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In Search of the Promised Land

John Hope Franklin, Loren Schweninger

Nonfiction | Biography | Adult | Published in 2005

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Home > ETD > DISSERTATIONS > AAI3591246

In search of the Promised Land: Tracing the evolution of the Exodus narrative in African American rhetoric

Theon Edward Hill , Purdue University

Throughout American history, the Exodus has served as a discursive site for crucial issues of identity, ideology, and purpose to be articulated, negotiated, and disrupted. The narrative has been utilized by a wide variety of groups including English settlers, the Founding Fathers, Hollywood movie producers, comic book writers, and African slaves. Within the African American community, the Exodus functioned as shorthand for the prophetic tradition, a form of political engagement rooted in stories of Old Testament prophets speaking truth to power. During his 2008 campaign for president, Obama deployed the Exodus metaphorically to situate himself discursively as an extension of the prophetic legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr. During the Civil Rights Movement, King drew on the Exodus and prophetic tradition to inspire radical stances against injustice, inequality, and oppression in society. In this project, I engage in a comparative analysis of King's and Obama's metaphoric uses of Exodus. Specifically, I argue that Obama's uses of the Exodus suggest an ideological solidarity with King that is not reflected in his policies. In this project, I trace the history of American, and specifically, African American uses of the Exodus as a means of understanding the relationship between the Exodus and the prophetic tradition. During slavery, Blacks deployed the Exodus as crucial source of identity, ideology, and purpose in the midst of a nation that denied them humanity, freedom, and a future. Discursive uses of the Exodus developed into the prophetic tradition. This tradition is a Theo-political ideology that operates from the premise that God is on the side of the oppressed. Therefore, it is the responsibility of prophetic voices to speak truth to power, to call society to repent of pervasive forms of oppression, and to endure persecution in defense of the values. The prophetic tradition functions as the counterpart of political strategy in that it seeks to hold political powers accountable to sacred values of freedom, justice, and equality. King drew on the Exodus to articulate a dialectical perspective of history. That is, he argued that the past placed responsibility on the present to transform the future. In addition, King's uses of the Exodus reveal his prophetic concern for all people, not just African Americans, and his commitment to forms of political activism that evolved with an ever-changing sociopolitical sphere. Obama's uses of the Exodus drastically differed from King's. While King utilized the Exodus to speak out against forms of oppression, Obama utilized the Exodus to defend his African American identity and to present himself as a deliverer when he spoke at a Selma March memorial. He positioned himself as a contemporary Joshua or bureaucratic prophetic to King's established identity as the Moses of the Civil Rights Movement. This identification served to legitimize differences between King and Obama that threatened the candidate's support in the African American community. At King's former church, Obama offered a postmodern interpretation of the Exodus free of the more controversial elements of the narrative so as not to disrupt the broad-based coalition that he had established throughout his campaign. That is, he rearticulated the Exodus as a non-threatening narrative that did not call people to repent of social sin. Unlike King, who called people to unite on the basis of shared sacred values, Obama's version of the Exodus positioned unity as the sacred value of singular importance. While Obama's identity as deliverer was affirmed by many African Americans who believed that he would lead them into the Promised Land, completing the work left undone during the Civil Rights Movement. Not everyone in the Black community hailed the new president as a contemporary deliverer. During his first term in office, several African American leaders challenged the notion that Obama was a deliverer in the prophetic sense. His identity as a prophetic deliverer, in their opinion, silenced other prophetic voices responsible to hold him accountable to the values of the prophetic tradition. Having examined the differences between King's and Obama's uses of the Exodus, I conclude this project by examining the rhetorical (in)adequacy of the Exodus narrative as an interpretive framework in various sociopolitical contexts. While scholars acknowledge its pervasive influence on American social life, I question the utility of the narrative in providing people with a pathway to closure within its interpretive framework.

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In Search of the Promised Land: A Slave Family in the Old South

John hope franklin , loren schweninger.

286 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 2005

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In Search of the Promised Land: A Slave Family in the Old South

Loren schweninger, john hope franklin, . . oxford univ., $23 (304pp) isbn 978-0-19-516087-1.

Reviewed on: 06/20/2005

Genre: Nonfiction

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In Search of the Promised Land: A Slave Family in the Old South

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The matriarch of a remarkable African American family, Sally Thomas went from being a slave on a tobacco plantation, to a "virtually free" slave who ran her own business and purchased one of her sons out of bondage. In Search of the Promised Land offers a vivid portrait of the extended Thomas-Rapier family and of the life of slaves before the Civil War. Based on family letters as well as an autobiography by one of Thomas's sons, this remarkable piece of detective work follows a singular group as they walk the boundary between slave and free, traveling across the country in search of a "promised land" where African Americans would be treated with respect. Their record of these journeys provides a vivid picture of antebellum America, stretching from New Orleans to St. Louis, from the Overland Trail to the California Gold Rush, and from Civil War battles to steamboat adventures. John Hope Franklin and Loren Schweninger weave a compelling narrative that illuminates the larger themes of slavery and freedom. To a remarkable degree, this small family experienced the full gamut of slavery, witnessing everything from the breakup of slave families, brutal punishment, and runaways, to miscegenation, insurrection panics, and slave patrols. They also illuminate the hidden lives of " virtually free" slaves, who maintained close relationships with whites, maneuvered within the system, and gained a large measure of autonomy. The Thomas-Rapiers were keen observers of the human condition. Through the eyes of this exceptional family and the indomitable black woman who held them together, we witness aspects of human bondage otherwise hidden from view.

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In Search of the Promised Land: A Slave Family in the Old South (New Narratives in American History) Paperback – February 23, 2006

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• Part of series New Narratives in American History
• Print length 286 pages
• Language English
• Publisher Oxford University Press
• Publication date February 23, 2006
• Dimensions 6.8 x 4.98 x 0.55 inches
• ISBN-10 0195160886
• ISBN-13 978-0195160888
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• Publisher ‏ : ‎ Oxford University Press; 1st edition (February 23, 2006)
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• Paperback ‏ : ‎ 286 pages
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0195160886
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0195160888
• Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 8.6 ounces
• Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6.8 x 4.98 x 0.55 inches
• #3,808 in Discrimination & Racism
• #4,260 in African American Demographic Studies (Books)
• #18,542 in U.S. State & Local History

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Lesson from One Not Entering The Promised Land

You are here.

Today we will look at lessons encouragement Moses gave Israel as they prepared to go into the promised land.

Carl Koester

Carl works as an engineer designing waste-water and water treatment projects. He enjoys spending time with his family and serving God’s brethren. Cooking and traveling are also some of his favorite activities, and he has enjoyed having the opportunity to travel to various places around the world for the Feast of Tabernacles (though he has yet to make it to Africa). Carl would love to switch careers one day and operate a sustainable organic farm. He attended Ambassador Bible Center in 2001, which he feels helped set him on the right path.

Canada broke its treaty promise, but Blood Tribe is barred from suing, Supreme Court rules

High court confirms alberta's statute of limitations applies to the band's treaty-based lawsuit.

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Canada acted dishonourably by breaking its treaty obligations to the Blood Tribe in Alberta but the band is barred from suing by the province's statute of limitations, the Supreme Court of Canada has ruled.

The high court on Friday handed down a unanimous decision in Jim Shot Both Sides v. Canada , a case that may impact the ability of First Nations countrywide to sue the Crown for historic treaty violations.

Justice Michelle O'Bonsawin, writing for the court, declared Canada's historic double dealing was "deplorable," but that the Blood Tribe failed to sue within the mandatory time frame. 

The decision largely confirms the status quo and misses an opportunity to move the needle on reconciliation, said Kate Gunn, a partner at First Peoples Law, which represented Treaty 8 First Nations of Alberta as an intervener.

"I think for a lot of First Nations across Canada, it'll be a disappointing ruling," Gunn said.

"It affirms what the Blood Tribe has been saying all along … but it leaves the First Nation in a place where they're not able to get substantive relief from the courts. I think it raises a couple of problematic and challenging issues."

The band, in a statement posted online, said it's aware of the ruling and would provide an official response soon.

The claim revolved around Canada's admitted failure to set aside reserve lands for the band, also known as Kainai Nation, part of the Blackfoot Confederacy, about 200 kilometres south of Calgary.

The Blood Tribe were signatories to Treaty 7 in 1877 but long alleged the size of their reserve didn't match the treaty promise. They eventually sued Canada in 1980 alleging dishonourable conduct, fraudulent concealment and negligence.

Ticking clock

The case turned, however, on the narrow issue of whether the claim was barred by Alberta's statute of limitations, the time period in which lawsuits can be filed, which in this case was six years.

The misconduct was discovered by a Blackfoot researcher in 1971. If the clock began ticking then, the claim was barred by 1980. If the clock began ticking in 1982 when Canada's Constitution recognized and affirmed treaty and Aboriginal rights, it could proceed.

A Federal Court trial judge found the clock started ticking in 1982 and upheld the treaty-land entitlement claim. The Federal Court of Appeal reversed the ruling and blocked the suit.

The Blood Tribe appealed to the high court, which allowed the appeal in part. O'Bonsawin held that treaties were valid and enforceable long before Canada's Constitution was patriated.

Therefore, the tribe could've sued in 1971, so the 1980 claim is still statute-barred, she wrote. However, the "longevity and magnitude of the Crown's dishonourable conduct towards the Blood Tribe" was so great she declared Canada in breach of the treaty.

"Canada breached its treaty promises to the Blood Tribe. Canada did not provide the land as promised: 162.5 fewer square miles were set aside than should have been," O'Bonsawin wrote.

"This conduct is deplorable and does not reflect the fundamental objective of the modern law of treaty rights, which is the reconciliation of Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples and their respective claims, interests, and ambition."

• Quebec appeals 'landmark' decision recognizing Kanien'kehá:ka treaty right to trade tobacco
• Supreme Court of Canada hears Ontario's appeal of landmark Robinson Huron treaty annuities case

Despite the barring of the claim, issuing the declaration highlighting the Crown's dishonourable breach of Treaty 7 has the practical effect of confirming the band's legal rights and encouraging the reconciling of a fractured relationship, she reasoned.

"Declaratory relief in this context will promote reconciliation and help to restore the nation-to-nation relationship between the Blood Tribe and the Crown."

In other words, the First Nation can't sue but it can pursue negotiation with the legal declaration in hand or press its claim at the specific claims tribunal, where there are no time limits but where awards are capped at $150 million.

The Department of Crown-Indigenous Relations said the government is reviewing the ruling.

"Historically, the Government of Canada broke its promises to Indigenous Peoples, as the court found was the case with the Blood Tribe," wrote spokesperson Carolane Gratton.

"To help address past wrongs, we established the specific claims process. We continue to work in collaboration with Indigenous partners to make improvements. The Blood Tribe and the Government of Canada are actively in negotiations on resolving this past injustice."

'Cold comfort'

While the legal declaration is positive because it confirms the band's rights, the decision is also problematic because it leaves the Blood Tribe without a means to vindicate those rights, said Calgary-based lawyer Ron Maurice.

"It's cold comfort, really, to find out you have rights but you have no effective means of seeking a remedy," said Maurice, whose firm Maurice Law represented the Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations as an intervener.

Both Maurice and Gunn noted with some optimism that the court didn't address whether provincial limitation periods are unconstitutional because they prevent the Crown from being held accountable for long-term, historic violations.

Nevertheless, said Gunn the decision may be a step back for those who seek to right these wrongs because while a declaration is theoretically useful to motivate negotiations, the federal government still must honour it.

"As we've seen over decades, the Crown doesn't have a good track record in that respect, and so I think a decision that doesn't provide First Nations with meaningful access [to the court] to get a remedy and to hold the Crown accountable is a step back," she said.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Brett Forester is a reporter with CBC Indigenous in Ottawa. He is a member of the Chippewas of Kettle and Stony Point First Nation in southern Ontario who previously worked as a journalist with the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network.

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Biden officials are worried Iran may plan to hit targets in Israel as payback for killing general

WASHINGTON — Biden administration officials are concerned that Iran may be planning to hit targets inside Israel in retaliation for the Israeli airstrikes in Syria this week that killed several senior Iranian officials , according to two U.S. officials.

The officials said any retaliation inside Israel  is expected to focus on military or intelligence targets, rather than civilians. They also said the administration has begun considering options for how to respond to various possible retaliatory moves by Iran. 

Iran has threatened to retaliate, saying the building destroyed was a consular building and therefore was an attack on Iran itself.

A U.S. intelligence assessment warns that Iran could carry out an attack using a swarm of drones or land-attack cruise missiles, and that Iran could target an Israeli diplomatic or consular facility in the region in retaliation for the strike in Damascus, according to two U.S. officials familiar with the assessment. Iran is likely to respond before the end of Ramadan next week, the officials said.On Friday a top aide to Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi said Tehran sent a message warning the U.S. not to get involved in the fight between Israel and Iran. “In a written message, the islamic republic of Iran warns US leadership not to get dragged in Netanyahu’s trap for US: Stay away so you won’t get hurt,” Mohammad Jamshidi posted on X. He wrote that, in response, the U.S. asked Iran not to target American facilities.

A spokesperson for the National Security Council said reports that the U.S. had asked Iran not to target American facilities were “simply wrong" and “Iranian spin.”

“We received a message from Iran following the strike in Damascus. In response, we made clear that we were not behind the strike. We also warned Iran to not use the strike as a pretext to further escalate in the region or attack U.S. facilities or personnel,” a senior administration official told NBC News.

On Monday, Israeli warplanes struck a building next to the Iranian embassy in Damascus. The strike killed Brig. Gen. Mohammad Reza Zahedi, a senior military commander in the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps' Quds Force who ran ground operations in Syria and Lebanon, according to Iran. Several other people were killed but U.S. officials have not confirmed who they were other than to characterize them as IRGC officials.

In the hours after the strike, the Biden administration reached out to Iran directly to assure Tehran that the U.S. was not involved and did not have advance knowledge of the strikes.

While the U.S. has firmly denied any involvement, U.S. officials are concerned retaliation could affect U.S. troops in the region.The U.S. military has this week shot down two one-way attack drones near the al Tanf garrison in southern Syria, according to U.S. defense officials. The drones were not targeting U.S. forces at al Tanf directly, they said, but were close enough that the military assessed they could be a threat to the U.S. or to Israel.

There have not been any attacks against U.S. forces in Iraq and Syria for nearly two months. That pause followed an attack by Iranian-backed militants that killed three American service members in Syria that was met with a series of retaliatory strikes from the U.S.

The officials say the U.S. military is already at a heightened state of alert in the region.According to a White House readout of a call Thursday, President Joe Biden and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu discussed Iranian threats of retaliation. A senior administration official said the U.S. and Israel “have been in regular and continuous contact” since the call. “The United States fully supports the defense of Israel against threats from Iran. I will not go beyond that given the sensitivity of the topic and information based on intelligence sources,” the official said.

Carol E. Lee is the Washington managing editor.

Courtney Kube is a correspondent covering national security and the military for the NBC News Investigative Unit.

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