speech language pathologist roles and responsibilities

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What Does a Speech Pathologist Do?

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Speech@Emerson / Resources

August 20, 2020 

Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) provide care to people with speech, language, cognition or swallowing impairments, from infants to older adults and everyone in between. If you are interested in a health care career that offers an array of specialties, practice settings or clientele, speech-language pathology may be the field for you. This resource will outline what a career in speech-language pathology entails, highlight the differences between a speech-language pathologist and speech therapist, and describe the different settings where SLPs offer their services.

What Is a Speech-Language Pathologist?

A speech-language pathologist is responsible for assessing, diagnosing, treating and developing plans of care to help improve, maintain and restore certain skills and functions in their clients. Such functions include:

• Articulation or phonological disorders, such as dysarthria or apraxia of speech.
• Language processing challenges.
• Language fluency, including stuttering.
• Feeding and swallowing difficulties due to dysphagia.
• Social communication pragmatics.

Licensing requirements to practice as an SLP vary by state, but most require supervised clinical experience and at least a  Master of Sciences in Communication Disorders (M.S.).  The  American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA)  offers certification once individuals have passed the  Praxis Examination in Speech-Language Pathology.

So, why become an SLP? The path to becoming a speech-language pathologist requires hard work. But the career comes with the opportunity to improve an individual’s overall quality of life, and that can be rewarding.

Working in a high-growth field is another reason some people might consider a career as an SLP.  Speech-language pathologists held about 153,700 jobs in 2018,  according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). By 2028, the BLS projects that the number of speech-language pathology jobs will reach 195,600.

Speech Pathologist vs. Speech Therapist

What’s the difference between a speech pathologist and a speech therapist? Actually, there isn’t one. Speech-language pathology is the official profession of an individual who is commonly known as a speech therapist or a speech teacher. The terms are used interchangeably to refer to someone who evaluates clients’ unique communication impairments or disorders and determines a specialized course of treatment to help them improve over time.

Job Description of a Speech Pathologist

The day-to-day duties of a speech-language pathologist may vary based on the work setting and area of specialization. However, some key responsibilities SLPs share are as follows:

• Conduct screenings to assess a client’s speech and swallowing challenges.
• Evaluate and diagnose speech, language and communication disorders.
• Develop an appropriate treatment plan.
• Provide rehabilitation or communication strategies for those who are deaf or hard of hearing.
• Train, communicate and educate family and caregivers of those with communication or swallowing disorders.
• Offer augmentative and alternative communication systems for clients who experience challenges with severe social expression or language comprehension disorders, such as those on the autism spectrum.
• Use an interdisciplinary approach to address a client’s communication and swallowing needs.
• Complete administrative tasks, including the recording of a client’s progress during and after treatment and the maintenance of client records.

There are a variety of work settings that a speech-language pathologist can choose from. SLPs can work in nursing and residential care facilities, offices of audiologists and physical therapists or have offices of their own.

Some SLPs choose to specialize in treating and supporting clients of a specific age group, such as young children or older adults.  Our Master of Sciences in Communication Disorders (M.S.) program includes applied courses,  such as CD642-Autism: Social Communication Development and Disorder, which introduces students to the development of social communication skills in children. By the time students graduate and become licensed, they will be prepared to work with children with autism and help them to build communication and social skills outside of the typical classroom setting. The knowledge and skills acquired during applied courses may also enable students to support adults with autism who may be joining the workforce. In those cases, the SLP provides direction when it comes to writing cover letters and preparing for job interviews.

Our program also includes  clinical placements . During in-person placements, our students have the opportunity to grow their practical understanding of the communication disorders that they study in the virtual classroom. They also gain exposure to clinical settings and can decide whether they’d like to work in such an environment once they become licensed.

Speech-Language Pathologists in Hospitals vs. in Schools

Hospitals and schools are two of the  most common work settings for speech-language pathologists,  according to ASHA. Both settings come with unique challenges and opportunities.

What Does an SLP Do in a Hospital?

Medical speech-language pathologists work in health care facilities such as hospitals. They belong to an interdisciplinary treatment team that designs and implements a client’s acute or rehabilitation care plan. They may collaborate with physicians, psychologists, social workers, audiologists, or physical and occupational therapists to get the job done. The BLS indicates that  hospital-based SLPs make up 14% of all practicing SLPs.

A hospital-based or medical SLP’s main job functions may include the following:

• Diagnosing and treating cognitive, language, communication and swallowing disorders.
• Working with a range of clients who suffer from chronic diseases or have been affected by neurological events causing trauma to the brain, such as stroke, seizure, cancer or physical trauma.
• Prescribing modified diet plans for clients experiencing difficulty swallowing and symptoms of dysphagia.
• Conducting periodic screenings.
• Providing guidance, support and education to clients and their primary caregivers.
• Informing clinical staff about communication disorders to provide clients with a holistic health treatment plan.
• Conducting research on treatment methods for communication and swallowing disorders.

What Does an SLP Do in a School?

Speech-language pathologists working in education settings constitute 38% of all SLPs,  according to the BLS. Education settings include pre-kindergarten, K–12 public and private schools, and colleges and universities.

SLPs who work in early childhood education settings employ intervention strategies and support students throughout their learning cycles. It is also important for school-based SLPs to advise and work with educators and administrators. This ensures that students’ communication challenges are addressed holistically, so as not to disrupt their learning.

A school-based SLP or speech teacher’s key responsibilities may include the following:

• Conducting diagnostic evaluations and assessing students’ communication skills.
• Working with school-age children or college students with a range of learning, physical and auditory disabilities or disorders that adversely affect their educational performance.
• Identifying students who may be at risk for future communication and swallowing disorders or challenges.
• Consulting with and informing teachers, administrators and families about the prevention of and treatment for communication disorders.
• Performing classroom-based services as well as facilitating small-group and individual speech sessions.
• Working collaboratively to develop a treatment plan tailored to an individual student’s communication and swallowing challenges.
• Developing and implementing Individualized Family Service Plans and Individualized Education Programs.
• Documenting as required by federal, state and local agencies.
• Supervising clinical practicums for students working toward their SLP certification.
• Participating in schoolwide curriculum and literacy teams.

The first step to  becoming an SLP  and achieving your career goals is earning a Master of Sciences in Communication Disorders (M.S.). To learn more about the Speech@Emerson program, including its length, a look into our online campus and what to expect of immersion experiences, visit our  Speech@Emerson program page , contact the admissions team by phone at 855-997-0407 or send an email to  [email protected] .

Citation for this content:  Speech@Emerson, Emerson College’s online Master of Sciences in Communication Disorders (M.S.)

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Speech Language Pathologist Job Description

Also called speech therapists, Speech Language Pathologists assess, diagnose, and treat patients with language, speech, and swallowing disorders. They may assist those who have suffered injury or emotional trauma, as well as those with birth defects.

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Speech Language Pathologist Job Description Template

We are searching for a reliable and innovative speech language pathologist to join our excellent medical team. The speech language pathologist’s responsibilities include assessing and diagnosing disorders, developing treatment plans, monitoring patients' progress, and liaising with counselors and other healthcare professionals. You should be able to develop holistic treatment plans and provide support to the patient as well as their loved ones.

To be successful as a speech language pathologist, you should demonstrate a passion for language, biology, and science. Exceptional speech language pathologists should be self-starters with superb attention to detail and the ability to foster lasting connections with patients.

Speech Language Pathologist Responsibilities:

• Performing assessments and diagnoses, and developing treatment plans for language and swallowing disorders.
• Liaising with family members, counselors, teachers, psychologists, doctors, and other professionals to design holistic treatments.
• Combining traditional therapies with new and innovative techniques.
• Providing support and advice to patients, their caregivers, and family.
• Compiling extensive notes on patients' progress and adjusting therapies and treatment plans where necessary.
• Providing workshops and training to speech language pathology students.
• Motivating patients, especially when progress is slow and they seem despondent.
• Maintaining patient databases and meticulously updating medical records.
• Establishing networks with other speech language pathologists and healthcare professionals by attending regular conferences and events.
• Staying abreast of developments in speech language pathology and in the broader medical field.

Speech Language Pathologist Requirements:

• Master’s degree in speech language pathology, speech therapy, or equivalent.
• Experience with specific disorders and age groups may be required.
• A relevant license and certification.
• In-depth understanding of speech and swallowing disorders.
• Practical experience with database management systems may be an advantage.
• Excellent problem-solving skills and innovative thinking.
• Superb research and networking abilities.
• A willingness to connect with patients and their families.
• The ability to perform house calls when required.

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Speech therapist job description, speech pathologist job description, speech language pathologist interview questions, speech therapist interview questions, speech pathologist interview questions.

What does a speech language pathologist do?

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What is a Speech Language Pathologist?

Speech language pathologists (SLPs) specialize in diagnosing, evaluating, and treating various communication and swallowing disorders that can affect individuals of all ages, from infants to the elderly. They work with patients who experience difficulties in speech articulation, language development, voice production, fluency (stuttering), and cognitive communication skills. They also assist individuals who have challenges with swallowing or feeding due to medical conditions or developmental issues.

Speech language pathologists collaborate closely with patients, their families, and other healthcare professionals to create tailored treatment plans that address specific communication or swallowing goals. Their expertise extends beyond assessment and therapy, encompassing research, education, and advocacy to promote effective communication and enhance the quality of life for individuals with communication disorders.

What does a Speech Language Pathologist do?

Speech language pathologists play an important role in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of communication and swallowing disorders. They employ a range of evidence-based techniques and technologies to help their clients improve their communication and swallowing abilities. By providing personalized therapy plans, counseling, and education, SLPs help individuals with communication and swallowing disorders achieve their fullest potential and enhance their quality of life.

Duties and Responsibilities Some of the key duties and responsibilities of a speech language pathologist include:

• Assessment and Evaluation: SLPs conduct thorough assessments to identify communication and swallowing disorders in patients. They use standardized tests, observations, interviews, and clinical observations to gather information about a patient's speech, language, voice, fluency, and swallowing abilities.
• Diagnosis: Based on assessment results, SLPs diagnose the specific communication or swallowing disorder affecting a patient. They analyze the collected data and provide a comprehensive understanding of the individual's challenges and needs.
• Treatment Planning: SLPs develop individualized treatment plans tailored to each patient's unique needs and goals. These plans may include strategies to improve speech articulation, language development, voice production, fluency, cognitive communication, or swallowing function.
• Therapeutic Interventions: SLPs administer therapeutic interventions to address communication and swallowing difficulties. They guide patients through exercises, activities, and techniques designed to improve their speech clarity, language comprehension, expression, voice quality, and fluency.
• Patient Education: SLPs educate patients and their families about the nature of the disorder, treatment options, and strategies for managing communication challenges in everyday life. They empower individuals to actively participate in their treatment journey.
• Collaboration: SLPs collaborate with other healthcare professionals, such as physicians, audiologists, educators, and occupational therapists, to provide comprehensive care to patients. They work as part of a multidisciplinary team to ensure a holistic approach to treatment.
• Progress Monitoring: SLPs regularly assess and document their patients' progress throughout the treatment process. They adjust treatment plans as needed based on ongoing evaluations and discussions with patients and their families.
• Adaptive Technology: In some cases, SLPs may recommend and assist patients in using adaptive communication devices or technologies to enhance their ability to communicate effectively.
• Swallowing Assessment and Treatment: SLPs evaluate and treat patients with swallowing difficulties (dysphagia). They may develop strategies to improve safe swallowing and prevent aspiration during eating and drinking.
• Research and Education: Some SLPs engage in research to contribute to the advancement of their field's knowledge and practices. They may also provide training and education to students, colleagues, and the community.
• Advocacy: SLPs advocate for individuals with communication disorders, raising awareness about the importance of effective communication and access to appropriate services.
• Documentation: SLPs maintain accurate records of assessments, treatment plans, progress notes, and outcomes to ensure effective communication with patients, families, and other healthcare professionals.

Types of Speech Language Pathologists Speech language pathologists can specialize in various areas within their field to address specific communication and swallowing challenges. Here are some types of specialized speech language pathologists:

• Pediatric Speech Language Pathologists: These professionals work primarily with children, addressing speech and language disorders that can arise from developmental delays, speech sound disorders, language impairments, and early communication difficulties. They may work in schools, early intervention programs, clinics, or private practice.
• Adult Speech Language Pathologists: Adult-focused speech language pathologists work with individuals who have communication and swallowing difficulties due to neurological conditions, strokes, traumatic brain injuries, or degenerative diseases like Parkinson's. They help adults regain or maintain their communication abilities and improve swallowing safety.
• Accent Modification Speech Language Pathologists: Accent modification specialists assist individuals who wish to modify their speech patterns to improve communication clarity and reduce accent-related misunderstandings, often in professional or academic settings.
• Voice Disorder Speech Language Pathologists: Speech language pathologists specializing in voice disorders work with individuals who have conditions affecting their vocal cords, pitch, volume, or quality of voice. They provide therapy to improve voice production and prevent vocal strain.
• Fluency Disorder Speech Language Pathologists: These professionals focus on treating individuals with fluency disorders, commonly known as stuttering. They use techniques to help individuals improve their speech fluency and manage their disfluencies.
• Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) Speech Language Pathologists: AAC specialists work with individuals who have complex communication needs and may require alternative methods of communication, such as communication devices, symbols, or gestures.
• Swallowing and Dysphagia Speech Language Pathologists: These speech language pathologists specialize in evaluating and treating individuals with swallowing disorders (dysphagia) caused by various medical conditions. They help patients safely consume food and liquids.
• Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Speech Language Pathologists: Speech language pathologists with expertise in traumatic brain injuries provide therapy to individuals recovering from head injuries, helping them regain language, cognitive, and communication skills.
• Neonatal Speech Language Pathologists: Neonatal speech language pathologists work with infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), addressing feeding and swallowing difficulties in premature or medically fragile newborns.
• Geriatric Speech Language Pathologists: Geriatric speech language pathologists specialize in addressing communication and swallowing issues in older adults, often dealing with age-related conditions such as dementia and age-related changes in speech and swallowing function.
• Educational Speech Language Pathologists: These professionals work in educational settings, such as schools, to provide speech and language therapy to students with communication disorders, supporting their academic success.

Are you suited to be a speech language pathologist?

Speech language pathologists have distinct personalities . They tend to be social individuals, which means they’re kind, generous, cooperative, patient, caring, helpful, empathetic, tactful, and friendly. They excel at socializing, helping others, and teaching. Some of them are also investigative, meaning they’re intellectual, introspective, and inquisitive.

Does this sound like you? Take our free career test to find out if speech language pathologist is one of your top career matches.

What is the workplace of a Speech Language Pathologist like?

Speech language pathologists work in a variety of settings, such as hospitals, schools, private clinics, rehabilitation centers, and nursing homes.

In a hospital setting, speech language pathologists may work in acute care or rehabilitation settings, providing assessment and treatment for patients with speech and language disorders resulting from medical conditions such as strokes, traumatic brain injuries, and cancer. They may also work with patients who have difficulty swallowing, which can be a common issue for individuals who have had strokes or are recovering from surgery.

In schools, speech language pathologists work with children who have communication disorders, such as stuttering, articulation problems, or language delays. They work with teachers, parents, and other professionals to develop and implement individualized education plans for students. They may also work with students who have hearing impairments, providing assistance with hearing aids and other assistive devices.

In private clinics, speech language pathologists may work with clients of all ages who have a variety of communication disorders. They may specialize in working with specific populations, such as children with autism or adults who have had strokes. In these settings, speech language pathologists work closely with clients and their families to develop treatment plans tailored to the client's specific needs and goals.

Rehabilitation centers and nursing homes may also employ speech language pathologists to work with patients who have suffered from strokes, traumatic brain injuries, or other medical conditions that affect speech and language. In these settings, speech language pathologists may work with patients to improve their ability to communicate effectively, both verbally and non-verbally.

Speech Language Pathologists are also known as: SLP Speech-Language Pathologist

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What Do Speech Language Pathologists Do? A Day in The Life

Speech Language Pathologists (SLPs) are prominent figures in the world of healthcare and education, playing a vital role in enhancing communication and swallowing abilities for individuals of all ages. If you've ever wondered about the daily life of these dedicated professionals, this article will provide a glimpse into the diverse roles of SLPs in a variety of settings.  

A Day in a School: Nurturing Communication in Young Minds

Morning: In-class support and group sessions

An SLP working in an elementary school might begin their day with “push-in” services, where they go into a class to support students during various subjects. They might help students with language disorders as they work on a research writing activity, or help a small group with vocabulary from a classroom textbook or novel assignment.  This type of support allows teachers and SLPs to be close collaborative partners and to make decisions together about how to support students in the educational setting. The SLP might also see individual students, or small groups, where they focus on specific skill-building such as articulation disorders or language formulation tasks. Planning individualized treatment plans is a crucial part of the morning routine, tailoring interventions to address specific challenges.

Afternoon: Assessments and Collaboration

An SLP may have dedicated assessment time to complete evaluations of students identified by the educational team, which includes parents and guardians. These evaluations help identify students with speech or language disorders. The SLP collaborates with teachers and parents to gather information, ensuring a holistic understanding of each child's needs. Collaboration with teachers and support staff is constant, ensuring a cohesive approach to students' progress. The SLP may spend time meeting with teachers and other support staff such as special education teachers, occupational therapists, and school counselors, as well as connecting with caregivers to ensure solid communication between the school and home environment. 

A Day in Hospitals: Guiding Recovery and Rehabilitation

Morning: Multidisciplinary Rounds and Assessments

In a hospital setting, an SLP may begin the day by participating in multidisciplinary rounds. These discussions involve healthcare professionals from various specialties, ensuring a comprehensive approach to patient care. Assessments follow, as the SLP evaluates patients with communication and swallowing disorders resulting from conditions such as strokes or traumatic brain injuries.

Afternoon: Therapy Sessions and Treatment Plans

The afternoon might be dedicated to completing modified barium swallow studies in the fluoroscopy suite.  This activity allows the SLP, along with a radiologist and physician, to determine etiologies of swallowing challenges with a patient.  The SLP then makes recommendations; collaborating with occupational therapists and physicians, the SLP designs and adjusts treatment plans, addressing the unique needs and goals of each patient.

Late Afternoon: Family Education and Progress Reports

In the late afternoon, the SLP meets with patients' families to provide education on communication and swallowing strategies. Clear communication about progress and expectations is crucial for family members as they support their loved ones through the rehabilitation process. Detailed progress reports are shared with the healthcare team, ensuring a coordinated and informed approach to patient care.

A Day in Private Practice: Tailoring Individualized Therapy

Morning: Client Assessments and Treatment Planning

In a private practice setting, an SLP often starts the day with client assessments. These assessments help identify specific speech or language challenges, and the SLP collaborates with clients to set personalized goals. Treatment plans are then developed, aligning with the client's unique needs and preferences.

Afternoon: One-on-One Therapy Sessions

The heart of the day in private practice is dedicated to one-on-one therapy sessions. Whether addressing speech articulation, language development, or voice disorders, the SLP works closely with clients, providing tailored interventions. The personalized nature of private practice allows the SLP to adapt and modify sessions in real-time, maximizing the effectiveness of each therapy session.

Late Afternoon: Progress Reviews and Professional Development

As the day progresses, the SLP reviews client progress and adjusts treatment plans accordingly. Continuing education is a key component of private practice, and the late afternoon may involve staying abreast of the latest research and techniques. Networking with other healthcare professionals ensures a holistic approach to client care.

There are many roles SLPs can play; whether in schools, hospitals, or private practice, SLPs are dedicated to enhancing communication and swallowing abilities for individuals across the lifespan. Take a look at MGH Institute of Health Professions' speech language pathology curriculum plans if you are interested in how to become a Speech-Language Pathologist. Our integration of written with spoken language disorders studies also allows you to become eligible for Reading Specialist Licensure.

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Medical Speech-Language Pathologist

What does a medical speech-language pathologist do.

A medical speech-language pathologist works in health care and diagnoses and treats a wide range of speech, language, cognitive, and swallowing disorders. They work with patients affected by a variety of neurological events, such as brain damage, stroke, seizure, or cancer. They may also work with patients who suffer from chronic diseases or who have experienced a trauma.

Speech pathologists examine patients and create treatment plans tailored to their needs. These patients may have speech articulation issues, voice quality problems, or language disorders. Treatment could be modifying a patient’s diet or prescribing a speech-generating device.

Scope of practice

Medical speech-language pathologists work with doctors and audiologists to treat patients of all ages, from infants to the elderly. This role holds a wide range of responsibilities and can do a variety of tasks each day, including:

• Diagnosing and treating speech, language, cognitive, communication, and swallowing disorders
• Evaluating swallowing ability and prescribing an appropriate diet (foods may need to be pureed or liquids may need to be thickened)
• Helping patients with aphasia find ways to communicate
• Training family members or caregivers, as well as other professionals
• Collaborating with other members of the care team
• Conducting research to develop new treatment methods

Work environment

Medical speech-language pathologists typically work in hospitals, outpatient clinics, and rehabilitation facilities. They typically work 40 hours per week during normal business hours. The work they do may differ slightly depending on where they work.

Speech-language pathologists that work in a hospital may do more diagnosis, counseling, and educating. Whereas medical speech-language pathologists that work in a rehabilitation facility typically work on improving skills to function more independently.

Speech-language pathologists that do not work in health care, may work in education providing services to school-age children with a wide range of disabilities. They may also work in government, or even in the corporate world.  

Becoming a medical speech-language pathologist

Compassionate, detail-oriented people with good communication skills and a passion for science might be interested in a career as a medical speech-language pathologist. This role will keep you on your toes and allow you to do something different every day. Speech–language pathologists spend a lot of time with patients evaluating and treating their conditions, as well as time with caretakers and other members of the health care team to explain diet changes and other care instructions.

Higher education requirements

To become a medical speech-language pathologist, you must complete:

• A bachelor’s degree in communication sciences and disorders (or related field with certain prerequisites completed for graduate school admission)
• A graduate degree in speech-language pathology
• A postgraduate fellowship
• A national licensing exam

Certification process

You can get certified by the  American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) Council for Clinical Certification once you’ve completed a speech-language pathology graduate degree and fellowship, and passed the Praxis exam.

Career opportunities and outlook

A medical speech-language pathologist can expect a median annual salary of $ 79,060 .

The Bureau of Labor Statistics expects the employment of speech-language pathologists to grow much faster than average. This is due to the large baby-boom population ages, there will be more instances of health conditions that cause speech or language impairments, such as strokes and hearing loss. Secondly, medical advances are improving the survival rate of premature infants and trauma victims, who may benefit from speech therapy.

With further education, some speech-language pathologists can become educators or researchers. Others can advance into management or administrative positions with greater responsibilities.

By the numbers

median annual salary

years of higher education

job growth projected from 2020-2030

Medical speech-language pathologist programs at Mayo Clinic

Mayo Clinic offers several internships and a fellowship to prepare students for a career as a medical speech-language pathologist, including:

• Speech Language Pathology Clinical Fellowship (Arizona)
• Speech Pathology Internship (Arizona)
• Speech Pathology Internship (Florida)

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Home Blog What Is a Speech-Language Pathologist/Therapist (SLPs)?

What Is a Speech-Language Pathologist/Therapist (SLPs)?

A speech-language pathologist is a professional who assesses, diagnoses and treats communication and swallowing disorders in individuals of all ages.

In our everyday lives, communicating helps us share our thoughts, feelings, and ideas. However, for some, this gift of clear and effective communication doesn’t come easily. This is where Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs) come into the picture, significantly transforming lives through their expertise in language and speech.

This blog aims to help you understand and appreciate the crucial role speech-language pathologists play in the world of communication and language. It sheds light on the SLP profession and explains why they are indispensable in our society.

We’ll delve into their core responsibilities, the diverse conditions they address, and the profound influence they wield across all age groups. It also explains the education and training, work environment, conditions they treat, and career options for SLPs.

Whether you’re simply curious about this noble profession or you’ve personally experienced the life-changing support of an SLP, our goal is to provide you with valuable insights and foster a deeper appreciation for the vital work they do.

Table of Contents

Unlocking the Power of Speech: What Does a Speech-Language Pathologist Do?

Speech-language pathologists or speech therapists are health professionals who diagnose and treat the following disorders:

• Speech disorders – encompass challenges in producing speech sounds accurately, issues related to resonance, and difficulties with voice. For example, stuttering.
• Language disorders – Difficulty understanding others (receptive) or sharing their thoughts and feelings (expressive). The language disorder can manifest in both written and spoken forms, potentially encompassing aspects such as content (semantics), usage (pragmatics), and structure (phonology, syntax, and morphology) within the context of socially acceptable and practical communication.
• Social communication disorders – Difficulty in social verbal and non-verbal communication such as greeting, commenting, asking questions, talking in different ways, and following the rules of conversation. For example, autistic individuals or those with traumatic brain injury have social communication issues.
• Cognitive communication disorders – Difficulty in organizing their thoughts, planning, remembering, paying attention, and problem-solving. These could be congenital or because of dementia, brain injury, or stroke.
• Fluency disorders – Difficulty in making the sounds, syllables, phrases, and words flow together. Examples are stuttering and cluttering during normal conversation.
• Swallowing disorders – Difficulty in feeding and swallowing, which results in an illness, injury, or stroke.

These disorders could be due to an injury, a medical condition, or by birth. SLPs can choose to work with a specific age group, such as toddlers, teens, or other age groups.

In the case of childhood speech difficulties, SLPs support young children by helping them articulate words and express themselves effectively through targeted therapy, ultimately improving their communication skills and confidence.

For adults recovering from a stroke, SLPs play a critical role in rehabilitation by addressing communication deficits and swallowing difficulties. Through personalized therapy, they help individuals regain their language skills and ensure their overall well-being, facilitating meaningful conversations and enhanced quality of life.

The Roles and Responsibilities of SLPs

Speech-language pathologists treat the patients, which results in building confidence and self-worth. Individuals with speech disorders can eventually learn social interaction and fluent speech for better personal and professional lives.

Speech-language therapists collaborate with physical therapists, occupational therapists, teachers, social workers, psychologists, audiologists, and physicians. Their job roles include:

• Devising and executing treatment plans based on assessments and input from the interdisciplinary team.
• Continuously assessing patients’ conditions and adapting treatment strategies as needed.
• Administering and evaluating speech, language, and hearing tests.
• Compiling reports and maintaining records of patient evaluations, treatment progress, recovery, and discharge information.
• Educating patients and their families on treatment methods and communication techniques to address disorders.
• Developing, implementing, and refining diagnostic tools and communication strategies.
• Creating and delivering speech programs.
• Providing aural rehabilitation for patients with hearing impairments.
• Supplying augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices for individuals with conditions such as autism or progressive neural disorders.
• Instructing individuals without communication disorders, such as those seeking accent modification or communication enhancement.

In addition to their primary responsibilities, speech-language pathologists have diverse roles that extend to supporting national, state, and local agencies. They may also take on supervisory roles in public school or clinical programs, overseeing the delivery of speech and language services.

Moreover, SLPs often play a crucial role in training support personnel and offering counseling services to patients and their families, providing essential emotional support and guidance.

In the field of research, speech-language pathologists actively contribute to the study of human communication, working to develop innovative treatment methods and advance the knowledge of this vital discipline.

Education and Training for Speech-Language Pathologists

Becoming a Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP) involves a rigorous educational and training path:

• Bachelor’s Degree: The journey typically begins with a bachelor’s degree in communication sciences and disorders (CSD) or a related field. This serves as the foundation for further studies.
• Master’s Degree: To obtain SLP licensure, you need to successfully finish a master’s degree program in speech-language pathology, accredited by the Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology (CAA) . This graduate program typically takes around two years to complete.
• Clinical Experience: Hands-on clinical experience is a crucial component of SLP training. During the master’s program, students participate in supervised clinical practicum experiences, which provide exposure to real-world cases and clients.
• Certification: After completing their master’s degree, individuals can pursue certification through the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) . Certification requirements may include completing a clinical fellowship and passing the Praxis examination.
• State Licensure: SLPs must obtain state licensure to practice in the specific state or region where they intend to work. Requirements vary from state to state and typically include proof of education, clinical experience, and successful completion of an examination.
• Continuing Education: SLPs are often required to engage in ongoing professional development and continuing education to maintain their certification and stay updated on the latest research and techniques in the field.

This rigorous education and training process ensures that SLPs are well-equipped to diagnose and treat a wide range of communication and speech disorders across different age groups and settings. It’s important to note that the specific requirements may vary by region or country, so aspiring SLPs should verify the regulations in their desired practice area.

What Conditions Does a Speech-Language Pathologist Treat?

Speech-Language Pathologists treat a wide range of conditions related to communication and speech. These conditions include, but are not limited to:

• Articulation Disorders: Difficulty in pronouncing specific sounds or words correctly.
• Language Disorders: Challenges with understanding and using language, which can affect vocabulary, grammar, and comprehension.
• Fluency Disorders: Conditions like stuttering that disrupt the flow of speech. Voice Disorders: Problems with pitch, volume, or quality of the voice.
• Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia): Difficulty in swallowing, which can lead to choking or aspiration.
• Aphasia: A language disorder often caused by brain injury, impacting speaking, understanding, reading, and writing.
• Cognitive-Communication Disorders: Issues with memory, problem-solving, and other cognitive aspects that affect communication.
• Autism Spectrum Disorders: SLPs can help individuals with autism improve their communication and social skills.
• Hearing Loss: SLPs work with individuals who have hearing impairments to develop communication strategies, including the use of sign language or assistive devices.
• Communication and Feeding Difficulties in Children: SLPs address a wide range of communication and swallowing issues in pediatric populations.

SLPs are trained to assess, diagnose, and provide therapy for individuals across the lifespan who experience these and other communication and swallowing challenges, helping them improve their overall quality of life.

Some famous individuals who overcame speech disorders and became influential figures in the world of entertainment and leadership are:

• Tiger Woods
• Bruce Willis
• Samuel L. Jackson
• Nicole Kidman

Reasons to See a Speech-Language Pathologist

Speech and language disorders could result in a significant impact on one’s emotional well-being. SLPs can help children and adults overcome these lifelong problems early on. Some reasons to see an SLP are:

• Articulation and Pronunciation Issues: Children may struggle with pronouncing sounds or words correctly, hindering their ability to be understood. SLPs work with them to improve articulation and clarity.
• Language Development Delays: Some children experience delays in language development, which can affect vocabulary, grammar, and comprehension. SLPs provide interventions to help children catch up with their peers.
• Stuttering and Fluency Disorders: Stuttering can impede effective communication in both children and adults. SLPs offer strategies and techniques to enhance fluency and confidence.
• Voice Disorders: Voice disorders can affect pitch, volume, and quality of speech. SLPs diagnose and treat these issues, preserving vocal health.
• Swallowing Difficulties (Dysphagia): Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, can lead to choking and malnutrition. SLPs address these concerns, ensuring safe and efficient swallowing.
• Aphasia and Cognitive-Communication Challenges: After a brain injury or stroke, individuals may experience aphasia, impacting their ability to speak, understand, read, and write. SLPs provide therapeutic techniques to regain language skills.

The Impact of Untreated Speech and Language Issues

Untreated speech and language issues can profoundly affect one’s life. Children may struggle academically, experience social isolation, and grapple with self-esteem issues. For adults, communication difficulties can hinder career advancement and limit social interactions, leading to frustration and isolation.

In children, early intervention by SLPs can significantly improve academic success and social development. For adults, SLPs can help regain the ability to communicate effectively, fostering better professional and personal relationships.

Where Do SLPs Work?

SLPs are part of a larger rehabilitation team comprising physical therapists, audiologists, occupational therapists, and psychologists. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) , 42% of SLPs work in educational services, 25% in offices with physical, occupational, and speech therapists and audiologists, and 14% in hospitals.

Some of the typical work settings for SLPs include:

• Schools: SLPs often work in elementary and secondary schools, helping children with speech and language disorders that may affect their academic success.
• Hospitals: SLPs in hospital settings work with patients of all ages who have acquired speech, language, voice, or swallowing disorders due to medical conditions such as strokes, traumatic injuries, or degenerative diseases.
• Rehabilitation Centers: In rehabilitation centers, SLPs provide services to individuals recovering from accidents, injuries, or surgeries, helping them regain their speech and swallowing abilities.
• Private Practices: Some SLPs run their private practices, offering services to clients of all ages with various speech and language concerns. This allows for more personalized and flexible care.
• Nursing Homes and Long-Term Care Facilities: SLPs working in these settings primarily assist older adults with speech and swallowing difficulties, often associated with aging or degenerative conditions like dementia.
• Research and Academia: SLPs may work in research roles at universities and academic institutions, contributing to the advancement of knowledge in the field and educating future SLPs.

Careers in Speech-Language Pathology

As per data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics , the year 2022 witnessed 171,400 job positions for Speech-language pathologists, with a projected growth of 33,100 new employment opportunities (a 19% increase) expected by 2032. The median annual income for SLPs in 2022 stood at $84,140 per year (equivalent to $40.45 per hour).

SLPs enjoy strong job prospects with a growing demand for their services across various settings. Opportunities abound in healthcare, education, and specialized clinics, offering career stability and the chance to make a profound impact. Some potential career paths are:

• School-Based SLPs: Work in educational settings to support children with speech and language disorders, aiding academic success.
• Medical SLPs: Serve in hospitals, rehab centers, and clinics, helping patients recover from communication and swallowing issues caused by medical conditions.
• Private Practice SLPs: Establish independent practices to provide personalized therapy and consulting services.
• Research and Academia: Contribute to advancing knowledge and educating future SLPs through research and teaching roles at universities.
• Telepractice SLPs: Offer remote assessment and therapy, expanding access to care for diverse populations.

If you’re passionate about improving lives through communication, consider pursuing a career in Speech-Language Pathology. Start with a bachelor’s degree in a related field, then a master’s degree in speech-language pathology. Gain clinical experience and obtain necessary certifications and licenses.

A career in speech-language pathology offers financial rewards while allowing you to create a meaningful impact on the lives of individuals spanning children, adolescents, and adults, all through the positive outcomes of speech therapy.

As an SLP, you champion inclusivity for those grappling with speech, language, and cognitive challenges, opening doors to improved communication and enhanced well-being.

For students with a passion for improving lives through communication, exploring a future in speech-language pathology is a rewarding journey. To take the first step, consider exploring educational opportunities such as the Master of Science in Speech-Language Pathology program at NEIT. This program could be your gateway to becoming a certified SLP and making a lasting impact in the lives of those in need.

Explore, learn, and be inspired by the boundless possibilities within this remarkable field.

What is the difference between a speech therapist and a language pathologist?

A speech therapist and a language pathologist are often used interchangeably, but they typically refer to the same profession. Both work with individuals to address speech and language disorders, helping them communicate effectively. The more formal term for this profession is “Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP),” which encompasses both speech and language aspects. So, the difference is primarily in terminology, with “SLP” being the professional title.

What undergraduate major is best for speech pathology?

The best undergraduate major for pursuing a career in speech pathology is typically Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD) or a closely related field like Linguistics, Psychology, or Education. These majors provide a strong foundation for the required graduate studies in speech-language pathology.

What are the 9 domains of speech-language pathology?

The nine domains of speech-language pathology are articulation, fluency, voice and resonance, cognition, hearing, language, social communication, swallowing, and communication modalities.

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Speech-Language Pathologists’ Role in the Multi-Disciplinary Management and Rehabilitation of Patients with Covid-19

1 Department of Communication Disorders, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA

2 department of Communication Disorders, Texas State University, Round Rock, Texas, USA

Respiratory and neurological complications in patients in various stages of COVID-19 emphasize the role of speech-language pathologists in the assessment and management of swallowing and communication deficits in these patients. The speech-language pathologist works within a multidisciplinary team to identify these deficits, and aims to improve swallowing, nutrition, hydration, speech, and quality of life in the medical settings. This paper describes the unique symptoms and complications associated with COVID-19 that require speech-language pathologist services in medical (acute care, inpatient, and outpatient rehabilitation) facilities. The speech-language pathologist is primarily responsible for dysphagia screening and diagnosis in the acute care units, dysphagia and tracheostomy management in the inpatient units, and swallowing, speech and voice rehabilitation and neurocognitive management in the outpatient units. This paper also discusses the current therapeutic services and the precautions that speech-language pathologists must take to reduce transmission of the virus.

LAY ABSTRACT

The role of speech-language pathologists in assessing and managing swallowing, cognition, and communication in patients with COVID-19 is not yet widely understood. This paper provides a perspective of the field, and the role of speech-language pathologists in providing services in healthcare facilities to patients tested positive for coronavirus. The paper also explains the unique symptoms and complications associated with COVID-19 that require speech-language pathologists’ services in medical facilities. It also describes the current procedures and guidelines for speech-language pathologists in order to reduce contraction and transmission of the virus, and highlights current alternative platforms, such as tele-medicine, for therapeutic services.

The novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created a significant shift in the way healthcare services are provided. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there have been 7,145,539 confirmed cases and 408,025 deaths from COVID-19 as of 10 June 2020 ( 1 ). This infectious disease is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). People infected by the virus often develop fever, cough, shortness of breath, mild-to-severe respiratory disease, and/or pneumonia. In critically ill patients, the infection can result in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by sudden breathlessness, rapid breathing, dizziness, tachycardia, and excessive sweating. It can further lead to multiple organ failure and hypoxic respiratory insufficiency ( 2 ). The virus gradually spreads to the brain from the respiratory tract, and possibly the gut through swallowing. In addition to respiratory symptoms, COVID-19 infection can also result in impaired olfactory and gustatory perception and gastrointestinal symptoms ( 3 ). COVID-19 is likely to have a more severe effect in elderly people and those with concomitant illnesses, such as cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, diabetes, and stroke. Many healthcare professionals, including physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists, and other medical staff are working very hard to provide immediate and necessary services to patients affected by COVID-19.

Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) play a critical role in the care of patients with COVID-19 ( 4 , 5 ). SLPs within healthcare facilities (acute care, inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation) in the United States collaborate with a clinical care team, including primary physicians, neurologists, otolaryngologists, nurses, dietitians, social workers, case managers, respiratory therapists, pharmacists, physical therapists, and other rehabilitation professionals, in the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with COVID-19. Referrals to SLP can be made by any member of the care team who observes signs of swallowing, cognitive, and/or communication deficits. Swallowing impairment (dysphagia) is one of the major complications of ARDS secondary to COVID-19 ( 6 ). ARDS compromises the respiratory system, which can result in incoordination of respiratory-swallowing systems ( 7 ). Oropharyngeal dysphagia, which includes food residue in the throat and aspiration into the airway, causes further deterioration of ventilatory functions ( 8 ) and is considered a major risk factor for aspiration pneumonia among frail and immunocompromised older adults ( 9 ). Patients with severe ARDS may be intubated for mechanical ventilation ( 10 ). Short- and long-term intubation may result in laryngeal injury, which affects swallowing and voice ( 11 ), and up to 62% of patients who are extubated may be at risk of dysphagia ( 12 ). Post-extubation dysphagia has been associated with poor outcomes, such as risk of developing pneumonia, need for feeding tubes, malnutrition, longer hospital stays, and in-hospital mortality ( 13 ).

SLP SERVICES IN REHABILITATION OF PATIENTS WITH COVID-19

The role of the SLPs in acute and rehabilitation units is determined primarily by the needs of the patients. While there are limited evidence-based intervention guidelines for patients with COVID-19, the following are drawn from current clinical practice in patients with COVID-19 and other respiratory disorders with concomitant dysphagia (such as in ARDS and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) ( Fig. 1 ).

Speech-language pathologists’ rehabilitative services for patients with COVID-19

Intensive and acute care units

In intensive care units (ICU) and acute care units, the primary role of the SLP is the identification and diagnosis of dysphagia.

Dysphagia screening and assessment

Post-extubation dysphagia screening is a recommended practice in the management of patients with COVID-19, owing to the increased incidence of dysphagia in severe and critically ill patients with COVID-19 ( 14 ). The American Association of Critical Care Nurses recommends obtaining a swallowing evaluation prior to initiating oral feeding in patients intubated for longer than 2 days ( 15 ).While nurses use post-extubation dysphagia screening tools (e.g. the dysphagia screening tool developed by Johnson et al. ( 16 )), SLPs typically perform clinical bedside screenings that include assessment of the patient’s medical history, examination of the structure and function of the oropharynx, and trial swallows of food and liquids.

Inpatient Rehabilitation units

Once the patient is medically stable, he/she is transferred to an inpatient unit within the hospital or a transitional rehabilitation unit. In these rehabilitation units, the SLP’s primary management goals for COVID-19 patients with dysphagia are to eliminate or reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonia and to maintain nutrition and hydration through dietary modification and behavioural interventions. Dysphagia intervention services depend on various factors, such as lung function, patient’s age, extent of laryngeal trauma, and comorbid conditions.

Dietary modification

Many patients who have been intubated in the ICU will be on nasogastric or enteral feeding for nutrition and hydration ( 17 ). In collaboration with the primary physician, dietitian, nurse, gastroenterologist, respiratory therapist, and pulmonologist, the SLP determines the safety of oral feeding and recommends the least restrictive food and liquid diet to minimize the risk of aspiration. Collaboration with the dietitian is also important for any patient with oropharyngeal dysphagia (regardless of oral or non-oral feeding status), as this condition has been consistently associated with malnutrition and dehydration ( 18 ).

Compensatory training

In order to support safe oral intake of food and liquids, SLPs recommend various compensatory strategies, including postural changes, such as chin tuck, head turn, and/or reclining sitting positions. These postures reduce the risk of aspiration, by affecting the speed and direction of bolus flow away from the laryngeal valve ( 19 , 20 ). Certain swallowing manoeuvres that require modifying airway closure duration, such as supraglottic swallow, may be initiated only when respiration has improved. During the process, SLPs coordinate with physical and occupational therapists to determine appropriate body positioning during mealtimes, and with nurses and other medical staff to monitor the effectiveness of these compensatory strategies. Furthermore, SLPs may recommend behavioural changes, such as taking small bites when eating, in order to overcome physiological deficits, and reducing environmental distractions to promote safe and intentional control of the food bolus in the mouth ( 21 , 22 ).

Swallowing exercises

In patients requiring mechanical ventilation, neuromuscular weakness and reduced oropharyngeal sensitivity may be observed due to laryngeal trauma from long-term intubation, and muscle weakness and atrophy from prolonged non-use of oropharyngeal structures ( 22 ). As respiratory functions improve postextubation, SLPs recommend swallowing exercises to improve the strength and range of motion of the pharyngeal and laryngeal structures. Some commonly used approaches to improve swallowing functions in post-extubated patients are: effortful swallowing to increase the strength of oropharyngeal muscle contraction and Mendelsohn manoeuvre to increase laryngeal elevation, and consequently duration of upper oesophageal sphincter opening during swallowing ( 23 ).

Tracheostomy management

Critically ill patients with COVID-19 needing prolonged mechanical ventilation may receive a tracheostomy to facilitate weaning of ventilation. Extended intubation time and delays in the decision to tracheostomize COVID-19 patients can lead to muscular atrophy, changes in vocal fold and hyolaryngeal movements, and laryngeal trauma that can further impact speech and swallowing. As a result, tracheostomy with and without mechanical ventilation has been associated with aspiration ( 24 ), with up to 82% of patients aspirating silently ( 25 ). After discharge from the ICU to the inpatient ward, SLPs may evaluate swallowing (prior to initiating an oral diet), and along with the rehabilitation team, determine the eligibility for use of a speaking valve. Speaking valve use in patients with tracheostomy reduces the risk of aspiration, and improves swallowing physiology and olfaction ( 26 , 27 ). SLPs consult with the physician, otolaryngologist, pulmonologists, and the respiratory team, to discuss the management of swallowing and speech in these patients.

Oral care and hygiene

Another common observation in previously intubated patients is bacterial colonization in the oropharynx, due to factors such as increased intake of medications, reduced intake of food or liquids orally, dry mouth, and old age ( 28 ). Oropharyngeal colonization may further increase the risk of aspiration pneumonia in patients with COVID-19. Therefore, SLPs work with nurses and occupational therapists to educate the patient about oral hygiene and consistent oral care, such as daily and frequent brushing, moistening of the oral mucosa, and management of oral secretions to prevent aspiration pneumonia, especially among intubated patients and older adults ( 29 ).

Delirium screening

Due to prolonged invasive respiratory management, sedation and social isolation in hospital wards, patients with COVID-19 are confused, disoriented, and sometimes delirious ( 30 ). During these instances, medical staff can use delirium checklists (e.g. the Short Confusion Assessment Method ( 31 ), Confusion Assessment Method-Intensive Care Unit ( 32 ), and Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist ( 33 )) to identify symptoms of inattention, disorganized thinking, inappropriate speech or mood, disorientation, altered levels of consciousness, and sleep/wake cycle disturbances. SLPs can reduce the risk of delirium in patients during other therapy activities by orienting them to time, place, people and situation, and engaging them in cognitively stimulating activities ( 34 ).

Outpatient rehabilitation units

In outpatient rehabilitation settings (e.g., specialized clinics, university centres, private practice, and home health therapy), SLPs continue to provide dysphagia intervention services that have already been initiated during inpatient rehabilitation, including modified oral diet, compensatory strategies, and swallowing exercises. In addition, they address some of the long-term outcomes of the problems associated with dysphagia and respiratory distress on voice and cognition by offering intervention and clinical support to improve the patient’s quality of life.

Speech intelligibility enhancement

For patients with a tracheostomy, swallowing management may involve any of the methods discussed above. SLPs train the patients to swallow and speak by digitally occluding the tracheostomy or using a one-way speaking valve. Speech therapy using a one-way speaking valve has been found to improve speech intelligibility and quality of life in patients with a tracheostomy with or without the use of a mechanical ventilator ( 35 ).

Voice rehabilitation

Post-intubation dysphonia, characterized by hoarseness of voice and frequent throat clearing, has been commonly observed in patients with prolonged endotracheal intubation ( 36 , 37 ), which is likely to hinder verbal communication in patients with COVID-19. While the voice may improve with physical recovery of the vocal structures post-extubation, assessment of vocal parameters will be required in patients with persistent dysphonia. Following assessment, the SLPs educate patients about vocal hygiene and provide strategies to improve voice projection and quality ( 38 ).

Neurocognitive management

In the long term, ARDS survivors have been observed to demonstrate neurocognitive deficits, such as impaired memory, reduced attention, executive dysfunction, global intellectual decline ( 39 ), and impaired verbal fluency ( 40 ). These symptoms have been observed to persist as long as 2 years post-injury ( 41 ). Such deficits could significantly impact overall disability and reduce a person’s quality of life ( 41 , 42 ). While there are no current reports of these deficits in patients with COVID-19, it is important to monitor patients for neurocognitive impairments. To detect these problems, initial cognitive screening (using Montreal Cognitive Assessment or Frontal Assessment Battery ( 14 ) or any other appropriate cognitive tests) is recommended. Subsequently, detailed assessments in each cognitive domain and appropriate cognitive training exercises will be necessary. In the process, SLPs can collaborate with psychologists and cognitive-behavioural therapists to provide adequate services.

CURRENT PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES IN PRACTICE

In general, dysphagia and speech evaluations require SLPs to perform various upper airway procedures that generate aerosolized particles and increase the risk of contamination through saliva and induced coughing. Some of these include oral mechanism evaluation, cough reflex testing, bedside administration of food and liquids, and nasoendoscopic and videofluoroscopic evaluations. However, best-practice guidelines for COVID-19 recommended by the American Speech-LanguageHearing Association include delaying endoscopic and videofluoroscopic evaluations whenever possible ( 43 ), and following guidelines for airborne precautions when aerosol-generating procedures are required ( 44 ).

The close interaction of SLPs with infected patients necessitates infection control precautions to reduce transmission of the virus. SLPs are required to follow guidelines for droplet and airborne precautions, maintain adequate protection, reduce the generation of aerosolized particles and subsequent transmission, provide services in airborne infection isolation rooms, and follow disinfection and sterilization guidelines ( 44 ). Many medical facilities recommend discontinuing group and concurrent therapy, cleaning therapy equipment thoroughly, suspending therapy services if it is not critical for the client, using personal protective equipment and/or protective gear as required, avoiding inclusion of non-essential personnel and family members during sessions, and conducting video chat or phone calls to address concerns ( 45 ). In addition, social distancing within clinical facilities, limiting movement in buildings, and self-isolating when symptomatic further reduces transmission of infections.

SLPs are also currently exploring alternatives to in-person care through virtual assessments and intervention, such as tele-practice in the US, UK, and Australia (5, 46, 47). However, before considering tele-practice, the SLP must ensure the appropriateness of tele-practice for meeting the needs of the patient, use an end-to end encryption videoconferencing platform to offer tele-services, adhere to professional ethical standards and scope of practice in speech-language pathology, be aware of the state, federal, and professional licensing laws, protect the patient’s privacy and confidentiality within the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, or other country-specific laws, and consider payment and insurance coverage for these services ( 48 , 49 ).

“Dysphagia and alterations of cognitive functions in COVID-19 patients are still being evaluated, however, their presence in a large number of hospitalized patients suggests, as well as in other neurological conditions, that their management is fundamental for social reintegration” ( 2 ). Consequently, SLPs play a major role in treating patients who are at high-risk or those with suspected COVID-19; they are essential to the patient’s care plan. A comprehensive program for patients with COVID-19, which includes early screening and evaluation, individualized treatment goals for dysphagia and speech rehabilitation, and patient education will prove beneficial for patients with COVID-19. As patients become medically stable and recover from COVID-19, SLPs will continue to play a major role in the management of swallowing, cognition, and communication, and in providing neuropsychological support, promoting safe discharge to home, and training family members to support the patient’s independence and improve their quality of life.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank colleagues, Ms Dora Jasso and Ms Rebecca Lindsay, who provided insights into the current state of hospital practice and reviewed and provided suggestions on the manuscript.

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

1 (844) 773-3822

Role Of A Speech Pathologist In Special Education

When our son was a tiny toddler, he didn’t develop as fast as his older sister…

Using words that didn’t make sense even to us, was his way of communicating.

His frustration grew as he aged…

We could tell he was trying, but we just didn’t understand.

It wasn’t until he was four-years-old, we finally had him tested…

Just as I thought, he was delayed but could be helped by an SLP (Speech-Language Pathologist)!

Why did we wait?

Well, my husband who is not a special educator just kept selling me on the idea that he would “grow out of it…”

Speech Pathologist Video

Check it out.

With this, I learned to trust my professional instincts…

Disabilities come in many forms –

All disabilities can lead to a child with special needs having trouble learning.

Developmental Disability

A developmental disability means the child is not performing at the same standards as their age-appropriate peer group.

This can be due to several factors and is often incredibly frustrating for both parents and children to cope with.

For this reason, there are all manner of specialists to help your child overcome their stumbling blocks to educational success.

Speech-Language Pathologist

A speech-language pathologist is a trained medical professional who can help your child with several oral disorders such as;

• Trouble Swallowing
• Motor Skills
• Speech Issues
• Cognitive-Linguistic Conditions

An SLP’s role is to;

• Help assess a condition
• Diagnose precisely what the problem is
• Develop a plan to help treat the disorder
• Follow through with therapy and other methods to ensure the child with special needs is getting the help they need.

Speech issues are sometimes caused by neurological damage or impairment from an extenuating circumstance, like a sudden disease or accident, while others are inherently present from birth.

No matter the reason for the issue, a speech pathologist is trained to handle whatever problems they might be presented with.

After a diagnosis is made and a course of treatment agreed upon, a speech pathologist will work closely with the affected child to correct the issue as best as possible.

They help to correct;

• Speech sounds
• How language is perceived in children with developmental disabilities
• Other disorders – such as speaking in a harsh or inappropriate tone during certain moments

No matter the need for speech therapy, this specialized pathologist can help your child succeed in changing their speech habits for the better.

Speech Pathologists In The School

If a child with special needs attends a school with active special education services, it’s likely there is a speech-language pathologist (SLP) available to assist with your child’s unique disorder.

These therapists work in a public school setting to support those children whose speech impairments affect their ability to perform well in the classroom, social activities, and overall literacy levels.

A disability of this nature can be understandably scary and frustrating for the child, which is why SLPs often see children in a contained environment for personal attention and learning.

School-based speech pathology services are only provided once a child has been evaluated and diagnosed with a speech disorder, and it has been proven that their disability will immediately impact their continued educational success.

Once an SLP has been brought in to assist your child with special needs, they will work closely with both you and the school to communicate;

• Therapeutic Plans and Goals
• Continued Progress or Setbacks
• General Information or Resources

They will help your child get the educational support needed for a bright future.

IEP and SLP: Roles and Definitions

If you are not familiar with an IEP, the acronym stands for Individualized Education Plan and is necessary for children with special needs to receive special education services in a public school setting.

Working with teachers, school officials, and speech pathologists, you will agree upon a designated plan of action to achieve individual goals, which the SLP will then work towards with your child during their sessions together.

IEP’s are uniquely created for each child’s specific set of needs– there is no standard goal to reach or plan to follow. Your child’s abilities concerning their condition will be taken into consideration first before an IEP can be finalized, and results will be communicated every step of the way.

The speech pathologist can provide therapy information to you at any time, should you request it, which eliminates the parental worry of not knowing what’s going on with your child.

The school’s SLP is required to be present during the creation of an IEP, as their intimate working knowledge of the specific condition provides valuable insight into how the disorder should be managed and what outcome to expect from treatment.

Your opinion on the child’s action plan also plays a vital role into how the IEP is constructed, especially since you spend each day with your child’s unique learning struggles both in the home and at school.

*Important Note*

Do not be afraid to speak up during the meeting, as you want your child to receive the best services possible.

Getting the Help You Need

It might take a while for you to notice that your child requires speech pathology services, especially if they are four years of age or under; if they are showing signs of having trouble speaking, making noise or only use hand gestures, it is time to seek a professional diagnosis.

Between 12 and 18 Months

A child between the ages of 12 and 18 months, and especially by two years, should be able to use hand gestures to convey concepts and understand simple verbal requests, such as “drink” or “bring the ball.”

Between Two and Four years

Between two and four, children should be starting to speak in a manner which is easier to understand, using more complex words, and slowing down the use of hand gestures.

If your child seems to be exhibiting behaviors that are not expected of their age group, seek specialized help; catching an issue early on gives your child a higher rate of success when it comes to learning later on.

Do not be afraid to ask for assistance regarding your child’s possible special needs, and remember to be patient and kind towards your child, as they undoubtedly have a harder time than you can imagine.

Finding a qualified SLP can help your child reach a high level of achievement beyond your expectations, and set them on a continued course of learning that goes above their limitations.

Special Education Resource wants to help by providing you with as much information as possible regarding all aspects of special education so you can make an informed decision regarding your child’s educational choices.

Luke Dalien

I find it so interesting that speech pathologists are able to help people train their tongues to produce different sounds. I imagine that you would have to understand a lot about the anatomy of the mouth and throat to be able to help with speech redirection. My cousin has a speech impediment and I’m sure he would love to work one on one with someone.

It’s interesting to know that speech pathology can help diagnose what might be the problem with one’s speech impediments. My child is a fast learning when it comes to mathematics and physical education but tends to struggle a lot with public speaking and pronouncing certain words. Hopefully, these problems can be dealt with sooner rather than later in life.

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