Law International Journal Library Law in Eastern Europe Legal Classics United Nations Law Collection U.S. Treaties and Agreements Library World Constitutions Illustrated: Contemporary & Historical Documents and Resources World Treaty Library World Trials Library

• Max Planck Encyclopedias of International Law

A trusted reference work in international law, the Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law , as well as the newly-launched Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law . The two Encyclopedias can be searched and browsed together, or separately by using appropriate filters. Please, make sure you are logged in to PPL.

The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL) was first published as an online database by Oxford University Press in 2008. It has since become one of the most widely read and quoted reference works in international law. A ten-volume print edition , complemented by an index volume, appeared in 2012.

MPEPIL articles are hybrids in character insofar as they combine elements of a reference work with a law journal approach. Authors are requested to cover their topic comprehensively and impartially but also to add a personal assessment. All articles are peer-reviewed. As a contemporary restatement of international law the publication is designed to assist both practitioners and scholars. So far, more than 900 academics and practitioners from across the world have contributed to the Encyclopedia, which contains over 1,700 entries. In 2013, the MPEPIL was cross-linked with the OPIL platform, allowing research across a number of OUP databases and full text sources.

In September 2019, the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law (MPEiPro), edited by the Max Planck Institute Luxembourg, began being published online by Oxford University Press. This Encyclopedia is conceived of as a resource for practitioners, scholars, legal advisers, policy-makers and observers of international relations and global governance. It will be enriched each month with new in-depth manuscripts, eventually reaching over 1,000 articles.

The scope of the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law takes a broad notion of procedure that embraces decision-making by international organs in general, including political and administrative bodies whose purpose is not that of adjudicating or otherwise settling a dispute or a legal issue. However, the life cycle of the Encyclopedia has started with a focus on dispute settlement and adjudication, encompassing non-contentious and non-binding forms of international adjudication performed by public international law institutions, but also domestic and transnational ones, that is, all those institutions whose essential purpose is to lay down and/or apply rules of obvious international relevance. Later, the Encyclopedia will extend to non-adjudicatory modes of dispute settlement before tackling non-adjudicatory institutional decision-making processes.

• Oxford Reports on International Law
• Recueil des Cours

The courses of The Hague Academy of International Law are published in the series Recueil des cours de l'Académie de Droit International de la Haye = Collected courses of The Hague Academy of International Law ( or in short Recueil des cours ) , which now spans over more than 400 volumes and is undoubtedly the most important encyclopedic publication on public and private international law. Since 2008 the  Recueil des cours  are also available in this fully searchable online edition.

• United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law

The Codification Division of the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs created the Audiovisual Library of International Law under the Programme of Assistance to give the United Nations the capacity to provide high quality international law training and research materials to an unlimited number of recipients around the world. The Audiovisual Library is a virtual training and research centre which aims to enhance the dissemination and wider appreciation of international law. It also performs a unique and invaluable function by preserving in a vivid and informative manner the audiovisual heritage of legal developments within the United Nations system and promoting a greater awareness of the unparalleled legacy of the United Nations in the codification and progressive development of international law.

• [email protected]

Home » Blog » Dissertation » Topics » Law » International Law » 80 International Law Research Topics

80 International Law Research Topics

FacebookXEmailWhatsAppRedditPinterestLinkedInEmbarking on the journey of selecting a research topic for your undergraduate, master’s, or doctoral thesis dissertation in International Law can be both exhilarating and daunting. The world of international law is vast and ever-evolving, offering a plethora of intriguing avenues for exploration. However, with the abundance of options, finding the perfect research topics that […]

Embarking on the journey of selecting a research topic for your undergraduate, master’s, or doctoral thesis dissertation in International Law can be both exhilarating and daunting. The world of international law is vast and ever-evolving, offering a plethora of intriguing avenues for exploration. However, with the abundance of options, finding the perfect research topics that align with your interests and academic goals can be a formidable task. This guide will navigate this intricate landscape, providing a curated list of International Law research topics tailored to various degree levels. Whether passionate about human rights, global governance, trade, or environmental issues, we aim to help you uncover the ideal research topic to propel your academic journey forward.

International Law, often called “Public International Law,” “global law,” “world law,” and “transnational law.” is the set of rules and principles governing the conduct of nations and other international actors in their interactions.

A List Of Potential Research Topics In International Law:

• Evaluating the role of international law in regulating transboundary water resources.
• Investigating the implications of travel restrictions on international human rights post-COVID-19.
• Evaluating the impact of Brexit on UK-European Union relations within international law.
• Analyzing the UK’s role in trade agreements and its impact on state sovereignty.
• Exploring the role of soft law instruments in international environmental protection.
• Analyzing the legal challenges of state surveillance and privacy rights in the digital age.
• Assessing the impact of international refugee law on state immigration policies.
• Investigating the challenges of holding corporations accountable for human rights violations in international law.
• Investigating the legal challenges of Northern Ireland’s border arrangements post-Brexit.
• Assessing the effectiveness of international environmental agreements in climate change mitigation.
• Examining the role of international law in protecting indigenous knowledge and traditional cultural expressions.
• Analyzing the legal implications of environmental displacement and climate refugees.
• Investigating the role of international law in protecting endangered species and biodiversity.
• Assessing the effectiveness of international arbitration in resolving investment disputes.
• Examining the development of customary international law and its contemporary relevance.
• Investigating the legal framework for state responsibility in environmental conservation.
• Investigating the impact of international court decisions on state compliance with human rights treaties.
• Analyzing the role of international law in addressing nuclear non-proliferation.
• Investigating the role of international law in regulating state-sponsored cyberattacks.
• Examining the legal aspects of outer space resource exploration and exploitation.
• Assessing the impact of international economic sanctions on humanitarian aid and access.
• Exploring the impact of international investment treaties on public policy and regulatory autonomy.
• Investigating the impact of international investment law on indigenous land rights.
• Examining the role of international law in addressing global health crises.
• Examining the legal challenges of extraterritorial jurisdiction in cybercrime cases.
• Examining the role of international organizations in global health governance post-COVID-19.
• Analyzing the impact of international human rights treaties on state behaviour.
• Exploring the role of international law in protecting the rights of persons with disabilities.
• Examining the legal framework for state responsibility in armed drone strikes.
• Exploring the role of international law in addressing state-sponsored terrorism.
• Exploring the future of uk-eu fisheries cooperation in international law.
• Analyzing the implications of climate change on maritime boundaries in international law.
• Evaluating the use of digital surveillance and privacy rights in pandemic response.
• Assessing the role of international trade law in facilitating or hindering pandemic response.
• Analyzing the legal framework for vaccine distribution and equity in a post-pandemic world.
• Evaluating the legal aspects of state responsibility for transboundary environmental harm.
• Jurisdictional conflicts between International Law and Municipal Law in extradition cases.”
• Analyzing the legal aspects of vaccine passports in international travel.
• Exploring the rights of indigenous peoples in the context of international law.
• Analyzing the legal implications of state recognition and self-determination movements.
• Analyzing the role of non-state actors in shaping international legal norms and standards.
• Investigating the legal challenges of state responsibility for cyberattacks on critical infrastructure.
• Assessing the role of the UK in international environmental agreements post-Brexit.
• Evaluating the role of international law in regulating the use of autonomous weapons systems.
• Analyzing the legal framework for the protection of cultural heritage in armed conflicts.
• Evaluating the role of international humanitarian law in armed conflicts in the 21st century.
• Investigating the challenges and prospects of refugee protection in a globalized world.
• Evaluating the evolving notion of state responsibility in international law: a review.
• Analyzing the legal framework for using force in self-defence in contemporary international relations.
• Assessing the effectiveness of international environmental impact assessment mechanisms.
• Evaluating the legal aspects of diplomatic immunity and state responsibility.
• Exploring the role of international law in protecting cybersecurity and critical infrastructure.
• Evaluating the evolution of international investment law and investor-state dispute settlement.
• Assessing the legal aspects of state responsibility for humanitarian interventions.
• Investigating the intersection of public health and international migration law post-COVID-19.
• Examining the environmental consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and sustainable recovery.
• Investigating the legal framework for data protection and cross-border data flows in a post-Brexit UK.
• Assessing the impact of international trade law on access to essential medicines.
• Assessing the UK’s participation in international climate change negotiations.
• Examining the role of international law in addressing human trafficking and modern slavery.
• Assessing the legitimacy and impact of international trade agreements on state sovereignty.
• Analyzing the intersection of human rights and environmental protection in international law.
• The role of International Law in regulating athlete eligibility and doping in Sports Law.
• Investigating the legal challenges of maritime boundary disputes in the South China Sea.
• Investigating the legal implications of state-sponsored disinformation campaigns in international relations.
• Examining the implications of the UK’s departure from the European Convention on Human Rights.
• Examining the role of international criminal tribunals in accountability for genocide and war crimes.
• Investigating the legal implications of emerging technologies in outer space activities.
• Examining the role of international law in addressing gender-based violence in conflict zones.
• Analyzing the role of international law in addressing transnational organized crime.
• Assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on state sovereignty in international law.
• Investigating the legal framework for state responsibility in refugee protection.
• Examining the legal aspects of cultural property repatriation in international law.
• Evaluating the legal implications of state-sponsored espionage in international relations.
• Exploring the legal framework for cybersecurity and state responsibility in international law.
• Assessing the effectiveness of international sanctions in achieving policy objectives.
• Analyzing the legal aspects of counterterrorism measures and their impact on human rights.
• Assessing the effectiveness of international dispute resolution mechanisms in trade disputes.
• Analyzing the implications of the UK’s nuclear deterrence policy on international security.
• Exploring the legal challenges of ensuring access to essential medicines in a pandemic.
• Examining the UK’s approach to international humanitarian law and armed conflict.
• Assessing the effectiveness of international humanitarian assistance in conflict zones.

In conclusion, the world of International Law is a dynamic and multifaceted realm that offers countless opportunities for research at the undergraduate, master’s, and doctoral levels. As you embark on your academic journey, remember that choosing a research topic is pivotal in pursuing knowledge and expertise in this field. With the guidance in this article and the diverse range of research topics we’ve outlined, we hope you feel inspired and equipped to embark on your research journey, contributing to the ever-expanding body of knowledge in International Law. Whether it’s examining the intricacies of international human rights, delving into the complexities of global trade agreements, or exploring the challenges of environmental sustainability on a global scale, your research endeavours will undoubtedly leave a lasting impact on the field. So, embrace the opportunity, delve into your chosen research topics enthusiastically, and make your mark in the fascinating world of International Law.

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International Law in Supreme Court

International law in the supreme court: continuity or change.

was held at Santa Clara Law on Friday, November 6 and Saturday, November 7, 2009

Table of Contents Speaker Bios Schedule

Each of these decisions produced fairly strident dissents. In almost every case, the dissent accused the majority of departing significantly from established precedents. During this conference, scholars will evaluate recent Supreme Court decisions involving international law against the backdrop of eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth-century precedents and historical developments. The main questions to be addressed are: In what respects do the twenty-first century decisions represent a break from the past? In what respects are those decisions consistent with earlier practice and precedents? From a historical perspective, how can we account for both the continuity and the discontinuity?

The first day of the conference will focus on the history of international law in the Supreme Court from 1789 to 2000. The second day will focus on key Supreme Court cases decided in the past decade, evaluating those cases against the backdrop of the historical analysis developed on day one. Revised versions of the conference papers will be collected in a book published by Cambridge University Press.

Table of Contents

The u.s. supreme court and international law: continuity or change david l. sloss, michael d. ramsey and william s. dodge (editors).

I. Introduction, 1789-1860 (David Sloss, Michael Ramsey, William Dodge)

II. The Supreme Court and International Law, 1860-1900

Chapter 1. Treaties and the Court, 1860-1900 (Duncan Hollis) Chapter 2. Customary International Law and the Court, 1860-1900 (David Bederman) Chapter 3. International Law as an Interpretive Tool, 1860-1900 (Tom Lee & David Sloss) Chapter 4. Historical Commentary, 1860-1900 (John Fabian Witt)

III. The Supreme Court and International Law, 1900-1945

Chapter 5. Treaties and the Court, 1900-1945 (Michael Van Alstine) Chapter 6. Customary International Law and the Court, 1900-1945 (Michael Ramsey) Chapter 7. International Law as an Interpretive Tool, 1900-1945 (Roger Alford) Chapter 8. Historical Commentary, 1900-1945 (Edward Purcell)

IV. The Supreme Court and International Law, 1945-2000

Chapter 9. Treaties and the Court, 1945-2000 (Paul Stephan) Chapter 10. Customary International Law and the Court, 1945-2000 (William Dodge) Chapter 11. International Law as an Interpretive Tool, 1945-2000 (Melissa Waters) Chapter 12. Historical Commentary, 1945-2000 (Martin Flaherty)

V. The Supreme Court and International Law After 2000: Continuity or Change?

A. Review Essay — Treaties: Medellin and Sanchez-Llamas (Lori Damrosch)

• Two response essays

B. Review Essay — Customary International Law: Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain (John McGinnis)

C. Review Essay — International Law in Constitutional Interpretation: Roper , Lawrence and Atkins (Mark Tushnet)

D. Review Essay — International Law in Statutory Interpretation: Empagran (Ralf Michaels)

E. Review Essay — International Law and Enemy Combatants: Boumediene , Hamdan and Hamdi (David Golove)

VI. Conclusion

top of page

Speaker Bios

Prior to joining the faculty in 2000, Professor Alford served as a senior legal advisor with the Claims Resolution Tribunal for Dormant Accounts in Switzerland, the tribunal established by the Volcker Commission to resolve claims to Holocaust-era dormant Swiss bank accounts. From 1995 to 1999, he was in private practice with Hogan & Hartson, Washington, D.C. He clerked for the Honorable James L. Buckley, U.S. Court of Appeals, District of Columbia (1994-95), and the Honorable Richard C. Allison, Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, in The Hague, Netherlands (1992-94).

He is the founder and general editor of www.kluwerarbitration.com , a comprehensive online international arbitration portal. He has authored and edited a number of scholarly articles that have been published in the American Journal of International Law, UCLA Law Review, Ohio State Law Review, New York University Law Review, Notre Dame Law Review, Michigan Law Review, International Lawyer, the Virginia Journal of International Law, the Berkeley Journal of International Law, and the Cornell International Law Journal . He has also co-edited a book on Holocaust Restitution published with New York University Press in 2006. The focus of his scholarship is foreign relations law, international commercial law, human rights law, arbitration, and international courts and tribunals.

He is a permanent contributor to the international law blog “Opinio Juris”. He has been a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and served on the Executive Council of the American Society of International Law, the Executive Committee of the Institute of Transnational Arbitration, and the Executive Committee of the American Branch of the International Law Association.

Professor Alford has taught Contracts, Constitutional Law, International Law, Arbitration, International Alternative Dispute Resolution, International Trade, and International Litigation.

David J. Bederman is K.H. Gyr Professor of Private International Law at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. After having earned an undergraduate degree from Princeton University in international affairs, he went on to receive an M.Sc. in Marine Affairs at the London School of Economics. Professor Bederman read law at the University of Virginia, and, after graduating, clerked with the Hon. Charles E. Wiggins, Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.

Professor Bederman’s academic and professional career has focused on international law and its practical impact on American government. Aside from holding the Diploma of the Hague Academy of International Law, as well as a Ph.D. in Law from the University of London, he has also served as a Legal Advisor at the Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal in The Hague. He is a member of the Board of Editors of the American Journal of International Law. After a stint in private practice with the Washington firm of Covington & Burling, he accepted his current teaching appointment at Emory.

‘As well as being a full-time teacher, Professor Bederman continues to represent clients on important constitutional and international law issues, including a number of cases before the U.S. Supreme Court and significant international arbitrations. He has served as a litigation consultant to the U.S. Departments of Justice, State, Treasury and numerous federal agencies.  Professor Bederman’s research interests also include legal theory and history, admiralty and maritime law, and federal practice and procedure.

Lori Damrosch received her B.A. from Yale in 1973 and her J.D. from Yale Law School in 1976. After law school she clerked for Judge Jon Newman. Damrosch served in the Office of the Legal Adviser, U.S. Department of State, from 1977 to 1980. Her responsibilities included European and Canadian affairs, international antitrust, aviation, and trade. She was the special assistant to the State Department Legal Adviser in 1980. She worked as an associate with Sullivan & Cromwell from 1981-84.

Professor Damrosch joined the Columbia faculty in 1984. Her publications include: The International Court of Justice at a Crossroads (ed., 1987); Law and Force in the New International Order (ed., 1991); Enforcing Restraint: Collective Intervention in Internal Conflicts (ed., 1993); Beyond Confrontation: International Law for the Post-Cold War Era (ed. 1995); Enforcing International Law through Non-Forcible Measures (Hague Academy of International Law, 1997); and International Law: Cases and Materials (5th ed., with Henkin, Murphy and Smit, 2009).

Damrosch was a resident fellow at the U.S. Institute of Peace in 1995-96. She is a Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Department of State Advisory Committee on International Law, and numerous international law and human rights organizations. She was a lead organizer of the U.S.-Soviet (later U.S.-Russian) research project on international law for the American Society of International Law (A.S.I.L.). She served as Vice President of A.S.I.L. from 1996-98, and as a counselor of A.S.I.L. from 2001 to 2005. She has been a member of the board of editors of the American Journal of International Law since 1990, and has served as co-editor-in-chief since 2003. Her principal areas of interest are public international law and the U.S. law of foreign relations.

William S. Dodge is a Professor of Law at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law and currently holds the Harry and Lillian Hastings Research Chair. He is the co-author with Detlev F. Vagts and Harold Hongju Koh of the casebook Transnational Business Problems (Foundation Press 4th ed. 2008) and has written extensively, among other topics, on the history of customary international law in American courts and on statutory interpretation in the international context. In 2004 he wrote the Amicus Brief of Professors of Federal Jurisdiction and Legal History in Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain , the position of which the Supreme Court adopted. Professor Dodge received his B.A. summa cum laude from Yale College in 1986 and his J.D. from Yale Law School in 1991. After law school, he served as a law clerk for Judge William A. Norris of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and for Justice Harry A. Blackmun on the United States Supreme Court. He practiced law with Arnold & Porter in Washington D.C. before joining the UC Hastings faculty in 1995.

Martin S. Flaherty is Leitner Family Professor of Law and Co-Founding Director of the Leitner Center for International Law and Justice at Fordham Law School. He is also a Visiting Professor at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, where he was Fellow in the Program in Law and Public Affairs and a Visiting Professor at the New School in New York. Professor Flaherty has taught at China University of Political Science and Law in Beijing, and has recently founded the Rule of Law in Asia Program at the Leitner Center as well as co-founded the Committee to Support Chinese Lawyers. He has also taught at Sungkyunkwan Univeristy in Seoul, Queen’s University Belfast, Cardozo School of Law, and the New School. Previously Professor Flaherty served as a law clerk for Justice Byron R. White of the U.S. Supreme Court and Chief Judge John Gibbons of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.

Flaherty holds a B.A. summa cum laude from Princeton, an M.A. and M.Phil. from Yale (in history) and a J.D. from the Columbia Law School, where he was Book Review and Articles Editor of the Columbia Law Review. Formerly chair of the New York City Bar Association’s International Human Rights Committee, he has led or participated in human rights missions to Northern Ireland, Turkey, Hong Kong, Mexico, Malaysia, Kenya, and Romania. He is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.  Flaherty’s publications focus upon constitutional law and history, foreign affairs, and international human rights and appear in such journals as the Columbia Law Review , the Yale Law Journal , the Michigan Law Review , and the University of Chicago Law Review .

Professor David M. Golove specializes in the constitutional law of foreign affairs and has written extensively in the constitutional history pertaining to that field. He is best known for a book-length article published in the Michigan Law Review, “Treaty-Making and the Nation: The Historical Foundations of the Nationalist Conception of the Treaty Power.” In this article, Golove comprehensively considers a question of constitutional law that has been controversial from the moment of the nation’s birth in 1776 and remains so today. Can the United States government, through its power to make treaties, effectively regulate subjects that would otherwise be beyond the reach of Congress’s enumerated legislative powers? For example, a treaty prohibiting the death penalty? He answers yes, and in doing so has produced both a major work of legal historical scholarship and an important legal and constitutional defense of federal power.

In 1995, an article by Golove in the Harvard Law Review (co-authored with Bruce Ackerman) dealt with another fundamental issue in foreign relations law: the undeniable fact that many international accords today are approved not through the treaty processes mandated in the U.S. Constitution, but by majority votes of both houses. In a subsequent article published in the NYU Law Review, Golove challenges the distinguished constitutional scholar Laurence Tribe, in a debate over the interpretation of the Treaty Clause which Golove defended in his Harvard Law Review article.

Golove received his B.A. from Berkeley in 1979 and has law degrees from Boalt Hall and Yale. He teaches in the fields of Constitutional Law and International Law. Professor Golove is a Co-Director of the NYU’s Center on Law and Security.

Professor Hollis’s scholarship focuses on issues of positivism and authority in international and foreign affairs law. Hollis uses treaties as the focal point for this research; he co-authored and co-edited National Treaty Law & Practice (2005), which analyzes how different nation states use their domestic law to regulate the negotiation, conclusion and implementation of treaties.& Beyond treaties, Professor Hollis researches the broader role agreements play in U.S. and international affairs, whether via political commitments, foreign compacts, or new rules for cyberwarfare. Professor Hollis’s work was cited repeatedly by the dissent in the 2008 U.S. Supreme Court decision, Medellin v. Texas , and he counseled the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on possible Senate responses to that decision.

Professor Hollis received his A.B., summa cum laude , from Bowdoin College. In 1996, he received a Masters in International Law and Diplomacy from the Fletcher School at Tufts University and a Juris Doctorate, summa cum laude , from Boston College Law School. From 1998-2004, Professor Hollis served as an attorney adviser in the State Department’s Office of the Legal Adviser. There, he spent several years as the attorney-adviser for treaty affairs, represented U.S. interests on international environmental law issues, and participated in the litigation of the Avena and Oil Platforms cases before the International Court of Justice. Since 2006, Professor Hollis has been a regular contributor to the international law blog, Opinio Juris .

Thomas H. Lee is the Leitner Family Professor of Law and Director of International Studies at Fordham University School of Law in New York, where he teaches and writes in the areas of constitutional law, federal courts, and international law.  He is the author of many articles and of a forthcoming book on the international laws of war and the American Civil War. He received his J.D. from Harvard Law School, where he was Articles Chair of the Harvard Law Review and winner of the Laylin Prize in International Law. He also holds an A.B. summa cum laude and an A.M. in East Asian Studies from Harvard, where he is a Ph.D. candidate in Government specializing in international relations theory. Prior to teaching, he served as a U.S. naval intelligence officer from 1991 to 1995, with four submarine deployments, and as a law clerk for Judge Michael Boudin of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit and for Associate Justice David Souter of the United States Supreme Court.  He has taught as a visiting professor at Columbia Law School, the University of Virginia School of Law, Leiden University in the Netherlands, and Sungkyunkwan University in Seoul Korea.

Professor John O. McGinnis is a graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School where he was an editor of the Harvard Law Review. He also has an MA degree from Balliol College, Oxford, in philosophy and theology. Professor McGinnis clerked on U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. From 1987 to 1991, He was deputy assistant attorney general in the Office of Legal Counsel at the Department of Justice. Professor McGinnis is a scholar in both the areas of constitutional and international law. The Office of the U.S. Trade Representatives has added him to the roster of Americans who can be appointed as panelists to resolve World Trade Organization disputes. He is a past winner of Paul Bator award given by the Federalist Society to an outstanding academic under 40.

Professor McGinnis has published articles in several leading law journals, including the Harvard Law Review, Yale Law Journal, Stanford Law Review, California Law Review, Texas Law Review, and Constitutional Commentary.

Ralf Michaels is a Professor of Law at Duke University School of Law. Professor Michaels joined the Duke Law School in 2002. Previously, he was a Senior Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Law and Private International Law in Hamburg and a Joseph Story Fellow at Harvard Law School. Since coming to Duke, he has held the Lloyd Cutler Fellowship at the American Academy in Berlin, a distinguished visitor fellowship at the Max Planck Institute in Hamburg, and a visiting professorship at the Université Paris II. In 2009/10, he will be a Fellow and Visiting Professor at the Law and Public Affairs Program of Princeton University. Professor Michaels teaches and researches in the areas of comparative law, conflict of laws, and law and globalization. He is co-editor and author of several books and articles in these areas, published in the United States and in Europe; he has lectured in English, German and French in several different countries. Currently, he is engaged in two projects: a theory of US courts as world courts, and, together with Karen Knop (U of Toronto) and Annelise Riles (Cornell), conflict of laws as theory of global law. He and his wife have three daughters and too little time.

Edward A. Purcell, Jr., is the Joseph Solomon Distinguished Professor at New York Law School, where he teaches civil procedure, federal courts, complex litigation, and civil rights law.  His most recent books are Originalism, Federalism, and the American Constitutional Enterprise: A Historical Inquiry (Yale, 2007) and Brandeis and the Progressive Constitution:  Erie , the Judicial Power, and the Politics of the Federal Courts in Twentieth-Century America (Yale, 2000), which won the Order of the Coif’s Triennial Book Award and the Triennial Griswold Prize of the Supreme Court Historical Society. A Ph.D. in American intellectual history from the University of Wisconsin and the author of The Crisis of Democratic Theory:  Scientific Naturalism and the Problem of Value (Kentucky, 1973), he received his J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1979 before joining Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison in New York City, where he practiced law and worked on what was to become his second book, Litigation and Inequality: Federal persity Jurisdiction in Industrial America, 1870-1958 (Oxford, 1992).  He has served on the board of directors of the American Society for Legal History and the Community Law Office of The Legal Aid Society and is currently on the editorial board of Continuity and Change and the Academic Advisory Board of  the Institute for Constitutional Studies at George Washington University Law School.

Michael D. Ramsey is a Professor of Law at the University of San Diego School of Law, where he teaches and writes in the areas of Constitutional Law, Foreign Relations Law and International Law. He is the author of THE CONSTITUTION’S TEXT IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS (Harvard University Press 2007) and of numerous articles on foreign relations law in publications such as the Yale Law Journal, the University of Chicago Law Review, the Georgetown Law Journal and the American Journal of International Law. He received his B.A. magna cum laude from Dartmouth College and his J.D. summa cum laude from Stanford Law School. Prior to teaching, he served as a judicial clerk for Judge J. Clifford Wallace of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and for Justice Antonin Scalia of the United States Supreme Court, and practiced law with the law firm of Latham & Watkins, where he specialized in international finance and investment. He has taught as a visiting professor at the University of California, San Diego, in the Department of Political Science and at the University of Paris – Sorbonne, in the Department of Comparative Law.

David Sloss is a Professor of Law at Santa Clara University School of Law, where he also serves as the Director of the Center for Global Law and Policy.  He is the editor of The Role of Domestic Courts in Treaty Enforcement: A Comparative Study (forthcoming, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2009). He has published numerous articles on the history of U.S. foreign affairs law and the judicial enforcement of treaties in U.S. courts. Professor Sloss received his B.A. from Hampshire College, his M.P.P. from Harvard University and his J.D. from Stanford Law School. He taught for nine years at Saint Louis University School of Law. Before he was a law professor, he clerked for Judge Joseph T. Sneed of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and worked as an associate for Wilson, Sonsini, Goodrich & Rosati. He also spent nine years in the federal government, where he worked on East-West arms control negotiations and nuclear proliferation issues.

An expert on international business and Soviet and post-Soviet legal systems, Paul Stephan has advised governments and international organizations, organized conferences, edited books, and lectured to professionals, university groups, and high school students on a variety of issues raised by the globalization of the world economy and the transition away from Soviet-style socialism. During 2006-07 he served as counselor on international law in the U.S. Department of State. Other interests for Stephan, who joined the Law School faculty in 1979, include international law, taxation, and constitutional law.

In law school, Stephan was executive editor of the Virginia Law Review and a member of the Order of the Coif. During the two-year period between his graduation and return as a professor, he clerked for Judge Levin Campbell of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Lewis F. Powell Jr.

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Stephan has worked on a variety of projects involving law reform in former socialist states. He has worked in Russia, Georgia, Ukraine, Albania, and Slovakia on behalf of the U.S. Treasury and in Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan on behalf of the International Monetary Fund. He also has organized training programs for tax administrators and judges from all of the formerly socialist countries under the auspices of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. His casebook on international business is used at law schools both in the United States and abroad. He has written extensively on international law, corruption, and the history of the Cold War.

Professor Tushnet is the William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. He graduated from Harvard College and Yale Law School and served as a law clerk to Justice Thurgood Marshall. Professor Tushnet specializes in constitutional law and theory, including comparative constitutional law. His research includes studies examining (skeptically) the practice of judicial review in the United States and around the world. He also writes in the area of legal and particularly constitutional history, with works on the development of civil rights law in the United States and (currently) a long-term project on the history of the Supreme Court in the 1930s. This fall he is organizing a conference on American constitutional development and another that features a conversation among several current and former judges on the world’s constitutional courts. Professor Tushnet has authored several books on U.S. constitutional law and comparative constitutional law.

Professor Michael P. Van Alstine specializes in international and domestic private law. He has published widely in both English and German in the areas of contracts, commercial law, and international commercial transactions. His particular area of scholarly interest is the domestic law application of international law through the vehicle of treaties. Prior to joining the faculty in 2002, Professor Van Alstine spent seven years on the faculty of the University of Cincinnati College of Law, during which he was a four-time recipient of the Goldman Prize for Excellence in Teaching.

Professor Van Alstine has earned law degrees in both the United States and Germany. He received both his Doctor of Laws and Masters of Comparative Law degrees summa cum laude from the University of Bonn, Germany. He obtained his Juris Doctor degree “with high honors” from the George Washington University. Before becoming a law professor, he also practiced domestic and international commercial and business law at law firms in the United States and Germany.

At the School of Law, Professor Van Alstine teaches International Business Transactions, Contracts, and Commercial Law. He was appointed Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development in 2006. The students at the School of Law chose him as Teacher of the Year in 2008.

Professor Waters’ research and teaching interests include foreign relations law, international law, international human rights law and international criminal law, comparative law, conflicts of law, civil procedure, and complex civil litigation. Her scholarly work focuses on the incorporation of international law into domestic legal regimes, and in particular on the role of transnational judicial dialogue in developing international legal norms and in transforming U.S. and other domestic courts into key mediators between domestic and international law. She has written extensively on the debate in Congress and in the media over the use of foreign and international law in interpreting the U.S. Constitution. Her articles have been published in the Columbia, Georgetown, and North Carolina law reviews, in the Yale Journal of International Law, and in numerous edited volumes and symposium collections. In 2006, her work was one of three U.S. entries selected by the American Society of International Law (through a peer reviewed process) for presentation at the inaugural Four Societies Symposium (a joint symposium of the American, Australia/New Zealand, Canadian, and Japanese Societies of International Law). Her scholarship on transnational judicial dialogue has been cited by U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia.

Prior to entering law teaching, Professor Waters served in the U.S. State Department as Senior Advisor to Harold Hongju Koh, Asisstant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights & Labor. She was a litigator at Williams & Connolly in Washington, DC, where she was a member of President Clinton’s legal defense team. She has also served as a consultant to the Soros Foundation Open Society Institute, specializing in the design, development and implementation of rule of law and human rights capacity building projects.

John Fabian Witt ;is Professor of Law at Yale Law School. He is the author of widely acclaimed works on the history of American law, including Patriots and Cosmopolitans: Hidden Histories of American Law (Harvard University Press, 2007), which explores law and nationhood at key moments in American history from the Founding to the Cold War, and the prizewinning book, The Accidental Republic: Crippled Workingmen, Destitute Widows, and the Remaking of American Law (Harvard University Press, 2004), as well as articles in the Columbia Law Review , The Harvard Law Review , The Yale Law Journal , and other scholarly journals. His writing has appeared in The New York Times , Slate , and The Washington Post .  He is currently writing a book on the law of war in American history from the Revolution to the turn of the twentieth century. Professor Witt is a graduate of Yale Law School and Yale College and he holds a Ph.D. in history from Yale. Before returning to Yale, he was the George Welwood Murray Professor of Legal History at Columbia University. He served as law clerk to Judge Pierre N. Leval on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.

FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 6, 2009

8:00 to 9:00 AM: Breakfast

9:00 to 10:00 AM: Panel One – 1789 – 1860

David Sloss, Michael Ramsey, Bill Dodge 15 minute presentation; 45 minutes for discussion and Q&A

10:00 – 10:30 AM: Coffee Break

10:30 AM to 12:15 PM: Panel Two – 1860 to 1900

John Fabian Witt – Historical Commentary Duncan Hollis – Treaties David Bederman – Customary International Law Thomas Lee – International Law and Interpretation Michael Ramsey – Moderator

12 minutes for each panelist; 55 minutes for discussion and Q&A

12:15 to 1:30 PM: Lunch

1:30 to 3:15 PM: Panel Three – 1900 to 1945

Edward Purcell – Historical Commentary Michael Van Alstine – Treaties Michael Ramsey – Customary International Law Roger Alford – International Law and Interpretation William Dodge – Moderator

3:15 – 3:45 PM: Coffee Break

3:45 to 5:30 PM: Panel Four – 1945-2000

Martin Flaherty – Historical Commentary Paul Stephan – Treaties William Dodge – Customary International Law Melissa Waters – International Law and Interpretation David Sloss – Moderator

5:30 to 7:00 PM: Cocktail Reception

7:00 to 9:00 PM: Dinner

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 7, 2009

8:00 – 8:30 AM: Breakfast

8:30 to 9:40 AM: Panel Five – Treaties: Medellin and Sanchez-Llamas

Author – Lori Damrosch (12 mins) Commentator – Paul Stephan (8 mins) Commentator – Duncan Hollis (8 mins) Moderator – David Sloss

40 minutes for discussion and Q&A

9:40 to 10:00 PM: Coffee Break

10:00 to 11:10 AM: Panel Six – Customary International Law: Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain

Author – John McGinnis (12 mins) Commentator – David Bederman (8 mins) Commentator – Bill Dodge (8 mins) Moderator – Michael Ramsey

11:10 AM to 12:20 PM: Panel Seven – Int’l Law and Constitutional Interpretation: Lawrence and Roper

Author – Mark Tushnet (12 mins) [by telephone] Commentator – Melissa Waters (8 mins) Commentator – Thomas Lee (8 mins) Moderator – Michael Van Alstine

12:20 to 1:30 PM: Lunch

1:30 to 2:40 PM: Panel Eight – International Law in Statutory Interpretation: Empagran

Author – Ralf Michaels (12 mins) Commentator – David Sloss (8 mins) Commentator – Paul Stephan (8 mins) Moderator – Bill Dodge

2:40 to 3:00 PM: Coffee Break

3:00 – 4:10 PM: Panel Nine – International Law and Enemy Combatants: Hamdi, Hamdan, Boumedienne

Author – David Golove (12 mins) Commentator – Martin Flaherty (8 mins) Commentator – Michael Ramsey (8 mins) Moderator – Edward Purcell

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Announcing the Eighth Annual Student Essay Competition

The  Yale Law Journal  is excited to announce its eighth annual Student Essay Competition. The  Journal ’s Student Essay Competition challenges the next generation of legal scholars and practitioners to reflect on emerging legal problems. The Competition is open to current law students and recent law-school graduates nationwide. Up to three winners will be awarded a $300 cash prize. Winning submissions will be published in the  Yale Law Journal Forum , the  Journal ’s online component. All  Forum  Essays are fully searchable and available on LexisNexis, Westlaw, and our website. Last year’s winning Essays can be viewed on our website.

Competition Topic: Emerging Issues in Criminal Law

This year, we invite submissions focusing on novel developments in criminal law and procedure, broadly understood. We encourage submissions on a range of topics, including corrections and prisons; policing; prosecution; private and public defense; racial disparities in the criminal legal system; the criminalization of queer and trans individuals; crimmigration; abolitionism; mass incarceration; capital punishment; youth justice; felony disenfranchisement; drug policy; evidence; and any related areas. We hope to receive both clinical and academic submissions.

Eligibility and Submission Details

The competition is open to all current law students and recent law-school graduates (JDs and LLMs from the Classes of 2022-2027) from any ABA-accredited law school. Each individual may submit only one piece. Submissions must be previously unpublished Essays and may not be submitted to other publications during the competition period. 

The deadline for submissions is September 6, 2024 at 5pm ET. Submissions must be no shorter than 4,000 words and no longer than 8,000 words, including footnotes.

Essays must be submitted via the Journal ’s online submissions portal. When asked to select “Submission Type,” please select “Student Essay Competition” (do not select “Forum Essay (Students)”).

Please submit your Essay as a Word document. Your submission file should be titled “YLJ Essay Competition - [ESSAY TITLE]” and include a header with “YLJ Essay Competition” in the main text of your document. To ensure anonymized review, please do not include any identifying information, including name, class year, or institution, in your Essay’s body or metadata. Failure to anonymize your Essay may disqualify it from consideration by the Selection Committee.

The Selection Committee will consider all submissions anonymously. Winners will be announced in October 2024. Authors who submit winning Essays commit to publication in the  Yale Law Journal Forum  and agree to participate in our full editing process. This process involves both structural and substantive suggestions, as well as sourceciting for content and adherence to Bluebook style.

Disbursement of the cash prize to each winner is subject to any applicable tax reporting and withholding requirements.

Please direct questions about the Student Essay Competition to the Managing Editors, Beatrice (Bea) Brown ( [email protected] ) and Deja Morehead ( [email protected] ). We look forward to reading your submissions!

Announcing the YLJ Academic Summer Grants Program

Announcing the editors of volume 134.

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• Press Releases
• DHS Launches Know2Protect™ Public Awareness Campaign to Combat Online Child Exploitation and Abuse With Many Public and Private Sector Partners

DHS Launches Know2Protect™ Public Awareness Campaign to Combat Online Child Exploitation and Abuse With Many Public and Private Sector Partners, including Google, Meta, Snap, Roblox, NASCAR, U.S. Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Boy Scouts of America, National Police Athletic League, and More

There Were Over 36 Million Reports of Suspected Child Sexual Exploitation in 2023, More Than Twice the Number Reported in 2019

Department’s New Know2Protect.gov Campaign to Provide Young People, Parents, Community Leaders, and Educators with Resources to Better Prevent and Educate Themselves on These Crimes

WASHINGTON, D.C. – Today, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced Know2Protect, Together We Can Stop Online Child Exploitation ™ , a first-of-its-kind national public awareness campaign that brings together public and private sector partners. Key partners include high-profile technology companies, national and international sports leagues, youth-serving organizations and nonprofits, and other private sector partners to raise awareness of this heinous and growing crime and how to keep children safe. Through Know2Protect, DHS and its partners will educate and empower young people, parents, and trusted adults on ways to prevent and combat exploitation and abuse both on and offline, explain how to report incidents of these crimes, and offer support resources for victims and survivors of online child sexual exploitation and abuse.

Online child exploitation and abuse is reaching epidemic proportions and threatens the safety of children globally. In 2023, the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) received more than 36 million CyberTipline ® reports of suspected online child sexual exploitation and abuse (CSEA), a 360% increase over the number of reports received 10 years ago. According to the 2023 WeProtect Global Threat Assessment, the volume of child sexual abuse material has increased globally by 87% over the past five years.

“All of us, working together, must protect our children from the heinous and growing crime of online child sexual exploitation and abuse. The tragic reality is that, as young people spend more time online, predators around the world increasingly target them through manipulation and deceit,” said Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro N. Mayorkas . “Know2Protect is a first-of-its-kind national initiative to raise public awareness and prevent these horrific crimes from happening in the first place. Public-private partnerships and targeted trainings are essential to raising awareness and educating the public; identifying, protecting, and supporting victims; and bringing perpetrators to justice. By partnering with national sports leagues, youth-serving organizations, and gaming, technology, and other private sector organizations, Know2Protect will help educate the public, save lives, and prevent tragedies.”

Know2Protect is the first federal government campaign focused on education and prevention of online CSEA. The campaign’s mission is to mobilize young people, parents, educators, and community leaders to learn the signs of this crime, what they can do to prevent it, how to report it to law enforcement, and how they can support survivors. The Know2Protect.gov website, launching today, is being advertised in 25 media markets and online through digital and physical billboards, posters, as well as displays across the country. The campaign will reach millions of Americans where they are and will disseminate resources to educate the public about this crime — including a portal specifically for kids ages 10 and older — and empower them with resources and tools for people to protect themselves and others against online CSEA.

To reflect the importance of a unified commitment to combat the dramatic and alarming increase of online child sexual exploitation and abuse, today DHS is announcing partners from across society – from social media and technology companies to sporting leagues and youth-serving organizations – that have already joined Know2Protect in its important mission. More partners will join the campaign in the coming months.

“The best way to keep kids safe online is to provide helpful information where they are: on social media and online gaming platforms, and through clubs, sporting events, and organizations. By partnering with a range of companies to raise awareness and disseminate educational messaging, we are keeping kids safe from online predators,” said Know2Protect Campaign Director Kate Kennedy . “We are grateful for all of our partners who share a commitment to combat online child sexual exploitation and abuse and keep children safe as a result.”

The National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC) has been working with the Department on the development of Know2Protect assets and concepts since its inception. NCMEC subject matter experts and its survivor network reviewed campaign materials to ensure they were appropriate and educational for all audiences.

“Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse is a growing global concern, and NCMEC is at the forefront of addressing it. The exponential rise in CSEA within the past year underscores the urgency of our mission,” said NCMEC Chief Operating Officer Derrick Driscoll . “NCMEC applauds any initiative or governmental effort aimed at raising awareness about this crime. The Know2Protect campaign helps to do just that. Collaborating globally is crucial to prevent these crimes from happening and families and children should know they are not alone in this fight.”

TECHNOLOGY PARTNERS

Google LLC is donating ad credits for Google display, YouTube, and Google Search, which will bolster the reach of the campaign in order to educate as many young people, parents, educators, and community leaders as possible on the signs of child exploitation and abuse and how to keep yourself and others safe both on and offline.

“We are proud to donate Search and YouTube ads to support the DHS’ campaign raising awareness on the issue of child sexual abuse and exploitation online, including sextortion,” said Google.org Senior Director Annie Lewin . “Through our broader child safety work, we know how impactful it can be to provide young people and parents with information and tools on how to report these crimes and find resources. By donating ads, we hope to help the DHS reach a wider audience and further educate the public on this timely and urgent issue.”

Intel Corporation is inviting Know2Protect staff to deliver awareness trainings to their staff yearly.

“Intel is proud to support the Know2Protect campaign through education of our employee base to amplify awareness and enable parents and their families to stay safe online,” said Intel Corporate Board Member of NCMEC and Intel Chief Product Sustainability Officer Jen Huffstetler .

Meta Platforms, Inc. will support the DHS to promote the Know2Protect campaign on Facebook and Instagram, raise awareness about these crimes and how to recognize them, and direct people to information and resources that can support them.

“Child exploitation is horrific. We work aggressively to fight the criminals behind it, from the new tools we announced just last week to protect teens from financial sextortion, to supporting law enforcement in investigating and prosecuting offenders,” said Meta’s Global Head of Safety Antigone Davis . “We’re pleased to support the Department of Homeland Security in its campaign, which will raise awareness of these crimes, help parents and teens spot potential risks, and direct them to support.”

Roblox Corporation will display in-game billboard advertisements for users of its online platform. These advertisements will share helpful tips for gamers on internet safety and best practices. In the future, Roblox will work with Know2Protect to develop in-game immersive experiences, such as building characters from the campaign’s iGuardian training program and Know2Protect badges for Roblox users.

“Roblox is built on a foundation of safety and civility, and we are proud to support the Know2Protect campaign,” said Roblox Vice President of Civility Tami Bhaumik . “By educating and empowering people with the knowledge and tools to prevent harm, collectively, we will be in a stronger position to prevent abuse from happening. Sometimes these are difficult issues to talk about, which makes resources and tools all the more important. We are honored to be part of the solution to amplify this important campaign.”

Snap Inc. , Know2Protect’s first official partner, is providing Know2Protect in-platform ad credits on its Snapchat platform and conducting research to gauge Snapchatters’ awareness and familiarity with a variety of sexual-related online risks. In the United States, more than 100 million people use Snapchat to communicate with their friends and family, including more than 20 million teenagers. In addition, Snap will promote the Know2Protect website on its dedicated online Privacy and Safety and Parents Hubs.

“These horrific crimes can’t be ignored – they need to be discussed in the halls of government, at boardroom tables and at kitchen tables. Young people need to be attuned to online sexual risks, and adults need to understand the issues so they can help young people in crisis,” said Snap Inc Global Head of Platform Safety Jacqueline Beauchere . “That’s why Snap is honored to be a founding partner of Know2Protect, and to help share educational resources with the millions of teens who use our app daily to communicate.”

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SPORTING LEAGUE PARTNERS

Major League Baseball (MLB) , through their MLB Together CSR platform, will display Know2Protect physical advertisement collateral, such as posters, at the host venue for 2024 MLB All-Star Week in July, and also list Know2Protect on MLBTogether.com as a trusted youth safety resource for players and families to access.

“MLB is proud to join the Know2Protect awareness campaign to address this important issue affecting far too many families in our world,” said Major League Baseball Vice President of Social Responsibility April Brown . “Our Midsummer Classic provides an outstanding platform, through our MLB Together initiative, to share this critical information with families across the country.”

Major League Soccer (MLS) will highlight the campaign during the July 24, 2024 MLS All-Star Game presented by Target.

“The mission of Know2Protect to keep children safe from online exploitation is vitally important at this time, and Major League Soccer considers it an honor to work with the Department of Homeland Security, Secretary Mayorkas, and the NCMEC on this global campaign,” said MLS Commissioner Don Garber . “We are dedicated to using the platforms of our league and 30 clubs to share the resources and guidance of Know2Protect, and to do everything in our power to assist in the fight against the abhorrent crime of child exploitation.”

NASCAR will display Know2Protect promotional assets and materials during races around the country.

“NASCAR is proud to partner with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security to help raise awareness of its important Know2Protect initiative,” said NASCAR President Steve Phelps . “The DHS has been a strong partner to NASCAR over the years, and we’re honored to have been asked to take part in this vital program that protects children throughout this great country.”

The National Football League (NFL) will work to amplify the Know2Protect campaign by raising awareness among clubs and players, and running Know2Protect public service announcements on various platforms, including NFL Media.

“Keeping our children safe is something we can all agree on, and the NFL is proud to support DHS’ efforts to stop online abuse and exploitation,” said NFL Senior Vice President and Chief Security Officer Cathy Lanier . “We commit to using the league’s platform to raise awareness about this real and growing threat, and to highlight a national campaign to protect young people from predators and other bad actors.”

The National Hockey League (NHL) will display advertisements and host in-person events at its games, while also amplifying campaign messaging on its network and among its various social media platforms.

“The National Hockey League is proud to support this vital initiative and contribute to the protection of our nation’s youth and most vulnerable,” said NHL Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Security Officer Jared Maples .

The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee (USOPC) will work with Know2Protect to provide virtual presentations to Team USA athletes and parents on the threat of online CSEA and the preventative strategies they can implement to keep all Team USA Athletes safe.

“Keeping Team USA athletes safe where they live, train and compete is the USOPC’s top priority. As part of that effort, educating athletes and their support communities is an essential step in prevention,” said USOPC Senior Vice President and Chief of Security & Athlete Services Nicole Deal . “We are happy to partner with Know2Protect as an important part of our holistic commitment to creating safe environments and providing more resources for Team USA athletes.”

YOUTH-SERVING ORGANIZATIONS

Boy Scouts of America (BSA) will collaborate with Know2Protect to promote knowledge sharing and empowerment for youth and parents. The BSA will also facilitate Project iGuardian presentations for Scouts and parents and explore developing a co-branded BSA patch in recognition of taking an in-person Project iGuardian training at the local or national level.

“Safeguarding our Scouts so that we can prevent harm will always be our most important mission, and that includes their online safety,” said Boy Scouts of America President and CEO Roger Krone . “Through this collaboration with DHS, Scouting will make the Know2Protect resources available to empower more than a million youth members and adult volunteers, further enhancing our education and training initiatives to help ensure that our Scouts, leaders, and their families remain safe from online dangers.”

National Police Athletic League (National PAL) will host Know2Protect representatives to train its members across the nation at both the National PAL Conference and Youth Mentoring Summit. National PAL will also amplify campaign resources in its webpage and on social media platforms monthly.  National PAL is committed to protecting the youth at all costs and greatly supports this effort put forth by the Department of Homeland Security.

“National PAL is extremely excited and honored to partner with the Department of Homeland Security on the Know2Protect campaign. Know2Protect provides another tool for youth, parents, educators, coaches etc. to keep our youth safe from online predators,” said National PAL Board President Christopher Hill . “Today, National PAL will be rolling out the K2P campaign to all of our member chapters immediately to ensure that we are further prepared to protect our youth at all levels! We will make sure our youth are aware that no matter the threat, the iGuardians are there to support and protect them!”

LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSOCIATIONS

Law enforcement officials across the country are joining the campaign, including the National Fusion Center Association, International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators , and Small & Rural Law Enforcement Executives Association . These law enforcement associations have committed to partnering with the campaign to share information and resources with their members and the communities that they serve; amplify the tools through their communication platforms and channels; and amongst other activities, collaborate with the Department moving forward to further develop training programs for state, local, tribal, territorial, and campus law enforcement across the country.

“The National Fusion Center Association (NFCA) is proud to be a partner with the Know2Protect Campaign. Our National Network of 80 State and Major Urban Area Fusion Centers, was built on the foundation of helping to protect America through threat detection, criminal intelligence analysis, and information sharing,” said NFCA President Mike Sena . “We are honored to be working with the Know2Protect Campaign in its effort to empower children, teens, parents, trusted adults, and policymakers to prevent and combat online child sexual exploitation and abuse.

“Our children are one of the most vulnerable members of our society. We must do all we can to fight those who would exploit and take advantage of them,” said IACLEA Executive Director Paul Cell . “International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators (IACLEA) stands united and in support of the work K2P is doing to insure our children are educated on the dangers of online predators and how they can identify when they are being targeted.”

“The Small and Rural Law Enforcement Executives Association (SRLEEA) wholeheartedly endorses the DHS's Know2Protectcampaign, highlighting its vital role in smaller, rural, and tribal communities. These areas often encounter increased risks due to scarce resources, and this initiative is crucial for providing necessary awareness and tools to combat online child exploitation. The impact of Know2Protect in empowering our communities and law enforcement to protect our most vulnerable from these evolving threats is invaluable,"  said Chair of the SRLEEA Human Trafficking Committee Sheriff Kim Stewart .

Know2Protect is the latest example of DHS’s ongoing efforts to address online child sexual exploitation and abuse and comes after the Department’s Quadrennial Homeland Security Review added combating crimes of exploitation and protecting victims as a sixth mission area in April 2023. Learn more about recent DHS efforts to combat child exploitation and abuse .

Know2Protect will highlight the whole of DHS efforts to combat online CSEA, including:

• Homeland Security Investigations (HSI), which serves as the principal investigative arm of DHS and protects the public from crimes of victimization, including child sexual exploitation. HSI works to investigate, apprehend, and prosecute offenders and identify, protect and support victims. HSI also prevents transnational child sexual abuse, including those who travel internationally to engage in illicit sexual conduct with minors. HSI oversees Know2Protect and Project iGuardian, Know2Protect’s educational program to teach the public about the ongoing threats children and teens face from online predators.  
• The U.S. Secret Service supports the protection of minors from CSEA through advanced investigative and forensic support to state and local law enforcement agencies, such as providing support for polygraphs of suspected perpetrators, advanced analysis of photo or video evidence, and assistance on cases related to missing and exploited children. The U.S. Secret Service’s Childhood Smart Program, created in partnership with the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, educates parents, children, and teens about internet and personal safety.  
• The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) administers SchoolSafety.gov, a collaborative, interagency website that provides schools and districts with actionable recommendations to create safe and supportive environments for students and educators. The site is an access point for information, resources, guidance, and evidence-based practices on a range of school safety topics, including online exploitation.  
• The DHS Science and Technology Directorate supports DHS offices by providing technical and scientific expertise. It also researches, develops, and deploys leading-edge forensic tools and technologies.

The campaign will continue to spread prevention and awareness messaging through partnerships, a robust social media presence, and training and outreach to schools and communities through age-appropriate educational presentations provided by agents from Homeland Security Investigations and the U.S. Secret Service.

To demonstrate the Department’s unified focus on combating cybercrimes, Secretary Mayorkas redesignated the HSI Cyber Crimes Center as the DHS Cyber Crimes Center (DHS C3), strengthening the Department-wide effort to combat cyber-related crimes and online CSEA. The Department works alongside our U.S. and international government partners to raise awareness of these threats, investigate, apprehend, and prosecute offenders, and to identify, protect, and support victims. The entire Biden-Harris Administration has identified online child safety and security as a top priority, creating the White House Online Harassment and Abuse Task Force , the Kids Online Health and Safety Task Force , and the Australia-U.S. Joint Council on Combatting Online Child Sexual Exploitation , all of which the Department plays a leading role.

The Department’s participation in multilateral partnerships, such as the Five Country Ministerial, has led to important initiatives such as the development of the Voluntary Principles to Counter Online Child Sexual Exploitation , also endorsed by the G7 foreign ministers, and the Children Online Protection Lab , led by France, which the United States participates as a member of the Executive Committee, all of which are crucial in combating this borderless crime.

WHAT YOU CAN DO

• Project iGuardians™: Combating Child Predators : Project iGuardian is Know2Protect’s educational program to teach schools, community groups, corporations, and nonprofit organizations about the ongoing threats children and teens face from online predators. To request a presentation, please email [email protected] .
• Childhood Smart Program : The U.S. Secret Service Childhood Smart Program educates parents, trusted adults, children (grades K-12) and the community about real-world safety issues to increase awareness of internet safety. To request a presentation in your community, please email [email protected] .  
• Visit SchoolSafety.gov for resources to help educators, school leaders, parents, and school personnel identify, prevent, and respond to child exploitation.  
• Learn more about sextortion : it is more common than you think.   
• Learn more from the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children .

HOW TO REPORT SUSPECTED ONLINE CHILD SEXUAL EXPLOITATION AND ABUSE

• Contact your local, state, campus, or tribal law enforcement officials directly. Call 911 in an emergency.  
• If you suspect a child has been abducted or faces imminent danger, contact your local police and the NCMEC tip line at 1-800-THE-LOST (1-800-843-5678) .  
• If you suspect a child might be a victim of online sexual exploitation, call the HSI Tip Line at 1-866-347-2423 and report it to NCMEC’s CyberTipline . 

Know2Protect is managed by the Department of Homeland Security’s Cyber Crimes Center. To learn more about the campaign or to request a presentation tailored for your community, please visit know2protect.gov.

• Secretary of Homeland Security
• Child Exploitation