indian rulers essay

Know Who All Ruled India

Since the ancient time, India has remained under international spotlight, due to its immense wealth, spices, gold and an enormous expanse of natural resources, that’s why India was known as Golden Bird or Sone Ki Chidiya at one point of time. And to exploit its seamless wealth the country has been time and again invaded and ruled by numerous dynasties which include Sakas, Kushanas, Huns, Afghans, Turks, Khiljis, Lodhis and Mughals to the Britishers.

Even, Alexander- the great ruler of ancient Greek kingdom also voyaged across several miles along with a huge army of Yavans in 326BC to invade India. However, his impressive winning streak finally met with an unfortunate end at the Hydaspas River where the most powerful King Porus of Paurava Kingdom (spanned across the current Punjab region) engaged him in a bloody battle and pushed him back.

Overall, if we take a peek into the vast history of the rulers of India, we observe that India has witnessed the rule of several smaller kingdoms, while the power centres, mostly remained divided among the rulers of Magadha and Southern India. The bringing together of smaller states and kingdoms spanning from Himalayan region to Indian ocean, into one unified country was made possible only during the era of British rule.

Finally, the British rule in India also ended in the year 1947 after nearly 200 years of Indian freedom struggle. As far as the recorded history of the rulers in India is concerned – it goes back to the middle of the 6 th century BC when Haryanka Dynasty of Magadha emerged as the most powerful kingdom among its counterparts in North India. Here we present a brief history of the great emperors, who ruled over almost entire India.

Who Ruled India?

Haryanka Dynasty (c. 544 BCE- 413 BCE)

Haryanka Dynasty constituted the area currently known as Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Orissa, Bangladesh and Nepal together that was known as Magadha, the present day Patliputra. Founded by Bimbisara, the Haryanka Dynasty surfaced after defeating Barhadrath Dynasty founded by Brihadratha. The capital of Haryanka Dynasty was Rajgir and the most powerful king of this dynasty was Ajatshatru, the son of Bimbisara. Ajatshatru imprisoned his father Bimbisara and forcefully succeeded to the throne of Magadha. Ajatshatru later fought a war against the republic of Vaishali which was ruled by Licchchhavis. Ajatshatru conquered Vaishali and went on expanding the boundaries of his kingdom and he defeated almost all his neighbouring smaller kingdoms including Kosala and Kashi. Under the rulership of Ajatshatru, Magadha became the most powerful kingdom of North India. Nagadasaka was the last ruler of Haryanka Dynasty.

Shishunaga Dynasty (c. 544 BCE- 413 BCE)

Haryanka Dynasty was eliminated by Shishunaga Dynasty founded by Shishunaga who was an Amatya in Magadha. He led the revolt by the people against Haryanka Dynasty and captured the throne of Magadha and made Patliputra its capital. Shishunaga was the son of one of the Licchavi rulers of Vaishali. Shishunaga expanded his kingdom to present day Jaipur in Rajasthan, apart from Sindh, Karachi, Lahore, Herat, Multan, Kandahar and Vellore. Even Shishunaga Dynasty spread its wings to Madurai and Kochi in South to Murshidabad in East to Mand in West as well. Shishunaga was succeeded by his son Kakavarna, or Kalashoka followed by his ten sons. Later Nanda Empire captured the throne of this kingdom.

Nanda Dynasty (c. 345 BCE- 321 BCE)

Nanda Empire was established in Magadha in c.345BCE by Mahapadma Nanda, who apart from Shishunagas also defeated many other kingdoms like Haihayas, Kurus, Kalingas, etc and he even expanded his territory to far lying south to the Vindhya Range. Dhana Nanda, one of the nine sons of Mahapadma Nanda was the last ruler of Nanda Empire, a powerful kingdom with a vast army consisting of most powerful cavalry, elephants and infantry. Dhana Nand was the last Nanda emperor and he was defeated by Chandragupta Maurya who established Maurya Empire.

Maurya Dynasty (c. 321 BCE-184 BCE)

Chandragupta Maurya with the assistance of Chanakya established Maurya Empire in 322 BCE in Magadha and expanded it to over 5 million square kilometre, thus it was the largest ever kingdom in the world at that time in 316 BCE. Ashoka, the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya was another powerful emperor of Maurya dynasty who captured almost the entire Indian subcontinent and even expanded his kingdom to present day Asam, Balochistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh.

Ashoka later also conquered Kalinga, but after a severe battle which resulted into mass killings which left Ashoka into a stage of great sorrow and he became a follower of Buddhism to practice nonviolence. He ruled over next 36 years until his death. Maurya Empire continued to exist for the next 56 years. Brihadratha was the last Maurya ruler who was killed by his commander-in-chief Pushyamitra Shunga.

Saka Dynasty, or Indo-Scynthians (200 BCE- 400 CE)

Sakas who invaded and settled in north-western India were nomadic tribes of central Asia. Maus was the first Saka ruler in India and he made Taxila his capital. He was followed by Azes I and Azes II who extended their kingdom till Punjab. Saka rulers were called Saka Satraps. Saka Satraps of Mathura were famous for making great progress. Apart from North India, the Saka also entered in South and extended their kingdom to Kathiawar and Cutch in Gujarat, and till Maharashtra.

The Saka kingdom of Ujjain rulers of which were called as western straps had became most prominent in their region. Chastana was the founder of Saka kingdom of Ujjain. Saka King Rudradaman was a great warrior who conquered the present day Andhra Pradesh, defeating the Andhra King Sri Pulmavi. After the death of Rudradaman, Saka kingdom witnessed seventeen successors.

Shunga Dynasty (c. 185 BCE-73 BCE)

After assassinating the Maurya ruler Brihadratha in the year 185 BCE, Pushyamitra Shunga established Shunga Dynasty and ruled over the region for the next 36 years. Agnimitra, the son of Pushyamitra Shunga succeeded him. There were total ten Shunga rulers who succeeded the throne one after another until the Kanva Dynasty invaded and captured the throne in 73BCE.

Kanva Dynasty (c. 73 BCE-26 BCE)

Vasudeva, the Kanva ruler established Kanva Dynasty in Magadha. He was succeeded by his son Bhumimitra who ruled for the next fourteen years. Narayana, the son of Bhumimitra ruled for the next twelve years. Sushaman, the son of Narayana was the last king of Kanva Dynasty.

Kushan Kingdom (c. 30 to c. 230 CE)

Formed in the early first century, Kushan Empire was established by Yuezhi in the Bactrian territories and it spread further to Afghanistan and north India till Varanasi. The first most powerful ruler of Kushan dynasty was Kajula Kadaphises or, Kdaphises I who is known for issuing gold coins during his rule. Kanishka was one of the great kings of this dynasty, who expanded the kingdom southward towards the Indian subcontinent. The Guptas and the other contemporary Indian kingdoms invaded this empire fragmenting it into semi independent kingdoms.

Satavahana Dynasty (c. 271 BCE-220 CE)

Based in Deccan region, the Satavahana Dynasty was comprised of Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh including Telangana, and their rule even extended to Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka. Gautamiputra Satakarni was one of the most powerful kings under this dynasty. He was succeeded by Vasisthiputra Pulamavi. After the death of Gautamiputra Satakarni, the kingdom began to fall and it ended in the early third century. Satavahana Dynasty had to face continuous invasions of Sakas and Kushanas. Satavahanas are well-known in the history for introduction of coins in their kingdom with portraits of their kings. The Satavahana Dynasty ended near the beginning of third century.

Gupta Kingdom (c. 220- c. 550 CE)

Initiating the golden age in Indian history, Sri Gupta founded the Gupta Kingdom which encompassed maximum part of India during 320 CE to 550 CE. During this period the Gupta kings were successful in ensuring peace and tranquillity in the entire region. It resulted into development and inventions in science and technology; art and engineering as well as in mathematics. Most importantly this period saw spread of Hindu culture. Chandragupta I and Samudragupta were well-known rulers of Gupta dynasty. Ajanta, Ellora and Elephanta are the famous monuments and sculptures of this period which has Buddhist, Jain as well as the impressions of Hindus in their creation. The Hindu Udayagiri caves and Dashavatara Temple at Devagarh are a few more eminent historical remains of this period.

Chalukya Empire (c. 543 – c. 753 CE)

It was a prominent south Indian dynasty which later expanded to central India. Pulakeshin II was one of the great rulers of Chalukya dynasty which is known for administrative excellence and overseas trade relations, besides architectural developments. During the rule of Chalukyas, Kannada and Telugu literature saw considerable development.

Chola Kingdom (c. 848 – c. 1251 CE)

Chola dynasty was considered as one of the greatest kingdom in south India which witnessed the golden era when Raja became the king in 985 CE. He extended his kingdom to Sri Lanka Island as well and his successor Rajendra Chola defeated Mahipala, the Pala king and captured the area surrounding the Ganga River.

Chera Kingdom (300 BC – AD 1102)

Chera Kingdom is also called the ancient Dravidian empire which prominently ruled Kerala and Tamilnadu. Chera rulers are also known in the history for establishing trade relations with West Asia, Rome and Greece. Sangam literature is the source of knowledge regarding Chera Kings. According to Sangam literature, Nedum Cheralathan was one of Chera rulers who ruled the kingdom for 58 years.

Delhi Sultanate (1206 AD – 1526 AD)

In the year 1206AD, Delhi Sultanate was founded by the Turks who came from Central Asia and captured most of the North India. Slave dynasty was founded by Qutb-ud-din-Aibak in India in the year 1206. In the year 1290 Jalal ud din Firoz Khilji founded Khilji dynasty in Delhi Sultanate while in the year 1321, Ghiyas ud-Din Tughluq founded Tughluq dynasty. From 1414 to 1451 Sayyid Dynasty succeeded tughluqus in Delhi Sultanate. In the year 1451 Lodi dynasty under headship of Bahlol Lodi captured Delhi Sultanate and ruled until they were replaced by Mughals in 1526. The most powerful Hindu states in that period were Vijaynagara, Rajput States, Mewar, Ahom, etc.

The following dynasties ruled one after another in the era of Delhi Sultanate which spanned from 1206 AD to 1526 AD:

Slave Dynasty or, Mamluk Dynasty (1206 AD- 1290 AD)
Khilji Dynasty (1290 AD- 1320 AD)
Tughlaq Dynasty (1320 AD- 1414 AD)
Sayyid Dynasty (1414 AD- 1451 AD)
Lodi Dynasty (1451 AD- 1526 AD)

Mughal Empire (1526 AD- 1858 AD)

After eliminating Lodi dynasty, the Mughal empire spread its wings and captured most of the India and ruled conveniently till 18th century until British annexation started by London-based East India Company. Mughal Empire was founded by Babur after defeating Ibrahim Lodi, the last ruler of Lodi Dynasty, in the year 1526 AD. The Mughal Empire witnessed most powerful Mughal rulers Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb, among others. The Mughals not only successfully captured almost the entire India, but they also expanded their boundaries to Afghanistan. The Mughals are also known for shifting their capital many times during their rule. They frequently changed their capital from Agra to Shahjahanabad (Delhi) to Fatehpur Sikri and even to Lahore. Bahadur Shah Zafar was the last Mughal emperor who was later exiled to Rangoon (now Yangon) in the year 1858 by the British.

British Rule (1858 AD-1947 AD)

British East India company had started capturing different provinces of India in the guise of their protectors as early as in the year 1757 when they defeated Nawab of Bengal Sirajuddaulah in the battle of Palassey. In 1793 they captured Mughal’s Bihar-Bengal province and till 1857 the East India Company had captured almost the entire Mughal Empire. However, officially the British rule in India started in the year 1858, after they exiled the last Mughal emperor. British Raj lasted until 15th August 1947 when India got freedom after years of struggle. Since then the country is governed by the representative of its people called Prime Minister. Jawaharlal Nehru of Indian National Congress became the first Prime Minister of India.

Other Dynasties Who Ruled India

A vast country India (recognized as Indian subcontinent in the ancient history), has been ruled by several other dynasties, who were most prominent and powerful in their specific regions. Here we are providing you a glimpse of the other kingdoms including details of some which have been extracted from the Puranas that are part of Vedas:

Paurava Kingdom (890 BC- 322 BC)

Paurava Kingdom was an ancient Indian dynasty spread over the region surrounding river Jhelum (Hydaspes in Greek) extending to Chenab and Beas rivers spanning through parts of the area currently known as Punjab and Pakistan. The Paurava Kingdom is known in the history for averting Greek ruler Alexander’s plans to annex India. In the year 326 BC, King Porous of Paurava Kingdom engaged Alexander in a fierce battle on the banks of river Hydaspes in which Alexander’s army had to bear huge losses.

Vakataka Dynasty (c. 250 – c. 500 CE)

It was a Brahmin Dynasty which originated from Deccan region of India. Vakataka Dynasty is known for development of arts, architecture and literature in India. The Vakataka rulers enjoyed the most stable period in the history of Indian subcontinent and hence they led the development of art, literature and architecture. The world famous Ajanta Caves were constructed during this period. Vindhyashakti was the founder of Vakataka Dynasty and the other prominent Pravarasena I&II, Rudrasena I&II, Devasena and Harisena were among the prominent rulers of Vakataka Dynasty.

Pallava Dynasty (275 CE–897 CE)

The Pallava Dynasty was a South Indian empire known for building splendid temples and sculptures, besides rolling out Pallava script. The detailed history of Pallavas is found in Sangam literature “Manimekalai”. Mahendravarman and Narsimhavarman were among the most prominent rulers of this dynasty. During Pallava era, Hiuen Tsang, the noted Chinese traveller also visited Kanchipuram, known currently as Kanchi in Tamil Nadu.

Western Ganga Dynasty (350–1000 CE)

Western Ganga Dynasty was an ancient kingdom in Karnataka which emerged due to weakening of the hold of Pallava Dynasty in South India. Settled along the Kaveri River, it witnessed the rule of more than 25 kings over the years and among them, Avinita, Durvinita and Sripurusha were the rulers who focussed on major social and cultural development across the region.

Maitraka Dynasty (c.470–c.776 CE)

Maitraka Dynasty was situated in the region currently known as Gujarat in Western India. Vallabhi was the capital of Maitraka Dynasty which later came under the umbrella of Harshavardhan Kingdom of Kannauj.

Shashanka Dynasty (600CE–626 CE)

Shashanka Dynasty was an ancient Kingdom in Bengal formed by the descendent of later Gupta dynasty. King Shashanka was a well-known king of this dynasty who issued Gold and Silver Coins by during his rule.

Pushyabhuti Dynasty (606–647)

Pushyabhuti Dynasty was a major South India dynasty founded by Pushyabhuti, according to the information provided by Harshacharita written by the great poet Bana. Harshavardhana was one of the strongest rulers of this dynasty who expanded its boundaries to North and North-western India as well.

Gurjar- Pratihara Dynasty (650–1036 CE)

Gurjar-Pratihara Dynasty marks more than four centuries rule in Western India in Rajasthan and Gujarat. It emerged after Gupta kingdom started losing ground. The empire later invaded by Mahmud of Ghazani who demolished temples and looted a lot of gold.

Some more dynasties who ruled some parts of India:

Western Kshatrapas (c. 35–405 CE), Harsha Dynasty (606–647), Rashtrakuta Dynasty (735–982), Pala Dynasty (c. 750–1174), Paramara Dynasty (9th to 14th Century), Kabul Shahi Dynasty (c. 500 CE –c.1026 CE), Hoysala Dynasty (1000–1346), Eastern Ganga Rulers (1078–1434), Kakatiya Dynasty (1083–1323 CE), Kalachuris Dynasty (1130–1184), Sutiya Dynasty of Assam (1187–1524), Ahom Dynasty of Assam (1228–1826), Bahmani Dynasty (1347–1527), Malwa Dynasty (1392–1562), Reddy Dynasty (1325–1448 CE), Vijayanagara Kingdom (1336–1646), Sangama Dynasty (1336–1487), Saluva Dynasty (1490–1567), Tuluva dynasty (1491–1570), Dynasty of Mysore (1761–1799), Kingdom of Cochin, Mewar Dynasty of Sisodias (currently Udaipur state), Suri Empire (1540–1545), Monarchs of Sikkim, Monarchs of Ldakh, Deccan Sultanates (1527–1686), Bijapur Dynasty (1490–1686), Ahmadnagar Sultanate (1490–1636), Maratha Dynasty (1674–1881), Golconda Sultanate (1518–1687), Kolhapur Dynasty (1700–1947), Bhosale Dynasty (1707–1839), Kingdom of Travancore (1729–1947), Holkar Dynasty (1731–1948), Sikh Empire (1799–1849), Scindias of Gwalior, Gaekwad Dynasty, Hyderabad State (1720–1948), Foreign emperors in north-western India .

FAQs Related to Who Ruled India

Rapid fire round questions and answers on who ruled India: Here in a nutshell we are providing the specific knowledge on who ruled India in sharp one liner questions and answers:

Who ruled India after Akbar?

After Akbar his eldest son Jahangir ruled India.

Who ruled India after Babar?

Humayun ruled India after Babar under Mugal dynasty.

Who ruled India after Bimbisar?

Ajatshatru imprisoned his father Bimbisar and forcefully succeeded to the throne of Magadh.

Who ruled India after Shah Jahan?

Aurangzeb imprisioned his father Shah Jahan and forcefully succeeded to the throne of Mugal Empire in 1618.

Who ruled India after Dhana Nand?

Dhana Nanda, one of the nine sons of Mahapadma Nanda was the last ruler of Nanda Empire which was later overthrown and captured by Chandragupta Maurya with the assistance of Chanakya.

Who ruled India after Haryanka Dynasty?

Haryanka Dynasty was eliminated by Shishunaga Dynasty founded by Shishunaga who was an Amatya in Magadh. Nagadasaka was the last ruler of Haryanka Dynasty.

Who founded Delhi Sultanate and which dynasty emerged first under its flagship?

Delhi Sultanate was founded by the Turks who came from Central Asia. Slave dynasty founded by Qutub-ud-din-Aibak in the year 1206 was the first flagship kingdom under Delhi Sultanate.

Who ruled India after Sayyid Dynasty?

In the year 1451 Lodi dynasty under headship of Bahlol Lodi captured Delhi Sultanate being ruled by Sayyid Dynasty and established Lodi Dynasty which ruled until they were replaced by Mughals in 1526.

Which languages flourished during the rule of Chalukya Empire?

During the rule of Chalukyas, Kannada and Telugu literature saw considerable development.

Which literature provides us knowledge on Chera Kingdom?

Sangam literature provides us knowledge on the ancient Dravidian empire known as Chera Kingdom.

Who ruled India after Mughals?

Spread over India and beyond the Mughal Empire came under the complete control of the British East India Company in the year 1857 when it successfully crushed the nationwide sepoy mutiny. Moreover, the East India Company later deposed and exiled the last Mughal ruler Bahadur Shah Zafar. Later in the year 1858, Government of India Act was passed in the parliament of United Kingdom and British Crown rule (British Raj) got established formally in India which continued till 1947.

Who ruled India before Mughal Empire?

Before Mughals, India was ruled by several kingdoms lead by both Hindu and Muslim Kings. It was in the year 1526, Babur an afghan ruler from Kabul annexed Delhi Sultanate ruled by Lodi Dynasty and established Mughal Empire which gradually spread its wings all across the country.

Who ruled India before the British?

Mughals Empire ruled India before the establishment of British rule in India.

Countries who ruled India?

India was invaded continuously by several foreign empires, but none of them other than British, French and Portuguese, could succeeded in settling their bases in the country. Portugal established their rule in Goa in 15 th century and then British and French also entered India. British rule in India ended in 1947, however the French left the country in 1954 and to end the rule of Portugal in Goa, the government had to take military action in the year 1961.

Who ruled India during the Mughal period?

Over twenty Mughal emperors ruled India one after another till British East India Company annexed this dynasty. They include Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jehangir, Shahryar, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb (Alamgir), Azam Shah, Bahadur Shah, Jahandar Shah, Farukhsiyar, Rafi-ud-Darajat, Shah Jahan II, Muhammad Shah, Ahmad Shah Bahadur, Alamgir II, Shah Jahan III, Shah Alam II, Akbar Shah II and Bahadur Shah Zafar.

Who ruled India during the time of the famine of Bengal?

Bengal has faced two great famines, first in the year 1770 and another in the year 1943. India was under British East India Company rule during the great famine of Bengal in 1770, while it was under British Crown rule when Bengal faced second major famine in 1943.

Who ruled India during the medieval period?

India was thronged by several dynasties during the medieval period. In the early medieval period the major rulers in India included Rastrakuta, Chalukya, Chola, Kalachri, Hoysala, Kakatiya, besides different Rajput states, Eastern and Western Ganga dynasties while in the late medieval period, the country witnessed the rule of Delhi Sultanate, Vijaynagar Empire, Ahom and Reddy Kingdoms among others.

Who ruled India during the Vedic period ?

Vedic period in India can be classified under Early Vedic period during ca. 1500 to 1100 BCE and the Later Vedic period between 1100 to 500 BCE. The Early Vedic period is marked by the arrivals of Aryans in India while the later Vedic period witnessed the rule of Kuru Kingdom, Panchala Kingdom and Kingdom of Videha, etc.

Who ruled India after Gupta Empire?

India was ruled by various smaller kingdoms in different regions after Gupta Empire collapsed. The prominent one among them was Harsh Vardhana in North India while in South India, Chalukyas, Pallavas, Rastrakutas, Pandya were the main rulers.

Who ruled India first?

Samrat Ashoka, the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya who founded Maurya Dynasty in Magadha, was the first ruler of India who unified most of the North Indian states first. Later Ashoka embarked on his winning streak and extended the boundaries of the country to even Greeko Bacterians Empire. In this way, Ashoka captured almost the entire Indian subcontinent.

Who ruled India from 1947 to 1950?

Though India got independence in the year 1947, it remained under British Monarchy until the Constitution of India was prepared in the year 1950 and it became a republic nation.

Who ruled India for 150 years?

Kushan dynasty ruled India for nearly 150 years.

Who ruled India for 16 years?

The first Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru ruled India for more than 16 years. He assumed office on 15 th August 1947 and ruled the country until his death on 27 th May 1964. In all his tenure as a Prime Minister of India was 16 years, 286 days.

Who ruled India after Gupta dynasty?

Chalukya dynasty and Vardhan Dynasty (also known as Pushyabhuti Dynasty) ruled India in parts after the downfall of Gupta Dynasty. Later Pulkeshin II of Chalukya Dynasty defeated Harshvardhan, the last powerful and noteworthy King of Vardhan Dynasty.

Who ruled during India’s golden age?

The era of Gupta Empire is called India’s Golden age. Established by Sri Gupta, the Gupta Kingdom encompassed maximum part of India during 320 CE to 550 CE. The reason why the ruling period of Gupta dynasty is called the Golden age is that during this period the Gupta Kings were successful in ensuring peace and tranquillity in the entire region. It resulted into development and inventions in Science and Technology; art and engineering as well as in Mathematics.

Who ruled India in 1000 AD?

Hoysala Dynasty ruled in the current Karnataka region in India from 1000 AD to 1346 AD.

Who ruled India in 1600 AD?

British East India Company started ruling India in 1600 AD. However, simultaneously Mughal Dynasty also continued to rule the country. The formal British Raj was established in India in 1858 after the British successfully quashed the great Sepoy mutiny in 1857.

Who ruled India in 1st century?

Kushan Empire ruled India in the 1 st century. Kushan Empire was established by Yuezhi in the Bactrian territories and it spread further to Afghanistan and north India till Varanasi.

Who ruled India in 1400 AD?

Tughluq dynasty ruled India in 1400 AD?

Who ruled India the longest?

The Pandyan Dynasty ruled southern parts of India from 7-8 century BCE to middle of the 17 th century which means they ruled approximately 2400 years.

Who ruled India before Lodi dynasty?

Sayyid Dynasty ruled India before Lodi Dynasty.

Who ruled India most?

Ashok ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent.

Who ruled India after mauryas?

Shunga Dynasty ruled India after Mauryas. After assassinating Brihadratha, the last Maurya ruler, Pushyamitra Shunga established Shunga Dynasty in the year 185 BCE.

Who ruled India after Mahabharata?

After Mahabharata war, the Pandavas ruled India for the next 36 years.

Persian princess who ruled India?

Raziya Sultan or Raziya-al-Din was the princess who ruled the Persian speaking Delhi Sultanate. She was the only woman ever crowned as the Sultan of Delhi.

Queens who ruled India?

No queen other than Rajiya Sultan ruled Delhi Sultanate, which was considered the power centre across the country.

Who ruled India starting in the 1800s until 1947?

British annexation through East India Company had started making dominance in India by the years 1700 AD and by 1720 the Mughal Empire was completely reached the stage of collapse. By 1800, the British rule in India started making waves and among the public it was known as British Raj. It is therefore, India was under British rule starting in the 1800s until 1947.

Who ruled south India?

Satavahanas, Cholas, Cheras, Chalukyas, Pallavas, Rashtrakutas, Kakatiyas and Hoysalas were the dynasties who ruled South India during different periods.

Who ruled India after the sepoy rebellion?

British crown rule got established in the year 1858 after Sepoy rebellion was crushed in 1857 by East India Company.

Who ruled Indian villages?

It was during the rule of British Raj; the Indian villages were ruled by District Collectors.

British lords/ Viceroys who ruled India?

There were total 12 British Lords/Viceroys who ruled India as Viceroy of the country namely: Lord Clive (1757), Lord Hasting (1772), Lord Ripon (1880), Lord Curzon (1899), Lord Minto II (1905), Lord Harding (1910), Lord Chelmsford (1916), Lord Reading (1921), Lord Irwin (1926), Lord Willington (1931), Lord Wavell (1943), and Lord Mountbatten (1947).

Who ruled India when Christianity emerged in west Asia ?

It was around the year 1321 Christianity emerged in west Asia and at this time period Delhi Sultanate was under the rule of Tughlaq Dynasty.

Who ruled India during World War One ?

India was under British Rule during World War one broke out in the year 1914.

Kings who ruled whole India?

Samrat Ashok of Maurya Dynasty was the only king who ruled almost the entire India and he later expanded the boundaries of the country to the Greeko-Bacterian Empire, crossing over Afghanistan in the midway.

Who ruled India for 200 years?

British ruled India for 200 years.

Who was the first king of india, who was in india before the british, who was the first to invade india, when was ancient india found, when did the french come to india, when was the french east india company formed.

The Women Who Ruled India: Five Tales of Bravery, Resilience and Defiance

A look at five courageous indian women who have, over the centuries, overcome the greatest odds to become rulers and administrators.

When scouring through the history of India one tends to come across the achievements of mostly men, while having to hunt more to unearth the feats of women. This isn't only due to the fact that women tend to be denied access to power—the stories of women who fought their circumstances against all odds are often buried. These are remarkable stories of resilience and defiance that deserve to be told, heard and shared.

1. Raziya Sultan–The Sultan of Delhi

Raziya Sultan was one of two children born of Shamsuddin Iltutmish, who became the sultan of Delhi in 1211 CE, and his chief consort Qutb Begum, daughter of the previous sultan Qutubuddin Aibak’s daughter. Her brother Nasiruddin Mahmud was the heir apparent, but died suddenly. Of his other sons borne by different women, Iltutmish found none worthy to be his successor and instead chose Raziya to inherit the throne in 1231.

When he died, the nobles—unwilling to accept a woman’s rule—defied the sultan’s decision and crowned Iltutmish’s son Ruknuddin Firuz. Ruknuddin turned out to be a terrible ruler who squandered the kingdom’s resources. His mother Shah Turkan, once a slave of Iltutmish, was now free to exact revenge on all those she felt had wronged her, condemning several to death. Terrorized by mother and son, the people of Delhi, who looked to Raziya as their true ruler, and several nobles, rebelled. When Shah Turkan conspired and killed the young prince, Kutb ud din, Raziya announced the murder to the citizens from the palace terrace. Auditors seized Ruknuddin and brought him to Raziya, who declared, ‘The slayer must be slain.’

Raziya then took control as sultan, and was by all accounts a benevolent leader. She refused to be addressed as sultana because the word meant ‘wife of a sultan’.

2. Rani Chennamma: The Queen Who Challenged Aurangzeb

In 1664, Somesekara Nayak became the ruler of Keladi, in Karnataka. At a fair, his eye fell upon the young Chenamma, the daughter of a Lingayat merchant. He overruled the objections of his ministers who were horrified at his choice and he married her regardless. She received a royal education in politics and began to involve herself in administration. When the king gradually fell fatally ill as a result of being drugged by Bharame Mahut (the stepfather of one of the king’s royal mistresses), Chennamma maintained order with the help of the court ministers, chief amongst whom was Thimanna Naik.

The sultan of neighbouring Bijapur saw this as an opportune moment to conquer the kingdom. The queen, bereaved and overwhelmed by the king’s death, secretly left with her troops for Bhuvanagiri, a fort hidden in the jungles of Keladi. There she was joined by Thimanna Naik, who helped her repel the Bijapur forces. She was crowned ruler in her own right in 1671.

Once, when Shivaji’s 19-year-old son Rajaram asked Chenamma for shelter from Aurangzeb and his forces, the Rani aided him, leaving her ministers aghast. Aurangzeb’s army made its way to Keladi but were harrowed by relentless rains and guerrilla attacks by the Rani’s forces. Aurangzeb called Chenamma a ‘female bear’.

3. Ahilya Bai Holkar: The Philosopher Queen

When she was eight years old, Ahilya Bai Holkar was taken to Indore by Malhar Rao – one of the chief generals of the Maratha general Baji Rao I - to marry his 10 year old son, Khande Rao. She was given a prince’s education at a time when there existed a superstition that if a woman learnt to read, her husband would die.

Malhar Rao relied heavily on Ahilya Bai. When Khande Rao was killed during a siege, all his queens rushed to commit sati but her father in law implored Ahilya Bai not to do so.

When her son died, Ahilya saw no reason why she could not herself become the official ruler. Gangadhar Yashwant, the diwan, was so horrified by this that he wrote to Raghoba, the uncle of the young peshwa, inviting him to invade Malwa.

Ahilya Bai formed a small army of around 500 women. She then wrote a letter to Raghoba, saying that he could only gain infamy by battling with women—to win would be a dishonour, and to lose a still greater one. To save face, Raghoba then sent a message claiming he had only come to Indore to offer his condolences on the death of Ahilya Bai’s son. He was royally entertained for a month.

4. Begum Samru: The Dealmaker

Begum Samru, picked up from a Chawri Bazar brothel by a European traveller, was a remarkable woman who went on to rule the kingdom of Sardhana (in present-day Meerut) for 55 years.

At the end of the 18 th century, Walter Reinhardt Sombre, an Austrian mercenary, encountered the charming 15-year-old dancer and moved her into his harem. The quick-witted girl became his companion and comrade in arms as he offered his military services to various nobles. The couple became very influential in the Mughal court, quickly becoming favourites of both Shah Alam II and his vizier Najaf Khan. After Sombre’s death just two years later, his son was next in line to inherit the jagir . However, Begum Samru managed to get Sombre’s troops to support her and used her influence with Najaf Khan to get Sardhana allotted to her. She held court in Sardhana, wearing a masculine turban and smoking a hookah. She would lead her troops in battle, even coming to the rescue of the hapless Mughal Shah Alam many a time. He gave her the title zebunnisa, or ornament among women.

5. Rani Mangammal: The Builder of Highways

When Chokkanath Nayak became the king of Madurai in 1662, he was married to Mangammal, the daughter of a general. Chokkanath suffered in the many wars he habitually initiated. When he died his kingdom was financially distressed, bled by all the wars he had fought with his neighbours and lost. Mangammal staunchly refused to commit sati and, after her son died of smallpox, assumed power as regent on behalf of her infant grandson.

Mangammal’s rule was quite different from that of her husband. Where he had been constantly embroiled in wars, which had drained the kingdom of its resources, Mangammal often made treaties with former foes, and was more interested in the welfare of her subjects. Mangammal also invested heavily in infrastructure. The highway she had built from Kanyakumari to Madurai was named after her, and is still called the Mangammal Salai.

Mangammal was very shrewd at handling military affairs. The Marathas kept raiding Madurai and Mangammal eventually declared war on them in 1700. As the army spilled into the kingdom, Mangammal realized that her army would be unable to hold off the excellent Maratha cavalry. In a stroke of genius, she stealthily sent off her troops to harry Tanjore in the absence of the troops that would defend it. As the troops turned back to defend their territory they were ambushed at a river crossing. This happened at a time when even Aurangzeb was having trouble fighting off the Marathas! Madurai and Tanjore ended up signing a peace treaty.

The descriptions in the article are based on those in the book, The Women Who Ruled India , by Archana Garodia Gupta, published by Hachette India

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World history

Course: world history > unit 2.

The rise of empires in India
Gupta Dynasty
The Maurya and Gupta Empires
Empires in India

The history of Hinduism

The history of Buddhism
Key concepts: Hinduism and Buddhism
Indian cultures: focus on Hinduism and Buddhism
During the Maurya and Gupta empires, the Indian culture and way of life were deeply influenced by Hinduism.
Hinduism reinforced a strict social hierarchy called a caste system that made it nearly impossible for people to move outside of their social station.
Emperors during the Gupta empire used Hinduism as a unifying religion and focused on Hinduism as a means for personal salvation.

Background on social systems in India

Popularization of hinduism, what do you think.

"Aryan." Ancient History Encyclopedia, 2013. http://www.ancient.eu/Aryan/
Bentley, Jerry H. et. al. Traditions and Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2015, 174-192.
"Hinduism." Ancient History Encyclopedia, 2013. http://www.ancient.eu/hinduism/
Strayer, Robert W. and Eric W. Nelson. Ways of the World: A Global History. United States: Bedford/St. Martin's Press, 2016, 157-202.

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English Essay on “Ashoka Indian Ruler” Full-length Essay, Paragraph, Speech for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 Exam.

Ashoka indian ruler.

One of the greatest rulers of India’s history is Ashoka (Asoka). Ruling for thirty-eight years (274 B.C.-232 B.C.), he was generally mentioned in his inscriptions as Devanampiya Piyadasi (“Beloved of the gods”). As the third emperor of the Mauryan dynasty, he was born in the year 304 B.C. His greatest achievements were spreading Buddhism throughout his empire and beyond. He set up an ideal government for his people and conquered many lands, expanding his kingdom.

The knowledge of Ashoka’s early reign is limited because little information was found. His edicts and inscriptions allowed us to understand his reign and empire, and have an insight into the events that took place during this remarkable period of history. Eight years after he took his throne, Ashoka’s powerful armies attacked and conquered Kalinga (present-day Orissa). Although he had conquered many other places, this violent war was the last war he ever fought and a turning point in his career. He was disgusted by the extreme deaths of numerous civilians, especially the Brahmans.

All these misfortunes brought Ashoka to turn into a religious ruler compared to a military ruler. As he turned to Buddhism, he emphasized dharma (law of piety) and ahimsa (nonviolence). He realized he could not spread Buddhism all by himself and therefore appointed officers to help promote the teachings. These officers were called Dhamma Mahamattas or “Officers of Righteousness” They were in charge of providing welfare and happiness among the servants and masters.

Preventing wrongful doings and ensuring special consideration was also their duty. Emphasizing his role as king, he paid close attention to welfare, the building of roads and rest houses, planting medicinal trees, and setting up healing centers. In order to pursue ahimsa, Ashoka gave up his favorite hobby of hunting and forbade the killing of animals, spreading vegetarianism throughout India.

Furthermore, his soldiers were taught the golden rule- to behave to others the way you want them to behave to you, which is the basic law of life. In the nineteenth century, a large number of edicts written in Brahmi script carved on rocks and stone pillars were discovered in India, proving the existence of Ashoka.

These edicts found scattered in more than 30 places throughout India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Afghanistan are mainly concerned with moral principles Ashoka recommended, his conversion to Buddhism, his personality, and his success as a king.

The Minor Edicts is a summary of Ashoka’s instruction of dharma, which talks about the purity of thoughts, kindness, truthfulness, reverence, and other good morals of life. The Fourteen Rock Edicts were the major edicts and issued the principles of the government. Some of these edicts tell of animal sacrifices, the principles of dharma, the Kalinga War, and religious toleration. There is also the record of Ashoka’s famous statement of “All men are my children”.

The Seven Pillar Edicts deals with some achievements of Samudragupta. Ashoka died in the thirty-eighth year of his reign, 232 B.C. The Buddhist ideas no longer inspire the government and at the same time, his descendants quarrel over the successions. In addition, the army: having become less warlike, was no longer able to defend the empire from invasion. In less than fifty years after his death, the Maurya Empire collapsed and fell into pieces.

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Know Who All Ruled India – Dynasties, Empire, Kingdoms, British & Kings

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Who Ruled India?

Haryanka Dynasty (c. 544 BCE- 413 BCE)

Shishunaga Dynasty (c. 544 BCE- 413 BCE)

Nanda Dynasty (c. 345 BCE- 321 BCE)

Maurya Dynasty (c. 321 BCE-184 BCE)

Saka Dynasty, or Indo-Scynthians (200 BCE- 400 CE)

Shunga Dynasty (c. 185 BCE-73 BCE)

Kanva Dynasty (c. 73 BCE-26 BCE)

Kushan Kingdom (c. 30 to c. 230 CE)

Satavahana Dynasty (c. 271 BCE-220 CE)

Gupta Kingdom (c. 220- c. 550 CE)

Chalukya Empire (c. 543 – c. 753 CE)

Chola Kingdom (c. 848 – c. 1251 CE)

Chera Kingdom (300 BC – AD 1102)

Delhi Sultanate (1206 AD – 1526 AD)

The following dynasties ruled one after another in the era of Delhi Sultanate which spanned from 1206 AD to 1526 AD:

Slave Dynasty or, Mamluk Dynasty (1206 AD- 1290 AD)
Khilji Dynasty (1290 AD- 1320 AD)
Tughlaq Dynasty (1320 AD- 1414 AD)
Sayyid Dynasty (1414 AD- 1451 AD)
Lodi Dynasty (1451 AD- 1526 AD)

Mughal Empire (1526 AD- 1858 AD)

British Rule (1858 AD-1947 AD)

Other Dynasties Who Ruled India

Paurava Kingdom (890 BC- 322 BC)

Vakataka Dynasty (c. 250 – c. 500 CE)

Pallava Dynasty (275 CE–897 CE)

Western Ganga Dynasty (350–1000 CE)

Maitraka Dynasty (c.470–c.776 CE)

Shashanka Dynasty (600CE–626 CE)

Pushyabhuti Dynasty (606–647)

Gurjar- Pratihara Dynasty (650–1036 CE)

Some more dynasties who ruled some parts of India:

FAQs Related to Who Ruled India

Rapid fire round questions and answers on who ruled India: Here in a nutshell we are providing the specific knowledge on who ruled India in sharp one liner questions and answers:

Who ruled India after Akbar?

After Akbar his eldest son Jahangir ruled India.

Who ruled India after Babar?

Humayun ruled India after Babar under Mugal dynasty.

Who ruled India after Bimbisar?

Ajatshatru imprisoned his father Bimbisar and forcefully succeeded to the throne of Magadh.

Who ruled India after Shah Jahan?

Aurangzeb imprisioned his father Shah Jahan and forcefully succeeded to the throne of Mugal Empire in 1618.

Who ruled India after Dhana Nand?

Dhana Nanda, one of the nine sons of Mahapadma Nanda was the last ruler of Nanda Empire which was later overthrown and captured by Chandragupta Maurya with the assistance of Chanakya.

Who ruled India after Haryanka Dynasty?

Haryanka Dynasty was eliminated by Shishunaga Dynasty founded by Shishunaga who was an Amatya in Magadh. Nagadasaka was the last ruler of Haryanka Dynasty.

Who founded Delhi Sultanate and which dynasty emerged first under its flagship?

Delhi Sultanate was founded by the Turks who came from Central Asia. Slave dynasty founded by Qutub-ud-din-Aibak in the year 1206 was the first flagship kingdom under Delhi Sultanate.

Who ruled India after Sayyid Dynasty?

Which languages flourished during the rule of Chalukya Empire?

During the rule of Chalukyas, Kannada and Telugu literature saw considerable development.

Which literature provides us knowledge on Chera Kingdom?

Sangam literature provides us knowledge on the ancient Dravidian empire known as Chera Kingdom.

Who ruled India after Mughals?

Who ruled India before Mughal Empire?

Who ruled India before the British?

Mughals Empire ruled India before the establishment of British rule in India.

Countries who ruled India?

Who ruled India during the Mughal period?

Who ruled India during the time of the famine of Bengal?

Who ruled India during the medieval period?

Who ruled India during the Vedic period ?

Who ruled India after Gupta Empire?

Who ruled India first?

Who ruled India from 1947 to 1950?

Though India got independence in the year 1947, it remained under British Monarchy until the Constitution of India was prepared in the year 1950 and it became a republic nation.

Who ruled India for 150 years?

Kushan dynasty ruled India for nearly 150 years.

Who ruled India for 16 years?

Who ruled India after Gupta dynasty?

Who ruled during India’s golden age?

Who ruled India in 1000 AD?

Hoysala Dynasty ruled in the current Karnataka region in India from 1000 AD to 1346 AD.

Who ruled India in 1600 AD?

Who ruled India in 1st century?

Kushan Empire ruled India in the 1 st century. Kushan Empire was established by Yuezhi in the Bactrian territories and it spread further to Afghanistan and north India till Varanasi.

Who ruled India in 1400 AD?

Tughluq dynasty ruled India in 1400 AD?

Who ruled India the longest?

The Pandyan Dynasty ruled southern parts of India from 7-8 century BCE to middle of the 17 th century which means they ruled approximately 2400 years.

Who ruled India before Lodi dynasty?

Sayyid Dynasty ruled India before Lodi Dynasty.

Who ruled India most?

Ashok ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent.

Who ruled India after mauryas?

Shunga Dynasty ruled India after Mauryas. After assassinating Brihadratha, the last Maurya ruler, Pushyamitra Shunga established Shunga Dynasty in the year 185 BCE.

Who ruled India after Mahabharata?

After Mahabharata war, the Pandavas ruled India for the next 36 years.

Persian princess who ruled India?

Raziya Sultan or Raziya-al-Din was the princess who ruled the Persian speaking Delhi Sultanate. She was the only woman ever crowned as the Sultan of Delhi.

Queens who ruled India?

No queen other than Rajiya Sultan ruled Delhi Sultanate, which was considered the power centre across the country.

Who ruled India starting in the 1800s until 1947?

Who ruled south India?

Satavahanas, Cholas, Cheras, Chalukyas, Pallavas, Rashtrakutas, Kakatiyas and Hoysalas were the dynasties who ruled South India during different periods.

Who ruled India after the sepoy rebellion?

British crown rule got established in the year 1858 after Sepoy rebellion was crushed in 1857 by East India Company.

Who ruled Indian villages?

It was during the rule of British Raj; the Indian villages were ruled by District Collectors.

British lords/ Viceroys who ruled India?

Who ruled India when Christianity emerged in west Asia ?

It was around the year 1321 Christianity emerged in west Asia and at this time period Delhi Sultanate was under the rule of Tughlaq Dynasty.

Who ruled India during World War One ?

India was under British Rule during World War one broke out in the year 1914.

Kings who ruled whole India?

Who ruled India for 200 years?

British ruled India for 200 years.

Essay on Indian History

History is agreed upon as an uninterrupted process in time and space.

Yet knowledge of the period is essential to understand and appreciate the nature of the historical changes that take place in time and space.

Periodization of Indian history is a tricky and controversial concept. There is no unanimity among the historians about the periodization of Indian history.

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Broadly, there are two types of periodization in vogue, one on the religious and ethnic nature of rulers which divides it as Hindu, Muslim and the British periods and the other, borrowed from European historiography – Ancient, Medieval and Modern.

Initially, the British historian, James Mill proposed the tripartite division of Indian history on religious and ethnic nature of rulers as Hindu, Muslim and British. Even this division is not precise as all the rulers in the Hindu period were not Hindus and we have a number of rulers who migrated to India from other countries and ruled side by side with the Hindu rulers and the Hindus were not culturally a homogenous entity either.

Further, this division is not acceptable to modem historians as it has communal tinge which is not desirable for a pluralistic country like India. But there are still some historians who believe in that division. The second type of division – Ancient, Medieval and Modern – is also regarded as inadequate as the terms are imprecise and vague and fail to explain the nature of changes that took place from time to time.

In the last few decades, there is a revisiting of periodization by the historians because new questions are asked and new sources are consulted and collated to arrive at conclusions regarding the factors of change that necessitated new socio-economic formations that led to new cultural and political patterns that shaped the course of our historical process.

Keeping the latest trends in periodization in mind an attempt ismade to give primacy to the nature of change propelled by factors of change – technology, material milieu and ideology – in the creation of new socio-economic formation linking it to political and cultural formation in time and space. As there is so far no new nomenclature acceptable to all, I followed the broad periodization of ancient, medieval and modem as that format is still popular.

The ancient period begins with prehistory and ends with the Gupta age. The medieval period begins with the post-Gupta age and ends with the advent of Europeans. The medieval period witnessed the emergence and assertion of regional polities and cultures and the arrival of two separate nationalities, the Muslims with belief in Islam and the westerners believing in Christianity who played a crucial role in integrating politically and creating a crucible of culturally diverse India.

The modern period begins with colonialism introduced by the new political masters, the British. The modern period witnessed the growth and spread of new ideas and ideals of democracy, equality, social justice, consequent to the introduction of western model of educational system.

The introduction of colonial power structure which led to ruination of Indian populace led to non-violent and sometimes to violent mass upsurge that resulted in the declaration of Indian independence and division of India on the principle of separate nationalities in 1947.

Generally, the historian with the help of available primary and secondary sources reconstructs the history of any country. As history is not a simple narration of events in a chronological and spatial order, the historian has to choose the sources that are authentic and can be corroborated by other sources before arriving at a historical generalization.

As the contemporary approach to history is to understand the historical process and attempt to explain it in the present times, a historian should be knowledgeable about theories of historical method as well as of other social sciences. It is essential to develop the needed analytical skills of source materials objectively before the historical process is constructed.

Primary sources are those, which are contemporaneous with an event or happening, and secondary sources are those, which belong to a later time. For instance, the Asokan edicts are the primary sources to understand Asoka’s Dhamma.

The Allahabad Pillar Prasasthi and the Aihole epigraph of Samudragupta and Pulakesin II are respectively the primary sources for understanding the conquests of Samudragupta and Pulakesin II. Romila Thapar’s Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas belongs to the category of secondary sources as she wrote that book after a thorough examination of the entire published and original sources.

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Chief Sources of Medieval Indian History
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Why was Akbar the Great considered the greatest of all Indian rulers? Essay Example

Pages: 3 (649 words)
Published: June 29, 2016
Type: Essay

Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar popularly known as Akbar the great was considered as the greatest among the rulers of the Mughal Empire because of his great contributions during his reign (“Akbar, Jalaluddin Muhammad”).

On October 15, 1542 Akbar was born at Umarkot, Sind from the then Mughal Emperor Humayun and Hamida Banu Begum, the first wife of Humayun. Due to the exile of Emperor Humayun in 1540 as a result of the battle with the Afghan leader Sher Shah, Akbar was then left in the care of his uncle Askari, where he grew up in Afghanistan.

During his growing up years, Akbar learned to hunt and fight. However, according to literature, Akbar was the only Mughal emperor who never knew how to read and write. Although he was illiterate, his desire for know

ledge was exceptional.

It was even told that in order to acquire all the possible knowledge, Akbar had an extensive library where he commanded his courtiers to read him the books aloud. Despite being regarded as an illiterate, Akbar was contemplated as a scholar (“Akbar, Jalaluddin Muhammad”).

The death of Sher Shah paved way for Humayun to once again regain his control over Delhi. Soon after regaining his throne, Humayun died from an accident. Akbar was the only person to succeed his father’s throne and at the early age of 13, Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar became the Emperor of the Mughal Empire.

In order to widen his conquest, Akbar led his Mughal army to defeat the numerous army of General Hemu in the “second battle of Panipat.” General Hemu’s defeat catapulted the position of Akbar t

the throne of India (“Akbar, Jalaluddin Muhammad”).

Because Akbar was still young when he succeeded the throne as the emperor, his general, Bairam Kahn ruled on his behalf until the time he is on the right age to lead. It was in March 1560 when Akbar took the reins of the whole empire in his hands.

During his reign, Akbar was able to expand his empire gaining control in areas which include Malwa, Bengal, Kabul, Gujarat, Kashmir and Kandesh. He kept a close eye on his empire and he even placed governors in every conquered province.

It was noted that Akbar encouraged people to engage with commerce where in he developed proper land survey in order to have a correct evaluation of taxation. Likewise, he prevented the extortion of tax gatherers (“Akbar, Jalaluddin Muhammad”).

Many historians believed that Emperor Akbar was a wise ruler with a fair judge of character. He was also known to be a fearless leader who is ready to risk his life for his empire, yet he is the person that is not likely to engage in cruelty.

Although known by many as a habitual drunkard and admires women a lot, it was noted that Akbar was able to deal well with his critics. It was even said that his attitude towards women were a form of affection and protection most especially for the virgins. As such he was able to well administrate his own affairs (“Akbar, Jalaluddin Muhammad”).

The difference in the beliefs of the Hindu and Islamic faith is the very reason why both religions are separated. However, it is important to note

that during the reign of Akbar, the Mughal Empire consist of both Hindus and Muslims.

Most of the citizens under Akbar’s empire were Hindus while the high positions in the empire were exclusive for the Muslims. Despite the polarization, Akbar managed to promote religious tolerance and put in effect the universal toleration. Aside from appointing Hindus in high positions, distinctions between Muslims and non-Muslims were also removed.

In addition, he dissolved the pilgrim tax and the jizya tax among the non-Muslim citizens. He also build a trusting relationship with the Catholic Church, and came up with a building called the Ibadat Khana where religious debate is practiced by different people of different religions (“Akbar, Jalaluddin Muhammad”).

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British Colonialism and Its Impact on Indian Culture Essay

1. introduction.

Historical background The British colonial rule in India started in the early seventeenth century, and it lasted until the mid-twentieth century. The crown took over from the East India Company in 1858 after some historic events, establishing direct rule in the islands. These years in India's history have become the most popular and discussed topic, not only in the subcontinent but also among British politicians, historians, and the general public. The British colonialism has been a massive factor in the shaping of modern India and the subcontinent, mainly on the lines of politics, social, and economic development in the region. The consequences of British colonial rule are still very visible and relevant for the contemporary generation of Indians. This essay will, therefore, analyze the impacts of British colonial rule in India by first looking at the background of British colonialism and India at the time the British took over and then examining its lasting impacts on the country. Purpose of the essay This essay aims to analyze the impacts of British colonial rule in India. I will first look into the historical background of British colonialism in India and then proceed to analyze its impacts. Through the content of this paper, a rational judgment about British rule can be formed. For many, including Lord Macaulay, who drafted the Indian Penal Code for the British in the 1830s, British rule was, and is today seen as a good thing for India. He believed that the British taught a country that had no knowledge of law, morality, sciences, and the arts, all these things. On the other hand, for others like Dadabhai Naoroji, who formed the first Indian nationalist opinion in Britain in the 1860s and the Indian National Congress, formed in opposition to the British in 1885, Britain's main aim was to take India's wealth and its abuse of the Indian people was widely recognized. The Indian National Congress was the political party through which the aims of groups such as the Social Reform Association, founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1884, and the Muslim League, founded by Aga Khan in 1906, could be publicized. These main opposing views of British rule will be carefully dissected and evidenced in this essay.

1.1 Historical background

Finally, with the arrival of Vasco da Gama in India in 1498, direct European influence was established. The Portuguese had already established a coastal enclave, Goa, in 1510 and extended their influence over the entire coastline. By the middle of the 17th century, the Portuguese were replaced by other European powers and, by the end of the 18th century, the British were the leading European authority in India. The East India Company was a private company granted a trade monopoly with the East, formed in 1600. It opened a factory in Surat in 1608 and established another at Masulipatnam in 1616. In 1612, the British were allowed to establish a factory when Jahangir, the Mughal Emperor, granted permission at Surat; this was the first step towards British establishment in India. The British were always careful to emphasize that their prime motive was trade and to avoid any action that might be interpreted as a challenge to the authority of the native rulers. For example, in 1613, Sir Thomas Roe was instructed by James I to seek permission for the English to trade in Bengal. James instructed him to 'apply yourself in the most respective and humble manner to the Great Mogul or to any other of his officers' and 'to avoid all occasions of offence to the subjects of great Mongol' (quoted in Robb and Walder, 2003: 42). Another important reason for the lack of territorial ambition was the lack of resources for such an enterprise; throughout the 17th century, the British population in India rarely amounted to more than 10,000 and their European rivals were deemed more powerful. However, in the face of European threats from the French as much as Indian resistance, the British began to assert a stronger authority. The appointment of Lord Wellesley as Governor-General in 1798 signalled a change in British policy and established the transition of the East India Company as a trading company to the government of a conquered Indian territory. He adopted an aggressive policy and, through the use of both warfare and diplomacy, vastly expanded the territories under direct British control. By 1803, the British had compounded his work and become the dominant power on the subcontinent thanks to their victory over the joint forces of the French and the local Indian rulers at the Battle of Assaye. This victory served to 'consolidate the ascendancy of the English' (Ram, 2002: 48) and stand as a symbol of Britain's hegemonic authority 'established by means of inexhaustible military power rather than diplomatic manipulation' (Peers, 2006: 87). As a result, Britain emerged as the most powerful European presence in India and the most potent symbol of Western authority in Indian society. However, plans for reform and modernization of Indian society were stifled by the Victorian insistence on preserving the 'exotic East of the imagination' (Metcalfe and Metcalfe, 2006: 119). This essentially Orientalist view of India only furthered the cultural and religious suppression of the indigenous population, which Hindman (1996) states 'were part and parcel' of the expansionist aims of the Empire, for 'the education and conversion of the inhabitants' were 'officially encouraged and guided' in order to create 'a class loyal to British society and supported British control' (Hindman, 1996: 109). On the other hand, as the century progressed, 'antagonism to the prevailing order of things in India was becoming manifest' as the Indian population began to organize politically and demand independence (Baines, 1988: 67). The Indian National Congress, which was established in 1885, was the first major step towards the seeking of self-governing institutions by the Indian people themselves and, by the beginning of the 20th century, Gandhi was able to use the foundation of the nationalistic movement into a fight for independence from British rule.

1.2 Purpose of the essay

The main purpose of the essay is to examine what British colonialism meant for India and to provide a critical analysis of the British impact on Indian society and culture. In doing so, this essay will draw upon the relevant literature, both from India and from the wider globalized world. The opportunity of the Indian people to be dominated by foreign powers and the Indian experience of modernity or political and social changes will be explored throughout the essay in order to present a coherent argument. This essay will seek to define the term 'colonialism' and the psychological and historical effects on the colonized people, thus proving that dominance of the British over the Indian people, and not their health and prosperity as it might have been described at the time, were the most important factors. The main focus will be what was political and social changes brought to India under British rule in the light of new historical writings, which put colonialism into a more soundly global perspective. Lastly, the essay will attempt to distinguish the effects of European empires on a country such as India as well as the emergence of the Euro-centric structures of global understanding and interaction that we would recognize today. Also, the research will probably throw the light on uncatalogued effects of imperialism on the present-day health and wellbeing of India and other affected countries.

2. British Colonial Rule in India

The British first established trading posts in India in the 1600s. However, it was not until the mid-18th century that they started to assert their power and control over the subcontinent. Through a series of battles, the British effectively took over the Mughal empire in 1857, and by 1858, India was declared a British colony. British India was divided into regions directly ruled by the British and regions ruled by Indian rulers under the suzerainty of the British Crown. The rulers of these regions became less and less powerful, and by 1858, their power was also taken away. Under British rule, India became a colonial economy and was forced to use its resources to support the British industry. The Indian common people, who were the main producers of goods, were left with very little from what they produced. Many industries like the textile and iron industry, which had been flourishing, started to decline and finally came to an end. By the time British rule was established, the East India Company had taken away all the ruling powers from the local Mughal emperor, and now the company was the undisputed ruler of India, working for the British government. The British Crown took over the governing of India from the company, and through a series of acts and reforms, the British started to expand their powers in India. By the end of the 19th century, the British had expanded their rule over the whole Indian subcontinent. They established a legal system in which British judges would preside over the Indian high courts, and British civilians would be tried in these courts with no Indian jurors. The Indian civil service was the major administrative system of the country. However, the whole system was under the control of Britain. Every high-ranking official was either British or European, and there was only a 1% Indian share, which was quite small compared to their population. This meant that the British had the most powerful governing system in their hands, and they could do whatever they wanted to do with the Indians and their lands. The British made a lot of huge investments in the infrastructure of India, such as building roads, railways, bridges, and telegraphs. However, India did not get any benefits from these projects. All the taxes and revenues of India were used to run the country, and no money was invested in further development. The main purpose to build these infrastructures was to strengthen their military and to make the governance of India easier. Also, the economic focus of the British was only on the benefits of Britain, ignoring the welfare of the Indians. By 1905, the Indian economy was completely under the control of Britain, and it was almost serving the British economic interests only.

2.1 Establishment of British presence

The collapse of the Mughal Empire in the mid-nineteenth century led to the establishment of British Raj in India. Alarmed by the French presence in India, the East India Company strengthened its military power to establish and protect its trading posts. Through diplomatic policies and military offensives, the Company eventually managed to establish its rule across India by 1856. After the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857 - which caused the dissolution of the East India Company and transference of its power to the British Crown - a more direct and formalized British colonial rule was established in India. This period marked the beginning of massive social, economic and political changes in the subcontinent that would ultimately lead to the development of Indian nationalism and the independence movement. The British implemented a strategy of 'divide and rule' with the aim to exploit existing fault lines and cleavages between different communities in India. Consequently, colonial administrators began to seriously consider the alienation of the Muslim community from the Hindu community and try to create a greater degree of allegiance from the former, who were the main architects of the 1857 rebellion. Additionally, it also sought to maintain its own British identity against the rise of nationalist movements by supporting local leaders and rulers that acted in favour of the British. The British Crown placed itself as the ultimate arbiter of the various Princely states and released a series of treaties and policies to control and influence the native princes, ensuring their loyalty and monopolizing the political spheres of the Indian subcontinent. These included securing dominant British representation in the government and prohibiting relations and communications between different Indian territories unless through the British colonial authorities. In managing the subcontinent, the British tried to balance its abuse of the Indian population. Through a collaborative system known as the 'Raj' - where Indian landlords and powerful businessmen were asked to submit to the colonial land revenue and to comply with the British rule in exchange for social and political hegemony and control over civilians - the British was able to influence and exercise systemic dominance in India.

2.2 Administrative policies and governance

The British government began to take over India, and its administration was taken over by the British Crown. The policy of not having any dealings with Indian princely states any longer over the tribe was announced in the 1858 proclamation itself. Due to the wide powers conferred on the Governor-General and the benefits given to the Europeans, new towns were coming up, and an increasing number of Englishmen were landing in India. Law and order policies in the world are very important. In this context, the maintenance of law and order was considered as a method by which the colonized countries and communities could be led towards a civilized way of life which they could not achieve. New legislative councils were established as stated in 1861, that allowed for a participation of some Indians in the legislature. In 1892, the Indian Councils Act was passed. It was suggested by a member of Viceroy's council in India named Gopal Krishna Gokhale. This act further expanded the role of councils by increasing the number of additional members in the Central and Provincial Legislative Councils in India. This 'bureaucracy' is rooted from the French word, which means 'rule of the desk'. As a definition, the term 'bureaucracy' stands for a type of organization in which the power and authority are in the hands of formal staff members, and administrative decision is carried out by remote offices. The British government imposed and established a 'bureaucracy' in India, by which it could ensure supremacy over India. At first, the officers who were recruited to the East India Company had complete control over the administrative functions. With the increase of a number of British residents in India, the provision of more infrastructure and British interests expanded in India, it was necessary for the establishment of formal rule in the form of 'bureaucracy'. This is laid in the Government of India Act 1858, where the power was transferred from the Company to the British Crown and Queen was given the title of 'Empress of India'. The real decision-making powers were conducted by the Secretary of State for India and the Council of India, which would function under his control. The Council of India mainly composed of high officials in London, and it had the power to prepare and scrutinize the annual Indian budget. On the other hand, the Viceroy was the head of British officials in India, and he was the Crown's direct representative. He was the direct administrator to the central government, and he had full control over the provincial government and the regional commissioners. The Viceroy's council functioned as the Indian's Council of Ministers. There were six members in the Viceroy's council, and all of them held the portfolio to deal with the different departments. This 'bureaucracy' could serve the interest of the British government through the use of the administrative department and the centralized unitary system. The Viceroy's council was responsible for formulating legislative measures.

2.3 Economic exploitation and land reforms

Economic exploitation started at the beginning of the British colonial presence in India. In 1600, the "British East India Company" was given the right to trade by the British Parliament. This marked the beginning of British control over Indian trade and economy. The company started with textiles and later dominated the industry in Bengal, the economic hub at the time. The "Subsidiary Treaty System" and policy of "paramountcy" allowed the British to exploit the Indian states politically and economically. Through a gradual expansion of "paramountcy" over the Indian states, the British could remove or appoint kings as they saw fit. A number of states like Awadh became directly controlled by the British, the local rulers were pensioned off, and the territory gradually turned over to the "British Raj". The monopolization of Indian trade and industry, British taxation, the "drain of wealth", and the policy of economically exploiting Indian's resources and development all led to the entrenchment of Indian poverty over time. The supply of raw materials to Britain's industries had a detrimental impact on India's economy, especially in the latter period of British rule. For example, between 1859 and 1940, Britain's export of cotton goods to India increased over five or six times. By the early part of the 20th century, about two-fifths of India's total imports and exports were connected to trade with Britain. However, the British treatment of land ownership and their revenue policies arguably had the most detrimental impact on Indian economic development. The British attitude of laissez-faire capitalism means that they saw no responsibility to regulate or control Indian agriculture for the benefit of the local population. Land in India was treated as a valuable resource, and the British approach was to extract as much revenue from it as possible by implementing a land revenue policy, which required the assessment and settlement of revenue to be made directly with each individual cultivator. Placed at the lowest chain of the revenue and agricultural system, Indian peasants were vulnerable to the constant threat of eviction, and zamindars were alienated from their land as British land regulations reduced the power of sale and transfer of land. The permanent settlement policies further strengthened the position of the British regarding land exploitation. In 1793, the permanent settlement policies fixed land revenue demand from landowners regardless of the failure of the crops or famine. This policy forced many Indian farmers and peasants into deep poverty and created the economic reasons for the bloody Indian rebellion against British rule in 1857. It is estimated that millions of Indians died as a result of the famine in 1877-1878, a direct result of the oppressive land revenue policies and exploitation by the British landlords. The British also neglected to invest in Indian agriculture, the development of industry, and the building of infrastructure. By the time India achieved independence in 1947, India's economic structure had worsened, and the country saw little potential for future industrial development.

3. Cultural Impact of British Colonialism

The British not only created a self-sufficient empire, but also encouraged a wealth of creativity and inspiring technology. With the newly acquired wealth from the Indian subcontinent and all of her resources, many British industries, such as cotton, railroads and the rapidly growing field of steam technology, were greatly influenced and supplied by the empire. The inflow of Britain's international staple, cotton (which rose from 2.2 million pounds to 366 million between the years 1760 and 1840), and the presence of the industrial wonder that cotton manufacture in Britain was, it was clear that an industrial outbreak was soon to come. This industrial change, the Industrial Revolution, greatly altered every aspect of industry and everyday life. Although on a global level steam technology may not seem like a substantial creation, it is obvious that without its development in the Indian subcontinent, greater efficiency in cotton cleaning was the attractive feature of the newly invented steam mills to the cotton manufacturers in Lancashire. The Indian material showed itself well adapted to the new process; and as the trade increased - from 19 million lbs to 366 million lbs per annum between 1795 and 1840 England came to rely more and more on the supply from India. By 1825 there were 2 steam mill installations in Bombay and by 1850 there were another 13 and one in the UK. By 1862 there were 79 mills in India producing 56 million lbs of cotton per annum to England. By 1868 the export of yarn to China had increased from 47,000 lbs to 800,000 lbs. The mill owners, who were mainly Europeans, made great profits and Indian spinners and weavers - traditional workers in the countryside found themselves rapidly redundant. By 1900 there were 550 cotton mills in India employing 390,000 people, the vast majority being Indian, who still relied on hand spinning for very short staple coarser cotton. The advent of electricity which was installed in Indian mills from the turn of the century increased productivity, but ultimately the shift was made to coarser cotton for the hand-looms as the machines took over the mass production of cloth. The now thriving industry paved the way for the economic and human development sported by the Indian subcontinent today. The resulting effects saw the rise of Indian elite and non-English education, the nourishment and thrive of new industries and exposed the backbone of the British Empire, a prolific blend of idealistic philanthropy and savage power.

3.1 Language and education reforms

Language and education were two of the key areas that undertook significant reforms during the British colonial period in India. To begin with, the British government introduced English as the medium of instruction in the Indian educational system. With the Charter Act of 1813, the British began to provide aid to missionary schools in India. As a result, greater attention was given to English education. English was made a compulsory subject and Indian vernacular languages like Sanskrit and Arabic began to lose their importance. The introduction of English had far-reaching impacts on Indian society and culture. Gradually, it created a gulf between the Western educated Indian elite and the non-English educated masses. This was a crucial strategy of the British: it not only divided Indian society, but it also ensured that a class of anglicized, English educated Indians would always remain friendly towards the British. The British carefully fostered this 'educated' class, providing them with the best opportunities for employment and promotion within the British administration. The knowledge of English became a prestigious asset, and studying in Britain or in British colonial schools in India was seen as a passport to a successful career. "By the middle of the 19th century, the British had the most modernized and efficient army in India, which was fitted out to a standard matching that of any European country. Modernization was also taking place in the Indian cities. In some cases, such as Calcutta, where the influence of British presence was the greatest, the cities began to follow the pattern of many 19th-century British towns with wide streets, amenities and services such as water supply, and imposing buildings. The British were also able, over time, to replace the small European garrison in India comprising largely of the personal armies of trading companies, with the Indian sepoys. These were Indian soldiers who were organized and trained along European military lines, and who were used to some effect in support of the British. Although Indians from the higher castes were permitted to go to both Britain and Indian and British colleges - and in fact many were educated in Britain - the emphasis had shifted from encouraging the English to train as Anglican clergymen and schoolmasters in the early 18th century, to training Indians to be teachers of Western knowledge by the end of the century". He adds that the British missionaries were "tireless in their efforts to disseminate Western knowledge among the Indians". These religious clergy played an important role in spreading English education and promoting European knowledge.

3.2 Religious and social changes

Religious impact: The main religious impact on Indian society was Hindu reform. Christian missionaries propagated new ideas, while Muslim religious leaders fought against Christian propagation. Modern rationalism took root in Indian soil through Christian educational institutions. On the other hand, when people like Raja Ram Mohan Roy propagated Hindu reformist thoughts, Hindu priests opposed them. Social impact: Social changes during the British period were observed by the rural caste society of India. Prohibition of 'Sati', widow remarriage, religious transformation, and child marriage are some of the issues to be mentioned. Christian missionaries also promoted social progress in India through the promotion of the English language. However, people nowadays start to question social justice during that time. Most of the social reforms propagated during the British period were restricted only to the upper caste literates and were rejected by the majority of the Indian people. The upper-class Indians were influenced by modern Western education and considered British power as the reason for the modernization of India. They encouraged the westernization of education and began to claim that colonial India was 'becoming a Britain'. Social stratification increased, and Anglicized Indians started to build an identity separate from the masses and loyal to the colonial power. The establishment of the Indian National Congress was a response to the new English-educated and Western civilization-induced Indians, aiming to advance the status of India in the world. In modern Indian society, both in India and the diaspora, the influence of British colonization had the maximum impact. Owing to the system of the Commonwealth, laws, and parliamentary public administration that the British colonists taught the Indian people, they are still applicable in the largest democracy in the world. However, it is important to analyze and understand the motives of colonial power in order to understand the impact on Indian culture.

3.3 Influence on art, literature, and music

British colonialism had a major impact on Indian art, literature, and music. The British, in their efforts to 'civilize' the Indian population, imposed a system of European aesthetics. As a result, Indian artists were forced to abandon their own styles and adopt western ideals of art. Indian literatures also suffered a similar fate at the hands of the British. Many of the Indian literary and philosophical treasures were dismissed and branded as nothing more than religious scriptures. This wholesale condemnation of Indian literature disregarded a significant aspect of Indian culture. In the field of music, the British impact was no less strong. For instance, the Indian music was classified into the categories of 'classical' and 'common' music, reflecting the underlying assumptions and prejudices about Indian music – prejudice that it was monotonous and lacked any harmony. Not only this, the native Indian music was also subjected to bizarre European criticism. One of the eastern provinces of Bengal was regarded as 'a land of song and dance' and it was illustrated by stating that in every village, 'idle men and women assembled to perform the antics customary to their race'. Such types of derogatory criticism of Indian music and art forms had an adverse impact on the psychology and morale of the Indian people. It created a sense of inferiority complex among the masses. Such a complex was further reinforced when the colonial rule virtually exterminated the writings, teachings and performances of various art forms that were rooted in time and age. This cultural loss created an insatiable hunger among the Indian intellectuals and artists for finding and embracing new and the old Indian cultural values and forms. The heightened sense of patriotism and national fervour towards the end of British colonial rule in India largely manifested in the revival and rejuvenation of various art forms. This India's 'creative awakening' movement was a significant departure from the traditional Indian cultural impact. It did not simply mean the preservation and continuation of cultural ethos and arts. Rather, it triggered the initiation and strengthening of the movement of 'cultural nationalism'. It sought to create a new and modern sense of cultural creativity, vitality and, most importantly, the reconciliation of old and the new values. It is in that broader context of cultural and spiritual renaissance of the Indian nation that various art forms experienced a profound revival and such impact continues to mould the Indian cultural ethos with a sense of national and creative identity to this very day.

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Essay on India For Students and Children

500+ words essay on india.

India is a great country where people speak different languages but the national language is Hindi. India is full of different castes, creeds, religion, and cultures but they live together. That’s the reasons India is famous for the common saying of “ unity in diversity “. India is the seventh-largest country in the whole world.

Geography and Culture

India has the second-largest population in the world. India is also knowns as Bharat, Hindustan and sometimes Aryavart. It is surrounded by oceans from three sides which are Bay Of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west and Indian oceans in the south. Tiger is the national animal of India. Peacock is the national bird of India. Mango is the national fruit of India. “ Jana Gana Mana ” is the national anthem of India . “Vande Mataram” is the national song of India. Hockey is the national sport of India. People of different religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism , Jainism, Sikhism, Islam, Christianity and Judaism lives together from ancient times. India is also rich in monuments, tombs, churches, historical buildings, temples, museums, scenic beauty, wildlife sanctuaries , places of architecture and many more. The great leaders and freedom fighters are from India.

F lag of India

The indian flag has tricolors.

The first color that is uppermost color in the flag which is the saffron color, stands for purity. The second color i.e. the middle color in the flag is the white color and it stands for peace. The third color that is the lowest color in the flag is the green color and it stands for fertility. The white color has an Ashoka Chakra of blue color on it. Ashoka Chakra contains twenty-four spokes which are equally divided. India has 29 states and 7 union territories.

Follow this link to get a Physical and state-wise Map of India

My Favorite States from India are as follows –

Rajasthan itself has a glorious history. It is famous for many brave kings, their deeds, and their art and architecture. It has a sandy track that’s why the nuclear test was held here. Rajasthan is full of desert, mountain range, lakes, dense forest, attractive oases, and temples, etc. Rajasthan is also known as “Land Of Sacrifice”. In Rajasthan, you can see heritage things of all the kings who ruled over there and for that, you can visit Udaipur, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Chittaurgarh, etc.

Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh is bigger than a foreign (Italy) country and smaller than Oman. It also has tourists attractions for its places. In Madhya Pradesh, you can see temples, lakes, fort, art and architecture, rivers, jungles, and many things. You can visit in Indore, Jabalpur, Ujjain, Bhopal, Gwalior and many cities. Khajuraho, Sanchi Stupa, Pachmarhi, Kanha national park, Mandu, etc. are the places must visit.

Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir are known as heaven on earth . We can also call Jammu and Kashmir as Tourists Paradise. There are many places to visit Jammu and Kashmir because they have an undisturbed landscape, motorable road, beauty, lying on the banks of river Jhelum, harmony, romance, sceneries, temples and many more.

In Jammu and Kashmir, u can enjoy boating, skiing, skating, mountaineering, horse riding, fishing, snowfall, etc. In Jammu and Kashmir, you can see a variety of places such as Srinagar, Vaishnav Devi, Gulmarg, Amarnath, Patnitop, Pahalgam, Sonamarg, Lamayuru, Nubra Valley, Hemis, Sanasar, Anantnag, Kargil, Dachigam National Park, Pulwama, Khilanmarg, Dras, Baltal, Bhaderwah, Pangong Lake, Magnetic Hill, Tso Moriri, Khardung La, Aru Valley, Suru Basin,Chadar Trek, Zanskar Valley, Alchi Monastery, Darcha Padum Trek, Kishtwar National Park, Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary, Nyoma, Dha Hanu, Uleytokpo, Yusmarg, Tarsar Marsar Trek and many more.

It is known as the ‘God’s Own Country’, Kerala is a state in India, situated in the southwest region, it is bordered by a number of beaches; covered by hills of Western Ghats and filled with backwaters, it is a tourist destination attracting people by its natural beauty. The most important destinations which you can see in Kerela are the museum, sanctuary, temples, backwaters, and beaches. Munnar, Kovalam, Kumarakom, and Alappad.

India is a great country having different cultures, castes, creed, religions but still, they live together. India is known for its heritage, spices, and of course, for people who live here. That’s the reasons India is famous for the common saying of “unity in diversity”. India is also well known as the land of spirituality , philosophy, science, and technology.

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Modi’s Power Keeps Growing, and India Looks Sure to Give Him More

Few doubt the popular prime minister will win a third term in voting that starts Friday. His strong hand is just what many Indians seem to want.

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Several dozen people standing close together, with many wearing saffron-colored scarves or hats. Some carry cardboard cutouts of Narendra Modi.

By Mujib Mashal

Mujib Mashal followed Narendra Modi on the campaign trail in the important Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra while reporting this article.

As he campaigns across India for an election that began on Friday, Prime Minister Narendra Modi speaks of his insatiable ambitions in terms of dinner-table appetite.

Roofs over heads, water connections, cooking gas cylinders — Mr. Modi reads down the menu of what he calls the abundant “development” he has provided to India’s poor. But he’s not stopping there. “What Modi has done so far is just the appetizer,” he said at one stop, referring to himself in the third person, as he often does. “The main course is yet to come.”

To Mr. Modi’s legions of supporters, a third term would bring more of what they find so appealing in him. He is that rare breed of strongman who keeps an ear to the ground. He is a magnetic figure and a powerful orator. He has built an image as a tireless, incorruptible worker for a country on the rise.

But to his critics, Mr. Modi’s talk of a “main course” is an alarm bell for the future of the world’s largest democracy.

Mr. Modi, 73, enters the election a heavy favorite, his party’s grip over India’s more populous northern and central heartlands firmer than ever, the opposition in the same decisive geography even more diminished. Yet even with his place as India’s unrivaled leader seemingly secured, he has carried out a crackdown on dissent that has only intensified.

In the lead-up to the voting, which will run for six weeks before results are announced on June 4, agencies under Mr. Modi’s control have frozen the bank accounts of the largest opposition party. The leaders of two opposition-run states have been thrown in jail, in cases they call politically motivated. (The capital region, New Delhi, is currently governed by a chief minister who sends his directives from behind bars.)

All of this, Mr. Modi’s critics say, shows the penchant for full control that has become evident over his decade as prime minister. Mr. Modi, they contend, will not stop until he has turned India’s democracy into one-party rule. Power is being aggressively consolidated “around the cult of the leader’s personality,” said Yamini Aiyar, a policy analyst in New Delhi.

“The deep centralization of power has significantly undermined institutional checks and balances baked into India’s democratic structure,” Ms. Aiyar said.

Many Indians seem willing to accept this. Mr. Modi has remained deeply popular even as he has become more autocratic. He has paid little price — and even found support — for his effort to remake India into what analysts have called an illiberal democracy.

He exploits contradictions. The right to vote is held as sacred in a country whose democracy has offered protection in a turbulent region. But polling also indicates that large numbers of Indians are willing to cede civil liberties to support a powerful ruler they see as getting things done.

Another seeming incongruity: People who speak of their own economic strife also often express faith in Mr. Modi’s running of the country’s affairs, a testament to the forceful narratives he weaves.

Indians have more tangible reasons to back him, too. Mr. Modi relentlessly tends his broad support base through generous offerings across society: favorable deals for the business elite in a growing economy, robust welfare programs for India’s impoverished majority, and a strong dose of Hindu nationalism for those in between.

A campaign stop this month in his party’s stronghold of Uttar Pradesh illustrated this winning formula.

Mr. Modi stood in the back of a saffron-colored truck as it moved slowly down a shopping street lined with global brands and jewelry shops, a scene that spoke to the new wealth that has lifted millions of Indians into the middle class.

Overhead, billboards with pictures of Mr. Modi — his face is everywhere in India — told of achievements like the installation of more than 100 million toilets for the poor and India’s rising stature.

At the end of the “roadshow,” at the junction where Mr. Modi’s vehicle turned right and headed back to Delhi, was a stage set up with loudspeakers. As Hindu nationalist songs blared, actors dressed up as the deities Ram and Sita posed for selfies with the crowd.

Mr. Modi’s inauguration in January of a huge temple dedicated to Ram, on the disputed site of a mosque razed three decades ago by a Hindu mob, has been a major election-year offering to his Hindu base.

“We are Hindu, we are Hindu, we will only speak of Ram,” went one song’s chant. “Those who brought Ram, we will bring them to power.”

Mr. Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party, or B.J.P., started in 1980 as an urban middle-class organization centered around a Hindu majoritarian core. Under Mr. Modi, it has recast itself as the party of the poor and of the village in northern India, analysts say.

Some in India believe that poorer people have merely fallen under Mr. Modi’s spell. Nalin Mehta, the author of the book “The New B.J.P.,” called that fundamentally wrong.

“The fact that the B.J.P. continues to win these victories reflects how successful it has been in getting newer constituents of voters who never voted B.J.P. before, and who may not even be followers of Hindu nationalism,” he said.

Mr. Mehta attributes much of that success to the party’s expansion and branding of welfare programs and its efforts to promote itself as pan-Hindu, actively reaching out to India’s marginalized castes.

By prioritizing direct digital welfare payments, the B.J.P. has cut out the middleman and made sure the handouts are seen as coming straight from Mr. Modi.

Technology also allows the party to follow up, with B.J.P. workers — armed with data — knocking on the door of anyone who received a water tap, a gas cylinder or a government grant to build a home.

Data creates layers of feedback that help the party pick its candidates, jettisoning large numbers of incumbents before each election. “This B.J.P. is very ruthless on winnability,” Mr. Mehta said.

Bringing it all together are Mr. Modi’s outsize appeal and his political and technological acumen.

He has put his personal story at the center of his narrative of an ascendant India, the main pillar of his campaign. If a lower-caste son of a chai seller can become one of the most powerful men in the world, he says, other ordinary Indians can dream, too.

While inequality has grown and 800 million Indians are at the mercy of monthly rations, many focus instead on their faith that Mr. Modi is not a thief. He casts himself as a bachelor with no descendants who works only for the Indian people, unlike what he calls the corrupt political dynasts in the opposition.

“Modi wasn’t born in some royal family to become prime minister,” he told a crowd of tens of thousands in the state of Maharashtra. “It’s you who have brought him this far.”

The political opposition has been severely weakened by infighting, leadership crises and its struggle to offer an ideological alternative to the B.J.P.

But it also faces a playing field that Mr. Modi has tilted in his own favor.

He has cowed the broadcast media. Independent journalists who do question his policies have been jailed or subjected to legal harassment. India leads the world in internet shutdowns, obscuring unrest that looks bad for the government. And officials under Mr. Modi have forced social media platforms to scrape critical content.

Investigating agencies have been set loose on Mr. Modi’s political opponents — more than 90 percent of cases involving politicians over the past decade have involved the opposition. Many languish in jail or the court system. Those who switch allegiance to the B.J.P. find that their cases vanish.

On the campaign trail in the state of West Bengal, an opposition candidate, Mahua Moitra, spoke of saving democracy from the authoritarianism she said had led to her own expulsion from Parliament — in a messy case involving a former romantic partner, a Rottweiler named Henry and accusations of graft.

Autocracy and Mr. Modi’s perceived coziness with billionaires have been the opposition’s two main attack lines. While campaigning, Ms. Moitra told a group of women that they were still waiting for government money to build homes because Mr. Modi “is busy building palaces for his friends.”

Analysts doubt that either issue will resonate widely. Many Indians, particularly in his stronghold in the north, which has a decisive say in who rules from New Delhi, like exactly what they are getting from Mr. Modi.

“He is the prime minister, and if he is not strong enough, then what good would it be?” Anjali Vishwakarma, 37, an interior designer, said as she walked along the Ganges one recent day with her family in Mr. Modi’s constituency of Varanasi.

Suhasini Raj contributed reporting from Varanasi, Sameer Yasir from Krishnanagar and Hari Kumar from Ghaziabad in India.

Mujib Mashal is the South Asia bureau chief for The Times, helping to lead coverage of India and the diverse region around it, including Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan. More about Mujib Mashal

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World Intellectual Property Day 2024: Date, history, significance and everything that you need to know

World intellectual property day 2024: from history to significance, here is all that you need to know about the special day..

World Intellectual Property Day 2024: Innovation and creativity breeds more when we protect intellectual properties. They help us to boost confidence, get recognition for the properties that we have created and help us to innovate more and provide better things to the world. However, when intellectual properties are not safeguarded and are left open for piracy, they are prone to be stolen by others – this can further lower morale and the sense of innovation and creativity. Every year, World Intellectual Property Day is observed to create more awareness about intellectual property rights and why they should be safeguarded. As we gear up to celebrate the special day, here are a few things to keep in mind.

ALSO READ: Intellectual Property Rights : A smarter way to reform education sector

Every year, World Intellectual Property Day is observed on April 26. This year, World Intellectual Property Day falls on Friday.

In 1883, the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property was signed which further established protection for intellectual properties. This was aimed to protect inventions, trademarks, and industrial designs. In 1970, the Convention establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization came to be known as WIPO. In 1974, WIPO became a specialised agency of the United Nations. WIPO helps in collaborating with the member states for the formation of laws, registration of intellectual properties and protection of intellectual properties.

Significance:

The theme for this year's World Intellectual Property Day is - IP and the SDGs: Building Our Common Future with Innovation and Creativity. The best way to celebrate this day is by educating ourselves about the various laws about intellectual property protection. We can further host a panel discussion to understand the role of intellectual property for boosting innovation and creativity. We can also discuss the importance of intellectual property protection. We should urge young minds to be more creative and innovative as well.

Tapatrisha is Content Producer with Hindustan Times. She covers stories related to health, relationships, and fashion. ...view detail

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Why was Akbar the Great considered the greatest of all Indian rulers
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