business communication literature review

BA 302 Business Communication - Research: Literature Reviews

• Research Process
• Literature Reviews
• Evaluating Resources
• Search Techniques

Steps to Creating a Literature Review

Step 1: Planning your search

Step 2: Selecting a database

Step 3: Conducting your search

Step 4: Evaluating your results

Step 5: Managing your references

What is a Literature Review?

A literature review is a systematic survey of the scholarly literature published on a given topic.  Rather than providing a new research insight, a literature review lays the groundwork for an in-depth research project analyzing previous research. Type of documents surveyed will vary depending on the field, but can include:

• journal articles,
• dissertations.

A thorough literature review will also require surveying what librarians call "gray literature," which includes difficult-to-locate documents such as:

• technical reports
• government publications
• working papers

Purpose of the Lit Review

What's the point, purposes of the literature review.

• Delimit the research problem
• Avoid fruitless approaches
• Identify avenues of future research
• Seek new lines of inquiry
• Gain methodological insight

Reasons for Conducting a Literature Review

• Distinguishing what has been done from what needs to be done
• Discovering important variables relevant to the topic
• Synthesizing and gaining new perspective
• Identifying relationships between ideas and practices
• Establishing the context of the topic
• Rationalizing the significance of the problem
• Enhancing and acquiring subject vocabulary
• Understanding the structure of the subject
• Relating ideas and theory to applications
• Identifying main methodologies and research techniques that have been used
• Placing research in a historical context to show familiarity with state-of-art development

Questions to consider

• What is the overarching question or problem your literature review seeks to address?
• How much familiarity do you already have with the field? Are you already familiar with common methodologies or professional vocabularies?
• What types of strategies or questions have others in your field pursued?
• How will you synthesize or summarize the information you gather?
• What do you or others perceive to be lacking in your field?
• Is your topic broad? How could it be narrowed?
• Can you articulate why your topic is important in your field?

Adapted from Hart, C. (1998).  Doing a literature review : Releasing the social science research imagination. London: Sage. As cited in Randolph, Justus. “A Guide to Writing the Dissertation Literature Review.” Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation , 14(13), p. 2.

Acknowledgements

Merinda Hensley gave permision for content to be  borrowed by permission from Literature Review: Demystified LibGuide from the University of  Illnois  at Urbana-Champaign.

Getting Started

Once you've decided what you want to write about you will need to conduct a systematic review of journal literature to establish what has been written in your field.

Databases enable you to combine search terms and locate high quality journal articles, conference papers and proceedings from a wide range of sources. Have a look at the Accessing Databases tab to choose the right one for your subject area. There are links to brief online tutorials or pdf guides to help you with using each of the databases there too.

• Brilliant for conducting a thorough, systematic & exhaustive search of the literature
• You can cross concepts together and so be more precise about what you are searching for
• Some databases (BREI, PsycINFO) include a thesaurus so you can check terminology
• The results are valid, reliable and authoritative (academic articles)

What about Google?

G o o g l e and G o o g l e Scholar are not the most efficient or effective tools for searching the literature. Here are a few reasons why:

  • You can only narrow searches by date, not subject   • You cannot give words meaning e.g. primary/first   • Links are unstable and not verified and so you may not be able to access the results   • Pdfs look like they are freely available but often they are not

In addition to this, you also need to carefully evaluate all internet resources:

  1. Who authored the information?   2. What expertise does the writer have to comment?   3. What evidence is used? Are there citations in the piece?   4. What genre is the document: journalism, academic paper,blog, polemic?   5. Is the site/document/report funded by an institution?   6. What argument is being made?   7. When was the text produced?   8. Why did this information emerge at this point in history?   9. Who is the audience for this information?   10. What is not being discussed and what are the political consequences of that absence?   (Taken from Brabazon, T. (2006) 'The Google Effect: Googling, blogging, wikis and the flattening of expertise', Libri, v. 56, pp 157-167)

• You may find this guide for evaluating internet resources (compiled by UWE Library Services) useful too

 And finally.... • They retrieve a huge number of results – which wastes valuable time and leads to information overload and frustration!

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Communication Studies *: The Literature Review

• Electronic Books
• Citation Tracking
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• Evaluating Sources
• Primary Sources
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• What Is Scholarly vs. Popular?
• Databases for Literature Review
• Government Websites

A literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works. Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources you have explored while researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits into the larger field of study.

All contect is from a Literature Review please refer to the sub-tab under The Literature Review created by Dr. Robert Larabee.

Importance of a Good Literature Review

A literature review may consist of simple a summary of key sources, but it usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis, often within specific conceptual categories . A summary is a recap of the important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information in a way that informs how you are planning to investigate a research problem. The analytical features of a literature review might:

• give a new interpretation of old material or combine new with old interpretations,
• trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates,
• depending on the situation, evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant, or
• usually in the conclusion of a literature review, identify where gaps exist in how a problem has been researched to date.

The purpose of a literature review is to:

• Place each work in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the research problem being studied,
• Describe the relationship of each work to the others under consideration,
• Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light on any gaps in previous research,
• Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies,
• Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort,
• Point the way in fulfilling a need for additional research, and
• Locate your own research within the context of existing literature.

All contect is from The Literature Review created by Dr. Robert Larabee.

Types of Literature Reviews

As Kennedy (2007) notes*, it is important to think of knowledge in a given field as consisting of three layers. First, there are the primary studies that researchers conduct and publish. Second are the reviews of those studies that summarize and offer new interpretations built from and often extending beyond the original studies. Third, there are the perceptions, conclusions, opinion, and interpretations that are shared informally that become part of the lore of field. In composing a literature review, it is important to note that it is often this third layer of knowledge that is cited as "true" even though it often has only a loose relationship to the primary studies and secondary literature reviews.

Given this, while literature reviews are designed to provide an overview and synthesis of pertinent sources you have explored, there are several approaches to how they can be done, depending upon the type of analysis underpinning your study. Listed below are definitions of types of literature reviews:

Argumentative Review      This form examines literature selectively in order to support or refute an argument, deeply imbedded assumption, or philosophical problem already established in the literature. The purpose is to develop a body of literature that establishes a contrarian viewpoint. Given the value-laden nature of some social science research [e.g., educational reform; immigration control], argumentative approaches to analyzing the literature can be a legitimate and important form of discourse. However, note that they can also introduce problems of bias when they are used to to make summary claims of the sort found in systematic reviews.

Integrative Review      Considered a form of research that reviews, critiques, and synthesizes representative literature on a topic in an integrated way such that new frameworks and perspectives on the topic are generated. The body of literature includes all studies that address related or identical hypotheses. A well-done integrative review meets the same standards as primary research in regard to clarity, rigor, and replication.

Historical Review      Few things rest in isolation from historical precedent. Historical reviews are focused on examining research throughout a period of time, often starting with the first time an issue, concept, theory, phenomena emerged in the literature, then tracing its evolution within the scholarship of a discipline. The purpose is to place research in a historical context to show familiarity with state-of-the-art developments and to identify the likely directions for future research.

Methodological Review      A review does not always focus on what someone said [content], but how they said it [method of analysis]. This approach provides a framework of understanding at different levels (i.e. those of theory, substantive fields, research approaches and data collection and analysis techniques), enables researchers to draw on a wide variety of knowledge ranging from the conceptual level to practical documents for use in fieldwork in the areas of ontological and epistemological consideration, quantitative and qualitative integration, sampling, interviewing, data collection and data analysis, and helps highlight many ethical issues which we should be aware of and consider as we go through our study.

Systematic Review      This form consists of an overview of existing evidence pertinent to a clearly formulated research question, which uses pre-specified and standardized methods to identify and critically appraise relevant research, and to collect, report, and analyse data from the studies that are included in the review. Typically it focuses on a very specific empirical question, often posed in a cause-and-effect form, such as "To what extent does A contribute to B?"

Theoretical Review      The purpose of this form is to concretely examine the corpus of theory that has accumulated in regard to an issue, concept, theory, phenomena. The theoretical literature review help establish what theories already exist, the relationships between them, to what degree the existing theories have been investigated, and to develop new hypotheses to be tested. Often this form is used to help establish a lack of appropriate theories or reveal that current theories are inadequate for explaining new or emerging research problems. The unit of analysis can focus on a theoretical concept or a whole theory or framework.

* Kennedy, Mary M. "Defining a Literature." Educational Researcher 36 (April 2007): 139-147.

Structure and Writing Style

I.  Thinking About Your Literature Review

The structure of a literature review should include the following :

• An overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of the literature review,
• Division of works under review into themes or categories (e.g. works that support of a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative approaches entirely),
• An explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others,
• Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument, are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their area of research

The critical evaluation of each work should consider :

• Provenance -- what are the author's credentials? Are the author's arguments supported by evidence (e.g. primary historical material, case studies, narratives, statistics, recent scientific findings)?
• Objectivity -- is the author's perspective even-handed or prejudicial? Is contrary data considered or is certain pertinent information ignored to prove the author's point?
• Persuasiveness -- which of the author's theses are most/least convincing?
• Value -- are the author's arguments and conclusions convincing? Does the work ultimately contribute in any significant way to an understanding of the subject?

II.  The Development of the Literature Review

Four stages : 1.  Problem formulation -- which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues? 2.  Literature search -- finding materials relevant to the subject being explored. 3.  Data evaluation -- determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic. 4.  Analysis and interpretation -- discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature.

Consider the following issues before writing the literature review: Clarify If your assignment is not very specific about what form your literature review should take, seek clarification from your professor by asking these questions: 1.  Roughly how many sources should I include? 2.  What types of sources should I review (books, journal articles, websites)? 3.  Should I summarize, synthesize, or critique your sources by discussing a common theme or issue? 4.  Should I evaluate the sources? 5.  Should I provide subheadings and other background information, such as definitions and/or a history? Find Models Use the exercise of reviewing the literature to examine how authors in your discipline or area of interest have composed their literature reviews. Read them to get a sense of the types of themes you might want to look for in your own research or ways to organize your final review. The bibliography or reference section of sources you've already read are also excellent entry points into your own research. Narrow the Topic The narrower your topic, the easier it will be to limit the number of sources you need to read in order to obtain a good survey of relevant resources. Your professor will probably not expect you to read everything that's available about the topic, but you'll make your job easier if you first limit scope of the research problem. A good strategy is to begin by searching the HOMER catalog for books about the topic and review their contents for chapters that focus on more specific issues. You can also review the subject indexes of books to find references to specific issues that can serve as the focus of your research. For example, a book surveying the history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict may include a chapter on the role Egypt has played in mediating the conflict. Consider Whether Your Sources are Current Some disciplines require that you use information that is as current as possible. This is very common in the sciences where research conducted only two years ago could be obsolete. However, when writing a review in the social sciences, a survey of the history of the literature may be what is needed because what is important is how perspectives have changed over the years or within a certain time period. Try sorting through some other current bibliographies or literature reviews in the field to get a sense of what your discipline expects. You can also use this method to consider what is consider by scholars to be a "hot topic" and what is not.

III.  Ways to Organize Your Literature Review

Chronological of Events If your review follows the chronological method, you could write about the materials according to when they were published. This approach should only be followed if a clear path of research building on previous research can be identified and that these trends follow a clear chronological order of development. For example, a literature review that focuses on continuing research about the emergence of German economic power after the fall of the Soviet Union. By Publication Order your sources by publication chronology, then, only if the order demonstrates a more important trend. For instance, you could order a review of literature on environmental studies of brown fields if the progression of revealed a change in the soil collection practices of the researchers who wrote and/or conducted the studies. Thematic (“conceptual categories”) Thematic reviews of literature are organized around a topic or issue, rather than the progression of time. However, progression of time may still be an important factor in a thematic review. For example, a review of the Internet’s impact on American presidential politics could focus on the development of online political satire. While the study focuses on one topic, the Internet’s impact on American presidential politics, it will still be organized chronologically reflecting technological developments in media. The only difference here between a "chronological" and a "thematic" approach is what is emphasized the most: the role of the Internet in presidential politics. Note however that more authentic thematic reviews tend to break away from chronological order. A review organized in this manner would shift between time periods within each section according to the point made. Methodological A methodological approach focuses on the methods utilized by the researcher. For the Interbnet in American presidential politics project, one methodological approach would be to look at cultural differences between the portrayal of American presidents on American, British, and French websites. Or the review might focus on the fundraising impact of the Internet on a particular political party. A methodological scope will influence either the types of documents in the review or the way in which these documents are discussed.

Other Sections of Your Literature Review Once you've decided on the organizational method for your literature review, the sections you need to include in the paper should be easy to figure out because they arise from your organizational strategy. In other words, a chronological review would have subsections for each vital time period; a thematic review would have subtopics based upon factors that relate to the theme or issue. However, sometimes you may need to add additional sections that are necessary for your study, but do not fit in the organizational strategy of the body. What other sections you include in the body is up to you but include only what is necessary for the reader to locate your study within the larger scholarship framework.

Here are examples of other sections you may need to include depending on the type of review you write:

• Current Situation : information necessary to understand the topic or focus of the literature review.
• History : the chronological progression of the field, the literature, or an idea that is necessary to understand the literature review, if the body of the literature review is not already a chronology.
• Selection Methods : the criteria you used to select (and perhaps exclude) sources in your literature review. For instance, you might explain that your review includes only peer-reviewed articles and journals.
• Standards : the way in which you present your information.
• Questions for Further Research : What questions about the field has the review sparked? How will you further your research as a result of the review?

IV.  Writing Your Literature Review

Once you've settled on how to organize your literature review, you're ready to write each section. When writing your review, keep in mind these issues.

Use Evidence A literature review in this sense is just like any other academic research paper. Your interpretation of the available sources must be backed up with evidence to show that what you are saying is valid. Be Selective Select only the most important points in each source to highlight in the review. The type of information you choose to mention should relate directly to the research problem, whether it is thematic, methodological, or chronological. Use Quotes Sparingly Some short quotes are okay if you want to emphasize a point, or if what the author said just cannot be rewritten in your own words. Sometimes you may need to quote certain terms that were coined by the author, not common knowledge, or taken directly from the study. Do not use extensive quotes as a substitute your own summary and interpretation of the literature. Summarize and Synthesize Remember to summarize and synthesize your sources within each paragraph as well as throughout the review. Recapitulate important features of a research study, but then synthesize it by rephrasing the study's significance and relating it to their own work. Keep Your Own Voice While the literature review presents others' ideas, your voice (the writer's) should remain front and center. For example, weave references to other sources into what you are writing but maintain your own voice by starting and ending the paragraph with your own ideas and wording. Use Caution When Paraphrasing When paraphrasing a source that is not your own, be sure to represent the author's information or opinions accurately and in your own words. Even when paraphrasing an author’s work, you still must provide a citation to that work.

V.  Common Mistakes to Avoid

The most common mistakes made in reviewing social science research literature are that the researcher:

• does not clearly relate the findings of the literature review to the research problem;
• does not take sufficient time to define and identify the most relevent sources to use in the literature review related to the research problem;
• relies exclusively on secondary analytical sources rather than including primary research studies or data;
• uncritically accepts another researcher's findings and interpretations as valid, rather than examining critically all aspects of the research design and analysis;
• does not describe the search procedures that were used in the literature review;
• reports isolated statistical results rather than sythesizing them in chi-squared or meta-analytic methods; and,
• only includes research that validates assumptions and does not consider contrary findings and alternative interpretations found in the literature.

Writing Tip

Break Out of Your Disciplinary Box!

Thinking interdisciplinarily about a research problem can be a rewarding exercise in applying new ideas, theories, or concepts to an old problem. For example, what might cultural anthropologists say about the continuing conflict in the Middle East? In what ways might geographers view the need for better distribution of social service agencies in large cities than how social workers might study the issue? You don’t want to substitute a thorough review of core research literature in your discipline for studies conducted in other fields of study. However, particularly in the social sciences, thinking about research problems from multiple vectors is a key strategy for finding new solutions. Consult with a librarian about identifying research databases in other disciplines; almost every discipline has at least one comprehensive database devoted to indexing its research literature.

Another Writing Tip

Don't Just Review for Content!

While conducting a review of the literature, maximize the time you devote to this part of writing a research paper by thinking broadly about what you should be looking for and evaluating. Review not just what scholars are saying, but how are they saying it. How are they structuring their ideas? What methods have they used to study the problem? What sources have they cited to support of their conclusions? How have they used non-textual elements [e.g., charts, graphs, figures, etc.] to illustrate key points?

Yet Another Writing Tip

When Do I Know I Can Stop Looking and Move On?

Here are several strategies you can utilize to assess whether you've adequately reviewed the research literature:

• Look for repeating patterns in the research findings . If the same thing is being said, just by different people, then this likely demonstrates that the research problem has hit a dead end. At this point consider: Does your study extend current research?  Does it forge as new path? Or, does is merely add more of the same thing being said?
• Look at the sources authors cite to in their work . If you begin to see the same researchers cited again and again, then this is often an indication that no new ideas have been introduced to the research question.
• Search the World of Knowledge Citation database and Google Scholar to identify who has subsequently cited leading scholars already identified in your literature review. This is called citation tracking and there are a number of sources that can help you identify who has cited whom, particularly scholars from outside of your discipline.
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COMM 3020: Communication Research Methods

• Literature Reviews
• Identifying & Using Scholarly Articles
• Search Strategies
• Find Articles
• Find Statistics & Data

Library Help

What is a literature review.

While reviewing published literature on your topic, you may discover a "gap" in the research, such as little or no research focusing on a specific demographic or no research on a potential intervention for a problem. Finding a "gap" can help guide the direction of your research. It’s OK if you can’t find an article that exactly aligns with your proposal—that's actually a good thing, because it demonstrates a need for your own research and how you can contribute to the scholarly conversation surrounding your topic!

A good literature review in a research proposal will:

• Inform readers of the existing research surrounding your topic, including major concepts and trends they need to know to understand your work.
• Demonstrate why your own proposed research is needed.

Your literature review will primarily include scholarly articles published in peer-reviewed journals. Keep reading this guide to learn how to locate your articles, find tips for reading articles effectively, and find tools for formatting your citations. Literature review requirements can vary significantly, so be sure to review the guidelines for your assignment for length requirements and number of sources you need to include.

Examples of Literature Reviews

Literature reviews are often included in the intro of research articles, but they are also published as full-length, stand-alone articles. Systematic reviews are another type of full-length article that compile published literature on a topic and compare and analyze the results from the included studies. Looking at published literature reviews or systematic reviews can help you learn how to organize this type of work, and they can also be a gold mine of potential articles you could include in your own paper!

The following are examples of published literature reviews in communication. You can look for more in our databases by adding AND "literature review" or AND "systematic review" after your search terms. For example: family AND communication AND "literature review"

• Social Media Use and Offline Interpersonal Outcomes during Youth: A Systematic Literature Review
• Risk, Crisis, and Social Media: A Systematic Review of Seven Years' Research
• Understanding Conspiracy Theories

Organization Tips

Because literature reviews can require many sources, you might get a little overwhelmed by all the research you find. As you research, it's important to keep track of the citation information (authors, titles, journal titles, etc.) so that you can easily build your reference list later and to save copies of sources as you go—finding some sources a second time can be tricky.

Here are some ways to keep your sources organized:

• Keep good notes for each source, along with the source's citation information.
• Use folders to sort sources by sub-topic.
• Use online resources like the Citation Management tools on the Citations page of this guide.

Reading & Writing Tips

• Scan the Abstracts, Introductions, Discussions, and Conclusions. Highlight and make note of important findings, main ideas and arguments, and references to previous studies and theories.
• Keep track of research methods used in the Methods section—these may come in useful when designing your own research study!
• See the Identifying & Using Scholarly Articles page in this guide for more information on this step.
• Create an outline that organizes your sources into an order (topical, chronological, etc.) for you to follow in your review.
• Write a short introduction to your summary that lets your reader know what to expect.
• Write paragraphs that summarize the findings found in the literature. Each paragraph should address one major idea. Similar sources can be summarized together in statements like, "Most researchers agree that..." or "Current trends in the literature are..."
• Use transitions to show how different sources interact with each other. For example, you might write, "While earlier researchers thought X, new discoveries have led researchers to think Y." Or "Researcher applied W in new circumstances and found Z."
• Use direct quotations sparingly in your review—you should be summarizing and paraphrasing as much as possible. Remember to cite your sources using in-text citations when you refer to an idea from a specific source, whether you're paraphrasing or using a direct quotation. See the Citations page in this guide for help with this step.
• Write a short conclusion that sums up the major points from the literature. If you've noticed there are subjects that the literature hasn't tackled yet, you can point out that further research is needed.
• Only include sources in your references that you quoted, paraphrased, or mentioned in your paper. 

More Resources

• UVU Writing Center's Literature Review Guide
• Write a Literature Review
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Communication Studies

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What is a literature review?

What are Literature Reviews?

Literature reviews examine scholarly literature surrounding a subject-area, topic, or historical event. Literature reviews typically synthesize popular academic arguments, spanning multiple viewpoints. They often explore common trends, themes, and arguments, examining how perceptions of an event have changed over time. However, literature reviews are more than historiographies. Literature reviews should evaluate sources, determining common argumentative flaws. They should also identify knowledge-gaps in the field. You should not make a new argument in your literature review. However, you should evaluate the legitimacy of current sources and arguments. 

An example literature review, from the University of West Florida, is attached below:

How Should I Write My Literature Review? 

• Literature reviews on your subject likely already exist. Before writing your literature review, you should examine pre-existing ones. This process will quickly familiarize you with prominent themes, arguments, and sources in your field.
• Once you are familiar with influential arguments and sources, you should begin organizing your literature review. Literature reviews are organized by ideas, not sources. You should align your sources to popular arguments, evaluating the similarities and differences between these arguments. Ideally, you should examine how the scholarly conversation has changed over time. What aspects of the conversation have become more important? What arguments have fallen out of favor? Why has this happened? 
• The introduction should briefly introduce common themes, and foreshadow your organizational strategy.
• The "body" of your literature review should analyze sources and arguments.
• Finally, the conclusion should identify gaps in the scholarly conversation, and summarize your findings. Where is further research needed?
• Like a research paper, your literature review should include a bibliography. 

For more information on literature reviews, including more tips on writing them, visit the link below:

Literature Review: Conducting & Writing  by the  University of West Florida Library

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EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATION IN THE SOCIETY 5.0 ERA : A LITERATURE REVIEW

2022, ijetrm journal

The demands of industrial competition that will soon shift to the era of society 5.0 make digital business transformation unavoidable. Therefore, communication has a strategic role in the business world. To support the effectiveness of business activities, effective business communication is needed. This study aims to determine the concept of business communication, the implementation of effective business communication, and the effect of business communication on sales and service quality. The research method used is a literature review, with data sourced from secondary data through library analysis in journals, articles, books, and others. The results of this study indicate that an effective form of public communication implementation is carried out by taking into account the 7C principles (Concrete, Coherent, Clarity, Commitment, Consistent, Completeness, Courteous). The effect is that the increase in income earned is getting bigger, so the company can increase sales and quality of service products.

Related Papers

ijetrm journal

Ijetrm Journal

This study uses qualitative research methods with data collection techniques using observation and literature study. The data analysis technique used is descriptive qualitative analysis, which consists of three flow of activities, namely data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. Judging from the results of the study, the implementation of 4DX in banks and non-bank companies (PT. PLN and Bank Mandiri Syariah) has been going well and obtained satisfactory results. The disciplines applied in the 4 Executive Disciplines (4DX) method are very valuable and integrated. All disciplines must be applied correctly and appropriately, so that only one discipline can produce less effective results for the company. 4 Enforcement of Compliance Discipline Act (4DX) requires employee participation and commitment. Commitment formed within the organization will increase the strength and ability of the organization to achieve its next goals

This study intended to establish the best fit structural model of saving behavior for the teaching and non-teaching staff of State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) in Region XI. The exogenous variables are entrepreneurial intention, financial literacy, and buying behavior, while the endogenous variable is saving behavior. 400 SUC employees recruited through a stratified random sampling method responded to the survey. Data were analyzed using the Mean, Pearson r, Multiple Regression, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results showed the respondents' high entrepreneurial intention, financial literacy, buying behavior, and saving behavior. There was also a significant relationship between the exogenous and endogenous variables. The influence of the exogenous variables on saving behavior was at 47.4 percent. Only Model 5 met all goodness-of-fit indices among the five generated models. Further analysis of the model revealed that not all manifest variables of the exogenous variables included at the beginning of the study are predictors of saving behavior, thus removed. For example, the manifest variables of entrepreneurial intention that can predict saving behavior are government, technological, and information-related factors. The predictor manifest variables for saving behavior in financial literacy are debt management and bookkeeping. As for buying behavior, the predictor manifest variable for saving behavior is socio-cultural influence. Of the three exogenous variables, entrepreneurial intention, directly and indirectly, affects saving behavior. The results have implications for the government's business policies, the media, and the educational curriculum.

The worldwide economic sector and commercial movements were affected because of many businesses being obliged to change their approach and marketing plans due to the outbreak of the Corona virus. As a result, they shifted to electronic marketing, focusing on developing their products, presenting them to consumers, and selling them via Internet, which is the most common method. This had a significant impact on the brand's value, providing an opportunity for it to attract customers electronically while remaining valuable and steadfast in the face of the Corona pandemic by gaining a competitive advantage through electronic promotion in an attractive way and this is what we saw with the new collection of "Fox Brand Collection" in Jordan . The customers' behavior altered because of the crisis, because of remote buying, in order to avoid human gatherings and avoid infection. This resulted in the activation of products movement activities in delivery firms, as well as a rise in big corporations' interest in strengthening their brand strength index, which is a good sign of financial performance. In the wake of the Corona epidemic, several businesses have stepped up their rivalry to retain the high level of performance that existed before the global health disaster. Some firms have built and promoted a new brand on the internet that has been successful in drawing customers, hence the firm's success is tied to its brand's success. As a result, the competition between brands has risen in order to impose a strong position on them and maximize financial profit. All of these factors made the successful brand the focus of attention and stalking by companies with a weak brand relying on its success or exploiting its fame

Taiwan has unique potential to develop its sports industry because of its special natural environment, beautiful landscape and abundant human resources. In recent years, under the dual factors of increasing demand for sports and leisure and the incentive of economic interests, the development of sports industry has become an important part of the overall development of Taiwan's region, and the production, official and academic circles have been thinking about how to create the first opportunity to cultivate and develop related potential industries. Therefore, how to integrate and develop innovative resources and turn them into kinetic energy for the development of sports industry has become an important issue and key development strategy for sports operators. This study presents the third-order business model of Competitive Advantage Level, Strategy Concept Model and Operation Financial Model from the perspective of industrial development and enterprise management, and compares the current mode of operation of Taiwan's sports industry. The competitive advantage dimension is considered to be the most important core concept in the strategic field of the enterprise, and it is also the sum of the performance of the enterprise in the competitive market, the strategic concept model describes the idea of a new business to help explain the opportunity strategy, and the operational finance model provides the quantity of new business to enable the business model to be followed and measured. Through the combination of conceptual model and financial model, it is sufficient to bring into play the overall synergy effect of the competitive advantage of Taiwan's sports industry. This study uses the literature analysis method to collect relevant data and the results of the scholars' research as the basis for the inference of this study, and through the analysis of the 3-tier business model, the collected information literature is collated, summarized, analyzed and explained the relevant topics of this study. At the same time, this paper constructs a case evaluation study of the three-tier business model by taking KMC, a supplier of components of Taiwan's traditional bicycle industry, as a validation example. The purpose is to explore the feasibility and future development trend and value of the new thinking strategy of Taiwan's sports industry. In view of the concept of sports industry at home and abroad, this paper puts forward strategic suggestions on the economic benefits brought about by sports-related industries and the future development of sports industry, with a view to promoting the development of the whole sports industry, and thus enhancing the great benefits of the future sports industry reform and development.

Visual merchandising is the presentation of a store and its merchandise in such a manner that will attract the attention of potential customers and it plays an important role in the retail business. As the number of users making online purchases is getting increase, visual merchandisers have to concentrate more on creating an exciting store design to make people come and visit the store. In this case study trying to know about the consumer expectations and needs along with their impulse buying behavior. Consumers' impulse buying process may vary from person to person depending on their demographical, cultural and social influences. So, in this case study focus on the consumer of American Eagle brand according to demographical and cultural influences. The impact of visual merchandising on American Eagle brand is a multi-stage process. The first stage of the process includes noticing the apparel and here the key role is played by sight. The second stage is the creation of the definite consumer's attitude towards the specific apparel. The third stage is the desire to buy the apparel. The last stage of the process is the purchase of the apparel which finally meets the consumer needs. These are the external motivator in the consumer's impulse buying behavior. It plays an important role in the retail business.

It is common knowledge that the concept of business continuity management in emergencies which means "Building the capacity of institutions and organizations to continue to deliver their essential services and functions - at a minimum - during and after emergencies, crises or disasters" has become an essential component of the emergency, crisis and disaster management system, which requires concerted efforts and harnessing all capabilities that enable governmental and private institutions to be able to manage business continuity during and after confronting emergency situations until the situation returns to normal, as their resumption of essential work for society leads to a clear imbalance in the security, economic, social and political system. The research aimed to identify how to plan for business continuity management in emergencies, for which the methodology of Business Impact Analysis (BIA) was, what is the recovery time objective (RTO), what is the maximum tolerable downtime (MTD), and to provide procedures to deal with incidents at some stages Before, during and after the accident. The research reached a number of recommendations: The application of the business impact analysis methodology enables the Organization to determine what is to be protected in accordance with the expected loss in the event of disruption of basic activity and the need to develop and establish a standard for managing business continuity in emergencies, crises and disasters at the State level, and to require all State institutions to apply it to reduce the consequences of business disruption in emergencies, crises and disasters.

In 2019,Corona Virus appeared the first time in China, and after many months it appeared in the whole world. The Corona Virus has set barriers to all kinds of social life, because of precautionary measures followed by countries and governments worldwide where the virus emerged. As a result, this created a widespread of studies about the virus on social media platforms. Moreover, because of Corona Virus, e-commerce became commonplace. It became a well-known habit in many countries affected by the virus and that's all because of limited circumstances due to COVID 19 pandemic. In addition, the fear appeal of Corona Virus had an impact on humans into tending to buy online where purchasing the sanitary products became a priority and ranked first place and affected customers' shopping trends in Turkey during the pandemic. Thus, the aim of this article is to shed light on the role of Corona Virus on consumer behavior towards e-commerce.

Avoiding the brand and its expected effects on brand hatred, Research has shown that the level of brand avoidance varies according to the demographic variables of consumers in terms of income level, educational attainment, occupation, gender and age. This research seeks to examine whether brand avoidance has an effect on brand hatred. Relying on the literature of brand avoidance and brand hate theories, a survey was conducted on several segments of consumers across the Republic of Turkey. Where consumer responses were divided based on demographic variables. The results of the questionnaire indicate that the middle-income consumer and university educational attainment (bachelor's degree) according to gender and age group are significantly affected in expressing their negative feelings towards the brand, while the group that is considered to have high income and a prestigious job position according to different ages, gender and educational attainment tends to the same feeling, but over longer periods of time than other groups of consumers. The responses showed that consumers in general move from the state of avoiding the brand to hating it gradually in light of the brands continuing to work with their policies that oppose the desires of consumers and not listening to their demands on different levels of income, age, gender, education and occupation of consumers.

Facing increasing competition in the banking industry, building customer loyalty is not easy because it requires a long time and must be done consistently through a long and continuous process. This research aims to build a new concept and empirical research model to address the gap in research on the effect of economic content, resource content and social content on satisfaction and loyalty to commercial debtors. The population is scattered in all Panin Bank branches in East Java, the sample is calculated proportionally as many as 220 respondents. The incoming data is processed and analyzed using SEM. The results of the study a) economic content, resource content and social content have a significant positive effect on customer satisfaction of commercial debtors, b) economic content variables, resource content and social content have a significant positive effect on commercial debtor customer loyalty, c) satisfaction variables have a significant positive effect on loyalty commercial debtor customers.

To depict the combination of graphic design and visual identity branding together with the design. Design plays a significant role in the impression of the product to the consumers. It is very important for a product to be showcased in an ideal design to visually pull the consumers towards the product that they make. In this study, we are going to identify consumer behavior based on the design, packaging of the product, price, and quality. Websites, social media, and all the advertisements. Nowadays online marketing is overcoming the traditional market. Consumers started preferring to order more online which they can do from any place and time. The online website is more interactive and easier for the consumers to buy the products they need. Through digital marketing, it is easier to reach the target customers than traditional marketing. Digital marketing is also cost-efficient when compared to traditional marketing. Online marketing gives the customers to choose between the brands and they can also see the reviews for the products which helps them to choose the products. We are concentrating on the start-up brand that uses social media, particularly Instagram which helps to promote the business online. This research will be based on how visuals help brands to promote their brand and how the customers react to the promotions, videos, and posts about the brands they follow. People's choices differ in the professional background, age group, and requirements taken into consideration. Therefore, design and visual presentations are also important and the most vital parts of the consumption of any product.

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Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, business models for communication departments: a comprehensive approach to analyzing, explaining and innovating communication management in organizations.

Journal of Communication Management

ISSN : 1363-254X

Article publication date: 7 November 2023

The question of whether and how communication departments contribute to organizational value creation has rarely been addressed in research. Such evidence is crucial, however, as communications compete internally with other functions (e.g. marketing and human resources (HR)) for budgets and staff. This article fills the gap by applying the business model concept, an established approach from management theory and practice, to communication units.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on an interdisciplinary literature review, the authors propose the Communication Business Model (CBM) as a new management approach for communications. To this end, pertinent definitions, frameworks and typologies of business models are analyzed and combined with insights from corporate communications literature.

The CBM outlines the generic architecture of business models for communication departments. Such models describe the basic principles of how such a unit operates, what services and products it provides, how it creates value for an organization and what revenues and resources are allocated.

Research limitations/implications

The approach stimulates the debate on communication units as objects of observation when researching communication management practices. Further research with appropriate empirical methods is needed to identify and study different types of business models for communications.

Practical implications

The CBM can be used as a management tool to analyze, explain and innovate communication management in organizations. It is a fertile approach for communication practitioners to make the work of their department visible and to position themselves internally and externally.

Originality/value

Transferring a well-known concept from general management to communication management enriches the value creation debate in theory and practice. It allows communication leaders to align their work with organizational goals and make it accessible to top management and other decision-makers in the organization. It also opens up new avenues for research and education.

• Business model
• Communication departments
• Communication management
• Management tool
• Value creation

Acknowledgements

The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article. The authors thank Christoph Lautenbach (Frankfurt am Main, Germany) and his team members for their support and inspiration. Their experience as management consultants specializing in the assessment and redesign of communications departments contributed significantly to this research and the academic–professional collaboration that made it possible.

Zerfass, A. and Link, J. (2023), "Business models for communication departments: a comprehensive approach to analyzing, explaining and innovating communication management in organizations", Journal of Communication Management , Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCOM-02-2023-0027

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Literature Review on Business Communication

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