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Editing and Proofreading

What this handout is about.

This handout provides some tips and strategies for revising your writing. To give you a chance to practice proofreading, we have left seven errors (three spelling errors, two punctuation errors, and two grammatical errors) in the text of this handout. See if you can spot them!

Is editing the same thing as proofreading?

Not exactly. Although many people use the terms interchangeably, editing and proofreading are two different stages of the revision process. Both demand close and careful reading, but they focus on different aspects of the writing and employ different techniques.

Some tips that apply to both editing and proofreading

• Get some distance from the text! It’s hard to edit or proofread a paper that you’ve just finished writing—it’s still to familiar, and you tend to skip over a lot of errors. Put the paper aside for a few hours, days, or weeks. Go for a run. Take a trip to the beach. Clear your head of what you’ve written so you can take a fresh look at the paper and see what is really on the page. Better yet, give the paper to a friend—you can’t get much more distance than that. Someone who is reading the paper for the first time, comes to it with completely fresh eyes.
• Decide which medium lets you proofread most carefully. Some people like to work right at the computer, while others like to sit back with a printed copy that they can mark up as they read.
• Try changing the look of your document. Altering the size, spacing, color, or style of the text may trick your brain into thinking it’s seeing an unfamiliar document, and that can help you get a different perspective on what you’ve written.
• Find a quiet place to work. Don’t try to do your proofreading in front of the TV or while you’re chugging away on the treadmill. Find a place where you can concentrate and avoid distractions.
• If possible, do your editing and proofreading in several short blocks of time. Your concentration may start to wane if you try to proofread the entire text at one time.
• If you’re short on time, you may wish to prioritize. Make sure that you complete the most important editing and proofreading tasks.

Editing is what you begin doing as soon as you finish your first draft. You reread your draft to see, for example, whether the paper is well-organized, the transitions between paragraphs are smooth, and your evidence really backs up your argument. You can edit on several levels:

Have you done everything the assignment requires? Are the claims you make accurate? If it is required to do so, does your paper make an argument? Is the argument complete? Are all of your claims consistent? Have you supported each point with adequate evidence? Is all of the information in your paper relevant to the assignment and/or your overall writing goal? (For additional tips, see our handouts on understanding assignments and developing an argument .)

Overall structure

Does your paper have an appropriate introduction and conclusion? Is your thesis clearly stated in your introduction? Is it clear how each paragraph in the body of your paper is related to your thesis? Are the paragraphs arranged in a logical sequence? Have you made clear transitions between paragraphs? One way to check the structure of your paper is to make a reverse outline of the paper after you have written the first draft. (See our handouts on introductions , conclusions , thesis statements , and transitions .)

Structure within paragraphs

Does each paragraph have a clear topic sentence? Does each paragraph stick to one main idea? Are there any extraneous or missing sentences in any of your paragraphs? (See our handout on paragraph development .)

Have you defined any important terms that might be unclear to your reader? Is the meaning of each sentence clear? (One way to answer this question is to read your paper one sentence at a time, starting at the end and working backwards so that you will not unconsciously fill in content from previous sentences.) Is it clear what each pronoun (he, she, it, they, which, who, this, etc.) refers to? Have you chosen the proper words to express your ideas? Avoid using words you find in the thesaurus that aren’t part of your normal vocabulary; you may misuse them.

Have you used an appropriate tone (formal, informal, persuasive, etc.)? Is your use of gendered language (masculine and feminine pronouns like “he” or “she,” words like “fireman” that contain “man,” and words that some people incorrectly assume apply to only one gender—for example, some people assume “nurse” must refer to a woman) appropriate? Have you varied the length and structure of your sentences? Do you tends to use the passive voice too often? Does your writing contain a lot of unnecessary phrases like “there is,” “there are,” “due to the fact that,” etc.? Do you repeat a strong word (for example, a vivid main verb) unnecessarily? (For tips, see our handouts on style and gender-inclusive language .)

Have you appropriately cited quotes, paraphrases, and ideas you got from sources? Are your citations in the correct format? (See the UNC Libraries citation tutorial for more information.)

As you edit at all of these levels, you will usually make significant revisions to the content and wording of your paper. Keep an eye out for patterns of error; knowing what kinds of problems you tend to have will be helpful, especially if you are editing a large document like a thesis or dissertation. Once you have identified a pattern, you can develop techniques for spotting and correcting future instances of that pattern. For example, if you notice that you often discuss several distinct topics in each paragraph, you can go through your paper and underline the key words in each paragraph, then break the paragraphs up so that each one focuses on just one main idea.

Proofreading

Proofreading is the final stage of the editing process, focusing on surface errors such as misspellings and mistakes in grammar and punctuation. You should proofread only after you have finished all of your other editing revisions.

Why proofread? It’s the content that really matters, right?

Content is important. But like it or not, the way a paper looks affects the way others judge it. When you’ve worked hard to develop and present your ideas, you don’t want careless errors distracting your reader from what you have to say. It’s worth paying attention to the details that help you to make a good impression.

Most people devote only a few minutes to proofreading, hoping to catch any glaring errors that jump out from the page. But a quick and cursory reading, especially after you’ve been working long and hard on a paper, usually misses a lot. It’s better to work with a definite plan that helps you to search systematically for specific kinds of errors.

Sure, this takes a little extra time, but it pays off in the end. If you know that you have an effective way to catch errors when the paper is almost finished, you can worry less about editing while you are writing your first drafts. This makes the entire writing proccess more efficient.

Try to keep the editing and proofreading processes separate. When you are editing an early draft, you don’t want to be bothered with thinking about punctuation, grammar, and spelling. If your worrying about the spelling of a word or the placement of a comma, you’re not focusing on the more important task of developing and connecting ideas.

The proofreading process

You probably already use some of the strategies discussed below. Experiment with different tactics until you find a system that works well for you. The important thing is to make the process systematic and focused so that you catch as many errors as possible in the least amount of time.

• Don’t rely entirely on spelling checkers. These can be useful tools but they are far from foolproof. Spell checkers have a limited dictionary, so some words that show up as misspelled may really just not be in their memory. In addition, spell checkers will not catch misspellings that form another valid word. For example, if you type “your” instead of “you’re,” “to” instead of “too,” or “there” instead of “their,” the spell checker won’t catch the error.
• Grammar checkers can be even more problematic. These programs work with a limited number of rules, so they can’t identify every error and often make mistakes. They also fail to give thorough explanations to help you understand why a sentence should be revised. You may want to use a grammar checker to help you identify potential run-on sentences or too-frequent use of the passive voice, but you need to be able to evaluate the feedback it provides.
• Proofread for only one kind of error at a time. If you try to identify and revise too many things at once, you risk losing focus, and your proofreading will be less effective. It’s easier to catch grammar errors if you aren’t checking punctuation and spelling at the same time. In addition, some of the techniques that work well for spotting one kind of mistake won’t catch others.
• Read slow, and read every word. Try reading out loud , which forces you to say each word and also lets you hear how the words sound together. When you read silently or too quickly, you may skip over errors or make unconscious corrections.
• Separate the text into individual sentences. This is another technique to help you to read every sentence carefully. Simply press the return key after every period so that every line begins a new sentence. Then read each sentence separately, looking for grammar, punctuation, or spelling errors. If you’re working with a printed copy, try using an opaque object like a ruler or a piece of paper to isolate the line you’re working on.
• Circle every punctuation mark. This forces you to look at each one. As you circle, ask yourself if the punctuation is correct.
• Read the paper backwards. This technique is helpful for checking spelling. Start with the last word on the last page and work your way back to the beginning, reading each word separately. Because content, punctuation, and grammar won’t make any sense, your focus will be entirely on the spelling of each word. You can also read backwards sentence by sentence to check grammar; this will help you avoid becoming distracted by content issues.
• Proofreading is a learning process. You’re not just looking for errors that you recognize; you’re also learning to recognize and correct new errors. This is where handbooks and dictionaries come in. Keep the ones you find helpful close at hand as you proofread.
• Ignorance may be bliss, but it won’t make you a better proofreader. You’ll often find things that don’t seem quite right to you, but you may not be quite sure what’s wrong either. A word looks like it might be misspelled, but the spell checker didn’t catch it. You think you need a comma between two words, but you’re not sure why. Should you use “that” instead of “which”? If you’re not sure about something, look it up.
• The proofreading process becomes more efficient as you develop and practice a systematic strategy. You’ll learn to identify the specific areas of your own writing that need careful attention, and knowing that you have a sound method for finding errors will help you to focus more on developing your ideas while you are drafting the paper.

Think you’ve got it?

Then give it a try, if you haven’t already! This handout contains seven errors our proofreader should have caught: three spelling errors, two punctuation errors, and two grammatical errors. Try to find them, and then check a version of this page with the errors marked in red to see if you’re a proofreading star.

Works consulted

We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.

Especially for non-native speakers of English:

Ascher, Allen. 2006. Think About Editing: An ESL Guide for the Harbrace Handbooks . Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Lane, Janet, and Ellen Lange. 2012. Writing Clearly: Grammar for Editing , 3rd ed. Boston: Heinle.

For everyone:

Einsohn, Amy. 2011. The Copyeditor’s Handbook: A Guide for Book Publishing and Corporate Communications , 3rd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Lanham, Richard A. 2006. Revising Prose , 5th ed. New York: Pearson Longman.

Tarshis, Barry. 1998. How to Be Your Own Best Editor: The Toolkit for Everyone Who Writes . New York: Three Rivers Press.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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11 Best Editing and Proofreading Services in 2024

#scribendiinc

Written by  Scribendi

As a writer, it's not always easy to find typos or spelling errors in your own work. 

However, online editing services make error-free writing easy so you can focus on writing, not editing.

Below, we've listed the top 11 best editing and proofreading services for 2024 while considering years of experience, turnaround times, pricing, and quality. 

What Is the Difference Between Editing and Proofreading? 

Many people will hire a proofreader when they are really looking for an editor, and vice versa. However, editing and proofreading have different functions, and you will need one or the other depending on the requirements of your document. 

With editing services , your editor will: 

• Focus on improving the flow of language
• Check the overall readability
• Verify the accuracy of language
• Ensure the content follows a logical order
• Make sure your transitions are clear
• Verify that every paragraph is relevant to the overall argument
• Determine whether the tone fits the audience
• Ensure gendered language is used properly

With proofreading services , your proofreader will: 

• Check for grammatical errors
• Point out mechanical mistakes, such as misspelled words
• Correct missing or incorrect punctuation
• Verify correct and consistent capitalization 
• Fix sentence structure errors, such as run-on sentences or fragments

If you want in-depth feedback and revisions to improve your writing, editing is what you need.

If you need a final check to ensure your document is error free, proofreading is what you need.

What to Look for When Hiring an Editing or Proofreading Service

When hiring an editing or proofreading service, there are a few things to keep in mind!

Editor Qualifications

Experience and education play a large role in selecting the right editor or proofreader. You want to work with someone who is qualified, who has expertise doing the type of editing you're looking for, and who has had satisfied customers in the past. 

Check each service's ratings on review sites to ensure their customer satisfaction levels match what the service promises.

An editing or proofreading sample can give you an excellent idea of what to expect from your editor. Samples may be free or paid and allow you to evaluate the quality of an editing or proofreading service.

Communication

Good communication is also crucial. Will you be able to ask your editor questions during or after the process? 

The goal of any editor is to help you develop your best work, so clear communication throughout the process is key.

You might be wondering what is a fair price to pay for proofreading. Professional proofreading rates vary, and so does quality. To get the best-value proofreading, you will need to find a reputable proofreading company.

Read More: How Much Does Proofreading Cost?

11 Best Editing and Proofreading Services for 2024

1. scribendi.

Since 1997, Scribendi has been providing high-quality editing and proofreading services to students, academics, and authors from around the world. 

An ISO-certified industry leader in editing and proofreading services, Scribendi has a global team of hand-picked editors, many of whom hold master's degrees and PhDs. The onboarding process for new editors at Scribendi is intentionally rigorous so that only the highest-quality editors are selected—around 5% of all applicants. 

With Scribendi, you can expect affordable services and turnarounds in as little as 2 hours. The type of content Scribendi edits ranges from websites and blogs to essays and personal documents, with many other document types in between. Scribendi offers extensive feedback to its clients to help them develop their best work.

On the Scribendi website, you can also find case studies and reviews , along with a breakdown of how Scribendi customizes each service to specific clients. 

Fastest turnaround time for 1,000 words: 2 hours

Number of years in business: 25+

Free sample: Yes, 1,000-word free sample for editing or proofreading

ISO certified: Yes

Account deposit feature: Yes

Competitive Advantages

When it comes to fast turnaround times, affordable services, and professional, high-quality revisions, Scribendi has a competitive advantage over many other editing services.

With 25+ years' experience, their 480+ editors are available to proofread academic essays, novels, business materials, personal documents, or student essays 24/7, 365 days a year. 

Polish Your Writing with Our Book Proofreading Service

2. proof-reading-service.com.

Proof-Reading-Service.com offers high-quality English editing and proofreading services exclusively for professionals in science and academia. 

An England-based company, the proofreaders at Proof-Reading-Service.com are native English speakers with experience in various academic disciplines. Each proofreader on their team is personally selected and holds at least a master's degree, so their academic clients are fully supported.

The types of editing they help with range from journal and scientific editing to PhD thesis and manuscript editing. Since their specialty is in science and academia, this service would be most helpful to professors, lecturers, post-doctoral researchers, and research students.

Proof-Reading-Service.com offers a flat rate per 1,000 words. This rate does not change based on the type of content, so you always know how much proofreading will cost you.  

Fastest turnaround time for 1,000 words: No instant quote

Number of years in business: 16

Free sample: No

ISO certified: No

An affordable option for academics and scientists, Proof-Reading-Services.com offers highly educated editors with expertise in many fields. 

Fiverr is a marketplace for digital services that allows buyers and sellers to work with each other through Fiverr's transactional platform. 

Through Fiverr, many freelance proofreaders offer their services at different rates and turnaround times. Within the platform, editing services can be filtered by budget, delivery time, and content type.

You can also sift through the profiles of freelance editors, read their reviews, and learn about their history with editing and with Fiverr itself. Each editor offers different rates depending on their experience and turnaround time.

Fastest turnaround time for 1,000 words: N/A

Number of years in business: 12

Account deposit feature: Yes (for Fiverr Business users)

With Fiverr, you have the flexibility to choose a specific editor, and many niche options are available. The process is simple and easy, and each transaction is made through the Fiverr platform.

4. True Editors

True Editors offers professional editing services for academics, business owners, authors, and job applicants.

Their editing team is composed of engineers, research scholars, postgraduates, physicians, and even journal peer reviewers. Each editor on the True Editors team receives specialized training in academic editing and must take a language proficiency exam to qualify for their editing team.

To use True Editors' services, you can upload a file or enter your word count and choose your turnaround time. Their pricing varies by word count, and their website provides editing samples so you can get a feel for their editing style. If you're ever unhappy with their work, they also offer a free revision of your document.   

Fastest turnaround time for 1,000 words: 4 hours

Number of years in business: 10+

Free sample: 300 words or less for editing

True Editors has editors with specific subject-matter expertise.

5. ProofreadingPal

Operating out of Iowa City, IA, ProofreadingPal is an editing service that utilizes a two-proofreader model. This means that two proofreaders work on every piece of content ordered through their service.

ProofreadingPal offers editing services for students, professionals, and authors, including academic editing for writing styles such as APA, Chicago, MLA, or CSE. Their services are available 24/7, 365 days per year, with turnaround times ranging from 30 minutes to 7 days.

What also makes this service unique is that they accept orders both online and by phone, and their customer service team is available every day from 8 a.m. to 10 p.m. CT. They offer free sample edits of up to 400 words, and they don't have a minimum word requirement if you'd like to submit a small document for review.  

Fastest turnaround time for 1,000 words: 1.5 hours

Free sample: 400 words or less for editing

With ProofreadingPal, you get two proofreaders reviewing every submission instead of one and quick turnaround times. 

6. PaperTrue

PaperTrue started in 2014 as an editing service but has since expanded its services to include essay writing, formatting, and plagiarism checking for students, as well as cover design, typesetting, and online distribution for authors.

Operating with the belief that language shouldn't be a barrier to success, PaperTrue helps a global audience of businesses, authors, and researchers edit their writing so they're able to reach their full potential. To date, they've served over 52,000 clients and have 4.5+ stars on review sites, including Google Reviews and Sitejabber. 

PaperTrue also offers a three-step quality checking process and hand-picked, qualified editors for each document reviewed. With locations in the US, Singapore, the UK, and India, they offer round-the-clock editing services with a turnaround time of 12 hours for documents up to 6,000 words. 

Fastest turnaround time for 1,000 words: 12 hours

Number of years in business: 8

With PaperTrue, you get not only editing and proofreading services but publication services as well, including typesetting, cover design, and online distribution.

Proofed is an editing and formatting service that helps students, businesses, authors, academics, researchers, and other professionals communicate effectively. Its mission is to provide the highest quality proofreading and editing services in the world.

With a diverse group of editors, the team at Proofed offers extensive knowledge on nearly every subject. All editors have undergone Proofreading Academy training, a course developed by Proofed, to ensure the highest standard of editing possible. 

Proofed offers speedy delivery (up to 10,000 edited words within 24 hours), with express and rapid turnaround times that range from 2 to 12 hours for select word counts. Their system supports over 15 different document formats, which makes the submission process easy, and their team offers 24-hour support.

Fastest turnaround time for 1,000 words: 2 hours  

Free sample: 500 words for proofreading only

ISO certified: Yes 

Account deposit feature: No

Proofed offers proofreading expertise in many fields, as well as formatting services.

Enago provides 24/7 editing services for the global research community. More than just a team of editors, Enago works with researchers in over 125 countries to help them publish their work in international journals. 

With end-to-end publication support services, such as pre-submission peer review, journal selection, and post-submission review, Enago also offers competitive quality assurance with unlimited edits and a money-back guarantee for manuscripts that are rejected due to language issues.  

Enago's editors all hold a PhD or master's degree, and they have an average of 19.4 years of academic editing experience. Each manuscript is assigned to an editor with similar subject area expertise, assuring high-level accuracy. 

Like ProofreadingPal, Enago also operates on a two-editor model, where all manuscripts are reviewed by no fewer than two native English-speaking editors. 

Fastest turnaround time for 1,000 words: 24 hours

Number of years in business: 17

Enago offers highly educated editors in the fields of science, academia, and business, along with help and support during the academic publication process. 

American Journal Experts (AJE) offers in-depth scientific and academic editing services, in addition to translation and manuscript formatting services, to help researchers publish their best work. Its mission is to improve the exchange of discoveries in the international research community by identifying opportunities to improve the research, publishing, and discovery cycle.  

In addition to providing quality editing services, their team of PhDs supports researchers when they have questions regarding manuscript submission and publishing. AJE also matches each manuscript with an editor who is a subject-matter expert. 

Prices and turnaround times, as well as more in-depth information regarding the details of each type of editing offered (standard, advanced, or premium), can be found on the AJE website. 

Fastest turnaround time for 1,000 words: 48 hours  

Number of years in business: 18

Free sample: Editing of up to 500 words for an abstract

AJE's editors have subject-matter expertise, and the service also offers translation and formatting services. 

10. Editage

Editage partners with researchers to offer advanced and premium editing as well as publication support and translation services. Their goal is to assure the publication success of hopeful researchers, scholars, and students. 

Each document submitted to Editage is assigned to an editor who best matches the content subject matter. Editage even offers the option to select your expert, price, deadline, and style, so researchers have full control of the service they receive. Researchers can also collaborate with their editing expert to ensure the paper follows their vision. 

Editage also has local language support, turnaround times of as little as eight hours, and a two-step revision process for quality. Their team of over 2,000 native English editors has publication expertise and covers over 1,000 subjects.  

Fastest turnaround time for 1,000 words: 8 hours

Number of years in business: 20

At Editage, two editors review every submission. They also offer client-to-editor Q&A interaction and translation services.

LetPub offers editorial services for researchers in the scholarly publishing community. In addition to editing, LetPub offers scientific illustration services, plain language summaries, and graphic and video abstracts. 

The LetPub team is composed of experts and senior editors who come from a wide range of disciplines, each one a native English speaker with experience editing both scientific and technical documents. The types of editing included in LetPub's services range from grant and language editing to response letter and scientific editing. 

Because many of LetPub's editors and staff have research backgrounds, they're familiar with the level of effort it takes to write a paper for publication, and they will reedit a paper at no cost if it is rejected for language reasons.

Fastest turnaround time for 1,000 words: 48 hours

ISO certified: Yes (for translation services)

Competitive Advantages 

LetPub offers expertise in science for scientists and academics, as well as translation and formatting services. 

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As long as you understand the important factors that go into choosing a great editing service, like experience, customer satisfaction, and quality, you'll be well equipped to choose the right one for you.

About the Author

Scribendi's in-house editors work with writers from all over the globe to perfect their writing. They know that no piece of writing is complete without a professional edit, and they love to see a good piece of writing turn into a great one after the editing process. Scribendi's in-house editors are unrivaled in both experience and education, having collectively edited millions of words and obtained nearly 20 degrees collectively. They love consuming caffeinated beverages, reading books of various genres, and relaxing in quiet, dimly lit spaces.

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Editing and Proofreading

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After drafting and revising to make sure that we’ve communicated our ideas clearly and effectively, we can take time to make sure that our writing reflects that hard work that we’ve put into it. At the editing and proofreading stages of the writing process, we check our work to make sure that it’s consistent, clear, and error-free. This resource covers a few basic strategies for editing and proofreading our work.

Analyzing Sentence Structure

Writing can sound repetitive, and even unclear, if we do not vary our sentence structure enough. Typically, you should try to avoid series of very short or very long sentences; instead, try to make your sentences vary in length.

Exercise for Revision

Taking your paper, or a peer’s, highlight or underline every other sentence. After doing this for a paragraph, section, or page (whatever you have time for), look at the paper to get a visual sense of sentence length. If many of the sentences appear to be around the same length, try to shorten some or combine others to help vary the length.

Reading Aloud

Reading a piece of writing out loud is an excellent way to check for repetition, find typos, and get a general sense of the flow of your paper. Though reading out loud might feel uncomfortable, it is a strategy that can help you see your paper in a new light, thus helping you to improve it considerably.

Reading Aloud Exercise

Taking your paper, or a peer’s, read out loud a paragraph, section, or page (whatever you have time for). When you find typos, errors, or parts that might need to be revised for other reasons, simply make a mark on the page (do not stop to correct it). After you have finished a segment of the paper, go back and make changes to the paper (or call the author’s attention to the possible errors that you noted).

Another variation of this exercise is to read the paper backwards. You can read it backwards word by word or sentence by sentence to be able to focus on spelling issues and typos.

Keeping a Checklist

If you know that you tend to have specific issues with your writing, keeping an editing or proofreading checklist is a good way to ensure that you’ve addressed all these issues before submitting your work for class or publication. A sample checklist might look like this:

• Comma consistency
• Capitalization

Checklist Exercise

As you read through your paper, or a peer’s, look specifically for the issues on the checklist. If commas are known to be a problem, look specifically at all the commas in the paper, checking the usage of each. Or, if you are looking for capitalization issues, ask yourself as you go through each word or sentence: “Is everything that is capitalized in this sentence supposed to be capitalized? Are any words missing capitalization?” Continue like this for each issue individually.

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What Is the Difference Between Editing and Proofreading?

• 7-minute read
• 14th February 2023

Have you finished writing your book or thesis and aren’t sure whether you need proofreading or editing for your next steps? Or maybe you’re looking into becoming an editor and want to learn more about the differences between proofreading and editing? In this article, you’ll get a detailed description of the editing and proofreading processes and how they differ.

What Is Proofreading?

Proofreading is the final step in the writing process and involves checking for mistakes in spelling, grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and inconsistencies. It happens after the text has been written and edited and focuses on catching any remaining mistakes.

What Does a Proofreader Look for?

Proofreaders look for surface-level mistakes in the final draft of a manuscript or piece of writing. Their job is to make sure everything is consistent with things like spelling and formatting and to check for any missed grammar or punctuation mistakes.

Depending on the quality of the writing or editing, proofreaders may also catch mistakes or note organizational or structural issues. When this happens, they highlight the problem and leave a note to the writer. However, proofreaders do not make changes to the content, organization, or structure of a piece of writing. They look for mistakes and inconsistencies in:

●  Spelling

●  Grammar

●  Punctuation

●  Capitalization

●  Formatting

What Is Editing?

Editing is a broader term that encompasses a variety of tasks that improve the quality of written work. This happens before proofreading. It includes examining the content, structure, and style of the text.

It’s also important to note that there are different types of editing. This is especially important in the book publishing industry. If you look online, you’ll find several websites saying there are four, five, or even six types of editing. Regardless of how many types of editing exist, they all fall under two categories:

Substantive editing , also known as content or development editing, focuses on big-picture issues. This includes refining ideas in the text, reshaping narratives, and fixing inconsistencies in the plot or characters. This is when structure, content, and organizational changes are made.

Mechanical editing , which includes copy and line editing as well as proofreading aspects, focuses on polishing the text. After major issues in the text are corrected, editors can focus on other issues, such as smaller inconsistencies, sentence structure, and grammar issues.

If you’re editing a smaller piece of writing, such as an essay for a class assignment, you’ll most likely only need to edit one or two times. However, for larger manuscripts, such as novels or PhD theses, you may need to undergo many rounds of editing. Larger manuscripts may also need revising before editing , so be sure to evaluate your writing before starting any of these processes.

What Does an Editor Look for?

While proofreaders look for surface-level mistakes, editors are concerned with the bigger picture. Generally, editors will take a line-by-line approach to a piece of writing to ensure the meaning is clear, the content makes sense, and the overall flow of the document is smooth.

Additionally, editors can make substantial changes to a manuscript if there are major issues, such as plot or character inconsistencies, weak parts of the narrative, or organizational problems.

As mentioned in the previous section, mechanical editing also addresses grammar, spelling, punctuation, and formatting issues. However, editors are more focused on the overall coherence and cohesion of the piece, so some mistakes might be overlooked. This is why final proofreading is done after editing. Editors focus on:

●  Plot or character inconsistencies

●  Clarity and coherence

●  Structure and organization

●  Tone, style, and voice

●  Repetition and redundancy

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●  Sentence structure

●  Overall consistency

Differences Between Proofreading and Editing

While there is some overlap between proofreading and mechanical editing, such as checking for consistencies, grammar, and formatting, they are very different processes. Editing still focuses on the bigger picture of a text. For example, an editor will ask:

●  Are there plot holes?

●  Are character descriptions consistent?

●  Is the structure and organization of the text logical and easy to follow?

●  Is the tone, style, and voice of the text appropriate and consistent?

●  Is each sentence clear and easy to understand?

Proofreading focuses on making sure everything is consistent (these consistencies could be outlined in a style guide given to the proofreader) and checking for any grammar, punctuation, spelling, capitalization, and formatting mistakes. It’s the last step in the writing process.

Proofreaders may also catch mistakes missed in the editing process and leave notes for the writer if drastic alterations are still needed. Proofreaders ask:

●  Is everything consistent according to the writer’s specifications (e.g., style guide/referencing system)?

●  Is the text free of grammar, spelling, capitalization, punctuation, and formatting mistakes?

●  Do I see any lengthy, awkward, or unclear sentences I need to highlight for additional editing?

Why Both Are Important

Editing and proofreading are both integral parts of the writing process. They ensure that your writing is of the highest quality possible. It’ll be hard to get a book published that has character inconsistencies or plot holes. And journals aren’t going to publish research articles with grammar errors or missing punctuation. Editing and proofreading services ensure your writing gets to your intended audience.

The editing process is going to look different for different types of writing. For example, if you’re editing a literature paper for an English class, you’re looking for a strong thesis statement, topic sentences in body paragraphs, and supporting evidence from the text. However, book editing focuses on plot, characters, chapter organization, style, prose, and much more.

Editing and proofreading are different processes. Editing happens before proofreading and includes making content, structural, and organizational changes. Proofreading is the last stage in the writing process and happens before the writing is published or submitted. Proofreaders check for grammar, spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and formatting inconsistencies.

If you have an important text that you intend to share with a larger audience or submit to a class, editing and proofreading are essential. These processes will make sure your writing is of high quality and error-free.

How do proofreading and editing differ in terms of their processes and goals?

Proofreading is the last step in the writing process and focuses on surface-level mistakes, such as grammar, spelling, and formatting mistakes. Editing takes place before proofreading and focuses on big picture issues, such as content, structure, and organization.

How do you know if you need proofreading or editing services?

You need editing services if you just finished writing and have a first draft. However, if you’ve done some editing on your own and aren’t sure which service you need next, talk to a professional. They’ll evaluate your writing and give you suggestions.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a proofreading and editing service?

Proofreading and editing services result in high-quality and error-free writing from trained professionals. The disadvantage of proofreading and editing services is having to pay for them.

Are you in need of editing or proofreading services for your essay, novel, or business proposal ? Our experts are here to make sure your writing is error-free and ready for publication. Try our free trial today!

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20 Ways to Make Money From Home Proofreading

D o you have an eagle eye for catching spelling and grammatical errors? If so, maybe becoming an online proofreader is your calling.

Because proofreading requires a highly detail-oriented personality, proofreaders are in high demand, particularly for online businesses. And because you can proofread from anywhere, it's an excellent option for making money from home. In many cases, online proofreaders can even set their own hours and work at their own pace.

If becoming an online proofreader sounds appealing, keep reading for everything you need to know about this work from home profession.

What's the Difference Between Proofreading and Editing?

Proofreaders and editors are often thought of as interchangeable, but there are specific differences between the two roles. Proofreading primarily focuses on catching spelling mistakes, grammar and punctuation errors, and typos.

On the other hand, editors may go through the information and reorder and organize it for clarity. They may change or strike out material completely. Editors check and verify sources and change the tone of voice to better match the audience. Often editors and writers may work together through several revisions.

While editors also proofread, proofreaders aren't necessarily considered editors. Both roles are professional and skilled, but proofreading doesn't require as much in-depth examination of the material. Most editors must have a bachelor's degree and sometimes a graduate degree in journalism or English. Explore this post for remote editing jobs .

How Much Do Proofreaders Earn?

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics , proofreaders earn a salary of $48,770 on average for full-time work. The pay and amount of work vary by the proofreader's availability and workload. A busy proofreader who can maintain several consistent clients or who has training in a specialty area like bilingual or legal proofreading will generally earn more.

What Qualifications Do You Need to Become an Online Proofreader?

Many proofreading and editing jobs require a bachelor's degree or current enrollment in a four-year program. You should also know how to use programs like Microsoft Office and Google Docs and have familiarity with the main style guides including AP, APA, MLA, and Chicago Manual of Style.

If it's been some time since you've been in school, a proofreading course can improve your skills and knowledge and help prepare you for this career.

Caitlin Pyle from Proofread Anywhere offers a free workshop for proofreaders to help you decide if this is a suitable occupation for your personality. In it, you'll learn:

• Five signs proofreading is the right career path for you
• The freedom, flexibility, and financial rewards of proofreading
• How to attract your proofreading clients

Where Can You Find Online Editing and Proofreading Jobs?

Whether you're looking for online proofreading jobs, editing jobs, part-time or full-time work, or just a side hustle, there are many options for you to explore.

1. EditFast

EditFast is a proofreading service where clients can submit their documents online for proofing and editing. Potential proofreaders must submit a resume and complete several editing tests. Once approved, you'll receive notifications regarding potential projects. EditFast pays the proofreader 40% of the project price, so rates vary by project.

2. Wordvice

Wordvice operates worldwide, servicing universities, medical institutions, and laboratories. They hire freelance editors, content writers, translators, and online English Tutors. To get hired, you'll need to submit a resume and complete an editing sample. Pay is commensurate with experience, projects, and knowledge level of the specific topic.

Gramlee is an editing and proofreading company. They offer services for writing projects such as dissertations, essays, novels, white papers, and more. Editors and proofreaders must complete an application that includes a background check and an assessment. Proofreaders are expected to turn documents around within 24 hours during the week (but can set their own hours).

Kibin is a smaller company that offers copyediting, proofreading, and grammar services. They work with many students and scholarly organizations to help with essays, applications, and dissertations. Kibin pays proofreaders per word and includes bonuses for deadlines and customer satisfaction. According to a review on Glassdoor , proofreaders earn $4-$10 per document.

5. ProofreadingServices.com

Offering $19-$46 per hour and flexible hours, ProofreadingServices.com works with various clients around the globe. Contractors go through a 20-minute testing process when they apply to prove their proofreading skills and abilities. With ProofreadingServices.com, you can create your own schedule and work full- or part-time hours.

6. Scribendi

Scribendi is a proofreading and editing company based in Ontario, Canada. They offer both in-house and freelance opportunities. Freelancers must pass a screening test and complete an application process. The pay varies by project, but it's competitive, and each project's priced out upfront. They do not hire freelancers from California, Colorado, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, South Dakota, Washington DC, West Virginia, or Wyoming.

7. ProofreadingPal

Proofreading Pal offers proofreading services for resumes, essays, books, businesses, and more. According to their website, proofreaders can earn $500-$3,000 a month proofreading documents from home. To apply, you'll need to fill out their online application, as well as submit a resume and cover letter. If you make it to the next step in the hiring process, you'll be required to pass their timed proofreading exam.

Scribbr hires editors in a variety of languages to proofread and edit academic documents. They are a Dutch company that hires editors from all over the globe. According to their website , editors process, on average, 1,700 words per hour and earn around €20-€25 per hour. You must fill out an application and pass their online language quiz to be considered.

Appen hires individuals for data collection, translation, transcription, and proofreading projects. Once you create your account, be sure to completely fill out your profile to unlock more projects. According to their job listing on LinkedIn , you'll need to have a good comprehension of the English language. They do ask about your education level, but it's unclear if you need a certain level to complete proofreading projects.

10. Scribe Media

Scribe Media offers professional publishing services to people who want to write and publish a book. They often have positions for copywriters ($250 per project), line editors ($0.04 per word), and cover designers ($2,200 per project).

11. Express Writers

Express Writers hires copywriters, expert copywriters, social media copywriters, designers, and copy editors. Their editors are paid $15 per hour and must edit a minimum of 3,000 words per hour. For their writing and editing roles, you must be a native English speaker, have impeccable spelling and grammar, and understand best SEO practices.

12. Focus Forward

Focus Forward offers transcription, translation, marketing research, coding, and proofreading services to clients. For their part-time proofreading positions, you must have advanced to intermediate knowledge of Microsoft Word and Excel, excellent communication skills, and a working computer and high-speed internet connection.

13. Study.com

Study.com hires individuals for lesson and curriculum development, writing, researching, editing, proofreading, and tutoring. For these positions, you can choose your schedule, and you'll get paid twice a month via PayPal. Study.com hire individuals from the US and the Philippines.

Job Boards and Freelance Marketplaces

As you can see, many of the popular editing and proofreading companies require a college degree and experience. So, how do you get experience if no one will hire you? You can try submitting a spec assignment to prove your skills and expertise to a potential client. You can also try pitching and applying for one-off gigs on freelance marketplaces and job boards that don't have as rigid of requirements for proofreaders. Here are platforms and sites to explore.

14. FlexJobs

FlexJobs is a telecommuting job board that hosts a variety of editing and proofreading positions. The nature, availability, and requirements for each position will vary by the assignment and the company. Some proofreading jobs require high skill levels, while other positions are more general and require less experience. With FlexJobs, it's easy to view a variety of positions to assess what you're best qualified for, and they hand-screen all companies so you can rest assured every listing is legit.

Fiverr is a freelance marketplace where freelancers can post their services, and business owners can shop around to find a freelancer to complete their projects. Initially, Fiverr worked on the premise that each service was only $5; today, they have expanded how much freelancers can charge for their services ($5-$10,000). With Fiverr, it's free to join, and whatever you decide to charge for your proofreading services, they'll keep 20% of the total price.

16. Kelly Services

Kelly Services is a staffing agency that offers a wide range of temporary and temp-to-hire jobs. Their virtual jobs include proofreading and editing services for a variety of industries and businesses. Listings will vary based on skills, experience, and the nature of the position. Proofreaders can find virtual work in the US and beyond.

17. Randstad

Randstad is a US-based staffing agency that allows you to search for remote temporary, contract, temporary to permanent, and permanent roles. Since Randstad covers all types of positions, you'll need to search for keywords: proofreader, proofreading, editing, copy editor, and editor. Positions, as well as requirements, will vary greatly from client to client. To help speed up your search, you can sign up for emails for the types of positions you're searching for.

18. Robert Half

Robert Half is a US-based staffing agency that hires permanent, contract, and temporary workers for in-person and remote roles. Like Randstad, Robert Half hires in many different areas, so you'll want to search a few different variations of your keyword. You should also explore all jobs that come up in your search results. Often, the title of the job is in a different area, like writing, content coordination, project assistance, or marketing, but it includes proofreading as part of its role.

Upwork is a freelance marketplace that offers a variety of projects, including proofreading and editing. Once you complete your profile on the site, you're paired with your ideal jobs. You can also search through clients and respond to invitations directly. Rates vary by project and client, and the rates are disclosed upfront. Some projects are hourly, and others offer a fixed price.

Guru is a freelance platform where you can create an account to showcase your freelance proofreading services, or you can bid on existing projects. The projects you'll find on the site vary and include everything from editing blog posts to proofreading speeches and editing screenplays and e-books. Guru has different membership levels for freelancers, which include a free membership plan with a 9% job fee rate and a max of 10 bids per month. For all the different plans and benefits of using Guru, go here .

How to Start a Freelance Proofreader Business

Starting your own proofreading business gives you the option to work the hours of your choosing, set your own rates, and work entirely from home. You don't need a college degree if you start your own business. You can grow with your clients and even offer additional services based on your skills and experience.

While keeping up with deadlines and building up your client base are challenges, there are plenty of resources to help you get started with your freelance proofreading business. The Editorial Freelancers Association is a professional group offering job listings, resources, education, and connections to other proofreaders in the industry.

Ready to Start Your Proofreading Business?

Here are some common steps you'll need to take to start your own proofreading business.

• Get the proper proofreading training if you need it.
• Write your business plan -- You can grab our free business plan template here .
• Determine your proofreading niche (academic, legal, medical, authors, bloggers, copy editor, etc.)
• Build your website and set up your social media profiles.
• Set up your communication channels, workflow processes, and how you'll accept payments.
• Starting pitching clients, I suggest making a list of 100 people and companies you'd like to work with, then pitch 2-5 people a day until you're fully booked up.
• Keep track of your income and expenses and pay your quarterly self-employment taxes.

Is Becoming a Proofreader Right For You?

If you enjoy reading and writing and you're a stickler for correct usage of the English language, proofreading is a great work-from-home job. Since you'll likely be working as a freelancer, you'll also have the bonus of being able to work a flexible schedule, which is good news if you're trying to balance caretaking duties with making money.

Holly Reisem Hanna is the Founder and Publisher of the award-winning career website  The Work at Home Woman.

More From Forbes

5 chatgpt prompts to make everything you write more compelling.

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5 ChatGPT prompts to make everything you write more compelling

Bad copy kills businesses. It finds its way into emails, Slack messages, memos and more. Copywriting is not a skill reserved for marketers. It’s everyone’s problem. Every member of your team should learn how to write compelling words and edit them until they sing. And who knows? If the HR manager wrote updates like a Buzzfeed journalist, you might even read until the end.

Use these prompts to upgrade the copy for everything you write, no matter how many people will actually see. Copy, paste and edit the square brackets in ChatGPT, and keep the same chat window open so the context carries through.

Improve your writing with 5 powerful ChatGPT prompts

Improve the hook.

Grab attention with the first line or face an uphill battle from the start. Just because you have a fancy job title, doesn’t mean anyone will read your messages. Make them want to. Use this prompt to find a more compelling way of opening. Strike a chord, create an information gap. Make someone stand up and pay attention so they keep on reading. On Twitter you have a second to get someone’s attention. Keep that in mind when writing for anywhere else.

“I’m pasting a message I wrote, a [describe the nature of the message] designed for [describe the audience]. Your task is to help the first line grab the attention of the reader so they keep reading. Understand the copy and create a hook. The hook should be between 6-12 words long and aim to strike a chord, create an information gap or draw someone in. This should not be a question. Give me 5 options for new hooks for this copy so I can choose the best: [Paste copy here]”

WhatsApp Brand New iPhone Feature Just Launched That’s Much Easier To Use

Apple s iphone ai plans confirmed with new software upgrade, packers complete safety overhaul with georgia s javon bullard, make it shorter.

“I haven’t got time to read all that. Just tell me what it means.” If given that response, you’d tell them in a few sentences. Those are the sentences that matter. If in doubt, cut the fluff. The context can be a footnote for those interested in knowing more. Online or within your company, someone doesn’t need to be taken on a convoluted journey to find the single line that’s relevant to them. Make everything you write shorter. Pack a punch with your words, don’t make someone want to punch you.

“I’m pasting a message I wrote, a [describe the nature of the message] designed for [describe the recipients]. Your task is to make it shorter so my audience will read and understand it without needing to skim read. Look to remove waffle and additional words, and change any instances of passive voice to active. Remove repetition. Keep my tone of voice and keep the meaning of the text the same. Remove any information not essential to the main message and add as numbered footnotes at the end: [Paste copy here]”

Everyone’s favourite radio station

WII FM. What’s in it for me? It’s everyone’s favourite radio station and you need to take note. No one wants to read your diary. They want to know what information means for them. So make it easy. Re-read your copy with this in mind. Ask, why should they care? Ask, so what? Ask questions of your words and flip the script to gain longer reads.

“I’m pasting a message I wrote, a [describe the nature of the message] designed for [describe the audience]. Your task is to make sure it’s clear what’s in it for them. Make sure it’s clear why they should care about this message. Suggest edits, including additional lines or reordering of information, that will have this effect: [Paste copy here]”

Remove ambiguity

Confused customers don’t buy. Confused team members don’t read. Your task is to deliver information and not raise objections. So remove ambiguity from every line. Phrases you would say out loud often don’t translate written down. Being self-deprecating in prose will make you sound weak. Flippant or sarcastic, like a bit of a jerk. So edit. Use ChatGPT to find ambiguous terms and make them more simple. Say what you mean and mean what you say.

“I’m pasting a message I wrote, a [describe the nature of the message] designed for [describe the audience]. Your task is to remove ambiguity. Without changing the meaning, style, tone or anything that is not ambiguous, produce a new version that simplifies anything potentially confusing and avoids raising objections. Explain what you changed so I can understand: [Paste copy here]”

What’s the point?

There’s a reason you typed something, so make sure it’s known. Upon reading your words, make it abundantly clear what you want someone to do. Click a link, respond to an email, make a decision. Or maybe it’s just an FYI. Whatever is next, let them know. Make the call to action obvious, clear and compelling to stand the best chance of success. This applies to internal company memos and everything you share in public. We’re here to do business.

“I’m pasting a message I wrote, a [describe the nature of the message] designed for [describe the audience]. Your task is to ensure there’s a compelling call to action. When someone has read this, I want them to [describe the desired action]. Ensure this is clear in my copy. Provide 3 options for new wording and explain where this new wording should go for best chance of the call to action being followed. [Paste copy here]”

Re-work your writing to make more impact: ChatGPT prompts

You need to be a better writer, and this starts today. Make a pledge to send no more waffly, unclear or underwhelming messages under your name. Grab someone’s attention and keep them hooked until the end. Shape your request to their needs, make it as short as possible, remove all ambiguity, then tell them what to do. Get known for your directness, and don’t waste anyone’s time. Create better results with compelling copy.

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