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Harvard Referencing Style Guide
What is referencing.
Whenever you write, the writings of others will influence your work. Although it is difficult to gauge all the influences, many of your ideas can be traced back to the resources and materials that you have consulted. These might be books, images , articles, reports, or, of course, the internet. These sources help enrich your writing by giving you ideas to build on. It is important always to give credit to the original thinkers and authors.
Referencing is the method that gives credit to the sources you have used in your work. You should provide references whenever you use a direct quote, paraphrase someone elseâs idea, or borrow conceptual words and phrases.
Referencing not only allows credit to be given where credit is due, but it also helps track the various influences on any original piece of writing. If you do not cite the sources of the ideas that you have used in your work, you run the risk of plagiarism. Plagiarism is not only unethical but is also an actual crime in some of its forms. But how do you reference?
Elements of Harvard referencing style
Harvard referencing is a popular method of adding citations to your work. Its appeal lies in the simplicity of the basic system it uses â the author-date structure. Along with this, in Harvard style, you only need to mention the source in two locations: in the in-text reference(s) and in the reference list. Both elements together incorporate all the necessary details about a source in the most efficient way.
So, while reading something, when you come across a citation that looks something like this:
Furley (1999) or (Furley, 1999)
it is an in-text reference that follows the author-date system.
This is an entry in the reference list for the same in-text reference.
Furley, D. (1999) Routledge history of philosophy volume II: from Aristotle to Augustine . 1st edn. London: Routledge.
These Harvard referencing examples provide details about the citation formats for different types of sources.
In-text reference/citation
As is obvious from the name, Harvard in-text citations are references included within the text, that is, inside the sentences that make up its content. These can either be direct statements or quotes, or a paraphrasing of the original work. This type of reference helps in precisely pointing out which portions of the text are borrowed from or influenced by which particular source.
In his work, Furley (1999) wrote about⊠OR âŠfrom Aristotleâs works (Furley, 1999).
As you can see, in-text references provide the authorâs surname and the year of publication. The year is provided because sometimes two or more works by the same author are referenced. In this case, the year helps in distinguishing between these works. Note that if you are citing a direct quotation, the in-text citation should also include the page number of that quote, for example (Furley, 1999, p. 2).
However, in-text citations donât provide other important details about these resources. Rather, they are short enough that you donât get interrupted while reading the text. Other details are presented in the reference list that you include at the end of your paper.
Reference list
A reference list presents the details of all the resources cited throughout the text in the form of a list at the end of your paper. It includes detailed entries about each of the referenced sources.
Citation structure:
Surname, Initial. (Publication year) Name of the document . Place of publication: Publisher.
Every in-text citation corresponds to an entry in the reference list. So, the reference list entry for the in-text citations discussed above would be:
Einstein, M. (2004) Media diversity: economics, ownership, and the FCC. New Jersey: Routledge.
This entry can also include other details like page numbers, editorâs name, edition, URL, access date, etc., depending upon the type of resource. A reference list allows you to provide all the necessary information without crowding your paper. With this list, you can keep track of how many materials you have consulted and even see if you need to include any more or any other kind of references in your text.
The difference between a bibliography and the Harvard referencing system
Typically, youâll refer to multiple sources and materials for writing a text, and just using a bibliography can be confusing. You can use the Harvard referencing system to point out the exact location of all your references.
By marking the in-text reference, you can easily locate which idea or quote corresponds to which author. This makes your work easy to read and understand. This way, you and your reader can easily trace the specific portions of the work back to the original texts.
You can also show how much of your text uses source material (whether directly or indirectly) and how much of it is your own ideas and thoughts.
Format for Harvard Referencing
Typically, a paper that uses Harvard referencing has the following format:
- 2.5 cm OR 1-inch margins on all sides
- Recommended fonts: Arial 12 pt or Times New Roman, with double-spacing
- Title is in the center of the page just above the text
- Left-aligned text, with the first sentence of every paragraph indented by 0.5 inch
- Last name is at the top-right corner of the header, followed by page number
- Title page is centre-aligned
- Subheadings are in sentence case and left-aligned
Key takeaways
- Referencing is a way of crediting the various resources consulted while writing a text. Harvard referencing is a system that allows you to include information about the source materials. It is based on the author-date system.
- It includes references: 1) as in-text citations and 2) in a reference list (which is different from a bibliography).
- In-text citations: (Author Surname, Year Published).
- Reference list entry: Author Surname, Initial. (Year Published) Title . Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.
For more help creating citations in Harvard style, try the EasyBib Harvard referencing generator !
Published October 25, 2020.
Harvard Formatting Guide
Harvard Formatting
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APA (7th Edition) Referencing Guide
- Information for EndNote Users
- Authors - Numbers, Rules and Formatting
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- Reference List
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- Book chapters
- Journal Articles
- Conference Papers
- Newspaper Articles
- Web Pages & Documents
- Specialised Health Databases
- Using Visual Works in Assignments & Class Presentations
- Using Visual Works in Theses and Publications
- Using Tables in Assignments & Class Presentations
- Custom Textbooks & Books of Readings
- ABS AND AIHW
- Videos (YouTube), Podcasts & Webinars
- Blog Posts and Social Media
- First Nations Works
- Dictionary and Encyclopedia Entries
- Personal Communication
- Theses and Dissertations
- Film / TV / DVD
- Miscellaneous (Generic Reference)
- AI software
APA 7th examples and templates
Apa formatting tips, thesis formatting, tables and figures, acknowledgements and disclaimers.
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You can view the samples here:
- APA Style Sample Papers From the official APA Style and Grammar Guidelines
Quick formatting notes taken from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 7th edition
Use the same font throughout the text of your paper, including the title and any headings. APA lists the following options (p. 44):
- Sans serif fonts such as 11-point Calibri, 11 point-Arial, 10-point Lucida,
- Serif fonts such as 12-point Times new Roman, 11-point Georgia or 10-point Computer Modern.
(A serif font is one that has caps and tails - or "wiggly bits" - on it, like Times New Roman . The font used throughout this guide is a sans serif [without serif] font). You may want to check with your lecturer to see if they have a preference.
In addition APA suggests these fonts for the following circumstances:
- Within figures, use a sans serif font between 8 and 14 points.
- When presenting computer code, use a monospace font such as 10-point Lucida Console or 10-point Courier New.
- Footnotes: a 10-point font with single line spacing.
Line Spacing:
"Double-space the entire paper, including the title page, abstract, text, headings, block quotations, reference list, table and figure notes, and appendices, with the following exceptions:" (p. 45)
- Table and figures: Words within tables and figures may be single-, one-and-a-half- or double-spaced depending on what you decide creates the best presentation.
- Footnotes: Footnotes appearing at the bottom of the page to which they refer may be single-spaced and formatted with the default settings on your word processing program i.e. Word.
- Equations: You may triple- or quadruple-space before and after equations.
"Use 1 in. (2.54 cm) margins on all sides (top, bottom, left, and right) of the page." If your subject outline or lecturer has requested specific margins (for example, 3cm on the left side), use those.
"Align the text to the left and leave the right margin uneven ('ragged'). Do not use full justification, which adjusts the spacing between words to make all lines the same length (flush with the margins). Do not manually divide words at the end of a line" (p. 45).
Do not break hyphenated words. Do not manually break long DOIs or URLs.
Indentations:
"Indent the first line of every paragraph... for consistency, use the tab key... the default settings in most word-processing programs are acceptable. The remaining lines of the paragraph should be left-aligned." (p. 45)
Exceptions to the paragraph indentation requirements are as follows:
- Title pages to be centred.
- The first line of abstracts are left aligned (not indented).
- Block quotes are indented 1.27 cm (0.5 in). The first paragraph of a block quote is not indented further. Only the first line of the second and subsequent paragraphs (if there are any) are indented a further 1.27 cm (0.5 in). (see What if...Long quote in this LibGuide)
- Level 1 headings, including appendix titles, are centred. Level 2 and Level 3 headings are left aligned..
- Table and figure captions, notes etc. are flush left.
Page numbers:
Page numbers should be flush right in the header of each page. Use the automatic page numbering function in Word to insert page numbers in the top right-hand corner. The title page is page number 1.
Reference List:
- Start the reference list on a new page after the text but before any appendices.
- Label the reference list References (bold, centred, capitalised).
- Double-space all references.
- Use a hanging indent on all references (first line is flush left, the second and any subsequent lines are indented 1.27 cm (0.5 in). To apply a hanging indent in Word, highlight all of your references and press Ctrl + T on a PC, or Command (â) + T on a Mac.
Level 1 Heading - Centered, Bold, Title Case
Text begins as a new paragraph i.e. first line indented...
Level 2 Heading - Flush Left, Bold, Title Case
Level 3 Heading - Flush Left, Bold, Italic, Title Case
Level 4 Heading Indented, Bold, Title Case Heading, Ending With a Full Stop. Text begins on the same line...
Level 5 Heading, Bold, Italic, Title Case Heading, Ending with a Full Stop. Text begins on the same line...
Please note : Any formatting requirements specified in the subject outline or any other document or web page supplied to the students by the lecturers should be followed instead of these guidelines.
What is an appendix?
Appendices contain matter that belongs with your paper, rather than in it.
For example, an appendix might contain
- the survey questions or scales you used for your research,
- detailed description of data that was referred to in your paper,
- long lists that are too unweildy to be given in the paper,
- correspondence recieved from the company you are analysing,
- copies of documents being discussed (if required),
You may be asked to include certain details or documents in appendices, or you may chose to use an appendix to illustrate details that would be inappropriate or distracting in the body of your text, but are still worth presenting to the readers of your paper.
Each topic should have its own appendix. For example, if you have a survey that you gave to participants and an assessment tool which was used to analyse the results of that survey, they should be in different appendices. However, if you are including a number of responses to that survey, do not put each response in a separate appendix, but group them together in one appendix as they belong together.
How do you format an appendix?
Appendices go at the very end of your paper , after your reference list. (If you are using footnotes, tables or figures, then the end of your paper will follow this pattern: reference list, footnotes, tables, figures, appendices).
Each appendix starts on a separate page. If you have only one appendix, it is simply labelled "Appendix". If you have more than one, they are given letters: "Appendix A", "Appendix B", "Appendix C", etc.
The label for your appendix (which is just "Appendix" or "Appendix A" - do not put anything else with it), like your refrerence list, is placed at the top of the page, centered and in bold , beginning with a capital letter.
You then give a title for your appendix, centered and in bold , on the next line.
Use title case for the appendix label and title.
The first paragraph of your appendix is not indented (it is flush with the left margin), but all other paragraphs follow the normal pattern of indenting the first line. Use double line spacing, just like you would for the body of your paper.
How do I refer to my appendices in my paper?
In your paper, when you mention information that will be included or expanded upon in your appendices, you refer to the appendix by its label and capitalise the letters that are capitalised in the label:
Questions in the survey were designed to illicit reflective responses (see Appendix A).
As the consent form in Appendix B illustrates...
How do I use references in my appendices?
Appendices are considered to be part of your paper for the purpose of referencing. Any in-text citations used in your appendix should be formatted exactly the same way you would format it in the body of your paper, and the references cited in your appendices will go in your reference list (they do not go in a special section of your reference list, but are treated like normal references).
If you have included reproduced matter in your appendices, treat them like an image or a table that has been copied or adapted. Place the information for the source in the notes under the reproduced matter (a full copyright acknowledgement for theses or works being published, or the shorter version used at JCU for assignments), and put the reference in the reference list.
- Thesis Formatting Guide Our Library Guide offers some advice on formatting a thesis for JCU higher degrees.
- Setting up a table in APA 7th
- Setting up a figure in APA 7th
If you are required to include an acknowledgement or disclaimer (for example, a statement of whether any part of your assignment was generated by AI, or if any part of your assignment was re-used, with permission, from a previous assignment), this should go in an author note .
The author note is placed on the bottom half of the title page, so if you are using an author note, you will need to use a title page. Place the section title Author Note in centre and in bold. Align the paragraph text as per a normal paragraph, beginning with an indent. See the second image on this page for an example of where to place the author note: Title Page Setup .
The APA Publication Manual lists several paragraphs that could be included in an author note, and specifies the order in which they should appear. For a student assignment, you will probably only require a paragraph or sentence on disclosures and acknowledgements.
An example author note for a student paper could be:
Author Note
This paper was prepared using Bing Copilot to assist with research and ChatGPT to assist with formatting the reference list. No generative AI software was used to create any part of the submitted text.
No generative AI software was used to create any part of this assignment.
- If the use of generative AI was permitted for drafting or developing parts of your assignment, you will need to include a description in the methodology section of your paper specifying what software was used, what it was used for and to what extent.
- If your subject outline has a specific disclaimer to use, use that wording in your author's note.
- If the use of generative AI software is permitted, you will still need to review the material produced by the software for suitability and accuracy, as the author of the paper is ultimately responsible for all of the content.
- << Previous: AI software
- Next: What If...? >>
- Last Updated: Apr 8, 2024 5:08 PM
- URL: https://libguides.jcu.edu.au/apa
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Referencing in your assignments
In academic work of any kind, effective referencing of your sources will ensure that you:
- show that you are writing from a position of understanding of your topic.
- demonstrate that you have read widely and deeply.
- enable the reader to locate the source of each quote, idea or work/evidence (that was not your own).
- avoid plagiarism and uphold academic honesty.
In order to cite sources correctly in your assignments, you need to understand the essentials of how to reference and follow guidelines for the referencing style you are required to use.
- Referencing styles
Citing your sources can help you avoid plagiarism. You may need to submit your assignments through Turnitin, plagiarism detection software. Find out more about Turnitin and how you can use it to check your work before submitting it:
- What is plagiarism?
Why do I need to reference? Find out more
Referencing and empowerment
Karen Gravett & Ian M. Kinchin (2020) Referencing and empowerment: exploring barriers to agency in the higher education student experience, Teaching in Higher Education, 25:1, 84-97
Plagiarism: what is it, whom does it offend, and how does one deal with it?
J D Armstrong, 2nd (1993) Plagiarism: what is it, whom does it offend, and how does one deal with it?, American Journal of Roentgenology, 161:3, 479-484
Teaching Referencing as an Introduction to Epistemological Empowerment
Monica Hendricks & Lynn Quinn (2000) Teaching Referencing as an Introduction to Epistemological Empowerment, Teaching in Higher Education, 5:4, 447-457
Academic honesty and conduct
- UCL guide to Academic Integrity What is Academic Integrity, why is it important, and what happens if you breach it?
- Understanding Academic Integrity course UCL's online and self-paced course to help you understand academic integrity, designed to help students to develop good academic practice for completing assessments.
- Engaging with AI in your education and assessment UCL student guidance on how you might engage with Artificial Intelligence (AI) in your assessments, effectively and ethically.
- Referencing and avoiding plagiarism tutorial
Referencing style guides
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- Last Updated: Apr 4, 2024 10:07 AM
- URL: https://library-guides.ucl.ac.uk/referencing-plagiarism
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For information on how to reference this website for non-academic purposes, see the SkillsYouNeed referencing guide .
Citing and referencing information can be daunting for students who do not understand the principles.
There are numerous ways to reference. Different institutions, departments or lecturers may require different styles so check with your teacher, lecturer or instructor if you are unsure.
Bad referencing is a common way for students to lose marks in assignments so it is worth taking the time and effort to learn how to reference correctly.
Why Do We Cite and Reference?
When writing any academic essay, paper, report or assignment, you need to highlight your use of other author's ideas and words so that you:
- Give the original author credit for their own ideas and work
- Validate your arguments
- Enable the reader to follow up on the original work if they wish to
- Enable the reader to see how dated the information might be
- Prove to your tutors/lecturers that you have read around the subject
- Avoid plagiarism
Referencing Styles
There are many different styles of referencing, including Harvard, APA (from the American Psychological Association), Chicago and Vancouver. The Harvard referencing system is of the most popular styles and the remainder of this article deals with this system. However, your university may prefer the use of a different system so check with your lecturer or in your course information as to which referencing style to use.
What is Plagiarism?
- Presenting another's ideas as if they are your own â either directly or indirectly
- Copying or pasting text and images without saying where they came from
- Not showing when a quote is a quote
- Summarising information without showing the original source
- Changing a few words in a section of text without acknowledging the original author
Plagiarism is a serious academic offence. You are likely to be awarded 0% for an assignment which has evidence of plagiarism. If you continue to plagiarise then you may be excluded from your course.
Most universities will want a signed declaration with submitted work to say that you have not plagiarised.Â
Universities use anti-plagiarism software to quickly find plagiarised work. This software usually draws on huge databases of web sources, books, journals and all previously submitted student work to compare your work to so you will be found out.
Therefore, if you plagiarise, you are likely to be caught so don't take the risk and reference properly.
Be Organised
When writing an essay, report, dissertation or other piece of academic work, the key to referencing is organisation. As you go along, keep notes of the books and journal articles you have read and the websites you have visited as part of your research process.
There are various tools to help here. Your university may be able to provide you with some specialist software (Endnote â www.endnote.com ) or you can simply keep a list in a document or try Zotero ( www.zotero.org ) a free plugin for the Firefox browser.
What Needs to be Recorded?
Record as much information as possible in references to make finding the original work simple.
Include the author/s name/s where possible. You should write the surname (last name) first followed by any initials. If there are more than three authors then you can cite the first author and use the abbreviation 'et al', meaning 'and all'.
For one, two or three authors: Jones A, Davies B, Jenkins C
For more than three authors Jones A et al.
For some sources, especially websites, the name of the author may not be known. In such cases either use the organisation name or the title of the document or webpage.
Example: Â SkillsYouNeed or What Are Interpersonal Skills.
Date of Publication
You should include the year of publication or a more specific date if appropriate, for journal or newspaper articles/stories. For webpages look for the when the page was last updated. Include dates in brackets (2020) after author information. If no date can be established, then put (no date).
Title of Piece
Include the title of the piece; this could be the name of the book, the title of a journal article or webpage. Titles are usually written in italics . For books you should also include the edition (if not the first) to make finding information easier. Often when books are republished information remains broadly the same but may be reordered, therefore page numbers may change between editions.
Publisher Information
Usually only relevant for books, but for these you should include the publisher name and place of publication.
Page Numbers
If you are referencing a particular part of a book, then you should include the page number/s you have used in your work. Use p. 123 to indicate page 123 or pp. 123-125 to indicate multiple pages.
URL and Date Accessed
For webpages you need to include the full URL of the page (http://www... etc.) and the date you last accessed the page. The web is not static and webpages can be changed/updated/removed at any time, so it is therefore important to record when you found the information you are referencing.
Once you have recorded the information, you have everything you need in order to reference correctly. Your work should be both referenced in the text and include a reference list or bibliography at the end. The in text reference is an abbreviated version of the full reference in your reference list.
Direct Quotes
If you are directly quoting in your text you should enclose the quote in quotation marks, and include author information:
"Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another." SkillsYouNeed (2019)
For longer direct quotations it may be neater to indent the quotation in its own paragraph.
Your reference list should then include the full version of the reference:
SkillsYouNeed (2022) What is Communication? [online] available at www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/what-is-communication.html (Accessed October 14 2022)
For a book you would use, in your text:
“Long before the twelfth century rhetoricians had collected quotations, particularly from classical authors, into anthologies called florilegia⊔ (Clanchy, M.T, 1993)
The reference list would then include the full reference:
Clanchy, M.T. (1993) From Memory to Written Record England 1066 â 1307 Oxford, Blackwell, p. 115
The same rules also apply when you are referencing indirectly and you have not included a direct quote. If you have used the ideas of another source, reference both in your text at the relevant point and in your reference list or bibliography at the end of your document.
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Additional Information
When quoting you may sometimes want to leave out some words , in which case use ⊠(three dots).
"Communication is ⊠transferring information from one place to another"
If you need to add words to a quote for clarity, then square brackets are used:
“Communication is simply the act [in communication skills] of transferring information from one place to another.”
You can use [sic] to note an original error and/or foreign spelling , SkillsYouNeed is a UK site and therefore uses UK spellings:
"The color [sic] of the water..."
Continue to: Common Mistakes in Writing Sources of Information
See Also: Note-Taking for Reading What is Theory? | Writing an Essay | Punctuation
Harvard Referencing - The Basics
Referencing is..., why reference, harvard referencing style.
- Citations & Reference Lists
- Referencing in Practice
- Recommended Reading
- Some Final Tips
'a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignments, in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well as ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works, must be referenced' (Curtin University Library, 2020)
It is standard practice at third-level to include references in all of your assignments. Good research and good referencing go hand in hand. Referencing is the process of linking what you have read to what you have written.
What this means is that in order to do good research, you need to reference any words, ideas or images you have used in your assignment that are not your own original thoughts. You will be quoting, paraphrasing and summarising your sources throughout the essay, and compiling a full list of them at the end - more about all of this in the next section...
By learning how to reference properly, you are showing your lecturer that you:
- have read around your subject area
- are acknowledging the sources you have used, and,
- are protecting yourself from any charges of copying or plagiarism
A good reference list is the sign of a quality assignment. It provides evidence to your lecturer that you researched your topic well. Once you know how to reference, you are on your way to becoming a proper researcher!
(Pretorius, 2015)
The Harvard Referencing Style (sometimes called the Author-Date style) is the recommended referencing style at TUS: Midwest. Check with your lecturer if you are unsure what style to use as there may be some variations depending on your subject areas.
There are two elements to any reference using the Harvard Style:
- An in-text citation within the text, and,
- A full reference at the end.
This means when you reference using the Harvard Style, you have to do two things:
- Include an Author-Date citation each time you refer to a source in the body of your essay. (Note: also, include the page number if it is a direct quote)
- Compile a complete Reference List of all the sources that you cited throughout your essay at the end of your essay. (Note: this list must be in alphabetical order according to the first author's surname)
(George, 2017)
(Herriot-Watt University, 2015)
- Next: Citations & Reference Lists >>
- Last Updated: Apr 10, 2024 2:47 PM
- URL: https://lit.libguides.com/harvard-referencing-basics
The Library, Technological University of the Shannon: Midwest
- Aberystwyth University
- Referencing & Plagiarism Awareness
- 3. How to insert citations into your assignment.
Referencing & Plagiarism Awareness: 3. How to insert citations into your assignment.
- 1. Introduction
- 2. What is referencing and citation?
- 4. What is plagiarism?
- 5. Referencing Artificial Intelligence Outputs
- 6. Consequences of plagiarism
- 7. Plagiarism in the news
- 8. Referencing Examples
- 9. Reference management tools
- 10. Submitting your work using Turnitin
- 11. How to interpret your Turnitin similarity report
- 12. Further help
What is citing?
Citing is identifying the sources you have used in the text of your assignment. This may be done as;
a direct quotation
paraphrasing
summarising
In-text citations give brief details about the source that you refer to.
This is an example citation (Harvard referencing style):
(Pears and Shields, 2013)
Further citation examples from the different referencing styles used at Aberystwyth University can be found here .
The citations will allow the person reading your assignment to locate the full details of the source you have used in the reference list located at the end of your work.
Reference list (Harvard Style)
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide . London: Palgrave.
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013). Cite them right: the essential referencing guide . London: Palgrave.
How to use quotes in your assignment.
When you use quotations they should be relevant. Try not to use too many as they can break the flow of your text. You will need to balance quotations with your own understanding of the sources used.
Don't forget - quotes are included in your word count!
A few tips:
Enclose any quotes in " quotation marks " - be consistent. Check out the further examples to see whether your chosen referencing style uses single or double quotation marks.
If using long quotes that are more than a few sentences, add these as a separate paragraph. This should be indented and there is no need to use quotation marks. ( Please note : The Department of Geography and Earth Sciences stipulate that long, indented quotations require quotation mark at the beginning and the end of the quotation).
Depending on the referencing style you are using, give the author, date and page number that the quote is from.
The full details of the source of the quote are then added into the reference list at the end of your assignment.
Example (Harvard Style):
In-text citation
'There are several ways in which you can incorporate citations into your text, depending on your own style and the flow of the work' (Pears and Shields, 2013, p. 8).
Reference list
How to paraphrase.
Paraphrasing involves expressing another author’s ideas or arguments in your own words, without direct quotation but with due acknowledgement. It entails reformulating key points or information accurately, so that nothing important is lost but the means of communication is new. For instance:
Quotation ‘It is impossible to step twice into the same river’ (Heraclitus) Paraphrase Heraclitus argues that, just as a river is always in motion, the world is always changing so that nothing stays the same.
Paraphrasing can help with the flow or continuity of your written work and is a good way of demonstrating your understanding.
Read your source a few times to ensure you understand the meaning
Restate the key point(s) from the source in your own words, but without distorting the original meaning
Ensure you cite and reference the source.
Please note: When paraphrasing, you should NOT copy a passage from your source and then seek to change some of its wording. Use your own words and phrases from beginning to end when paraphrasing.
How to summarise.
This method provides the key points from an article, book or web page as a brief statement.
A few Tips;
Summaries should be your own work. It is NOT permitted to use online summary tools or other software for this purpose.
Ensure you cite and reference the source
Only list the main topics
In text citation
Importantly, one particular book (Pears and Shields, 2013) looks at the different citation methods when including them in an assignment.
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What is the Harvard Referencing System?
The Harvard citation style is a system that students, writers and researchers can use to incorporate other peopleâs quotes, findings and ideas into their work in order to support and validate their conclusions without breaching any intellectual property laws. The popular format is typically used in assignments and publications for humanities as well as natural, social and behavioural sciences.
It is a parenthetical referencing system that is made up of two main components:
- In-text citations including the authorâs surname and the year of publication should be shown in brackets wherever another source has contributed to your work
- A reference list outlining all of the sources directly cited in your work
While in-text citations are used to briefly indicate where you have directly quoted or paraphrased a source, your reference list is an alphabetized list of complete Harvard citations that enables your reader to locate each source with ease. Each entry should be keyed to a corresponding parenthetical citation in the main body of your work, so that a reader can take an in-text citation and quickly retrieve the source from your reference list.
Note that some universities, and certain disciplines, may also require you to provide a bibliography. This is a detailed list of all of the material you have consulted throughout your research and preparation, and it will demonstrate the lengths you have gone to in researching your chosen topic.
âHarvard referencingâ is an umbrella term for any referencing style that uses the author name and year of publication within the text to indicate where you have inserted a source. This author-date system appeals to both authors and readers of academic work. Scholars find the format an economical way of writing, and it is generally more accessible to the reader as there are no footnotes crowding the page. Only the name of the author, the publication date of the source and, if necessary, the page numbers are included in the parenthetical citations, for example: (Joyce, 2008).
Use the Cite This For Me Harvard style referencing generator to create your fully-formatted in-text references and reference list in the blink of an eye. Stop giving yourself extra pain and work for no reason and sign up to Cite This For Me today – your only regret will be that you didnât use our citation generator sooner!
Popular Harvard Referencing Examples
- Chapter of a book
- Conference proceedingsÂ
- Court caseÂ
- DissertationÂ
- Encyclopedia articleÂ
- Image online or video
- Presentation or lecture
- Video, film, or DVD
Cite This For Me Harvard Referencing Guide
The following guide provides you with everything you need to know to do justice to all your hard work and get a mark that reflects those sleepless nights. If youâre not sure how to format your Harvard style citations, what citations are, or are simply curious about the Cite This For Me citation generator, our guide will answer all of your questions while offering you a comprehensive introduction to the style. Keep reading to find out why you need to use a referencing system, how to add citations in the body of your assignment, and how to compile a reference list.
Sometimes, students do not encounter citing until they embark on to degree-level studies, yet it is a crucial academic skill that will propel you towards establishing yourself in the academic community. Itâs a common mistake to leave citing and creating a complete and accurate bibliography until the very last minute, but with the Cite This For Me Harvard referencing generator you can cite-as-you-go.
So, if you need a helping hand with your referencing then why not try Cite This For Meâs automated citation generator ? The generator accesses knowledge from across the web, assembling all of the relevant information into a fully-formatted reference list that clearly presents all of the sources that have contributed to your work. Using this Harvard reference generator to cite your sources enables you to cross the finishing line in style.
It is important to bear in mind that there is a plethora of different citation styles out there – the use of any particular one depends on the preference of your college, subject, professor or the publication you are submitting the work to. If youâre unsure which style you should be using, consult your tutor and follow their guidelines. If your lecturer or department does not ask you to use a particular style, we recommend using the Harvard referencing system because it is simple to use and easy to learn.
The powerful citation generator above can auto-generate citations in 7,000+ styles. So, whether your professor prefers that you use the MLA format , or your discipline requires you to adopt the APA citation or Chicago citation style , we have the style you need. Cite This For Me also provides citation generators and handy style guides for styles such as ASA , AMA or IEEE . To accurately create citations in a specific format, simply sign up to Cite This For Me for free and select your chosen style.
Are you struggling with citing an unfamiliar source type? Or feeling confused about whether to cite a piece of common knowledge? This guide will tell you everything you need to know to get both your parenthetical Harvard citations and reference list completed quickly and accurately.
Why Do I Need to Cite?
Harvard referencing can be a confusing task, especially if you are new to the concept, but itâs absolutely essential. In fact, accurate and complete referencing can mean the difference between reaching your academic goals and damaging your reputation amongst scholars. Simply put – referencing is the citing of sources you have utilised to support your essay, research, conference or article, etc.
Even if you are using our Harvard style citation generator, understanding why you need to cite will go a long way in helping you to naturally integrate the process into your research and writing routine.
Firstly, whenever another source contributes to your work you must give the original author the appropriate credit in order to avoid plagiarism, even when you have completely reworded the information. The only exception to this rule is common knowledge – e.g., Brazil is a country in South America. While plagiarism is not always intentional, it is easy to accidentally plagiarize your work when you are under pressure from imminent deadlines, you have managed your time ineffectively, or if you lack confidence when putting ideas into your own words. The consequences can be severe; deduction of marks at best, expulsion from college or legal action from the original author at worst. Find out more here.
This may sound overwhelming, but using our Harvard citation generator can help you avoid plagiarism and carry out your research and written work thoughtfully and responsibly. We have compiled a handy checklist to follow while you are working on an assignment.
How to avoid plagiarism:
- Formulate a detailed plan – carefully outline both the relevant content you need to include, as well as how you plan on structuring your work
- Keep track of your sources – record all of the relevant publication information as you go (e.g., If you are citing a book you should note the author or editorâs name(s), year of publication, title, edition number, city of publication and name of publisher). Carefully save each quote, word-for-word, and place it in inverted commas to differentiate it from your own words. Tired of interrupting your workflow to cite? Use our Harvard referencing generator to automate the process.
- Manage your time effectively – make use of time plans and targets, and give yourself enough time to read, write and proofread
- When you are paraphrasing information, make sure that you use only your own words and a sentence structure that differs from the original text
- Every quote or paraphrase should have a corresponding reference in the text. In addition, a full reference is needed on the final page of the project.
- Save all of your research and citations in a safe place – organise and manage your Harvard style citations
If you carefully check your college or publisherâs advice and guidelines on citing and stick to this checklist, you should be confident that you will not be accused of plagiarism.
Secondly, proving that your writing is informed by appropriate academic reading will enhance your workâs authenticity. Academic writing values original thought that analyzes and builds upon the ideas of other scholars. It is therefore important to use Harvard style referencing to accurately signpost where you have used someone elseâs ideas in order to show that your writing is based on knowledge and informed by appropriate academic reading. Citing your sources will demonstrate to your reader that you have delved deeply into your chosen topic and supported your thesis with expert opinions.
Here at Cite This For Me we understand how precious your time is, which is why we created our Harvard citation generator and guide to help relieve the unnecessary stress of citing. Escape assignment-hell and give yourself more time to focus on the content of your work by using the Cite This For Me citation management tool.
Harvard Referencing Guidelines by School
- Anglia University Harvard Referencing
- Anglia Ruskin University
- Bath University
- Bournemouth University Harvard Referencing
- Cape Peninsula University of Technology
- Cardiff University Harvard Referencing
- City University London
- Coventry University Harvard Referencing
- Cranfield Harvard
- DMU Harvard Referencing
- Durham University Business School
- Edge Hill University Harvard Referencing
- European Archaeology
- Imperial College University Harvard Referencing
- Institute of Physics
- Leeds University Harvard Referencing
- King’s College London
- LSBU Harvard Referencing
- Manchester Business School
- MMU Harvard Referencing
- Newcastle University
- Northwest University
- Oxford Brookes University
- Oxford Centre for Mission Studies
- SHU Harvard Referencing
- Staffordshire University Harvard Referencing
- Swinburne University of Technology
- The Open University
- UCA Harvard Referencing
- University of Abertay Dundee
- University of Birmingham
- University of Cape Town
- University of Gloucestershire
- University of Greenwich Harvard
- University of Hull
- University of Kent – Harvard
- University of Limerick
- University of Melbourne
- University of Northampton
- University of Sunderland
- University of Technology, Sydney
- University of West London
- UWE Harvard Referencing
- UWS Harvard Referencing
- Wolverhampton University Harvard Referencing
- York University
How Do I Create and Format In-text Harvard Style Citations?
In-text citations are the perfect way to seamlessly integrate sources into your work, allowing you to strengthen the connection between your own ideas, and the source material that you have found, with ease. It is worth noting that in-text citations must be included in your assignmentâs final word count.
When adopting Harvard style referencing in your work, if you are inserting a quote, statement, statistic or any other kind of source information into the main body of your essay you should:
- Provide the authorâs surname and date of publication in parentheses right after the taken information or at the end of the sentence
There are many assumptions when it comes to the information processing approach to cognition⊠(Lutz and Huitt, 2004).
- If you have already mentioned the author in the sentence, Harvard referencing guidelines require you to only enter the year of publication in parentheses, directly after where the authorâs surname is mentioned.
In the overview of these developmental theories, Lutz and Huitt (2004) suggest thatâŠ
- If you are quoting a particular section of the source (rather than the entire work), you should also include a page number, or page range, after the date, within the parenthetical Harvard citation
“…the development of meaning is more important than the acquisition of a large set of knowledge or skills …” (Lutz and Huitt, 2004, p.8), which means that …
- Note that if the source has four or more authors, you do not need to write out all of their surnames; simply use the first authorâs surname followed by the abbreviation âet al.â (meaning âand othersâ).
The results showed that respondents needed to reach out to multiple health agencies in order to cover the costs of their services (Wolbeck Minke et al., 2007).
- If you are reading a source by one author and they cite work by another author, you may cite that original work as a secondary reference. You are encouraged to track down the original source – usually this is possible to do by consulting the authorâs reference list – but if you are unable to access it, the Harvard referencing guidelines state that you must only cite the source you did consult as you did not actually read the original document. Include the words âcited inâ in the in-text citation to indicate this.
Fongâs 1987 study (cited in Bertram 1997) found that older studentsâ memory can be as good as that of young peopleâŠ
(Fong, cited in Bertram 1997)
Why use a Harvard referencing tool? As well as saving you valuable time, the Cite This For Me generator can help you easily avoid common errors when formatting your in-text citations. So, if youâre looking for an easy way to credit your source material, simply login to your Cite This For Me account to copy, save and export each in-text Harvard citation.
How Do I Format My Reference List?
Utilizing and building on a wide range of relevant sources is one way of impressing your reader, and a comprehensive list of the source material you have used is the perfect platform to exhibit your research efforts. A reference list is always required when you cite other peopleâs work within your assignment, and the brief in-text Harvard style citations in your work should directly link to your reference list.
As a general rule a reference list includes every source that you have cited in your work, while a bibliography also contains any relevant background reading which you have consulted to familiarise yourself with the topic (even those sources that are never mentioned in the narrative). Your Harvard referencing bibliography should start on its own page, with the same formatting as the rest of the paper and aligned to the left with the sources listed alphabetically. Certain fields ask you to provide an annotated bibliography that includes your full citations with the addition of notes. These notes are added to further analyze the source, and can be of any length.
Many people use the terms âreference listâ and âbibliographyâ interchangeably, and if you are using the Harvard reference style you may be required to provide a bibliography as well as a reference list, so be sure to check this with your tutor.
Follow these guidelines when compiling your reference list:
- Start your reference list on a new page at the end of your document
- General formatting should be in keeping with the rest of your work
- Use âReference Listâ as the heading
- Copy each of your full-length Harvard citations into a list
- Arrange the list in alphabetical order by the authorâs last name (titles with no author are alphabetized by the workâs title, and if you are citing two or more sources by the same author they should be listed in chronological order of the year of publication)
- When there are several works from one author or source, they should be listed together but in date order – with the earliest work listed first
- Italicize titles of books, reports, conference proceedings etc. For journal articles, the title of the journal should be printed in italics, rather than the title of the journal article
- Capitalize the first letter of the publication title, the first letters of all main words in the title of a journal, and all first letters of a place name and publisher
Creating and managing your reference list with the Cite This For Me Harvard referencing generator will help improve the way you reference and conduct research.
Reference list / bibliography examples:
- Book, one author:
Bell, J. (2010) Doing your research project . 5th edn. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
- One author, book, multiple editions:
Hawking, S.W. (1998) A brief history of time: From the big bang to black holes . 10th edn. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group.
- Chapter in an edited book:
Jewsiewicki, B. (2010). âHistorical Memory and Representation of New Nations in Africaâ, in Diawara, M., Lategan, B., and Rusen, J. (eds.) Historical memory in Africa: Dealing with the past, reaching for the future in an intercultural context . New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 53-66.
If all information resembles a book, use the template for a book reference
If a page number is unavailable, use chapter number. URL links are not necessary, but can be useful. When including a URL, include the date the book was downloaded at the end of the Harvard citation:
Available at: URL (Downloaded: DD Month YYYY)
- More than three authors, journal article*:
Shakoor, J., et al. (2011) âA prospective longitudinal study of childrenâs theory of mind and adolescent involvement in bullyingâ, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 53(3), pp. 254â261. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02488.x.
- Conference papers:
Drogen, E. (2014) âChanging how we think about war: The role of psychologyâ, The British Psychological Society 2014 Annual Conference . The ICC, Birmingham British Psychological Society, 07-09 May 2014.
- Web page, by an individual:
Moon, M. (2019) Ubisoft put an official video game design course inside a video game . Available at https://www.engadget.com/2019/09/25/ubisoft-video-game-design-course/ (Accessed 19 November 2019).
- Web page, by a company or organization:
RotoBaller (2019) NFL player news . Available at https://www.rotoballer.com/player-news?sport=nfl (Accessed 17 September 2019).
For both types of web page references, the date the page was published or updated is placed in parentheses immediately following the author information. If a date is missing from the source, place (no date) next to the authorâs name and make sure to include an accessed date at the end of the reference.
Are you struggling to find all of the publication information to complete a reference? Did you know that our Harvard citation generator can help you?
Time is of the essence when youâre finishing a paper, but thereâs no need to panic because you can compile your reference list in a matter of seconds using the Cite This For Me Harvard style citation generator. Sign in to your Cite This For Me account to save and export your reference list.
Harvard Referencing Formatting Guidelines
Accurate referencing doesnât only protect your work from plagiarism – presenting your source material in a consistent and clear way also enhances the readability of your work. Closely follow the styleâs formatting rules on font type, font size, text-alignment and line spacing to ensure that your work is easily legible. Before submitting your work check that you have formatted your whole paper – including your reference list – according to the styleâs formatting guidelines.
How to format in Harvard referencing:
- Margins: 2.5cm on all sides
- Shortened title followed by the page number in the header, aligned to the right
- Double-space the entirety of the paper
- œ inch indentation for every new paragraph (press tab bar)
- Suggested fonts: Times New Roman, Arial and Courier New for Windows; Times New Roman, Helvetica and Courier for Mac, 12pt size. Ensure that all Harvard citations are in the same font as the rest of the work
- Reference list on a separate page at the end of the body of your work
Even when using a Harvard citation generator, always check with your professor for specified guidelines – there is no unified style for the formatting of a paper. Make sure that you apply the recommended formatting rules consistently throughout your work.
A Brief History of the Harvard Reference Style
The author-date system is attributed to eminent zoologist Edward Laurens Mark (1847-1946), Hersey professor of anatomy and director of Harvardâs zoological laboratory. It is widely agreed that the first evidence of Harvard referencing can be traced back to Markâs landmark cytological paper (Chernin, 1988). The paper breaks away from previous uses of inconsistent and makeshift footnotes through its use of a parenthetical author-date citation accompanied by an explanatory footnote.
- Parenthetic author-year citation, page 194 of Markâs 1881 paper:
[…] The appearance may be due solely to reflection from the body itself. (Comp. Flemming, â78b, p. 310.*)
- Markâs rationale for his Harvard citational scheme:
*The numbers immediately following an authorâs name serve the double purpose of referring the reader to the list (p. 591) where the titles of papers are given, and of informing him at once of the approximate date of the paper in question.
A tribute dedicated to Mark in 1903 by 140 students credits Markâs paper with having âintroduced into zoology a proper fullness and accuracy of citation and a convenient and uniform method of referring from text to bibliographyâ (Parker, 1903). Today Harvard referencing is widely considered one of the most accessible styles and, although it originated in biology, these days it is used across most subjects – particularly in the humanities, history and social science.
The Evolution of the Harvard Referencing Style
Due to its simplicity and ease of use, the format has become one of the most widely used citation styles in the world. Unlike many citing styles there is no official manual, but institutions such as colleges offer their own unique Harvard reference style guide, and each has its own nuances when it comes to punctuation, order of information and formatting rules. Simply go to the Cite This For Me website to login to your Cite This For Me account and search for the version you need. Make sure you apply consistency throughout your work.
It is increasingly easy for writers to access information and knowledge via the internet, and in turn both the styleâs guidelines and our citation generator are continually updated to include developments in electronic publishing. The Cite This For Me Harvard style citation generator currently uses the Cite Them Right 10th Edition, which has evolved in recent years to match the rapidly advancing digital age. In order to avoid plagiarism, you must be cautious about pulling information from the internet, and ensure that you accurately cite all source material used in your written work – including all online sources that have contributed to your research.
Key differences from previous Harvard referencing Cite Them Right editions:
- Previous editions required printed books and eBooks to be referenced differently – in the 10th edition, both are now referenced using the same template (if all the necessary information is available). An Ebook is considered to be the digital format of a published book (or a book that is only published in digital format) that is meant for reading on an electronic device.
- URLs are no longer a requirement for digital media if the information provided in the Harvard citation is sufficient to find the source without it. They should be included if the source is difficult to find, or pieces of source information – such as an author name – are missing.
- When a source has more than 3 authors, use the abbreviation “et al.” instead of listing each out.
These days students draw on a diverse range of digital sources to support their written work. Whether you are citing a hashtag on Instagram , a podcast or a mobile app, the Cite This For Me generator will take care of your Harvard citations, regardless of the type of source you want to cite. So donât be held back by sources that are difficult to cite – locating unusual source material will help your work to stand out from the crowd.
How Do I Create Accurate Harvard Citations?
Creating complete and correctly formatted citations can be a challenge for many writers, especially when documenting multiple source types. Our primary goal at Cite This For Me is to offer support to students and researchers across the globe by transforming the way in which they perceive citing. We hope that after using our citation generator and reading this Harvard referencing guide, what was once considered an arduous process, will be viewed as a highly-valued skill that enhances the quality of your work.
Disheartened by the stressful process of citing? Got a fast-approaching deadline? Using the Cite This For Me fast, accessible and free generator makes creating accurate citations easier than ever, leaving more time for you to focus on achieving your academic goals.
Create a free account to add and edit each Harvard citation on the spot, import and export full projects or individual entries. Things get even easier with Cite This For Me for Chrome – an intuitive, handy browser extension that allows you to create and edit a citation while you browse the web. Use the extension on any webpage that you want to cite, and add it to your chosen project without interrupting your workflow.
The Cite This For Me citation management tool is here to help you, so what are you waiting for? Accurate Harvard citations are just a click away!
Reference List
Chernin, E. (1988) The âHarvard Systemâ: A mystery dispelled. Available at: http://www.uefap.com/writing/referenc/harvard.pdf (Accessed: 4 July 2016).
Parker, G. (ed.) (1903) Mark anniversary volume. New York: Henry Holt.
Manage all your citations in one place
Create projects, add notes, and cite directly from your browser. Sign up for Cite This For Me today!
Harvard referencing quick guide: Sample assignment
- Introduction
- General guidelines
- Citing and referencing material
Sample assignment
- Referencing software
Citing and reference list example
The text to the right shows how citations and the reference list are typically written in the Harvard referencing style.
Note: the text itself is not designed to be a proper example of academic writing and does not use information from the sources cited; it is for illustrative purposes only.
The purpose of this assignment is to show common elements of the Harvard style of referencing in Dundalk Institute of Technology. It is not intended to be an example of good quality academic writing, and indeed may not make sense in general, but it should show you how citations and a reference list are formed in the Harvard style of referencing (Cameron 2021). If you include a “direct quotation from a book you have read” (Giddens and Sutton 2021, p.117) you should include the relevant page number.
You don’t always have to write the author and year in brackets. Cameron (2021) explains that if the author’s name occurs naturally in the text then the year follows it in brackets. If there are two authors you should include both of them in the citation (Levine and Munsch 2021). If there are three or more authors you don’t have to list all of the names in the citation but you should include them all in the reference list (Robbins et al. 2020). The reference list should appear at the end of your assignment and be in alphabetical order based on the first author’s surname (Bruen 2022) rather than the order in which they appear in your assignment ( Papagiannis 2022). If you are using a citation for a second time you do not need to include it twice in the reference list (Cameron 2021).
Referencing an academic journal that you find online requires more information in the reference list but uses the same format for citing as other sources (Tesseur 2022). If referencing a source from a library database you say from which database you found it (Mayombe 2021).
Don’t forget that websites need to be cited too (Dundalk Institute of Technology 2022). We recommend you look at the full version of DkIT’s Harvard referencing guidelines, and contact the Library if you have any questions. Good luck.
Reference list
Bruen, M. (2020). River flows. In: Kelly-Quinn, M. and Reynolds, J., eds. Ireland’s rivers . Dublin: University College Dublin Press, pp.39-59.
Cameron, S. (2021). The business student's handbook: skills for study and employment . 7th ed. Harlow: Pearson.
Dundalk Institute of Technology. (2022). Research support [online]. Available from: https://www.dkit.ie/research/research-support.html [accessed 25 March 2022].
Giddens, A. and Sutton, P.W. (2021). Sociology . 9th ed. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Levine, L.E. and Munsch, J. (2021). Child development: an active learning approach [online]. 4th ed. London: SAGE Publications. Available from: https://books.google.ie/books?id=zlrZzQEACAAJ&dq [accessed 25 March 2022].
Mayombe, C. (2021). Partnership with stakeholders as innovative model of work-integrated learning for unemployed youths. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning [online], 12(2), pp.309-327. Available from: Emerald Insight [accessed 25 March 2022].
Papagiannis, N. (2020). Effective SEO and content marketing: the ultimate guide for maximizing free web traffic [online]. Indianapolis: Wiley. Available from: EBSCOhost eBook Collection [accessed 25 March 2022].
Robbins, S.P., Coulter, M.A. and De Cenzo, D.A. (2020). Fundamentals of management . 11th ed. Harlow: Pearson.
Tesseur, W. (2022). Translation as inclusion? An analysis of international NGOs’ translation policy documents. Language Problems and Language Planning [online], 45(3), pp. 261-283. Available from: https://doras.dcu.ie/26151 [accessed 25 March 2022].
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- Reference a Website in Harvard Style | Templates & Examples
Reference a Website in Harvard Style | Templates & Examples
Published on 19 May 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 7 November 2022.
To reference a website in Harvard style , include the name of the author or organization, the year of publication, the title of the page, the URL, and the date on which you accessed the website.
Different formats are used for other kinds of online source, such as articles, social media posts and multimedia content. You can generate accurate Harvard references for all kinds of sources with our free reference generator:
Harvard Reference Generator
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Table of contents
Online articles, social media posts, images, videos and podcasts, referencing websites with missing information, frequently asked questions about harvard website references.
Blog posts and online newspaper articles are both referenced in the same format: include the title of the article in quotation marks, the name of the blog or newspaper in italics, and the date of publication.
The format for a magazine article is slightly different. Instead of a precise date, include the month, season, or volume and issue number, depending on what the magazine uses to identify its issues.
The URL and access date information are included only when the article is online-exclusive.
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To reference posts from social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, include the username and the platform in square brackets. Write usernames the way they appear on the platform, with the same capitalization and symbols.
If the post has a title, use it (in quotation marks). If the post is untitled, use the text of the post instead. Do not use italics. If the text is long, you can replace some of it with an ellipsis.
Online content is referenced differently if it is in video, audio or image form.
To cite an image found online, such as an artwork, photograph, or infographic, include the image format (e.g. âPhotographâ, âOil on canvasâ) in square brackets.
Online videos, such as those on YouTube, Instagram, Vimeo and Dailymotion, are cited similarly to general web pages. Where a video is uploaded under the name of an individual, write the name in the usual format. Otherwise, write the username of the uploader as it appears on the site.
If you want to locate a specific point in a video in an in-text citation, you can do so using a timestamp.
For a podcast reference, you just need the name of the individual episode, not of the whole series. The word âPodcastâ is always included in square brackets. As with videos, you can use a timestamp to locate a specific point in the in-text citation.
Online sources are often missing information you would usually need for a citation: author, title or date. Hereâs what to do when these details are not available.
When a website doesnât list a specific individual author, you can usually find a corporate author to list instead. This is the organisation responsible for the source:
In cases where thereâs no suitable corporate author (such as online dictionaries or Wikis), use the title of the source in the author position instead:
In Harvard style, when a source doesnât list a specific date of publication, replace it with the words âno dateâ in both the in-text citation and the reference list. You should still include an access date:
Prevent plagiarism, run a free check.
Itâs important to assess the reliability of information found online. Look for sources from established publications and institutions with expertise (e.g. peer-reviewed journals and government agencies).
The CRAAP test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) can aid you in assessing sources, as can our list of credible sources . You should generally avoid citing websites like Wikipedia that can be edited by anyone â instead, look for the original source of the information in the âReferencesâ section.
You can generally omit page numbers in your in-text citations of online sources which donât have them. But when you quote or paraphrase a specific passage from a particularly long online source, itâs useful to find an alternate location marker.
For text-based sources, you can use paragraph numbers (e.g. âpara. 4â) or headings (e.g. âunder âMethodologyââ). With video or audio sources, use a timestamp (e.g. â10:15â).
In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by â et al. â
A Harvard in-text citation should appear in brackets every time you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source.
The citation can appear immediately after the quotation or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence. If you’re quoting, place the citation outside of the quotation marks but before any other punctuation like a comma or full stop.
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If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the âCite this Scribbr articleâ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). Reference a Website in Harvard Style | Templates & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 15 April 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-website-reference/
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How to Cite Sources | Citation Generator & Quick Guide
Citing your sources is essential in academic writing . Whenever you quote or paraphrase a source (such as a book, article, or webpage), you have to include a citation crediting the original author.
Failing to properly cite your sources counts as plagiarism , since you’re presenting someone else’s ideas as if they were your own.
The most commonly used citation styles are APA and MLA. The free Scribbr Citation Generator is the quickest way to cite sources in these styles. Simply enter the URL, DOI, or title, and we’ll generate an accurate, correctly formatted citation.
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Table of contents
When do you need to cite sources, which citation style should you use, in-text citations, reference lists and bibliographies.
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Citation examples and full guides, frequently asked questions about citing sources.
Citations are required in all types of academic texts. They are needed for several reasons:
- To avoid plagiarism by indicating when youâre taking information from another source
- To give proper credit to the author of that source
- To allow the reader to consult your sources for themselves
A citation is needed whenever you integrate a source into your writing. This usually means quoting or paraphrasing:
- To quote a source , copy a short piece of text word for word and put it inside quotation marks .
- To paraphrase a source , put the text into your own words. Itâs important that the paraphrase is not too close to the original wording. You can use the paraphrasing tool if you don’t want to do this manually.
Citations are needed whether you quote or paraphrase, and whatever type of source you use. As well as citing scholarly sources like books and journal articles, donât forget to include citations for any other sources you use for ideas, examples, or evidence. That includes websites, YouTube videos , and lectures .
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Usually, your institution (or the journal youâre submitting to) will require you to follow a specific citation style, so check your guidelines or ask your instructor.
In some cases, you may have to choose a citation style for yourself. Make sure to pick one style and use it consistently:
- APA Style is widely used in the social sciences and beyond.
- MLA style is common in the humanities.
- Chicago notes and bibliography , common in the humanities
- Chicago author-date , used in the (social) sciences
- There are many other citation styles for different disciplines.
If in doubt, check with your instructor or read other papers from your field of study to see what style they follow.
In most styles, your citations consist of:
- Brief in-text citations at the relevant points in the text
- A reference list or bibliography containing full information on all the sources youâve cited
In-text citations most commonly take the form of parenthetical citations featuring the last name of the sourceâs author and its year of publication (aka author-date citations).
An alternative to this type of in-text citation is the system used in numerical citation styles , where a number is inserted into the text, corresponding to an entry in a numbered reference list.
There are also note citation styles , where you place your citations in either footnotes or endnotes . Since theyâre not embedded in the text itself, these citations can provide more detail and sometimes arenât accompanied by a full reference list or bibliography.
A reference list (aka âBibliographyâ or âWorks Cited,â depending on the style) is where you provide full information on each of the sources youâve cited in the text. It appears at the end of your paper, usually with a hanging indent applied to each entry.
The information included in reference entries is broadly similar, whatever citation style youâre using. For each source, youâll typically include the:
- Author name
- Publication date
- Container (e.g., the book an essay was published in, the journal an article appeared in)
- Location (e.g., a URL or DOI , or sometimes a physical location)
The exact information included varies depending on the source type and the citation style. The order in which the information appears, and how you format it (e.g., capitalization, use of italics) also varies.
Most commonly, the entries in your reference list are alphabetized by author name. This allows the reader to easily find the relevant entry based on the author name in your in-text citation.
In numerical citation styles, the entries in your reference list are numbered, usually based on the order in which you cite them. The reader finds the right entry based on the number that appears in the text.
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Because each style has many small differences regarding things like italicization, capitalization , and punctuation , it can be difficult to get every detail right. Using a citation generator can save you a lot of time and effort.
Scribbr offers citation generators for both APA and MLA style. Both are quick, easy to use, and 100% free, with no ads and no registration required.
Just input a URL or DOI or add the source details manually, and the generator will automatically produce an in-text citation and reference entry in the correct format. You can save your reference list as you go and download it when youâre done, and even add annotations for an annotated bibliography .
Once youâve prepared your citations, you might still be unsure if theyâre correct and if youâve used them appropriately in your text. This is where Scribbrâs other citation tools and services may come in handy:
Plagiarism Checker
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Citation Editing
Plagiarism means passing off someone elseâs words or ideas as your own. Itâs a serious offense in academia. Universities use plagiarism checking software to scan your paper and identify any similarities to other texts.
When youâre dealing with a lot of sources, itâs easy to make mistakes that could constitute accidental plagiarism. For example, you might forget to add a citation after a quote, or paraphrase a source in a way thatâs too close to the original text.
Using a plagiarism checker yourself before you submit your work can help you spot these mistakes before they get you in trouble. Based on the results, you can add any missing citations and rephrase your text where necessary.
Try out the Scribbr Plagiarism Checker for free, or check out our detailed comparison of the best plagiarism checkers available online.
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Scribbrâs Citation Checker is a unique AI-powered tool that automatically detects stylistic errors and inconsistencies in your in-text citations. It also suggests a correction for every mistake.
Currently available for APA Style, this is the fastest and easiest way to make sure youâve formatted your citations correctly. You can try out the tool for free below.
If you need extra help with your reference list, we also offer a more in-depth Citation Editing Service.
Our experts cross-check your in-text citations and reference entries, make sure youâve included the correct information for each source, and improve the formatting of your reference page.
If you want to handle your citations yourself, Scribbrâs free Knowledge Base provides clear, accurate guidance on every aspect of citation. You can see citation examples for a variety of common source types below:
And you can check out our comprehensive guides to the most popular citation styles:
At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).
Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.
The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago .
The abbreviation â et al. â (Latin for âand othersâ) is used to shorten citations of sources with multiple authors.
âEt al.â is used in APA in-text citations of sources with 3+ authors, e.g. (Smith et al., 2019). It is not used in APA reference entries .
Use âet al.â for 3+ authors in MLA in-text citations and Works Cited entries.
Use âet al.â for 4+ authors in a Chicago in-text citation , and for 10+ authors in a Chicago bibliography entry.
The Scribbr Citation Generator is developed using the open-source Citation Style Language (CSL) project and Frank Bennett’s citeproc-js . Itâs the same technology used by dozens of other popular citation tools, including Mendeley and Zotero.
You can find all the citation styles and locales used in the Scribbr Citation Generator in our publicly accessible repository on Github .
APA format is widely used by professionals, researchers, and students in the social and behavioral sciences, including fields like education, psychology, and business.
Be sure to check the guidelines of your university or the journal you want to be published in to double-check which style you should be using.
MLA Style  is the second most used citation style (after APA ). It is mainly used by students and researchers in humanities fields such as literature, languages, and philosophy.
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- APA vs. MLA | The Key Differences in Format & Citation
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3.2: APA Citation Style, 6th edition: General Style Guidelines
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General Guidelines for Writing a Paper: APA Style
- All sources of information and data, whether quoted directly or paraphrased, are cited with parenthetical references in the text of your paper ( p. 170 ).
Example: (Walker, 2003).
- Double-space your entire paper, including the References list and any block quotes ( pp.171, 180 ).
Citations In Text
How to cite a direct quote ( pp.170-171 ), how to cite summaries or paraphrases.
Even if you put information in your own words by summarizing or paraphrasing, you must cite the original author or researcher and the date of publication. You are also encouraged to provide a page or paragraph number; check with your instructor to see if page numbers are required.
For example, a paraphrase of Gibaldi’s earlier quotation might be identified as follows:
Within the research paper, quotations will have more impact when used judiciously (Gibaldi, 2003, p. 109).
You may want to check out The Owl at Purdue for more tips on paraphrasing.
How to Cite Sources when the Primary Authors have the same Surname ( p.176 )
How to cite different numbers of authors, how to cite information if no page numbers are available ( pp.171-172 ), how to cite information when you have not seen the original source ( p.178 ), how to cite when you are altering a direct quote, creating a reference list.
Start the Reference list on a new page and include the word “References” in uppercase and lowercase centered. (pp, 180-192)
The References list should be double-spaced. Each entry should be formatted with a hanging indent ( p.180 ).
References cited in text must appear in the References list and vice versa. The only exceptions to this rule are personal communications and classical works; they are cited in text only and are not included in the References list ( p.174 ).
Use ONLY the initial(s) of the author’s given name, NOT the full name ( p.184 ).
If the References list includes 2 or more entries by the same author(s), list them in chronological order with the earliest first ( p. 182 ).
If the author’s name is unavailable, use the first few words of the title of the article, book or Web source, including the appropriate capitalization and italics formatting ( pp.176-177 ). E.g. (Scientists Say, 2000).
Arrange References entries in one alphabetical sequence by the surname of the first author or by title or first word if there is no author ( pp.181-183 ). Ignore the words A, An, and The when alphabetizing by title.
In titles and subtitles of articles, chapters, and books, capitalize only the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns, except in parenthetical (in text) citations ( p.185 ).
Italicize book titles, journal titles, and volume numbers. Do NOT italicize issue numbers.
Do NOT include retrieval dates unless the source of the material may change over time such as a blog entry or wikis. (p.192)
If a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is listed on either a print or an electronic source it is included in the reference ( pp.188-192 ). A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string that is used to identify a certain source (typically journal articles). It is often found on the first page of an article. Example: doi:10.1080/14622200410001676305
When the References entry includes a URL that must be divided between two lines, break it BEFORE a slash or dash or at another logical division point. Do NOT insert a hyphen if you need to break a URL or a period at the end of the URL. ( p.192 ).
For a helpful list of some of the abbreviations used in References (such as Vols. for Volumes) check out page 180 of the APA Manual .
Subject Guide
- APA Citation Style, 6th edition: General Style Guidelines. Authored by : Gisela Butera. Provided by : Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library. Located at : http://libguides.gwumc.edu/c.php?g=27779&p=170331 . License : CC BY-NC-ND: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives
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đ€ What is a Harvard Referencing Generator?
A Harvard Referencing Generator is a tool that automatically generates formatted academic references in the Harvard style.
It takes in relevant details about a source -- usually critical information like author names, article titles, publish dates, and URLs -- and adds the correct punctuation and formatting required by the Harvard referencing style.
The generated references can be copied into a reference list or bibliography, and then collectively appended to the end of an academic assignment. This is the standard way to give credit to sources used in the main body of an assignment.
đ©âđ Who uses a Harvard Referencing Generator?
Harvard is the main referencing style at colleges and universities in the United Kingdom and Australia. It is also very popular in other English-speaking countries such as South Africa, Hong Kong, and New Zealand. University-level students in these countries are most likely to use a Harvard generator to aid them with their undergraduate assignments (and often post-graduate too).
đ Why should I use a Harvard Referencing Generator?
A Harvard Referencing Generator solves two problems:
- It provides a way to organise and keep track of the sources referenced in the content of an academic paper.
- It ensures that references are formatted correctly -- inline with the Harvard referencing style -- and it does so considerably faster than writing them out manually.
A well-formatted and broad bibliography can account for up to 20% of the total grade for an undergraduate-level project, and using a generator tool can contribute significantly towards earning them.
âïž How do I use MyBib's Harvard Referencing Generator?
Here's how to use our reference generator:
- If citing a book, website, journal, or video: enter the URL or title into the search bar at the top of the page and press the search button.
- Choose the most relevant results from the list of search results.
- Our generator will automatically locate the source details and format them in the correct Harvard format. You can make further changes if required.
- Then either copy the formatted reference directly into your reference list by clicking the 'copy' button, or save it to your MyBib account for later.
MyBib supports the following for Harvard style:
đ What other versions of Harvard referencing exist?
There isn't "one true way" to do Harvard referencing, and many universities have their own slightly different guidelines for the style. Our generator can adapt to handle the following list of different Harvard styles:
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- University of the West of England (UWE)
Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.
John Sterling, longtime Yankees radio voice, retires after 35-year run
The legendary radio voice of the Yankees , John Sterling, is retiring effective immediately after more than three decades in the booth, he and the team said Monday.
The Yankees and Sterling made the announcement after The Athletic reported on a planned news conference for this weekend in which the 85-year-old Sterling was anticipated to retire, citing health concerns. Sterling has been a broadcaster for 64 years.
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The team will recognize his contributions in a pregame ceremony prior to Saturdayâs Yankees-Rays game. He was originally slated to call the series.
WFAN will replace Sterling with 37-year-old Justin Shackil and 24-year-old Emmanuel Berbari, who combined are 24 years younger than Sterling. The two are already slated to call the majority of the road games this season with Suzyn Waldman. Neither Shackil nor Berbari are guaranteed to receive the full-time job.
Sterling was the soundtrack to the Derek Jeter-led Yankees title run from 1996 to 2000, when the franchise won four World Series in five years. He also made the call when the Yankees won the World Series in 2009, a team led by CC Sabathia and Alex Rodriguez. Sterling, who began calling Yankees games in 1989, punctuated the teamâs wins with, âThuuuuuu-uggh Yankees win!â
Inside the booth with Yankees legend John Sterling for his 36th home opener: 'I'm near the end'
His unique home run calls live in Yankee lore with memorable calls including âBern, baby, Bern!â for Bernie Williams and âA thrilla from Godzillaâ for Hideki Matsui.
While Sterling has never been known for the most precise call of the game, he was a broadcasting version of Lou Gehrig, calling 5,060 consecutive games over 30 years. During the first of his nearly 36 seasons, Sterling missed two games due to the death of his sister. He was on the call for every other game until July 4, 2019, when illness caused him to miss a series.
Sterling called 5,631 Yankees games total (5,420 in the regular season and 211 in the playoffs).
Sterling informed Yankee and WFAN officials that he planned to retire last week, according to officials with direct knowledge. When reached late last week, Sterling declined to say he was officially done with broadcasting. He has been known to change his mind. On Monday, he acknowledged his decision is final.
âI will be very happy in my retirement,â Sterling said on WFAN, the Yankeesâ flagship radio station, following the official announcement.
Sterling broadcast the Atlanta Braves and Hawks before becoming the voice of the Yankees. He used his rhythmic nickname style for Hall of Famer Dominique Wilkins, saying, âDominique, manifique!â
But he will be most remembered for his Yankees years and his uniqueness on and off the air.
Even on the radio, Sterling wore a suit to every game he called. While technology averse, his voicemail on his cellphone greeted callers with, âHi, congratulations, you have reached âŠâ
He developed a strong bond with much of the Yankees fan base, many of whom went from the crib to adulthood only knowing him as the radio voice of their team.
Required reading
- Inside the booth with Yankees legend John Sterling for his 36th home opener: âIâm near the endâ
- Now a Yankees radio icon, John Sterling was launched to stardom in Atlanta
- âTheeeee Yankees win!â: John Sterling exits with a signature call as he prepares to miss his first games in 30 years
You can buy tickets to every MLB game here .
(Photo: Bob Karp / Staff Photographer / USA Today Network)
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Andrew Marchand is a Sr. Sports Media Columnist for The Athletic. He previously worked for the New York Post and ESPN, where he predominantly covered sports media and baseball. In 2023, Marchand was named one of five finalists for The Big Lead's "Insider of the Year" in all of sports.
Taylor Swift and Travis Kelce's Coachella 2024 Date Night Will Never Go Out of Style
Taylor swift and travis kelce were spotted at the 2024 coachella music festival, where the "cruel summer" singer's pals jack antonoff and lana del rey performed..
'Tis the damn season to spot celebs at Coachella .
Travis Kelce  and Taylor Swift  turned the 2024 festival into their latest date night on April 13, keeping close as they watched friend Jack Antonoff âher frequent collaboratorâperform with his rock band Bleachers . The couple was later spotted supporting Ice Spice as she hit the Coachella stage. And during Dom Dolla 's DJ set, Travis was spotted momentarly picking up his girlfriend  as they stood in the crowd.
And after taking in the performances, the couplekept the festivities going as they attended the star-studded Neon Carnival .
For the evening  outing in Indio, Calif., the Kansas City Chiefs tight end kept things cool wearing an open flannel, a ball cap and sunglasses, while the "Cruel Summer" singer danced next to him and cheered with her hands in the air, as seen in footage on social media .Â
And the pair weren't the only ones to make the whole desert shimmer. A few more of Taylor's besties also performed at the weekend-long event. Pal Suki Waterhouse  and Sabrina Carpenter , who joined Taylor on the first international leg of her Eras Tour, both enchanted festival-goers while taking the stage during the day on Friday. Plus, Lana Del Rey , who collaborated with the Grammy winner on the 2022 Midnights cut "Snow on the Beach," was a headliner on April 12.
However, Travis and Taylor, both 34, didn't get to watch any of them hit the stage on Friday, as the couple instead enjoyed a dinner date  at Sushi Park in Los Angeles that night.
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Though this is Travis and Taylor's first time attending the music festival as a couple, this isn't the first Coachella for either superstar. In 2016, the "Anti-Hero" singer practically trademarked "Bleachella" when she attended the annual music show sporting a bleached blonde bob alongside Lorde and  Jack. At the time, Taylor was there to catch the DJ set of her boyfriend Calvin Harris , who she split with the following year.Â
As for Travis? This year marks the NFL star's third year in a row that he's stepped onto the Coachella valley grounds, as he went in 2022 and 2023 with his buddies, including teammate Patrick Mahomes and childhood friend Aric Jones .Â
And the New Heights podcast host has only had great things to say about his experiences. Alongside a recap of his time at the 2022 show, Travis wrote on Instagram , "Brochella went crazy!!!"
Keep reading for more celeb sightings at Coachella 2024:Â
Taylor Swift & Travis Kelce
At Neon Carnival
Paris Hilton, Kyle Richards & Kesha
Evan Ross & Ashlee Simpson
At Desert Nights by TAO Group HospitalityÂ
Gwen Stefani & Olivia Rodrigo
Performing during Weekend 1
Kendall Jenner
At the FWRD welcome reception wearing a TOVE dress, The Row bag and Harlow sandals
At Camp Poosh
J Balvin & Will Smith
Hailey Bieber
At the Revolve Festival
Justin Bieber
During Weekend 1Â
At the Nylon House event wearing an 8 Other Reasons cowboy hat available on Revolve.com
Nina Dobrev Â
At Revolve Festival
Charli D'Amelio
Gleb Savchenko
At the Sonic Desert event presented by Coca-Cola Spiced and Topo Chico in partnership with BPM Music
Performing with Bizarrap during Weekend 1
Emma Roberts
At the Celsius Cosmic Desert event
Alessandra Ambrosio
At the Celsius Cosmic Desert event wearing a Streets Ahead belt
Benny Blanco
At Ed Banger & Friends in the Desert event presented by House of the Dragon
At the Paper Playground party presented by True Religion and E11even
Campbell "Pookie" Puckett & Jett Puckett
At 818 Tequila's Outpost pop-up
Alabama Barker
At the Nylon House event
Landon Barker
Tom Schwartz
At the Gallery Desert House presented by PatrĂłn
James Kennedy
Jill Duggar Suffers Pregnancy Loss and Stillbirth of First Daughter
Henry cavill expecting first baby with girlfriend natalie viscuso.
âRustâ armorer sentenced to 18 months in prison for fatal shooting
Hannah gutierrez-reed was found guilty of involuntary manslaughter in march for her role in the fatal shooting of cinematographer halyna hutchins.
Hannah Gutierrez-Reed, the âRustâ armorer found guilty of involuntary manslaughter for her role in the fatal shooting of the filmâs cinematographer, was sentenced to 18 months in prison Monday by a New Mexico district court judge.
A jury had convicted Gutierrez-Reed in March in the 2021 death of Halyna Hutchins â the first trial verdict connected to the incident. She has spent more than a month in a county jail awaiting sentencing, according to the Associated Press.
Judge Mary Marlowe Sommer sentenced Gutierrez-Reed to the maximum 18 months in state prison. Prosecutors had argued in court filings for her to receive the full sentence due to her ârecklessnessâ and âcomplete and total failure to accept responsibility for her actions,â as seen through recorded jail phone conversations.
âWe will be appealing the judgment and sentence on multiple grounds,â said Gutierrez-Reedâs attorney, Jason Bowles, in a statement.
The Style section
Gutierrez-Reed teared up in the courtroom as witnesses read statements about Hutchins and her family. The defendant remained stoic and unmoving as the verdict was read.
âI find that what you did constitutes a serious, violent offense,â Sommer said after reading the sentence. âIt was committed in a physically violent manner, a fatal gunshot done with your recklessness in the face of knowledge that your acts were reasonably likely to result in serious harm.
âYou were the armorer. The one that stood between a safe weapon and a weapon that could kill someone. You alone turned a safe weapon into a lethal weapon,â Sommer said.
Mondayâs sentencing stems from an October 2021 incident on the set of âRust.â During filming, Alec Baldwin was rehearsing a scene with a revolver when the gun went off with live ammunition, killing Hutchins and wounding director Joel Souza. Baldwin, who claimed he never pulled the trigger, was indicted by a grand jury for involuntary manslaughter in January with a trial set for this summer.
Prosecutors argued that Gutierrez-Reedâs âunprofessional and sloppyâ conduct led to there being live ammunition on set, which ultimately resulted in Hutchinsâs death. The prosecution alleged in court filings that the armorer was hung over while loading the gun and tampered with evidence by handing drugs to someone else involved with the film.
Prosecutors repeated their call for an 18-month sentence in the courtroom Monday, saying that Gutierrez-Reedâs recorded phone conversations from jail showed a lack of remorse.
âRather than accept responsibility, she has chosen to place blame on the witnesses who testified against her, me, you, the jurors, the set medic, and the paramedics who tried to save Ms. Hutchinsâs life,â special prosecutor Kari Morrissey said in the courtroom.
Witnesses speaking on behalf of Hutchins and her family largely eulogized the cinematographer. Her agent remarked how Hutchins saw âRustâ as a massive career opportunity, while her friends and colleagues remembered her parenting skills, her extroverted attitude and her sweet tooth. Many blamed the film industry at large for what happened on the âRustâ set. The witnesses also blamed Gutierrez-Reed, saying she deserved the maximum sentence.
Souza, the âRustâ director wounded in the 2021 shooting, said over a Google Meet video that he wished the shooting had never happened.
âI struggled with what to say here today because what I want is simply not possible,â he said. âI want that none of this ever happened, that everyoneâs okay and that lives werenât destroyed, and that worst of all, that Halynaâs life wasnât lost.â
Prosecutors shared a video from Hutchinsâs mother, Olga Solovey, who is Ukrainian. âThe day of her death ruined my entire life,â she said, according to translations in captions as the video played in the courtroom. âThat day turned everything upside down. Itâs extremely difficult without her. Every minute I wait until Iâll meet her again.â
The prosecution also played a memorial slide show that included photos of Hutchins to the tune of Pink Floydâs âWish You Were Here.â
But the defense argued that Gutierrez-Reed was rushed to do her job and wasnât given enough resources to properly prepare the weapons on set. Bowles, her attorney, argued that Baldwinâs failure to properly handle the gun on set led to the fatal shooting.
âI beg you, please donât give me more time,â Gutierrez-Reed said in her statement before the verdict was read. âThe jury has found me in part at fault for this god-awful tragedy. But that doesnât make me a monster. That makes me human.â
Gutierrez-Reedâs verdict and trial were a glimpse of what Baldwin could face when his trial starts July 9. Baldwin was originally charged with involuntary manslaughter by New Mexico prosecutors in January 2023 before those charges were dropped as prosecutors sought more time to investigate. Baldwin has said he pulled the gunâs hammer â not the trigger â in the shooting. But a forensics expert noted that the gun couldnât have gone off without pressure on the trigger. If convicted, Baldwin would similarly face 18 months in prison.
Samantha Chery contributed to this report.
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The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation is the main style guide for legal citations in the US. It's widely used in law, and also when legal materials need to be cited in other disciplines. Bluebook footnote citation. 1 David E. Pozen, Freedom of Information Beyond the Freedom of Information Act, 165, U. PđŠ . L.
APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. Scribbr's APA Citation Generator automatically generates accurate references and in-text citations for free.. This citation guide outlines the most important citation guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020). Scribbr also offers free guides for the older APA 6th ...
Throughout your paper, you need to apply the following APA format guidelines: Set page margins to 1 inch on all sides. Double-space all text, including headings. Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 inches. Use an accessible font (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt., Arial 11pt., or Georgia 11pt.).
The Harvard citation format uses parenthetical author-date citations embedded within the text. In this style, the citation places the last name of the author and the year of publication within parentheses. Keep in mind, you'll also need a full citation at the end of the paper in the reference list. In-text citations come after a sentence ...
When you cite a source with up to three authors, cite all authors' names. For four or more authors, list only the first name, followed by ' et al. ': Number of authors. In-text citation example. 1 author. (Davis, 2019) 2 authors. (Davis and Barrett, 2019) 3 authors.
Harvard referencing is a system that allows you to include information about the source materials. It is based on the author-date system. It includes references: 1) as in-text citations and 2) in a reference list (which is different from a bibliography). In-text citations: (Author Surname, Year Published). Reference list entry: Author Surname ...
Double-space all references. Use a hanging indent on all references (first line is flush left, the second and any subsequent lines are indented 1.27 cm (0.5 in). To apply a hanging indent in Word, highlight all of your references and press Ctrl + T on a PC, or Command (â) + T on a Mac. Headings: Level 1 Heading - Centered, Bold, Title Case
In order to cite sources correctly in your assignments, you need to understand the essentials of how to reference and follow guidelines for the referencing style you are required to use. How to reference. Referencing styles. Avoiding plagiarism. Citing your sources can help you avoid plagiarism. You may need to submit your assignments through ...
References provide the information necessary for readers to identify and retrieve each work cited in the text. Check each reference carefully against the original publication to ensure information is accurate and complete. Accurately prepared references help establish your credibility as a careful researcher and writer. Consistency in reference ...
Reference list references vary quite a lot between sources. How to Cite a Book in Harvard Format. Book referencing is the simplest format in Harvard referencing style. The basic format is as follows: Book Referencing Example: Mitchell, J.A. and Thomson, M. (2017) A guide to citation.3rd edn. London: London Publishings.
Basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper Author/Authors Rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors that apply to all APA-style references in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article, electronic resource, etc.)
Inaccurate references can cost you points on your assignments, so our seasoned referencing experts have invested countless hours in perfecting Scribbr's reference generator algorithms. ... Each citation style has specific rules for formatting citations. Scribbr's free Reference Generator can generate perfect references and in-text citations ...
You should write the surname (last name) first followed by any initials. If there are more than three authors then you can cite the first author and use the abbreviation 'et al', meaning 'and all'. Examples: For one, two or three authors: Jones A, Davies B, Jenkins C. For more than three authors. Jones A et al.
It is standard practice at third-level to include references in all of your assignments. Good research and good referencing go hand in hand. Referencing is the process of linking what you have read to what you have written. ... The Harvard Referencing Style (sometimes called the Author-Date style) is the recommended referencing style at TUS ...
Indent the first line of every paragraph of text 0.5 in. using the tab key or the paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program. Page numbers: Put a page number in the top right corner of every page, including the title page or cover page, which is page 1. Student papers do not require a running head on any page.
Ensure you cite and reference the source. Only list the main topics . Example (Harvard Style): In text citation. Importantly, one particular book (Pears and Shields, 2013) looks at the different citation methods when including them in an assignment. Reference list. Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right: the essential referencing ...
The Harvard citation style is a system that students, writers and researchers can use to incorporate other people's quotes, findings and ideas into their work in order to support and validate their conclusions without breaching any intellectual property laws. ... The popular format is typically used in assignments and publications for ...
Sample assignment. Sample assignment. The purpose of this assignment is to show common elements of the Harvard style of referencing in Dundalk Institute of Technology. It is not intended to be an example of good quality academic writing, and indeed may not make sense in general, but it should show you how citations and a reference list are ...
Revised on 7 November 2022. To reference a website in Harvard style, include the name of the author or organization, the year of publication, the title of the page, the URL, and the date on which you accessed the website. In-text citation example. (Google, 2020) Reference template. Author surname, initial.
In some cases, you may have to choose a citation style for yourself. Make sure to pick one style and use it consistently: APA Style is widely used in the social sciences and beyond. MLA style is common in the humanities. Chicago style consists of two systems: Chicago notes and bibliography, common in the humanities
When a work has 3-5 authors, cite all the names the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, use the surname of the first author followed by et al. When a work has 6+ authors, use the surname of the first author followed by et al. every time the reference occurs in the text (p.175). Note: There is a helpful chart on how to cite ...
A Harvard Referencing Generator is a tool that automatically generates formatted academic references in the Harvard style. It takes in relevant details about a source -- usually critical information like author names, article titles, publish dates, and URLs -- and adds the correct punctuation and formatting required by the Harvard referencing style.
The bibliography's format and presentation must adhere to its rules. No matter what citation style is used â APA, MLA, Chicago, or another. How to Write References in Assignment. Now, let's look at clear referencing examples using popular citation styles and various source types. APA style examples. In-text citation: One author: (Smith ...
teaching ChatGPT best practices in her writing workshop class at the University of Lynchburg in Virginia, said she sees the advantages for teachers using AI tools but takes issue with how it can ...
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Norm Macdonald relentlessly mocked O.J. Simpson on "Saturday Night Live" and may have lost his job for it. Years later, they made an odd connection.
Hannah Gutierrez-Reed, the "Rust" armorer found guilty of involuntary manslaughter for her role in the fatal shooting of the film's cinematographer, was sentenced to 18 months in prison ...