report essay bi

How to Write a Business Analysis Report [Examples and Templates]

Table of contents

Business analysis reports are a lot like preparing a delicious meal.

Sometimes, the recipe is simple enough that you only need to use the basic ingredients. Other times, you will have to follow specific instructions to ensure those tasty delicacies turn out just right.

Want to make sure your business report never turns out like a chewy piece of meat? You’ve come to the right place.

Stay tuned until the end of this blog post, and we promise you won’t be hungry… for business knowledge!

What Is a Business Analysis Report?

Why is analytical reporting important, what should be included in a business analysis report, how do you write a business analysis report, business data analysis report examples and templates.

• Improve Business Reporting with Databox

A business analysis report provides information about the current situation of your company. This report is usually created by the management to help in the decision-making process and is usually used by other departments within a company.

Business analysis reports can either focus your research on the effectiveness of an existing business process or a proposed new process. Besides, an effective business analysis report should also assess the results to determine if the process changes had a positive or negative effect on the company’s goals. In fact, according to Databox’s State of business reporting , an overwhelming majority of companies said that reporting improved their performance.

Analytical reports are the bridge that connects your company to an effective, data-driven business intelligence strategy . By leveraging analytical reports , you can make informed decisions about your organization’s most critical issues. You will no longer need to rely on gut instinct or anecdotal evidence when assessing risks, threats, and opportunities. Instead, you will have access to a wealth of reliable data to inform your decisions.

Here are some essential benefits of analytical reporting:

• Improve communication and foster collaboration – The most obvious benefit of business analysis report writing is an improvement in communication between all stakeholders involved in the project. Also, analytical business reports can help you to generate more trust and foster better collaboration among your employees and colleagues. By using data analytics reporting tools , you will be able to monitor your employees’ performance on a day-to-day basis. This will allow you to hold them accountable for their actions and give them greater freedom within the business as they know that their superiors have faith in their decision-making capabilities.
• Increase productivity – Without this level of shared insight, businesses struggle to stay on top of their most important tasks and can become less efficient. An effective analytical business report provides the information needed for more efficient internal processes and helps you find more time for strategic activities such as improving your business strategy or working on long-term goals .
• Innovation – In today’s digital age, the pressure to innovate was never greater. When consumers basically have everything they want at their fingertips, stepping up to the plate with a new and improved product or service has never been more important. With an accessible dashboard in place, you will be able to create data-driven narratives for each of your business’ critical functions. For example, if you are a software company, you can use the insights gained from report analysis done with your dashboard software to tailor your product development efforts to the actual needs of your customers. By doing so, you will be able to develop products that are better tailored to specific customer groups. You can also use the same information for developing new marketing strategies and campaigns.
• Continuous business evolution – When it comes to digital businesses, data is everything. No model lasts forever, so having access to a business dashboard software that allows you to constantly keep tabs on your business’ performance will help you refine it as time goes on. If there are any glitches in your business model, or if something isn’t panning out as expected, the insight offered by a business analysis report can help you improve upon what works while scrapping what doesn’t.

A business analysis report has several components that need to be included to give a thorough description of the topic at hand. The structure and length of business analysis reports can vary depending on the needs of the project or task.

They can be broken down into different sections that include an:

• Executive summary
• Study introduction
• Methodology
• Review of statistics

Reports of this nature may also include case studies or examples in their discussion section.

A report can be written in a formal or informal tone, depending on the audience and purpose of the document. While a formal tone is best for executives , an informal tone is more appropriate for technical audiences . It is also a good idea to use something like an executive summary template to report on the results repeatedly with ease.

A good business analysis report is detailed and provides recommendations in the form of actionable steps. Here we have listed some simple steps that you need to follow to write a good business analysis report. Report writing is a major part of the business analysis process. In this section, you will learn how to write a report for your company:

Preparation

Presentation.

Obtain an overview of what you want to analyze in the business report . For example, if you are writing a business analysis report on how to improve customer service at an insurance company, you will want to look through all the customer service processes to determine where the problems lie. The more prepared you are when starting a project, the easier it will be to get results. Here is what your preparation should look like:

Set your goals

The first step in writing this document is to set your goals . What do you hope to accomplish with this paper? Do you need to assess the company’s finances? Are you looking for ways to make improvements? Or do you have outside investors who want to know if they should buy into the company? Once you know what your goal is, then you can begin setting up your project.

PRO TIP: How Well Are Your Marketing KPIs Performing?

Like most marketers and marketing managers, you want to know how well your efforts are translating into results each month. How much traffic and new contact conversions do you get? How many new contacts do you get from organic sessions? How are your email campaigns performing? How well are your landing pages converting? You might have to scramble to put all of this together in a single report, but now you can have it all at your fingertips in a single Databox dashboard.

Our Marketing Overview Dashboard includes data from Google Analytics 4 and HubSpot Marketing with key performance metrics like:

• Sessions . The number of sessions can tell you how many times people are returning to your website. Obviously, the higher the better.
• New Contacts from Sessions . How well is your campaign driving new contacts and customers?
• Marketing Performance KPIs . Tracking the number of MQLs, SQLs, New Contacts and similar will help you identify how your marketing efforts contribute to sales.
• Email Performance . Measure the success of your email campaigns from HubSpot. Keep an eye on your most important email marketing metrics such as number of sent emails, number of opened emails, open rate, email click-through rate, and more.
• Blog Posts and Landing Pages . How many people have viewed your blog recently? How well are your landing pages performing?

Now you can benefit from the experience of our Google Analytics and HubSpot Marketing experts, who have put together a plug-and-play Databox template that contains all the essential metrics for monitoring your leads. It’s simple to implement and start using as a standalone dashboard or in marketing reports, and best of all, it’s free!

You can easily set it up in just a few clicks – no coding required.

To set up the dashboard, follow these 3 simple steps:

Step 1: Get the template 

Step 2: Connect your HubSpot and Google Analytics 4 accounts with Databox. 

Step 3: Watch your dashboard populate in seconds.

Assess the Company’s Mission

It’s almost impossible to write a business analysis report without access to the company’s mission statement. Even if you don’t plan on using the mission statement as part of your business analysis summary, it can help you understand the company’s culture and goals. Mission statements are typically short and easy to read, but they may not include every area of focus that you want to include in your report.

Thus, it is important to use other sources when possible. For example, if you are writing a business analysis report for a small start-up company that is just beginning to market its product or service, review the company website or talk directly with management to learn what they believe will be most crucial in growing the company from the ground up.

Stakeholder Analysis

Who is your audience? Create the reader’s persona and tailor all information to their perspective. Create a stakeholder map that identifies all the groups, departments, functions, and individuals involved in this project (and any other projects related to this one). Your stakeholder map should include a description of each group’s role.

Review Financial Performance

Review the financing of the business and determine whether there are any potential threats to the company’s ability to meet its future financial obligations. This includes reviewing debt payments and ownership equity compared with other types of financing such as accounts receivable, cash reserves, and working capital. Determine whether there have been any changes in the funding over time, such as an increase in long-term debt or a decrease in owners’ equity.

Apart from reviewing your debt payments and ownership equity with other types of financing, wouldn’t it be great if you could compare your financial performance to companies that are exactly like yours? With Databox, this can be done in less than 3 minutes.

For example, by  joining this benchmark group , you can better understand your gross profit margin performance and see how metrics like income, gross profit, net income, net operating increase, etc compare against businesses like yours.

One piece of data that you would be able to discover is the average gross profit a month for B2B, B2C, SaaS and eCommerce. Knowing that you perform better than the median may help you evaluate your current business strategy and identify the neccessary steps towards improving it.

Instantly and Anonymously Benchmark Your Company’s Performance Against Others Just Like You

If you ever asked yourself:

• How does our marketing stack up against our competitors?
• Are our salespeople as productive as reps from similar companies?
• Are our profit margins as high as our peers?

Databox Benchmark Groups can finally help you answer these questions and discover how your company measures up against similar companies based on your KPIs.

When you join Benchmark Groups, you will:

• Get instant, up-to-date data on how your company stacks up against similar companies based on the metrics most important to you. Explore benchmarks for dozens of metrics, built on anonymized data from thousands of companies and get a full 360° view of your company’s KPIs across sales, marketing, finance, and more.
• Understand where your business excels and where you may be falling behind so you can shift to what will make the biggest impact. Leverage industry insights to set more effective, competitive business strategies. Explore where exactly you have room for growth within your business based on objective market data.
• Keep your clients happy by using data to back up your expertise. Show your clients where you’re helping them overperform against similar companies. Use the data to show prospects where they really are… and the potential of where they could be.
• Get a valuable asset for improving yearly and quarterly planning . Get valuable insights into areas that need more work. Gain more context for strategic planning.

The best part?

• Benchmark Groups are free to access.
• The data is 100% anonymized. No other company will be able to see your performance, and you won’t be able to see the performance of individual companies either.

When it comes to showing you how your performance compares to others, here is what it might look like for the metric Average Session Duration:

And here is an example of an open group you could join:

And this is just a fraction of what you’ll get. With Databox Benchmarks, you will need only one spot to see how all of your teams stack up — marketing, sales, customer service, product development, finance, and more. 

• Choose criteria so that the Benchmark is calculated using only companies like yours
• Narrow the benchmark sample using criteria that describe your company
• Display benchmarks right on your Databox dashboards

Sounds like something you want to try out? Join a Databox Benchmark Group today!

Examine the “Four P’s”

“Four P’s” — product , price , place, and promotion . Here’s how they work:

• Product — What is the product? How does it compare with those of competitors? Is it in a position to gain market share?
• Price — What is the price of the product? Is it what customers perceive as a good value?
• Place — Where will the product be sold? Will existing distribution channels suffice or should new channels be considered?
• Promotion — Are there marketing communications efforts already in place or needed to support the product launch or existing products?

Evaluate the Company Structure

A business analysis report examines the structure of a company, including its management, staff, departments, divisions, and supply chain. It also evaluates how well-managed the company is and how efficient its supply chain is. In order to develop a strong strategy, you need to be able to analyze your business structure.

When writing a business analysis report, it’s important to make sure you structure your work properly. You want to impress your readers with a clear and logical layout, so they will be able to see the strengths of your recommendations for improving certain areas of the business. A badly written report can completely ruin an impression, so follow these steps to ensure you get it right the first time.

A typical business analysis report is formatted as a cover page , an executive summary , information sections, and a summary .

• A cover page contains the title and author of the report, the date, a contact person, and reference numbers.
• The information section is backed up by data from the work you’ve done to support your findings, including charts and tables. Also, includes all the information that will help you make decisions about your project. Experience has shown that the use of reputable study materials, such as  StuDocu  and others, might serve you as a great assistant in your findings and project tasks.
• A summary is a short overview of the main points that you’ve made in the report. It should be written so someone who hasn’t read your entire document can understand exactly what you’re saying. Use it to highlight your main recommendations for how to change your project or organization in order to achieve its goals.
• The last section of a business analysis report is a short list of references that include any websites or documents that you used in your research. Be sure to note if you created or modified any of these documents — it’s important to give credit where credit is due.

The Process of Investigation

Explain the problem – Clearly identify the issue and determine who is affected by it. You should include a detailed description of the problem you are analyzing, as well as an in-depth analysis of its components and effects. If you’re analyzing a small issue on a local scale, make sure that your report reflects this scale. That way, if someone else reads your work who had no idea about its context or scope, they would still be able to understand it.

Explain research methods – There are two ways to do this. Firstly, you can list the methods you’ve used in the report to determine your actions’ success and failure. Secondly, you should add one or two new methods to try instead. Always tell readers how you came up with your answer or what data you used for your report. If you simply tell them that the company needs to improve customer service training then they won’t know what kind of data led you to that conclusion. Also, if there were several ways of addressing a problem, discuss each one and why it might not work or why it may not be appropriate for the company at this time.

Analyze data – Analyzing data is an integral part of any business decision, whether it’s related to the costs of manufacturing a product or predicting consumer behavior. Business analysis reports typically focus on one aspect of an organization and break down that aspect into several parts — all of which must be analyzed in order to come to a conclusion about the original topic.

The Outcome of Each Investigation Stage

The recommendations and actions will usually follow from the business objectives not being met. For example, if one of your goals was to decrease costs then your recommendations would include optimization strategies for cost reduction . If you have more than one suggestion you should make a list of the pros and cons of each one. You can make several recommendations in one report if they are related. In addition, make sure that every recommendation has supporting arguments to back them up.

Report Summary

Every business analysis report should start with a summary. It’s the first thing people see and it needs to capture their attention and interest. The report summary can be created in two ways, depending on the nature of the report:

• If the report is a brief one, that simply gives a summary of the findings, then it can be created as part of the executive summary.
• But if it’s a long report, it could be too wordy to summarise. In this case, you can create a more detailed overview that covers all the main aspects of the project from both an internal and external point of view.

Everything comes down to this section. A presentation is designed to inform, persuade and influence decision-makers to take the next action steps.

Sometimes a slide or two can make them change their mind or open new horizons. These days, digital dashboards are becoming increasingly popular when it comes to presenting data in business reports. Dashboards combine different visualizations into one place, allowing users to get an overview of the information they need at a glance rather than searching through a bunch of documents or spreadsheets trying.

Databox offers dynamic and accessible digital dashboards that will help you to convert raw data into a meaningful story. And the best part is that you can do it with a ‘blink of an eye’ even if you don’t have any coding or designs skills. There is also an option of individual report customization so that you can tailor any dashboard to your own needs.

Pre-made dashboard templates can be extremely useful when creating your own business analysis report. While examples serve as inspiration, templates allow you to create reports quickly and easily without having to spend time (and money) developing the underlying data models.

Databox dashboard templates come with some of the most common pre-built metrics and KPIs different types of businesses track across different departments. In order to create powerful business insights within minutes, all you need to do is download any of our free templates and connect your data source — the metrics will populate automatically.

Business Report Examples and Templates

Databox business dashboard examples are simple and powerful tools for tracking your business KPIs and performance. These dashboards can be used by executive teams and managers as well as by senior management, marketing, sales, customer support, IT, accounting, and other departments. If you are new to this kind of reporting, you may not know how to set up a dashboard or what metrics should be displayed on it. This is where a premade template for business dashboards comes in handy.

For example, this Google Ads Report Template is designed to give you a simple way to keep track of your campaigns’ performance over time, and it’s a great resource for anyone who uses Google’s advertising platform, regardless of whether they’re an SMB, an SME or an enterprise.

KPI Report Examples and Templates

KPIs are the foundation of any business analysis, and they can come in a multitude of forms. While we’ve defined KPIs as metrics or measurements that allow you to assess the effectiveness of a given process, department, or team, there are a number of ways to evaluate your KPIs. Through the use of color-coding, user-friendly graphs and charts, and an intuitive layout, your KPIs should be easy for anyone to understand. A good way to do this is by having a dedicated business analyst on your team who can take on the task of gathering data, analyzing it, and presenting it in a way that will drive actionable insights. However, if you don’t have a dedicated analyst or don’t want to spend money on one, you can still create KPI reporting dashboards using free KPI Databox templates and examples .

For example, this Sales Overview template is a great resource for managers who want to get an overview of their sales team’s performance and KPIs. It’s perfect for getting started with business analysis, as it is relatively easy to understand and put together.

Performance Report Examples and Templates

All businesses, regardless of size or industry, need to know how well they are performing in order to make the best decisions for their company and improve overall ROI. A performance dashboard is a strategic tool used to track key metrics across different departments and provide insight into the health of a business. Databox has a collection of 50+ Performance Dashboard Examples and Templates which are available for free download.

For example, if your business is investing a lot into customer support, we recommend tracking your customer service performance with this Helpscout Mailbox Dashboard which will give you insights into conversations, your team’s productivity, customer happiness score, and more.

Executive Report Examples and Templates

An executive dashboard is a visual representation of the current state of a business. The main purpose of an executive dashboard is to enable business leaders to quickly identify opportunities, identify areas for improvement, pinpoint issues, and make data-informed decisions for driving sales growth, new product launches, and overall business growth. When an executive dashboard is fully developed, as one of these 50+ Databox Free Executive Examples and Templates , it offers a single view of the most important metrics for a business at a glance.

For example, you probably have more than one set of financial data tracked using an executive dashboard software : invoices, revenue reports (for accounting), income statements, to mention a few. If you want to view all this data in one convenient place, or even create a custom report that gives you a better picture of your business’s financial health, this Stripe Dashboard Template is a perfect solution for you.

Metrics Report Examples and Templates

Choosing the right metrics for your business dashboard can be crucial to helping you meet your business objectives, evaluate your performance, and get insights into how your business is operating. Metrics dashboards are used by senior management to measure the performance of their company on a day-to-day basis. They are also used by mid-level managers to determine how their teams are performing against individual goals and objectives. Databox provides 50+ Free Metrics Dashboard Examples and Templates that you can use to create your company’s own dashboards. Each is unique and will depend on your business needs.

For example, if you are looking for ways to track the performance of your DevOps team, and get the latest updates on projects quickly – from commits, and repository status, to top contributors to your software development projects, this GitHub Overview Dashboard is for you.

Small Business Report Examples and Templates

A lot of small business owners don’t realize how important it is to have a proper dashboard in place until they actually use one. A dashboard can help you track and compare different metrics, benchmark your performance against industry averages, evaluate the effectiveness of your marketing and sales strategies, track financials, and much more. So if you’re looking for a tool to help you measure and manage your small business’ performance, try some of these 50+ Free Small Business Dashboard Examples and Templates .

For example, this Quickbooks Dashboard template can help you get a clear understanding of your business’s financial performance, ultimately allowing you to make better-informed decisions that will drive growth and profitability.

Agency Report Examples and Templates

Agency dashboards are not a new concept. They have been around for years and are used by companies all over the world. Agency dashboards can be powerful tools for improving your marketing performance, increasing client loyalty, and landing new clients. There is no single correct way to create an agency dashboard. Everyone has their own goals and objectives, which will ultimately determine which data points you choose to include or track using a client dashboard software , but with these Databox 100+ Free Agency Dashboard Examples and Templates you have plenty of options to start with.

For example, you can use this Harvest Clients Time Report to easily see how much time your employees spend working on projects for a particular client, including billable hours and billable amount split by projects.

Better Business Reporting with Databox

Business analysis is all about finding smart ways to evaluate your organization’s performance and future potential. And that’s where Databox comes in.

Databox can be a helpful tool for business leaders who are required to analyze data, hold frequent meetings, and generate change in their organizations. From improving the quality and accessibility of your reporting to tracking critical performance metrics in one place, and sharing performance metrics with your peers and team members in a cohesive, presentable way, allow Databox to be your personal assistant in these processes, minimize the burdens of reporting and ensure you always stay on top of your metrics game.

Sign up today for free to start streamlining your business reporting process.

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Home — Essay Samples — Business — Knowledge Management — Business Intelligence (bi)

Business Intelligence (bi)

• Categories: Information Technology Intelligence Knowledge Management

About this sample

Words: 1747 |

Published: Oct 2, 2018

Words: 1747 | Pages: 3 | 9 min read

Table of contents

Literature review, advanced analytics, conclusions and future study, data and data sources, extract, transform, load (etl), data warehouse and data marts.

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Business Intelligence Approaches Exploratory Essay

In the recent past, technology has increasingly been adopted in organizations. It assists in developing efficiency and thus customer satisfaction. The competitiveness of a business is vested on the quality of its management decisions. A number of systems that aim at meeting a certain objective in the business arena have been developed. They are either home-made or all user systems (commercial systems).

Business intelligence is the name used to refer to the total collection of such system; it was first coined in September 1996, in Gartner Group report. This paper focuses on how Business Intelligence (BI) tools and the nature of its operations with a business enterprise.

Business intelligence is a term used to refer to a collection of applications that aim at keeping and making available a data bank in a certain industry or organization; the bank is referred to when decisions are made. When developing the database, the initial stage is information gathering, then sorting the information, analyzing it, and finally making is accessible for use. Business intelligence can be used in the general strategy of a business or a certain area/department in an organization.

The major benefit that a company derives from using business intelligence tools in the right way is competitive advantage. This is because a firm has access to information that assist in making informed, current and futuristic decisions (Electrosmart Limited, 2011).

Business intelligence tools take two angles; custom-built tools and commercial reporting tools. Whichever the category they are meant to keep custody and give access to certain information from data warehouse maintained in a company for better decision making.

Custom-built soft wares are developed in a company and aims to keep and avail certain information, to limited people working in a certain area or organization; commercial reporting tools are developed for sale to help in a specific line of business; they are made kin such a way that they can be integrated in the system operating in a business.

An example of a commercial reporting tool is Oracle, Reporting and querying software, and ORAP. Word access (spreadsheets) fall in the category of business tool; it has the widest use. Different industry require different information, thus different system with varying levels of data rights are used.

Despite the numerous advantages that come along with an effective business intelligence tools, making a decision to implement one is a complex decision.

It requires information technology experts as well as huge capital investments. If the process is not well implemented, it can have a negative effect to a business. The initial stage when implementing one is recognition of a need situation in a business. After the problem has been analyzed, a computer expert is involved for advice/to develop a suitable package.

Advancement in technology has enabled more users’ friendly and result-oriented soft-wares. Companies are increasingly adopting the systems. Most big companies have gone a step ahead whereby they have an officer, in the management level who is the custodian of data and information. He is mandated with not only with the electronic data but also human data.

As employees interact with customers they are supposed to record and forward more data to the officer. The department works hand-in-hand with research and development department to ensure that the data in the system is updated (Bikson & Eveland, 1996).

Other than relying on the database alone, a tread is taking course whereby after a certain issue has been raised by employees or the research team, data is looked for. Experiences are mostly mounted together and develop a pool of wisdom that helps in decision making.

In future business intelligence will take a different approach but the baseline remains the same, providing data to be utilized when making decisions. Their continued use will lead to better ways of doing business, efficiency and customer satisfaction.

Bikson, T., & Eveland, J. (1996). Groupware Implementation: Reinvention in the Sociotechnical Frame. Proceedings of the 1996 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. New York: Association for Computing Machinery . Web.

Electrosmart Limited (2011). The Business Intelligence Guide . Web.

• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2023, December 19). Business Intelligence Approaches. https://ivypanda.com/essays/business-intelligence/

"Business Intelligence Approaches." IvyPanda , 19 Dec. 2023, ivypanda.com/essays/business-intelligence/.

IvyPanda . (2023) 'Business Intelligence Approaches'. 19 December.

IvyPanda . 2023. "Business Intelligence Approaches." December 19, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/business-intelligence/.

1. IvyPanda . "Business Intelligence Approaches." December 19, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/business-intelligence/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Business Intelligence Approaches." December 19, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/business-intelligence/.

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How To Write A Report For A Formal Or Academic Occasion?

If you are immersed in academic, research, or the business world, it is likely that sooner or later (or even right now), you will have to face the task of report writing. Therefore, knowing how to write a report can save your life.

Here you can find a practical guide which will help you know the appropriate techniques needed in writing a report so that it will comply with standards. If you follow these steps to the letter, you will not only learn the art of making a report, but you will be the best at it.

What Is Report Writing?

Before getting into a subject and teaching you  how to write a good paper , you need to know clearly what you are facing. Therefore, the first thing is to delve a bit into the concept and define it.

A formal report or report essay is a text written in prose form, exposing the results of an investigation, a business process, or the analysis of a particular topic.

This type of report is used as an expository tool in different areas such as business, scientific, literary, or even in the legal field.

A report paper aims to present the reader with an analysis of results in the framework of an investigation, with special emphasis on the conclusions and processes that led to a certain result.

In the business area, brief reports are used to account for progress in different processes within the company or to disclose timely information requested by external entities.

Types Of Reports

There are various types of reports from projects or business to lab reports, let’s take a look at these two generic types.

Business Or Project Report

Business report writing is an assignment which the writer or researcher is required to analyze a situation while using standard management theories to arrive at some recommendations for an improved result.

An example, within a business organization, can be when workers are evaluated or when another company is studied. In essence, we can have a report as a tool used in a research study or in a scientific field.

Academic Report

Another general type is an academic report. These could be book reports, movie reviews, research, and even lab reports.

Academic reports are different from other types with one of the reasons being that they must be written and structured according to a recommended style format such as APA or MLA.

Report Writing Format And Style

If your teacher or instructor doesn’t state otherwise, APA or AP is the best formatting style for writing academic and business reports or other journalistic writings.

Also, the best type of writing style used for producing reports is the formal type. To achieve this, you may want to steer clear of the active voice and use the passive voice more. The active voice sound subjective. Meanwhile, report writing is supposed to be objective and devoid of personal opinions and views.

Report Structure

To write an effective report, you must choose and maintain a certain structure. Check out the correct way to structure your paper.

Executive Summary

Executive summaries are frequently used more in business reports than academic ones. They are used in situations where the entire report is voluminous. Like a newspaper news article, the writer or researcher seeks to capture the entire gist in a few paragraphs before presenting the full paper.

The introduction is the presentation of your report where you must explain in brief words what the work is about. To make an effective introduction, you must answer these questions: what, how, where, and why. If you answer each of these questions and join them with logical connectors, you will surely have a great introduction.

Body Paragraphs

In developing the body paragraphs, you have to expose the subject in the most accurate way possible, explaining the results found through the use of clear arguments.

The body is dedicated to the analysis of the facts. Then, you move on to the synthesis, that is, to the phase which you interpret what happened and get the useful indications for the future.

Finally, you must finalize the text of the document with the conclusions. You take stock of all your work. The conclusion, as the name implies, is the synthesis of what is addressed in your report. Try to write brief conclusions that summarize the most relevant points of the topic addressed

The appendix cannot be mistaken for references, citations, or the bibliography. Appendices, in short, are added text which necessarily aren’t the main idea raised in the article, but are important in the making of the written report.

In principle, to write a report, you can use this standard structure:

• Introduction
• Presentation of the subject treated
• Motivations for choosing the topic
• Purpose of the work
• Phases and hours of work
• People involved in the work and their role
• Body paragraphs
• Presentation of the aspects examined
• Methods followed
• Work evaluation
• Possible difficulties encountered
• Final reflections on the evidence that emerged from the document
• Proposals for the future

Important Report Writing Tips

Before you begin a report,  there are some talking points, tips and report writing skills such as fact gathering,  persuasive writing technique , theoretical knowledge, etc. which you must observe or put into practice even before getting the report prompt. Check them out:

• Choose your goal well

It will seem trivial to start from here, but the result you want to obtain from your report is really the axis of everything. So, before writing a single line of the report, you should ask yourself: “What is the goal I want to achieve? What is the message I want to convey?

• Put yourself in the role of the recipient

This suggestion is not only valid when a report is written. More generally, it’s worth it for every time you sit down and write any kind of document. Putting yourself in the shoes of your recipient is essential: it helps you process the information contained in your report, to make it more understandable.

• Make a list of the things you need to write

Before writing your report, you should know what issues to touch. In summary: writing a report does not make sense if you do not know where you want to go and how. Take a sheet and write on it what are the topics of the project and the order it touches them. It is about choosing the topic to start from, the central topics and the concepts on which to build the end of the report.

• Search authorized sources

Writing a report means being as objective as possible. In fact, this type of document is an analysis of fact and not a creative history. Therefore, your sources must be reliable and objective. You must mention them in the text of your report: they should be based on truth.

• Be simple, clear and concrete

For your reader, you have an obligation to be extremely clear. Here are some tips on how to be more understandable and, consequently, on how to write a report that is more effective:

• Write short sentences
• Use simple language
• Avoid subordinates: force the reader and eliminate concentration
• Be clear, precise, concrete: avoid whirling words full of smoke
• Avoid a baroque or presumptuous style
• Avoid any technical jargon, unless the report is read by those who understand it
• Use tables and charts

Writing a report means exposing facts in a concrete way. And what is better to support facts than a graph or table? Therefore, use these elements to clarify and give even more concreteness to the things you write in your report.

• Insert photos and images

Images and photographs are much more intuitive than words. This also applies when you need to write a report. Therefore, in your reports, insert photographs or images to document, clarify, and exemplify.

• Format the report text

Writing a report also needs giving it a nice look. This means formatting your text appropriately. For example:

• Choose the most appropriate format for maximum readability, both in case the document is printed or read on a monitor.
• Highlight the most important words and concepts in bold.
• Use numbered and bulleted lists for item lists.
• Divide the text into blocks to avoid an unpleasant effect that makes the text look like a single wall.
• Choose an effective title: A very important point of writing a report is what title to give the document. The title must be absolutely clear, you must say what the report contains. You must not be lazy or use word games. Probably, the best time to choose the title is at the end of the report, when the work is finished, and everything is clear.
• Use summaries

If your report is long, it should be divided into chapters. In this case, the use of abstracts is recommended. A summary is a short text, a hundred or two hundred words maximum, which is placed at the beginning of each chapter and explains to the reader what you will find in that part of the report.

• Read the document carefully

Re-reading what is written is an important phase of writing a report. Verify especially that there are no errors in spelling, grammar, or syntax in the report. Also, verify that the sentences are logically linked to each other. In addition, the topic of each sentence should always be clearly expressed.

• Take care of your spelling. Any text loses its seriousness if it has spelling errors.
• Before you start writing your report, you can make summaries to find your main ideas.
• Create a template where you put in words and the things you should say. This will help you at the time of writing to develop your ideas.
• In case you include specific data of an investigation, book, press release, or other documents that have a copyright, you must quote properly and include a bibliography.

To be a successful report writer, you must to know the concept and the various types. Report writing has a definitive structure and style to follow, as already revealed in this article. Try to follow them correctly, and you’d be assured of a great report paper.

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How to Create a Power BI Report (Step-by-Step & Examples)

Written by co-founder Kasper Langmann , Microsoft Office Specialist.

This is one of the things that differentiate Power BI from Excel where data is presented in rows and columns right off the bat.

But how do you create Power BI reports? Is it easy?

In this article, you’ll learn the step-by-step process of creating Power BI reports.

Ready? Let’s get into it! 👨‍🎨

*This tutorial is for Power BI Online (also called "Power BI Service").

Table of Content

Chapter 1: Introduction to Power BI Reports

Chapter 2: Preparing Your Data

Chapter 3: The Power BI Report Builder

Chapter 4: Creating Your First Power BI Report

Chapter 5: Modifying Your First Power BI Report

Chapter 6: Saving Your First Power BI Report

Chapter 7: Conclusion

Introduction to Power BI Reports

Microsoft has a good definition of what Power BI reports are:

“…a multi-perspective view into a dataset , with visuals that represent different findings and insights from that dataset.”

Simply, Power BI reports are visuals that explain your dataset better . A report could just be a single visual or pages of visuals.

These reports came from a dataset. The visuals could then be pinned on dashboards.

Here’s a graph that explains the relationship of reports with dashboards and datasets:

Now that it’s clear what Power BI reports are, let’s proceed into the steps needed to make these reports.

Preparing Your Data

Before you can create any reports in Power BI, you need a dataset and a blank report canvas.

For this exercise, we’ll be using the “Retail Analysis Sample” prepared by Microsoft and Obvience.

If you don’t know how to get sample data, check out this tutorial: How to Use the Included Sample Data in Power BI (+Examples) .

Once you have your dataset, go to the “Datasets” section in your workspace and click the ‘Create report’ icon .

In our example, the available dataset is the “Retail Analysis Sample” :

After clicking that, Power BI will bring you to the report builder or editor where most of the action takes place.

The Power BI Report Builder

The steps you took from the previous section will bring you to the reports builder:

There are three primary sections you have to know:

• Fields pane
• Visualizations pane

Obviously, the canvas is the empty white space at the center where the visuals will be made.

The fields pane contains the different fields of your dataset (think of it as the columns of your dataset).

The visualizations pane is where you can edit and modify your visualizations like the type of visualization, the format, and specific options for the values of your visual.

Creating Your First Power BI Report

If you have tried creating charts and graphs for your data in Excel, then creating reports in Power BI is even easier .

Because Power BI is a tool to generate insights and findings of your data, one of the most effective approaches in creating a report is by asking a question .

The retail analysis sample is composed of data about retail sales of items sold across multiple stores and districts. There’s also data about this year’s performance, last year’s sales, units, gross margin, variance, and others.

Now, you want to know and make a report about the total sales this year per item category .

Now, there are 2 ways to achieve that. You can either:

• Select the fields first then visualizations after
• Or if you have the specific visualization in mind, select the type of visual first then the fields after

We’ll go with the first method.

To start, focus your attention on the fields pane.

Select “Sales” and then “Total Units This Year” :

Select “Item” and then “Category” :

While clicking those fields, a visual will appear on the canvas:

Cool, right? Creating a report has never been this easy.

But now, you think that a pie chart is a better visual for your data.

To change the type of visual, just head over to the visualizations pane and click the pie chart icon :

Now you got your report in the visual type you preferred.

Modifying Your First Power BI Report

The problem is:

You think your visual and all its text is too small for your eyes .

No worries! You can edit your report however you like.

For example, feel free to enlarge your visual to the size you want. Simply click on the visual and drag its corners:

The next part is enlarging the texts — legend, detail labels, and title — of your report.

On the visualizations pane, go to the ‘Format’ section:

Here, you can change the format of your visuals. Each type of visual has different sets of options so an option on another might not be available on another.

To enlarge the text, simply go through the ‘Legend’, ‘Detail labels’, and ‘Title’ and then adjust the text size:

Of course, you can change and format your visual however you like. Feel free to experiment with each option to see how each affects the visual.

Saving Your First Power BI Report

If you move out of the report builder without saving your report, the work you did would be for nothing.

To save your report, click ‘File’ from the tab list and select ‘Save’ :

Power BI will then ask you to name your report.

Let’s name this report “First Power BI Report” and save :

After that, Power BI will inform you that your report has been saved.

If you’re serious about using Power BI, then you should learn and become efficient in creating Power BI reports. Without them, there will be no dashboards as the visuals on the dashboards came from reports.

Now that you know how to make reports, you can now proceed into making Power BI dashboards by pinning these reports.

SPM Essay Writing Guide – Format & Examples

What is spm.

Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia, or SPM, is a significant national exam that Malaysian students who have completed Form 5 education—typically at the age of 17—take. It’s crucial since it determines whether or not they can continue their education after high school and serves as a measure of their overall academic success. Writing an essay is a significant part of the SPM exam since it evaluates the test taker’s command of the English language, analytical reasoning skills, and ability to form coherent arguments.

SPM Essay Format

Excellent SPM essays may only be written by students who have a firm grasp of the proper essay format. An essay typically consists of three primary components:

1. Introduction

The introduction of an essay serves as the initial section, strategically designed to captivate the reader’s interest and provide essential contextual information for the subsequent content of the paper. The factors that contribute to the level of interest in an introduction are:

A hook: A hook is a provocative statement or query that grabs the reader’s attention.

Background context: Introduce the topic and its relevance in a brief background context.

Thesis statement: Clearly state your essay’s principal contention or goal.

The body of your essay comprises several paragraphs, each of which deals with a different aspect of your thesis or a related concept. When composing the body, adhere to the following guidelines:

Topic sentences: Each paragraph should begin with an introduction to the key concept that is succinct and straightforward.

Supporting evidence: To support your claims, offer statistics, examples, or supporting proof.

Smooth transitions: Make sure the transitions between paragraphs are reasonable, retaining the coherence of the structure.

3. Conclusion

The conclusion is the last section, where you restate your thesis and briefly review your significant points. To write a strong conclusion:

Summarise main points: Briefly summarise your main points from the body paragraphs.

Restate thesis: Rephrase your thesis statement to reinforce your main argument.

Closing thought: A provocative statement or call to action should be the closing thought.

How to Write an SPM Essay?

Essay writing is a craft that can be honed with time and focus. Write an excellent SPM essay by following this simple outline:

1. Understand the Question

To completely understand the criteria of the essay question, carefully read and consider it. Indicate the essay type (e.g., descriptive, narrative, argumentative) and the keywords that will be used.

2. Plan Your Essay

The key ideas you intend to cover in each part should be included in an outline. Planning ensures a clear essay structure and helps you organize your thoughts.

3. Start with a Strong Introduction

Write a captivating beginning that introduces the subject, establishes the mood, and expresses your thesis statement succinctly.

4. Develop the Body Paragraphs

Each paragraph should focus on a single idea, with supporting details and arguments. Make seamless transitions between ideas.

5. Craft an Impactful Conclusion

Reiterate your thesis, restate your essential points, and give the reader a thought-provoking conclusion.

SPM Essay Writing Tips

Take into account these helpful tips to improve your essay-writing abilities:

1. Read Widely

Your vocabulary and knowledge base will grow due to exposure to various reading sources, including books, newspapers, and articles.

2. Practice Regularly

Consistent writing practice improves your writing abilities and increases your comfort level while confronting various essay subjects.

3. Seek Feedback

To pinpoint areas for growth, get comments from teachers, peers, or family members.

4. Time Management

Use your time effectively during the exam to allow enough time for preparing, writing, and reviewing.

5. Grammar and Vocabulary

Pay close attention to your grammar, spelling, and language choices for your writing to remain coherent and clear.

Types of SPM Essays

SPM essays can take many forms, each requiring a different strategy. Here are a few common types:

1. Narrative Essay

It tells a tale with aspects including characters, setting, and plot, frequently from the viewpoint of the author.

2. Descriptive Essay

It uses sensory details to create a realistic image of a person, location, or event to capture the reader’s attention.

3. Argumentative Essay

Presents reasons and proof to persuade readers to take a specific stance on a hotly debated subject.

4. Expository Essay

Gives details, justifications, or analyses on a subject backed up by examples and facts.

5. Reflective Essay

Reveals one’s own feelings, thoughts, and experiences while highlighting the lessons learned from a certain incident.

SPM Essay Example for Malaysian Students

To provide you with a practical reference, here is a brief example of an SPM essay provided by Malaysian Essay Helpers :

Example Title: “The Impact of Technology on Education”

Introduction:.

The digital era has completely transformed every part of our life, including education. Classrooms have changed as a result of the growing use of digital devices and the internet, with both positive and negative effects.

Paragraph 1 (Positive Impact)

The educational process has been greatly improved by technology. Interactive instructional software and applications provide pupils with fun ways to understand difficult ideas. Additionally, e-learning platforms have made it possible to receive a degree from a distance, eliminating geographic restrictions and fostering lifelong learning.

Paragraph 2 (Negative Impact)

But there are negative consequences to using too much technology in the classroom. The decline of conventional methods of instruction may lead to a shortage of students with strong critical thinking and interpersonal skills. Additionally, the digital divide between kids from various socioeconomic origins has the potential to make educational disparities worse.

In conclusion, it is undeniable that technology has significantly influenced modern schooling. To guarantee that every student receives a well-rounded education, educators must strike a balance between tech-based instruction and conventional teaching techniques, despite the fact that technology has many benefits in terms of accessibility and learning opportunities.

For Malaysian students who want to perform well on their exams, mastering the art of SPM essay writing is essential. Students may improve their writing talents and create compelling essays highlighting their knowledge and critical thinking skills by adhering to the correct essay style, employing effective writing approaches, and practicing frequently. Remember to experiment with different essay formats to increase your writing versatility and use other people’s work as inspiration to enhance your own.

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SQL and Power BI: Transforming Data into Insights

• data analysis
• sql queries

The need for powerful tools that enable efficient data analysis and visualization has never been greater. Enter SQL and Power BI, a potent duo that enables businesses to maximize the value of their data assets.

First, let’s explain what SQL and Power BI are; then we’ll discuss how and why they make such a great pair.

SQL, or Structured Query Language , allows you to communicate with databases, making it the foundation of data management. It is crucial in the efficient organization, retrieval, and manipulation of data within relational databases. Because it provides a standardized language for interacting with databases, SQL is essential for data professionals and analysts. For example, a business analyst will regularly use SQL to retrieve data from multiple tables for their analysis.

Power BI , on the other hand, is in charge of data visualization. Power BI – a business intelligence tool developed by Microsoft – enables users to transform raw data into compelling visual narratives, fostering informed decision-making. Its user-friendly interface and drag-and-drop functionality make it accessible to both technical and non-technical users, fostering a collaborative environment for data exploration.

Do you feel like your SQL skills could use a boost? Well, here's the good news – we've got a newly released course just for you! SQL for Data Analysis is designed to help you improve your SQL skills by bridging the gap between theory and real-world application. After you've mastered SQL with our course, you'll be able to combine it with Power BI to create amazing reports and unlock new dimensions of data-driven insights.

In this article, we'll see how SQL's structured data management integrates seamlessly with Power BI's intuitive visualization tools, resulting in comprehensive solutions. Let's dive in and see how these two tools can transform your life!

SQL for Data Management: Laying the Groundwork

SQL is the architect of effective data management, helping us meticulously organize, retrieve, and manipulate data within relational databases . Consider a busy e-commerce platform that must manage customer information, transaction details, and inventory data. In this scenario, we can use SQL to create tables, define the relationships between tables, and ensure data integrity.

This structured approach allows businesses to easily navigate complex datasets, extract valuable information, and maintain the organized environment needed for robust data analysis. If you're interested in using SQL for e-commerce businesses, be sure to read our article How E-Commerce Businesses Can Benefit From SQL .

Power BI for Data Visualization: Painting a Vivid Picture

Power BI is the master of transforming data into compelling visual narratives. A picture, as they say, is worth a thousand words; in the world of data analysis, data visualization speaks volumes.

Consider our e-commerce platform. Power BI serves as a storyteller in this case; its user-friendly interface enables both technical and non-technical users to create dynamic dashboards and reports.

Power BI's intuitive drag-and-drop functionality enables stakeholders to create interactive charts, graphs, and maps. This allows for a quick grasp of complex insights, which is why we have it listed as the number one tool in our Top 10 Tools for Business Analytics . Working with this tool is about more than just displaying data; it is about telling a story that resonates with users and informs decision-making processes.

Combining SQL and Power BI: Unleashing the Power of Data Synergy

The combination of SQL and Power BI emerges as a game changer in the data analysis landscape. This dynamic duo converts raw data into actionable insights, propelling informed decision-making to new heights.

Here’s where the synergy happens: SQL queries are executed seamlessly to retrieve specific datasets, followed by Power BI leveraging the results to create engaging visualizations. It's an ideal collaboration: SQL organizes the backstage data while Power BI takes center stage to deliver a visually stunning performance.

These two tools combine to form a comprehensive solution that addresses both the structured and visual aspects of data analysis. In the following sections, real-world examples will show how SQL and Power BI work together to extract, organize, and visualize data.

Integration Guide: Bridging SQL and Power BI

Now that we have explored the capabilities of SQL and Power BI individually, let's delve into the seamless integration of these robust tools.

The first method we'll look at involves importing all the data from a table into Power BI, while the second method involves using SQL queries within Power BI to further refine and structure data for advanced analysis.

Imagine that you’re the marketing manager of an e-commerce company looking to analyze customer data using the following step-by-step tutorial:

• Launch Power BI, navigate to the Home tab, and click Get Data .
• Choose the appropriate database based on your system (e.g SQL Server )

Method 1: Importing All Data from the Customer Table

Assume you want all the data in the Customer table; in that case, you don’t need an SQL statement. Here’s what your next steps would be:

• Enter the required server information and database credentials and click Connect .
• Upon successful connection, Power BI will present a navigator window, showing the available tables within your SQL database.
• Select the Customer table for analysis and click Load .

Method 2: Refining Data Using SQL Queries

On the other hand, let's say that you only want data for the year 2022; in that case, you’d do the following:

• When entering the required server information and database credentials click on Advanced Options .
• Add the SQL statement: SELECT * FROM Customer WHERE Year = 2022;
• Click The Power BI navigator will display the results of your query.
• Review and click Load .

Real-World Examples: Harnessing the Power of SQL and Power BI

In this section, we'll look at four real-world examples that demonstrate the dynamic synergy between SQL and Power BI as well as how businesses in a variety of industries use this integration to gain valuable insights.

Example 1: Analysis of Sales Trends

You’re a sales manager in a prominent retail organization. You need to comprehend sales across diverse product lines and regions for the year 2022.

SQL Action: You can formulate the following query to extract and aggregate sales data, offering a comprehensive breakdown of total sales by product and region for the year 2022:

Power BI Action: Using Power BI, you can create dynamic dashboards to visually illustrate sales patterns, monitor product performance, and facilitate informed decision-making. You can depict sales trends over time using line charts and bar graphs, allowing stakeholders to identify peak sales periods and evaluate specific product performance.

The team can now make data-driven decisions, optimize inventory, and allocate resources strategically, resulting in better sales performance. You can find more on SQL queries like this in our article SQL for Sales Analytics .

Example 2: Enhancing Customer Behavior Analysis

As part of the marketing department, you’re tasked with finding data to understand and optimize customer behavior; you’ll use this information to create targeted marketing strategies.

SQL Action: Utilize the following SQL query to retrieve and structure customer data, calculating the average purchase amount and purchase frequency from two tables, CustomerTransactions and Customers :

Power BI Action: Using Power BI, you can expand your interactive dashboards to visualize purchasing patterns based on customer demographics. Charts – such as bar charts for age distribution or pie charts for gender distribution – can be used to represent demographic data. This comprehensive perspective enables the marketing team to tailor strategies based on an in-depth understanding of customer profiles.

By integrating both transactional and demographic data from two tables, the marketing team can refine segmentation strategies, leading to more personalized and effective marketing campaigns. You can find similar SQL queries like this in our article SQL for Marketing Analytics .

Example 3: Streamlining Operational Efficiency

As a manager in a manufacturing company, your objective is to optimize production processes and reduce operational costs.

SQL Action: Using the following SQL query, you can analyze production data, calculating average production speed and minimum downtime duration for each production line:

Power BI Action: You can then use Power BI to create dynamic dashboards that visualize real-time operational metrics, identify bottlenecks, track equipment performance, and optimize production workflows. Use gauge charts and area charts to display production speed and downtime metrics, allowing for timely decision-making based on real-time data updates.

SQL and Power BI integration enables proactive decision-making, reducing downtime and increasing overall operational efficiency. This results in significant cost savings for the manufacturing company.

Example 4: Optimizing Supply Chain Management

Working for a logistics company, your goal is to optimize the supply chain by analyzing data from multiple sources.

SQL Action: With the following SQL query you can calculate the average lead time and maximum inventory level for each product and supplier:

Power BI Action: You can visually represent lead times and inventory levels across products and suppliers by leveraging stacked area charts and maps. Include drill-down capabilities for a more detailed analysis, allowing for a more granular understanding of supply chain dynamics.

The seamless integration of SQL and Power BI allows for better decision-making, shorter lead times, fewer stockouts, and improved supply chain efficiency.

If you’ve found these queries useful why not check out more in our article These SQL Queries Will Help You with Data Analysis .

Unlocking Advanced Techniques

In this section, we'll look at some advanced features and techniques that will elevate your data analysis and visualization capabilities with the power of SQL and Power BI.

Creating Complex Queries

Complex queries are created by employing advanced SQL statements to perform intricate data manipulations, aggregations, and retrievals. Make use of SQL features like subqueries, JOINS, and window functions to create queries with multiple tables, conditional logic, and complex aggregations.

Complex queries enable you to conduct detailed analyses and gain a deeper understanding of your data. They are required to answer complex business questions and obtain meaningful results.

Consider the following scenario: You want to analyze customer churn rates by calculating the percentage of customers who made a purchase in January but did not return in February. To achieve this insightful analysis, a complex SQL query uses subqueries and conditional logic.

2. Custom Visualizations

Custom visualizations in Power BI entail creating one-of-a-kind and tailored graphical representations in addition to the standard chart types. Investigate Power BI's custom visualization options, either by importing community-created visuals or by creating your own with tools like Charticulator.

Custom visualizations provide a personalized and effective method of communicating complex data patterns. They improve the visual storytelling of your insights and give your audience a more personalized experience.

Consider the following scenario: You want to use a geographic map with custom regions to represent regional sales performance. Custom map visuals that recognize your specific regions can be imported into Power BI, providing a more meaningful representation of your sales data.

3. Dashboard Optimization

Dashboard optimization entails improving the performance, responsiveness, and user experience of Power BI dashboards. Examine and optimize the data model, reduce unnecessary visuals, use summarization sparingly, and take advantage of Power BI's performance analyzer tool.

When dealing with large datasets, optimizing your dashboards ensures a smooth and efficient user experience. It shortens load times, improves interactivity, and enables the seamless exploration of insights.

Consider the following scenario: Assume you have a sales dashboard with a large dataset and multiple visuals. You could, for example, significantly improve the dashboard's performance by aggregating data for improved responsiveness with large datasets and summarizing data where appropriate.

What Will Power BI and SQL Do For You?

To summarize, the dynamic relationship between SQL and Power BI is a game changer in data analysis. We've seen how this integration can aid users in everything from driving sales to optimizing operations.

The collaboration between SQL and Power BI results in a comprehensive solution that bridges the gap between data management and visualization. As we work our way through the complexities of these advanced techniques, it becomes clear that the combined force of SQL and Power BI is about more than just data handling; it's about transforming data into actionable insights that drive success.

To truly master these tools, practice and repetition are key. At LearnSQL.com, we offer hands-on courses that feature real-life case studies, helping you gain expertise in no time.

Kickstart your journey with our SQL Basics course, an ideal starting point to delve into SQL and prepare you to tackle Power BI effortlessly. What's more, LearnSQL also provides insightful beginner articles to guide you through every step of your learning journey. Don't wait – take the first step today!

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Blog Pendidikan dan Informasi

SPM (Form 4, 5) English Essays/ Karangan Bahasa Inggeris Tingkatan 4, 5

Contoh Karangan SPM/ English Essays/ Writing Bahasa Inggeris SPM / MUET –  Tingkatan / Form 4, 5, 6 . (51) (1/2)

Soalan Bahasa Inggeris SPM Kertas 2 + Jawapan . SPM English Paper 2 (Questions + Answers).

…………………………………………………………………………………

My idol (Email)  

The rising food prices in the country (Guided Writing)

My School Library (Article)  

An interesting song (Review)  

My hands were as cold as ice as I… (Story)

Let’s go for a mountain hike (Email)

Leadership course (Email)

Ways to improve English (Email)

The best theme park for a family day (Guided Writing)

Online learning (Guided Writing)

Birthday present (Email)  

The importance of the internet to students (Guilded Writing)  

My Ideal Classroom (Article)  

Review about a fascinating place which you had visited

Review of a Film

The planning of a health campaign (Guilded Writing)

How does playing computer games affect teenagers (Guilded Writing)

How your school can do to help keep the environment clean (Report)

What you would spend youe money on (Guilded Writing)

The challenging activities that you would like to do (Guilded Writing)

My snatch theft experience (Email)  

Healthy lifestyle (Guided Writing)

Rules Breaker (Report)  

My School (Review)  

I would never have imagined that… (Story)

Movie Review Essay (Lion King) (2)

The reasons for students’ lack of interest in sports (Guilded Writing)

A Safe Neighbourhood (Guilded Writing)

Be Responsible (Story)

Ten Years after the Covid-19 Pandemic (Story)

Getting Through a Difficult Time (Story)

Birthday Present (Email)

A Picnic With Our Friends (Email)

A Book Review (1)

Class Excursion (Story)

Suitable course for you (Email)  

The best educational place for a class trip (Guilded Writing)

Review of a Smartphone (1)

Island trip (Email)

Pointers to keep clean, hygienic and safe (Email)

The content of the talk given by our school counsellor (Email)

Where to shop (Email)

Extension on Deadline for Assignment (Email)

The advantage and disadvantages of mobile phones (Guided Writing)

Causes contributing to animal extinction (Guided Writing)

The benefits of online shopping (Guided Writing)

The best place to go during the holiday (Guided Writing)

How to practice 3R (Recycle, Reuse and Reduce) in our daily lives (Guided Writing)

My Ideal School Prefects’ Room (Article)  

Review on an interesting book (4)

A Memorable Day (Story)

Review of a Resort

Quality time with your brother (Email)

How you perceive friendship (Guilded Writing)

Write an essay on whether you agree that students should be involved in cleaning up school regularly (Guilded Writing)

Review on a smartphone (2)

My Ideal School Library (Article)

Sports Is for Everyone (Guided Writing)

A Book Review (3)

Do Not Fear Failure But Rather Fear Not Trying (Story)

An Unforgettable Trip (Story)

Holiday plans (Email)

Birthday present (Email)

A Movie Review (1)

My First Experience (Story)

Weekend’s Plan (Email)

Holiday trip (Email)

Review of a restaurant

A Book Review (2)

Report on a Visit to an Orphanage

Report on a Trip to a Beach for a Picnic

The Mysterious Old Lady (Story)

Teachers’ Day (Story)

The Day I Lost My Phone (Story)

Kindness (Story)

The Terrible Truth (Story)

A Dishonest Boy (Story)

A Dream Comes True (Story)

An Unforgettable Moment in My Life (Story)

Famous Tourist Attraction in Malaysia (Article)

Leisure Activities (Article)

Keeping Our Homes Safe (Article)

What A Farm Can Teach A Child (Article)

Cyberbullying: What Is It and How to Stop It (Article)

A birthday present for your grandfather (Guided Writing)

Youth Leadership Camp (Extended Writing – Article)

My Ideal Career (Extended Writing – Article)

Review of a shopping mall

Review of your favourite food

Outdoor activity you would like to do (Guided Writing)  

The ways to deal with mental health issues during the pandemic (Guilded Writing)  

Weekend Plan (Email)

Quarantine – English Project (Email)

English Camp (Report)

Complaints about the canteen (Report)

A Quarrel in the School Library (Report)

Report on the Findings of a Survey (Report)

International Students Visit (Report)

Review on a good book (5)

Review on a nice cafés in your state you have visited lately

Review on a writing app that helps you write more and write better lately

Review on a movie that you have watched recently (3)

Review on your favourite game

Teenagers vs Crime (Article)

Review about a hotel

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

SPM English Speaking Test (Ujian Bertutur Bahasa Inggeris) :

• SPM English Speaking Test SPM: Contoh Soalan, Jawapan, Ramalan, Isi-isi Penting, Tips, Panduan (Ada Isi-isi Karangan Bahasa Inggeris yang Ringkas)

Modul Soalan Bahasa Inggeris SPM + Jawapan (Kertas 2/ Paper 2) (SK2) (Srw) [1] 

Paper 2 : Writing

A Book Review

Modul Bahasa Inggeris Paper 2 Writing  (Kertas 2/ Paper 2)  (KC) (Srw) [3]

English spm paper 2 : writing.

(TTV2) (Prk) [2]

Bahasa Inggeris SPM (Kertas 2) : How To Write An Email + Model Answer (TTV2) (Prk) [2]

Bahasa Inggeris SPM (Kertas 2) : Guided Writing (TTV2) (Prk) [2]

Bahasa Inggeris SPM (Kertas 2) : Extended Writing + Answers (TTV2) (Prk) [2]

……………………………………………………………………………………….

SPM English Writing Module (Short Communicative Message) + Answers

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

(Fmk) (Prk) [1]

Part 1 : Short Communicative Message

Answers : Short Communicative Message

Part 2 : Guided Writing

Answers : Guided Writing

Part 3 : Extended Writing

Article Writing

Review Writing

Report Writing

Answers : Extended Writing, Article Writing, Review Writing, Report Writing

Narrative Writing

Answers : Narrative Writing

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

English SPM Paper 2 : Writing 

(MIP) (Trg) [1]

Part 1 : Short Message

Part 2 : Guided Essay

Part 3 : Review

Part 3 : Article

Part 3 : Story

Part 3 : Report

Suggested Answers – Modul Soalan

(PTRS) (Sel) [1]

Writing Paper (1)

Writing Paper (2)

Answers (PTRS) (Sel) [1]

…………………………………………………………………………………………

Koleksi Contoh Karangan Bahasa Inggeris Tingkatan 5 KSSM.  Form 5 Sample Essays

(SMKSP) (Srw) [1]

Guided Writing / Mind Map :

Review on a good book

Review on a movie that you have watched recently

SPM English Writing Module :

Extended Writing (Article Writing, Review Writing, Story Writing) :

Koleksi Contoh Karangan Bahasa Inggeris (English Essays) SPM, Tingkatan 4, 5

A Birthday Party

A Camping Experience

A Day I Wished Had Never Happened

A Difficult Life (Story)

A Festival Celebrated In Malaysia

A Hit-And-Run Accident

A Holiday At The Countryside

A Holiday I Would Never Forget

A Holiday In Cameron Highland

A Horror / Tragic Story

A Narrative Essay KSSM (Story)

A Picnic By The Sea

A Popular Tourist Spot That I Have Visited

A Road Accident (2)

A Trip To Mount Kinabalu

A Visit To SPCA (Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals)

A Working Woman Makes A Useless Mother. State Your View

Advantages Of Unity

Advise Your Cousin On How To Lose Weight (Informal Letter)

An Unforgettable Experience

Anti Smoking Campaign Speech

Anti Smoking Campaign Speech Writing

Anti-Smoking Campaign (Speech)

Ban On Underage Smokers

Book Review Essay (6)

Caning Is An Old-Fashioned Way Of Disciplining Students (Speech)

Caring For Our Old Folks

Cell phones – One of Our Greatest Technologies Misused

Challenges Of Home Learning During Covid 19  Pandemic

Co-Curricular Activities Are A Waste Of Time. Do You Agree?

Debate: “Advertisements Do More Good Than Harm”

Deepavali Celebration (Informal Letter)

Describe An Afternoon At The Bus Station

Describe An Important Family Celebration And How You Felt About It

Describe What Makes You Happy And Explain Why

Describe What You Understand About Success And Explain Why

Describe Your School Sports Day

Description on a Person – A Prominent Malaysian Leader

Descriptive Essays Describe What You Understand About Success and Explain Why

Directed Writing (Speech) : Obesity

‘Do Not Judge a Book By Its Cover’. Describe An Experience When This Was True For You.

Do You Think Homework Should Be Abolished ?

Does Academic Excellence Guarantees Success ? Discuss

Does School Prepare Us For Life

Drowning (Story)

English Essay : Challenges Of Home Learning During Covid 19 Pandemic

Essay on Healthy Lifestyle

Essay on Mother’s Day In English For School Kids and Children Mother’s

Essay on My Best Friend – 7 Selected Essays on My Best Friend

Experience of Being In A Busy City

Families That Play Together Stay Together

Favourite Holiday Destination

Fire (Report)

Flash Flood

Formal Letter: Complaint About Unsatisfactory Food And Restaurant Service

Formal Letter: Invite A Newspaper Reporter For Career Talk

Forms Of Discipline

Friendship Is More Important Than Money. Do You Agree ?

Global Warming

Haze: A Danger To Health

Haze: A Danger To Health (Directed Writing)

Honesty (Speech)

Honesty Is The Best Policy (Story)

How I Spent My Holidays

How To Be A Responsible Student (Speech)

How To Be A Wise Consumer

How To Beautify The School (Formal Letter)

How To Develop Reading Skill In Children

How To Find A Right Job

How To Reduce Traffic Congestion (Formal Letter)

Informal Letter (Directed Writing)

Informal Letter (Visit To Pulau Langkawi)

Internet (Essay)

Interview A Policeman

It Was The Last Day Of School

Keeping Cool

Keeping Pets Is Good. Do You Agree ?

Letter Of Application (Directed Formal Letter)

Letter Of Complain (Formal Letter)

Letter Of Complaint (Stray Dogs)

Letter To Newspapers: Expressing Concern On Child Abuse

Lost At Shopping Mall

Making Use of Bottles As Decorative Items (Speech)

Mobile Phones Are A Nuisance. Do You Agree ?

Mother’s Day Celebration

My Best Friend (1)

My Best Friend (2)

My Favorite Subject In School

My Favourite Place

My Favourite TV Programme

My First Day At School

My Life Years From Now

My Most Embarrassing Situation

My Most Unforgettable Character

My Mother (Descriptive Essay)

Nuclear Energy – Good Or Bad ?

Online Shopping

Online Shopping Versus The Local Mall

Picnic At Seaside

Police Report On Accident

Pollution (1)

Pollution (2)

Preventing Truancy

Proverb ‘Do Not Judge A Book By Its Cover’. Describe An Experience When This Was True For You

Recycling Campaign

Report (Fire In Laboratory)

Report (Problems In School Library)

Report To Principal – Complaint About School Canteen

Requesting For Permission To Voluntary Service (Formal Letter)

River Pollution (Formal Letter)

Road Safety (1)

Road Safety (2)

Road Safety (Speech)

Safety Tips When Going To School

Should Do’s And Should Not Do’s To Keep The School Clean, Hygienic and Safe

Should School Students Be Given A Mobile Phone? Discuss

Should School Students Be Given a Mobile Phone Discuss

Should Students Be Allowed To Work ? Discuss

Showing Favouritism

Single Session School – Advantages and Disadvantages

Small Families Are Happier Families. Do You Agree ?

Social Networking Website

Someone Insipiring

Speech: Love Your Environment Campaign

Study Skills (Speech)

Teacher’s Day (Speech)

Teachers’ Day (2)

Teenagers Don’t Smoke

The Advantages Of Sports In Schools

The Beauty Of Malaysia (Essay)

The Benefits of Taking Up Hobbies (Speech)

The Conservation Of Our Natural Forests (Speech)

The Government Should Not Continue With Compulsory National Service. Do You Agree ?

The Importance of Eating More Fruits and Vegetables

The Importance Of Examinations

The Importance Of Having A Budget

The Importance Of Making Friends

The Importance Of Studying English

The Importance Of Studying The English Language (Speech)

The Important Of Obeying School Regulations (Speech)

The Important Of Reading (Speech)

The Malaysian Tradition Of Having Open Houses Is Important And Should

The National Day Celebration

The Need For Rules

The Need For Self Discipline

The Night Market (1)

The Night Market (2)

The Night Market (3)

The Night Market

The Person I Admire

The Person Who Has Influenced Me

The Unusual Experience

Tourism Is Good For Our Country. What Do You Think ?

Useful Ways To Spend Leisure Time

Visiting A Book Fair

Ways To Maintain A Good Health

Ways To Prevent Dengue

What Would You Do If You Had A Lot Of Money

Which Do You Prefer, Living in The Countryside or Living In The City? (City)

Which Do You Prefer, Living in The Countryside or Living in The City? (Countryside)

Why School Children Should Have Hobbies (Speech)

Women Can Be The Breadwinner In A Home. Discuss

Write About An Incident In Which You Acted Irresponsibly

Writing A Review Essay (TI)

Writing Tips And Essay Format English SPM (KSSM) (Zeti)

………………………………………………………………………………

• Contoh-Contoh Karangan (Essays) untuk Soalan Percubaan Bahasa Inggeris (English) SPM (1)
• Karangan Bahasa Inggeris (English Essays) SPM : Continuous Writing   
• Karangan Bahasa Inggeris (English Essays) SPM : Directed Writing
• Karangan Bahasa Inggeris (English Essays) SPM : Argumentative Essays

……………………………………………………………………………..

Koleksi Nota Ringkas dan Padat, Soalan, Latihan, Modul Tingkatan 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 dan Tahun 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 :

• Koleksi Nota Ringkas dan Padat, Soalan, Latihan, Modul Tingkatan 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 dan Tahun 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
• Improve Your Spelling: Frequently Misspelled Words (1)
• Improve Your Spelling: Frequently Misspelled Words (2)
• Improve Your English : Frequently Confused Words (1)
• Improve Your English : Frequently Confused Words (2)
• Improve Your English : Frequently Confused Words (3)
• Improve Your English : Frequently Confused Words (4)
• Improve Your English : Frequently Confused Words (5)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

• KOLEKSI Soalan Peperiksaan Percubaan SPM + Skema Jawapan (Semua Subjek) (Terkini)
• Koleksi Karangan Bahasa Melayu, Bahasa Inggeris (English Essays), Bahasa Arab, PA : SPM, STPM, MUET, Tingkatan 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Tahun 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
• Important English Grammar Notes for Essay Writing  
• Narrative Essay Writing Tips for English SPM

……………………………………………………………………………………………

• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Bahasa Inggeris (English) Tingkatan 5 (SPM) + Jawapan
• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Bahasa Inggeris (English) Tingkatan 4 + Jawapan
• Koleksi Buku Teks Digital KSSM Tingkatan 4 (Empat)
• Koleksi Buku Teks Digital KSSM dan KBSM Tingkatan 5 (Lima)

Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Tingkatan 4 + Jawapan

Koleksi soalan dan latihan tingkatan 5 + jawapan.

……………………………………………………………………………………

• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Matematik Tingkatan 5 (SPM) + Jawapan
• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Bahasa Melayu Tingkatan 5 (SPM) + Jawapan
• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Bahasa Inggeris Tingkatan 5 (SPM) + Jawapan
• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Sejarah Tingkatan 5 (SPM) + Jawapan
• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Kimia Tingkatan 5 (SPM) + Jawapan
• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Fizik Tingkatan 5 (SPM) + Jawapan
• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Biologi Tingkatan 5 (SPM) + Jawapan
• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Sains Tingkatan 5 (SPM) + Jawapan
• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Pendidikan Islam Tingkatan 5 (SPM) + Jawapan
• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Perniagaan Tingkatan 5 (SPM)+ Jawapan
• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Matematik Tambahan (Additional Mathematics) Tingkatan 5 + Jawapan
• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Matematik (Mathematics) Tingkatan 4 + Jawapan
• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Bahasa Melayu Tingkatan 4 + Jawapan
• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Sejarah Tingkatan 4 + Jawapan
• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Sains (Science) Tingkatan 4 + Jawapan
• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Biologi (Biology) Tingkatan 4 + Jawapan
• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Fizik (Physics) Tingkatan 4 + Jawapan
• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Kimia (Chemistry) Tingkatan 4 + Jawapan
• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Matematik Tambahan (Additional Mathematics) Tingkatan 4 + Jawapan
• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Perniagaan Tingkatan 4 + Jawapan
• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Pendidikan Islam Tingkatan 4 + Jawapan
• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Geografi Tingkatan 4 + Jawapan
• Koleksi Soalan dan Latihan Tasawwur Islam Tingkatan 4 + Jawapan
• Koleksi Nota Ringkas dan Padat, Soalan, Latihan, KBAT, Peperiksaan, Ujian Tingkatan 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 dan Tahun 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

• SPM, Tingkatan 5 : Soalan, Nota, Peperiksaan, Ujian, Bahan Rujukan Penting Semua Subjek
• Tingkatan 4 : Soalan, Nota, Peperiksaan, Ujian, Bahan Rujukan Penting Semua Subjek
• Bahan-Bahan Rujukan Penting dan Berguna untuk Subjek-Subjek Utama SPM, Tingkatan 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, dan Tahun 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

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(1)  Follow / Like Bumi Gemilang Facebook Page .

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(2)  Join / Sertai    2 Telegram Groups blog Bumi Gemilang .

• Join / Sertai 2 Telegram Groups To Follow Blog Bumi Gemilang

(3)  Follow Twitter blog Bumi Gemilang .

• https://twitter.com/BumiGemilang

………………………………………………………………………………….

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Short Report Essay

What comes to mind if you add the words graphs, tables, numbers and specifics to writing, words, grammar and spelling. The first part of the random words, you may instantly think of mathematics or reports which are common in this kind of field. You may think that this is just one of those random words placed to make the topic sound easier to understand. When we hear the words graphs, tables, and numbers we think of reports . However, when we hear the words grammar, spelling, specifics of writing, we think of essays .

What do you think these two sets of words have in common? If you think they do not have anything in common, they actually do. This is what we would specifically call a report essay. You may be wondering what a report essay is and the length of it. They can either be a short report essay which we are going to be discussing today, and a narrative report essay. What is the difference you may ask? If you want to know more about it, all you have to do is to scroll the whole article to get the information you need. Head on below for examples and more.

11+ Short Report Essay Examples

1. short business report sample template.

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Size: 48 KB

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3. Short Annual Report Art and Essay

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4. Basic Short Report Essay

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6. Short Thesis Essay Report

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7. Short Case Report Essay

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8. Health Care Short Essay Report

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9. Printable Short Report Essay

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10. Short Report Essay Outline

Size: 446 KB

11. Short Profile Essay Score Report

Size: 238 KB

12. Short Book Report Essay

Size: 95 KB

What Is a Short Report Essay?

You may have heard of narrative report essay , and may wonder if these two are the same. In a way they are and in a way they differ as well. As we all know that a narrative report essay from the term itself is a narrative. It is lengthy compared to reports or essays even. However, a short report essay is the opposite. A short report essay focuses on the main report and a short summary of it. The short report essay does not focus on the lengthy explanations and a lot of explained graphs, it focuses on a single or two graphs and a few explanations that are based on the report you are doing.

Most cases, a lot of businesses or companies who value time would prefer the short report essay over the narrative report. The difference between these two is that a narrative report essay gives you the opportunity to explain in detail while the short report essay only cares about the general detail of your report . It’s purpose is to give you a general bird’s eye view of your topic and of the progress or the lack of it.

How to Write a Short Report Essay?

It goes without saying that when you write reports, you have to be careful with what you are going to be writing. You also have to be concise and clear at the same time. Even if it means it only has to be shorter than your usual reports. If you are planning on making a short report essay, you have to check these out first. These will help you get started and where to start too.

1. Start With a Simple Outline

You may be wondering why you should start with an outline. The purpose of the outline is to help you know what you should be writing and where to begin. What you are going to be writing about and the keywords that you would use. As we know, writing a short report essay is the keywords that are the most important. To be able to get that, writing an outline or a draft is necessary before writing the actual report essay.

2. Do Your Research

Something you must do when you are writing a report essay. Regardless if it may be a lengthy report or a short one. If you are not sure about what you may be reporting about, research is the best tool and it’s also quite helpful. In addition to that, you may only be writing a short report about your topic, but it is still crucial to do your research. Just to be sure and just to add to the facts that may already be there. The more facts the better. However, do not go into detail, even a general fact will do.

3. Keep It as Simple as Possible

Remember that this is a short report essay. Keep everything simple as possible. Having to explain in full detail may not be the right use for this kind of report essay. A general to mildly specific but at the same time keeping it simple should be the right course of action when writing this essay.

4. Write Your Final Output

After you have written your outlined for your report essay, it is time to write the final output. Make sure that what you have outlined in your draft is found in your final output. The keywords, the main topic and the general explanations. In other words, everything that you have drafted, whether you added or took away a sentence or keyword should already be finalized in your output.

5. Proofread for Any Mistakes Found

Last but not the least tip is to proofread for any mistakes that could be found in your output. Before you are able to give or to hand out your report essay, always make sure that there are no mistakes or at least the majority is as good as you planned it. Proofreading may sound like a bore, but it is quite useful.

What is a short report essay?

A short report essay is a kind of report that you use to give the general summary of a report. Short report essays are mostly done for those who do not prefer to read a lengthy narrative.

Who is the audience for this kind of report essay?

The audience for this kind of report essay could range from your supervisors to your colleagues. Anyone who may need to use or to write a short report essay can be the audience or the target for the essay.

How lengthy can a short report essay be?

Compared to a narrative report essay, a short report essay does not have to be more than a page long. As you are not going to be putting too much detail in to the report. It is expected to read the report essay filled with general and mildly specific.

Writing report essays can be a bore if you have no idea where to begin or how to write one. But all that could change when you read the article. Check the tips that are clearly doable and make yourself a short report essay from the examples above.

Short Report Essay Generator

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Write a short report essay on the effects of global warming on Arctic wildlife.

Prepare a short report essay on the history and significance of the Olympic Games.

• How To Write a Report: Cambridge B2 First

• Posted on 20/01/2021
• Categories: Blog
• Tags: B2 First , Cambridge Exams , Cambridge FCE First Certificate of English , FCE , Writing

Imagine the scene. It’s exam day. You’re nearly at the end of your Cambridge English B2 First exam . You’ve just finished writing Part 1 – the essay , and now it’s time to start Part 2. So you turn over the page to find three options:

– A review you know

– An article you’ve seen before

– But what’s this? A report??*

Don’t be intimidated. A report is another formal writing task. And it’s actually quite formulaic, which makes it a popular choice for students in Writing Part 2. It’s also a great opportunity to show you can communicate factual information, in a formal tone with clear organisation.

Excited to learn how to write a first-rate report? Good. We’re here to help you every step of the way and make sure you leave that exam full of confidence that you’ve passed.

*Remember you only need to choose one question to answer. Other titles may include an informal or formal email, and at B2 First for Schools there is a story option instead of a report.

Three steps to writing a report for Cambridge B2 First

Let’s begin by taking a look at a typical question for the report.

Step One: Make a plan

Before you put pen to paper and start your report, hold your horses . A plan is the best chance you have for success. Start by asking these two questions:

1. Who is the report for?

Take a look at the reader of your report. It’s normally a teacher, a superior or a peer group like the members of a book club. In this case your audience is a group leader . That means you should keep the tone nice and formal . Try to avoid contractions, colloquial language and keep it polite.

2. What do you have to do?

Look at the question and underline all the key parts. This will help focus your attention on the task in hand and decide how to organise your report.

There’ll normally be two or three things they want you to do and you’ll always be asked to give a recommendation or suggestion.

The structure is the bones of your report. It’s so important because it holds everything together. Here’s one way to organise your report but perhaps you have another idea?

1. Introduction

2. How technology is used in subject X

3. How technology is used in subject Y

4. Your recommendation for which lesson the teacher should watch

The trick is to keep the structure nice and simple. And always check you’re answering the question.

Brainstorm:

Now you have a clear outline, consider the main topic paragraphs and what you want to include. If you get stuck , think about your own real life experiences. How is technology used in your own lessons at school? Make some notes on your ideas.

Step Two: Write it

If you haven’t skipped the planning stage, writing your report should be easy. An important thing to add here is that reports often contain subheadings. In fact, in the B2 First exam they are strongly encouraged!

Introduction

Remember that a report is a document that presents information in a clear and organised way. Think about science reports or statistical reports. They have strong introductions that clearly state their aims.

Useful language:

• The aim / purpose / intention of this report is to…
• In this report I will look at…
• This report is based on…
• This report is intended to…

Here’s what a clearly defined report intro might look like…

Just make sure you don’t copy words from the question exactly, and instead try to paraphrase .

Main body of report

This is where we get to the main body of the report. Again, we want to keep it really clear and organised and one way to do that is with bullet points or numbering .

However, don’t overdo it. If you use bullets and numbering in one section, avoid using them in the next. You want to show off that you can write well in English and use a wide range of vocabulary and structures. You also want to use some fancy, formal sounding linkers to connect your ideas.

• Currently…
• To begin with…
• Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly…
• It appears that…
• According to…
• One way…
• Another way…
• Furthermore / In addition…

Now move on to your second paragraph. Try to stay general and avoid personal anecdotes. Don’t start talking about what you like to do at school in your technology classes or what you had for dinner last night. Instead, keep things relevant to the task.

A good way to do this is by using passive reporting verbs:

• It is generally believed that…
• It is thought that…
• One way in which technology is used…
• X is considered to be…

Remember to expand on your points giving reasons for your ideas. And if you do everything right, your second paragraph may look something like this.

Recommendations

Here’s the fun part! This is where you can look back at your ideas and give your own opinion. Make sure you mention the ideas from the previous paragraphs and don’t forget to give reasons why.

• All things considered…
• I would recommend / suggest + ing…
• I would recommend / suggest + object + infinitive (no to)…
• Based on all the findings…
• Although both… , I think that…
• It would seem that……

Let’s look at this sample answer.

If you run out of things to say – remember you can mention the weaknesses of the other option.

Step Three: Check it

Now hopefully you’ve written a report to be proud of. The only thing left to do is to refine it before the time is up !

Make sure you’ve:

• answered all parts of the question, including making a recommendation/suggestion
• used formal language and no contractions like I’m, It’s, haven’t etc.
• written subheadings for each paragraph
• used correct spelling and punctuation
• linked your sentences with connectors eg. However, Because, Although, Furthermore, etc .

Sample report questions

Now you’re a master in report writing, why not put everything you’ve learnt into practice? Try one of these sample report questions.

Glossary for language learners:

hold your horses (exp): used to tell someone to stop and consider carefully their decision or opinion about something.

the bones of sth. (n): the structure or main idea of something.

get stuck (v): to be in a position where you’re unable to move.

skipped (v): missed out to move on to the next thing.

paraphrase (n): to say something in a different way but so it means the same.

overdo (v): to do too much of something.

show off (pv): to show your abilities and accomplishments.

expand on (v): to develop an idea.

run out of (pv): to deplete / to be used up.

time is up (exp): the time allowed is finished.

exp = expression

pv = phrasal verb

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8 English Words You Need For 2021

• By: oxfordadmin
• Posted on 07/01/2021

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California Governor Gavin Newsom and Senator Alex Padilla, both Democrats, urged the Biden administration on Monday to reverse its decision to cancel a subsidy program for building and expanding semiconductor research and development facilities.

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Microsoft Power BI Blog

Power BI March 2024 Feature Summary

Welcome to the March 2024 update! Here are a few, select highlights of the many updates we have for Power BI. There are new updates for Visual calculations, edit your data model in the Power BI Service, and deliver report subscriptions to OneDrive SharePoint.

There is more to explore, please continue to read on.

Earn a free Microsoft Fabric certification exam!  

We are thrilled to announce the general availability of Exam DP-600 , which leads to the Microsoft Certified: Fabric Analytics Engineer Associate certification.   

Microsoft Fabric’s common analytics platform is built on the instantly familiar Power BI experience , making your transition to Fabric Analytics Engineer easier. With Fabric, you can build on your prior knowledge – whether that is Power BI, SQL, or Python – and master how to enrich data for analytics in the era of AI.  

To help you learn quickly and get certified, we created the Fabric Career Hub. We have curated the best free on-demand and live training, exam crams, practice tests and more .  

Also, become eligible for a free certification exam by completing the Fabric AI Skills Challenge. But hurry, the challenge only runs from March 19 – April 19 and free certs are first-come, first-served! (limit one per participant, terms and conditions apply).  

• Version number: v: 2.127.1080.0
• Date published: 3/25/24

• On-Object Interaction Updates 

Expanding Spatial Data Integration: Shapefile Support in Azure Maps Visual

Data bars in matrix subtotal/total conditional formatting, data labels alignment, edit your data model in the power bi service – updates.

• Undo/Redo, Clear all, and New filter cards in Explore 
• Custom visual SSO support 

New title flyout for Power BI Desktop developer mode

• Rename to “Semantic Model” in Power BI Project files 

System file updates for Git integration

Hierarchal identity filter api, new visuals in appsource, dumbbell bar chart by nova silva, date picker by powerviz, drill down combo pro, pdf uploader/viewer, inforiver premium matrix, localized parameter prompts in power bi report builder.

Visual calculations update  

You can now add and edit visual calculations on the service. You can add a visual calculation by selecting New calculation from the context menu on a visual after you publish a report to the service.

Also, after you publish a report that has visual calculations in it, you can access the visual calculations edit mode by selecting a visual calculation and choosing Edit calculation .

To learn more about visual calculations, read our announcement blog and our documentation.

Blogs: https://powerbi.microsoft.com/blog/visual-calculations-preview/

Docs: https://aka.ms/visual-calculations-docs

On-Object Interaction Updates

Why not both? To balance the needs of our existing users who prefer to build visuals quickly in the pane, with the needs of our new users that need guidance when picking a visual type or appropriate field wells, you no longer must choose one or the other path, now there’s both!

This month, we streamlined the build pane and moved the visual suggestions feature to be inside the on-object build button only. Need help building your visual? Use the on-object “suggest a visual” experience. Already know your way around, use the build pane as you already do today.

Gauge visual now supported! The gauge visual now supports the new on-object formatting sub selections. Simply double click on your gauge visual to enter format mode, then right-click on which part of the visual you’d like to format using the mini-toolbar.

The pane switcher has been renamed to Pane manager and spruced up this month. Based on your feedback, we’ve updated the order of the pane listings and added the settings that pertain to the Pane manager directly in this menu. Let us know what you think!

Mobile layout auto-create  

You know that mobile optimized report layouts are the best way to view data in the Power BI mobile apps. But you also know that it requires extra work to create that layout. Well, not anymore…

As of this monthly update, you can generate a mobile-optimized layout with a click of a button! This long-awaited feature allows you to easily create mobile-optimized layouts for any new or existing report page, saving you tons of time!

When you switch to the mobile layout view in Power BI Desktop , if the mobile canvas is empty, you can generate a mobile layout just by selecting the Auto-create button.

The auto-create engine understands the desktop layout of your report and builds a mobile layout that considers the position, size, type, and order of the visuals that the report contains. It places both visible and hidden visuals, so if you have bookmarks that change a visual’s visibility, they will work in the automatically created mobile layout as well.

You can edit the automatically created mobile layout, so if the result is not exactly what you expected, you can tweak it to make it perfect for your needs. Think of it as a starting point you can use to shorten the way to that beautiful, effective, mobile-optimized report you envision.

To enjoy the new mobile layout auto-create capabilities, switch on the “ Auto-create mobile layout ” preview feature in Power BI Desktop: File > Options and settings > Options > Preview features > Auto-create mobile layout .

We invite you to try out the mobile layout Auto-create feature and share your feedback with us!

After successfully integrating WKT and KML formats in February, we’re now stepping it up a notch by extending our support to include the Shapefile format. With just two clicks, you can now seamlessly overlay your spatial data onto Azure Maps’ base map. Whether through file upload or a hosted file, Azure Maps’ reference layer empowers you to effortlessly incorporate your data. Get ready to elevate your data storytelling to new heights, embracing flexibility and unlocking fresh insights with our upcoming release!

In this Power BI release, we are happy to upgrade the data bars for Matrix and table to apply them to values only, values and totals, or total only. This enhancement gives you better control and reduces unnecessary noise to keep your tabular visuals nice and clean.

In this Power BI release, we’re excited to introduce an upgrade to the data bars for Matrix and Table visuals. Now, you have the flexibility to apply data bars to the following options:

Values Only: Display data bars based solely on the values within your visual.

Values and Totals: Extend data bars to include both individual values and their corresponding totals.

Total Only: Show data bars exclusively for the overall total.

This enhancement provides better control over your tabular visuals, reducing unnecessary noise and ensuring cleaner presentation.

We’ve made significant improvements to the data labels in our charts. Now, when you use a multi-line layout with title, value, and detail labels, you have the flexibility to horizontally align them. This means you can create cleaner, more organized visualizations by ensuring that your labels are neatly positioned. To experience this enhancement, follow these steps: 1) navigate to the Data Labels section, 2) click on Layout , and finally, 3) explore the Horizontal alignment options for aligning your labels.

Write DAX queries in DAX query view with Copilot  

The DAX query view with Copilot is now available in public preview! Enable the feature in the Preview section of File > Options and settings > Options, click on DAX query view, and launch the in-line Copilot by clicking the Copilot button in the ribbon or using the shortcut CTRL+I.

With Fabric Copilot, you can generate DAX queries from natural language, get explanations of DAX queries and functions, and even get help on specific DAX topics. Try it out today and see how it can boost your productivity with DAX query view!

A more detailed blog post will be available soon.

Enhanced row-level security editor is Enabled by Default

We are excited to announce the enhanced row-level security editor as the default experience in Desktop! With this editor, you can quickly and easily define row-level security roles and filters without having to write any DAX! Simply choose ‘Manage roles’ from the ribbon to access the default drop-down interface for creating and editing security roles. If you prefer using DAX or need it for your filter definitions, you can switch between the default drop-down editor and a DAX editor.

Learn more information about this editor including limitations in our documentation . Please continue to submit your feedback directly in the comments of this blog post.

Selection expressions for calculation groups 

Calculation groups just got more powerful! This month, we are introducing the preview of selection expressions for calculation groups, which allow you to influence what happens in case the user makes multiple selections for a single calculation group or does not make a selection at all. This provides a way to do better error handling, but also opens interesting scenarios that provide some good default behavior, for example, automatic currency conversion. Selection expressions are optionally defined on a calculation group and consist of an expression and an optional dynamic format expression.

This new capability comes with an extra benefit of potential performance improvements when evaluating complex calculation group items.

To define and manage selection expressions for calculation groups you can leverage the same tools you use today to work with calculation groups.

On a calculation group you will be able to specify the following selection expressions both consisting of the Expression itself and a FormatStringDefinition:

• multipleOrEmptySelectionExpression . This expression has a default value of SELECTEDMEASURE() and will be returned if the user selects multiple calculation items on the same calculation group or if a conflict between the user’s selections and the filter context occurs.
• noSelectionExpression . This expression has a default value of SELECTEDMEASURE() and will be returned if the user did not select any items on the calculation group.

Here’s an overview of the type of selection compared to the current behavior that we shipped before this preview, and the new behavior both when the expression is defined on the calculation group and when it’s not. The items in bold are where the new behavior differs from the current behavior.

Let’s look at some examples.

Multiple or Empty selections

If the user makes multiple selections on the same calculation group, the current behavior is to return the same result as if the user did not make any selections. In this preview, you can specify a multiOrEmptySelectionExpression on the calculation group. If you did, then we evaluate that expression and related dynamic format string and return its result. You can for example use this to inform the user about what is being filtered:

In case of a conflict or empty selection on a calculation group you might have seen this error before:

With our new behavior this error is a thing of the past and we will evaluate the multipleOrEmptySelectionExpression if present on the calculation group. If that expression is not defined, we will not filter the calculation group.

No selections

One of the best showcases for this scenario is automatic currency conversion. Today, if you use calculation groups to do currency conversion, the report author and user must remember to select the right calculation group item for the currency conversion to happen. With this preview, you are now empowered to do automatic currency conversion using a default currency. On top of that, if the user wants to convert to another currency altogether, they can still do that, but even if they deselect all currencies the default currency conversion will still be applied.

Note how both the currency to convert to as well as the “conversion” calculation group item is selected.

Notice how the user must only select the currency to convert to.

Read more about selection expressions in our calculation groups documentation.

The selection expressions for calculation groups are currently in preview. Please let us know what you think!

DAX query view improvements 

We released the public preview of DAX query view in November 2023, and in this release, we made the following improvements:

• Re-ordering of query tabs is now available.
• The share feedback link has been added to the command bar.
• Coach marks for DAX query view.

And we have released additional INFO DAX functions.

• INFO.STORAGETABLECOLUMNS() equivalent to DISCOVER_STORAGE_TABLE_COLUMNS
• INFO.STORAGETABLECOLUMNSEGMENTS() equivalent to DISCOVER_STORAGE_TABLE_COLUMN_SEGMENTS
• INFO.STORAGETABLES() equivalent to DISCOVER_STORAGE_TABLES

Learn more with these resources.

• DAX query view: https://learn.microsoft.com/power-bi/transform-model/dax-query-view
• DAX queries: https://aka.ms/dax-queries

Below are the improvements coming this month to the data model editing in the Service preview:

Autodetect relationships

Creating relationships for your semantic model on the web is now easier using autodetect relationships. Simply go to the Home ribbon and select the Manage relationships dialog . Then, choose ‘Autodetect’ and let Power BI find and create relationships for you.

Sort by column

Within the web you can now edit the sort by property for a column in your semantic model.

Row-level security

We have made several improvements to the row-level security editor in the web. In the DAX editor you can now do the following actions:

• Utilize IntelliSense to assist in defining your DAX expression.
• Verify the validity of your DAX expression by clicking the check button.
• Revert changes to your DAX expression by selecting the X button.

Please continue to submit your feedback directly in the comments of this blog post or in our  feedback forum.

Undo/Redo, Clear all, and New filter cards in Explore

This month we’ve added a few new features to the new Explore experience.

Now it’s simply to undo your previous action or use the ‘Reset all changes’ to go back to the last save state of your exploration.

Note: If you haven’t saved your exploration yet, then reset will clear your canvas back to blank.

The new ‘clear all’ feature allows you to wipe your canvas back to blank. This works great when using Explore as a whiteboarding space, maybe you have a new thought you’d like to explore and want to essentially erase what you have in one click. This is made simple with the new ‘clear all’ option.

New filter card styling

When using the filtering experience in Explore you’ll now notice an update to the filter cards style and readability. We hope these improvements make filters easier to use and accessible for more users. Let us know what you think!

Deliver report subscriptions to OneDrive SharePoint

You can now send subscriptions to OneDrive SharePoint (ODSP). With this update, all your large reports, both PBIX and paginated reports can be sent to ODSP. At this time, the workspace must be backed by a premium capacity or equivalent fabric capacity .

We currently support “Standard” subscriptions.

You need to select the “Attach full report” option.

We support more output formats for paginated reports.

Once you select the output format, you can select the OneDrive or SharePoint option, the location and enter the subscription schedule to have your report delivered.

Learn more about subscribing to ODSP here . This feature will start lighting up in certain regions as soon as this week, but depending on the geography in which your Power BI tenant is located, it may take up to three weeks to appear. Also, since this feature will not be supported in Sov clouds while in preview.

Custom visual SSO support

Custom visuals that use the new authentication API are also supported when viewed in the Power BI Mobile apps. No additional authentication is required, making sure that the data exploration experience in the mobile app is as delightful as possible, without any interruptions.

You can quickly recognize when you are working on a Power BI Project (PBIP) by looking at the title bar:

If you click on the title bar, you will see a new flyout that is specific for Power BI Project. This lets you easily locate the Power BI Project files as well as the display name settings for the report and the semantic model. You can also open the folder in file explorer by clicking on the paths.

Rename to “Semantic Model” in Power BI Project files

Following the rename to “Semantic Model,” announced last November, Power BI Project files (PBIP) also adhere to that naming change. Now, when saving as PBIP, the following changes will be verified:

• Only applied to new PBIP files, existing will keep the current folder name.
• “definition.pbidataset” file is renamed to “definition.pbism”

Currently, when synchronizing Fabric items with Git, every item directory is equipped with two automatically generated system files— item.metadata.json and item.config.json . These files are vital for establishing and maintaining the connection between the two platforms.

As part of our continuous efforts to simplify the integration with Git, we have consolidated these files into a single system file -. platform. This new system file will encompass all the attributes that were previously distributed between the two files.

When you make new changes to Git, your system files will be automatically updated to the new version in conjunction with your modifications. Both your own changes and the new file updates will show as part of the commit operation. Additionally, any new projects exported from Power BI desktop via developer mode will adopt the new system file format. Beyond these adjustments, there will be no impact on your Git workflow.

More about this file and the attributes within it can be found here .

API 5.9.0 introduces a new filter API. This API allows you to create a visual that can filter matrix data hierarchically based on data points. This is useful for custom visuals that leverage group-on keys and allow hierarchical filtering using identities. For more information see the documentation .   

Visualizations

Waterfall-Visual-Extended Stacked Insights Waterfall – What’s driving my variation? Untap Text Box CloudScope Image

neas-spc Donut Chart image

orcaviz-enterprise

Your valuable feedback continues to shape our Power BI visuals, and we’re thrilled to announce exciting enhancements to the Dumbbell Bar Chart. In the latest release, we’ve introduced the capability to display multiple dumbbell bars in a single row, allowing for the presentation of more than two values in a streamlined manner. This update opens new possibilities, including the creation of the Adverse Event Timeline plot, or AE Timeline.

The AE Timeline serves as a graphical representation of the timing of adverse events in clinical trials or studies. Its primary objective is to visually convey when adverse events occur concerning the timing of treatment or exposure. Widely used in medical research, especially during safety data analysis in drug development, the AE Timeline is now seamlessly available within Power BI.

Experience the enhanced Dumbbell Bar Chart and the innovative AE Timeline by downloading it from AppSource . All features are readily accessible within Power BI Desktop, empowering you to evaluate this visual on your own data. Dive into enhanced functionality and discover new insights effortlessly.

Questions or remarks? Visit us at: https://visuals.novasilva.com/ .

The Ultimate Date Slicer for Power BI.

The “First Day of Week” option was added in the recent version update.

The Date Picker visual offers a modern calendar view, Presets, Pop-up mode, Default Selection, Themes, and more, making it a must-have date slicer for Power BI reports.  Its rich formatting options help with brand consistency and a seamless UI experience.

Key Features:

• Display Mode:  Choose between Pop-up and Canvas modes.
• Presets:  Many commonly used presets like Today, Last Week, YTD, MTD, or create your preset using field.
• Default Selection:  Control the date period selected when the user refreshes or reopens the report.
• Filter Type : Choose between Range and Start/End types.
• Month Style : Select single- or double-month date slicer.
• Multiple Date Ranges : Flexibility to select multiple date ranges.
• Themes:  15+ pre-built themes with full customization.
• Holidays and Weekends : Customize holidays/weekends representation.
• Import/Export JSON:  Build templates and share your designs.

Many more features and customizable options.

🔗 Try Date Picker for FREE from  AppSource

📊 Check out all features of the visual: Demo file

📃 Step-by-step instructions: Documentation 💡 YouTube Video:  Video Link

📍 Learn more about visuals: https://powerviz.ai/

✅ Follow Powerviz: https://lnkd.in/gN_9Sa6U

Drill Down Combo PRO lets report creators build impressive charts of categorical data. Choose from multiple chart types and create column, line, area, and their combination charts. Use vast customization options to make your chart unique while enhancing the readability of your data with features like conditional formatting and dynamic thresholds.

MAIN FEATURES:

• Conditional formatting – compare results against forecasts by automatically adjusting formatting based on a numerical value.
• Full customization – customize X and Y axes, the legend, outline, and fill settings.
• Choose normal, 100% proportional, or zero-based stacking.
• Set up to 4 static and/or dynamic thresholds to demonstrate targets.
• Customize multiple series simultaneously with series and value label defaults.

POPULAR USE CASES:

• Sales and marketing – sales strategies, results, marketing metrics
• Human resources – hiring, overtime, and efficiency ratios by department.
• Accounting and finance – financial performance by region, office, or business line
• Manufacturing – production and quality metrics

ZoomCharts Drill Down Visuals are known for interactive drilldowns, cross-filtering, and rich customization options. They support interactions, selections, custom and native tooltips, filtering, bookmarks, and context menu.

Try Drill Down Combo PRO now by downloading the visual from AppSource. 

Learn More about Drill Down Combo PRO by ZoomCharts.  

Upload and securely share any PDF file with your colleagues.

Introducing our PDF Uploader/Viewer visual !

Simply upload any PDF file and instantly share it with your colleagues.

This visual boasts several impressive capabilities:

• Microsoft certification ensures that the visual does not interact with external services, guaranteeing that your PDF files are securely stored and encrypted within the report, in alignment with your report sensitivity settings.
• It automatically saves your preferences , allowing you to navigate pages, adjust the zoom level, and scroll to emphasize specific sections. Your colleagues will view the exact portion of the PDF you highlighted.
• You have the flexibility to add text or draw lines to underline key content.
• Users can conveniently download the PDF file directly from the visual.

Inforiver Premium Matrix by Lumel delivers superior reporting capabilities for financial, paginated, IBCS, variance, management reporting, and executive scorecards with the flexibility and familiar user experience of Excel.

To bring visual formulas and ton of additional functionalities frequently sought after by the Power BI community, Inforiver leveraged a differentiated architecture compared to the native matrix. With the recently released dynamic drill SDK/API , we now offer the Performance Mode , so you don’t have to compromise between the initial load performance offered by the native matrix and the advanced capabilities offered by Inforiver. You can now load the first two levels as the default dimensions of the hierarchy and then drill down to the lower levels as needed on demand, giving you the best of both worlds.

In addition to manual data input and what-if simulation capabilities, Inforiver’ s planning and forecasting capabilities are significantly enhanced with the upcoming 2.8 release . This includes a dedicated forecast toolbar, support for automatic rolling forecasts, dynamic handling of time series extensions, and an option to distribute deficits to other time periods.

Inforiver notes and annotations are now context-aware and are dynamically updated based on the filter/slicer selection.

Try Inforiver today!

YouTube video: https://youtu.be/uBLw8xOWujc

Paginated Reports

Connect to new data sources from power bi report builder .

You can now connect to new data sources such as Snowflake and Databricks using the “Get Data” button in Power BI Report Builder.

Follow the simple, click-through experience of Power Query online. Select the data source that you want to connect to.

If you want to use AAD, you need to create a shareable cloud connection. You can create one as documented here or use one that has been shared with you.

You might also select the shareable cloud connection from the “Connection” dropdown. Make sure that the report consumer has permissions to the shareable cloud connection.

Once you have a connection, select Next.

You can transform the data that was selected.

In the Power Query editor, you can perform all the operations supported. Learn more about the capabilities of the Power Query editor .

The M-Query will be used to build your RDL dataset.

You can use this dataset to build your paginated report. You can publish the report to the service and share it. Learn more about connecting to more data sources from Power BI Report builder here .

Need a paginated report to support parameter prompts in more than one language? You no longer need to create several reports. You can simply set an expression for the prompt in Power BI Report Builder and specify the translated labels for a given language that the prompt should be displayed in. Learn more from the documentation on Localizing parameter prompts .

That is all for this month! Please continue sending us your feedback and do not forget to vote for other features that you would like to see in Power BI! We hope that you enjoy the update! If you installed Power BI Desktop from the Microsoft Store,  please leave us a review .

Also, don’t forget to vote on your favorite feature this month on our community website. 

As always, keep voting on  Ideas  to help us determine what to build next. We are looking forward to hearing from you!

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New York Takes Crucial Step Toward Making Congestion Pricing a Reality

The board of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority voted to approve a new $15 toll to drive into Manhattan. The plan still faces challenges from six lawsuits before it can begin in June.

By Winnie Hu and Ana Ley

New York City completed a crucial final step on Wednesday in a decades-long effort to become the first American city to roll out a comprehensive congestion pricing program, one that aims to push motorists out of their cars and onto mass transit by charging new tolls to drive into Midtown and Lower Manhattan.

The program could start as early as mid-June after the board of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, the state agency that will install and manage the program, voted 11-to-1 to approve the final tolling rates, which will charge most passenger cars $15 a day to enter at 60th Street and below in Manhattan. The program is expected to reduce traffic and raise $1 billion annually for public transit improvements.

It was a historic moment for New York’s leaders and transportation advocates after decades of failed attempts to advance congestion pricing even as other gridlocked cities around the world, including London, Stockholm and Singapore, proved that similar programs could reduce traffic and pollution.

While other American cities have introduced related concepts by establishing toll roads or closing streets to traffic, the plan in New York is unmatched in ambition and scale.

Congestion pricing is expected to reduce the number of vehicles that enter Lower Manhattan by about 17 percent, according to a November study by an advisory committee reporting to the M.T.A. The report also said that the total number of miles driven in 28 counties across the region would be reduced.

“This was the right thing to do,” Janno Lieber, the authority’s chairman and chief executive, said after the vote. “New York has more traffic than any place in the United States, and now we’re doing something about it.”

Congestion pricing has long been a hard sell in New York, where many people commute by car from the boroughs outside of Manhattan and the suburbs, in part because some of them do not have access to public transit.

New York State legislators finally approved congestion pricing in 2019 after Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo helped push it through. A series of recent breakdowns in the city’s subway system had underscored the need for billions of dollars to update its aging infrastructure.

It has taken another five years to reach the starting line. Before the tolling program can begin, it must be reviewed by the Federal Highway Administration, which is expected to approve it.

Congestion pricing also faces legal challenges from six lawsuits that have been brought by elected officials and residents from across the New York region. Opponents have increasingly mobilized against the program in recent months, citing the cost of the tolls and the potential environmental effects from shifting traffic and pollution to other areas as drivers avoid the tolls.

A court hearing is scheduled for April 3 and 4 on a lawsuit brought by the State of New Jersey, which is seen as the most serious legal challenge. The mayor of Fort Lee, N.J., Mark J. Sokolich, has filed a related lawsuit.

Four more lawsuits have been brought in New York: by Ed Day, the Rockland County executive; by Vito Fossella, the Staten Island borough president, and the United Federation of Teachers; and by two separate groups of city residents.

Amid the litigation, M.T.A. officials have suspended some capital construction projects that were to be paid for by the program, and they said at a committee meeting on Monday that crucial work to modernize subway signals on the A and C lines had been delayed.

Nearly all the toll readers have been installed, and will automatically charge drivers for entering the designated congestion zone at 60th Street or below. There is no toll for leaving the zone or driving around in it. Through traffic on Franklin D. Roosevelt Drive and the West Side Highway will not be tolled.

Under the final tolling structure, which was based on recommendations by the advisory panel, most passenger vehicles will be charged $15 a day from 5 a.m. to 9 p.m. on weekdays, and from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. on weekends. The toll will be $24 for small trucks and charter buses, and will rise to $36 for large trucks and tour buses. It will be $7.50 for motorcycles.

Those tolls will be discounted by 75 percent at night, dropping the cost for a passenger vehicle to $3.75.

Fares will go up by $1.25 for taxis and black car services, and by $2.50 for Uber and Lyft. Passengers will be responsible for paying the new fees, and they will be added to every ride that begins, ends or occurs within the congestion zone. There will be no nighttime discounts. (The new fees come on top of an existing congestion surcharge that was imposed on for-hire vehicles in 2019.)

The tolls will mostly be collected using the E-ZPass system. Electronic detection points have been placed at entrances and exits to the tolling zone. Drivers who do not use an E-ZPass will pay significantly higher fees — for instance, $22.50 instead of $15 during peak hours for passenger vehicles.

Emergency vehicles like fire trucks, ambulances and police cars, as well as vehicles carrying people with disabilities, were exempted from the new tolls under the state’s congestion pricing legislation .

As for discounts, low-income drivers who make less than $50,000 annually can apply to receive half off the daytime toll after their first 10 trips in a calendar month. In addition, low-income residents of the congestion zone who make less than $60,000 a year can apply for a state tax credit.

All drivers entering the zone directly from four tolled tunnels — the Lincoln, Holland, Hugh L. Carey and Queens-Midtown — will receive a “crossing credit” that will be applied against the daytime toll. The credit will be $5 round-trip for passenger vehicles, $12 for small trucks and intercity and charter buses, $20 for large trucks and tour buses, and $2.50 for motorcycles. No credits will be offered at night.

Grace Ashford contributed reporting.

Winnie Hu is a Times reporter covering the people and neighborhoods of New York City. More about Winnie Hu

Ana Ley is a Times reporter covering New York City’s mass transit system and the millions of passengers who use it. More about Ana Ley

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