presentation in pollution

Plastic Pollution

A global overview from our world in data.

These slides provide a global overview of plastics production, waste, and pollution of our oceans. They are designed to provide a summary of the plastics challenge and what this tells us about how to address it. A more detailed exploration of this topic can be found at our topic page on Plastic Pollution

• How much plastic does the world produce?
• What is the fate of our plastics?
• How much plastic waste do we produce & how much ends up in the ocean?
• Where does plastic waste come from?
• How much plastic waste is traded?
• How do we tackle plastic pollution?

Annual global production of plastics has increased more than 200-fold since 1950.

In 2019 the world produced more than 450 million tonnes of plastic.

By 2019 cumulative plastic production was around 9.5 billion tonnes.

This is equivalent to more than one tonne of plastic for every person alive today.

Of the global plastic produced over the period from 1950 to 2015:

• 55% straight to landfill
• 30% was still in use
• 8% was incinerated
• 6-7% was recycled

Of 5.8 billion tonnes of plastic no longer in use, ~9% was recycled.

You can explore how the trend in global recycling, incineration and landfill has changed over time here .

Whilst recycling is preferable to incineration or landfill by displacing new plastic production, most plastic can be recycled only once or twice .

This means that most recycled plastic eventually ends up in landfill or incineration.

"Recycling delays, rather than avoids, final disposal" (Geyer et al. 2017)

The world produces around 350 million tonnes of plastic waste each year.

Estimates vary, but studies suggest that 1 to 2 million tonnes enter the oceans annually.

That means 0.5% of plastic waste ends up in the ocean.

We can answer this in multiple ways:

• By land-based and marine sources
• By country or region

Packaging is the largest contributor to plastic waste.

Plastic waste can arise from land (via coastlines and rivers) and from marine sources (such as fishing nets, ropes, lines and abandoned vessels).

How significant is each source for ocean plastics?

However, in certain locations, marine sources can be more significant. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch has more than half (52%) from marine sources due to intensive fishing activity in the Pacific Ocean.

To identify the main geographical contributors to plastic pollution, we need to explore these figures in several steps:

• How much total plastic waste is generated by country
• How much plastic waste is generated by coastal populations - this is plastic which is most at risk of entering the ocean
• How much of coastal plastic waste is mismanaged (open, dumped or not enclosed) and can therefore enter waterways.

This interactive map shows the total plastic waste generation by country in 2010.

Here we see that the largest producers (China, USA, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Pakistan, Nigeria) span all continents.

But to understand the largest contributors to plastic pollution, we must correct for:

• coastal populations (taken as populations within 50km of a coastline)
• how much of this plastic is 'mismanaged'

Mismanaged plastic waste is waste which is inadequately managed (seen in the chart opposite), plus littered waste (seen here ).

High-income countries tend to have effective waste management systems and therefore low levels of inadequately managed waste.

Once we correct for these factors we can understand the geographical distribution of plastic waste at high risk of entering the ocean.

Here we see very strong regional dominance particularly across Asia.

When we aggregate by region we see the majority of plastic at risk of entering the ocean arises from Asia and Africa, with the Americas playing a notable role.

Global trade of plastics has changed a lot in the last few years.

Historically, China has been the largest plastic importer. But in 2017, it banned imports of non-industrial plastic waste.

A number of other middle-income countries have done the same.

We can see this income group's share of global plastic imports has fallen dramatically

You can also see that the amount of plastic waste that rich countries export has fallen.

This is because middle-income countries are less willing to trade.

“If we all do a little, we’ll only achieve a little”

David mackay (sustainable energy without the hot air), high-impact immediate priorities:, development of effective waste management infrastructure in all countries.

Most ocean plastic arises from countries with poor waste management infrastructure.

Cease plastic trade from rich to low or middle-income countries without sufficient investment in waste management infrastructure

The largest plastic exporters are some of the world's richest countries.

Rich countries should handle waste domestically & cease trade of plastic trade unless sufficient infrastructure is in place. A tax for exporting countries is one suggested method of raising funds for waste management services.

Strict legislation and management of fishing activity and waste

Marine plastics can be a major source of ocean pollution (most notably the Great Pacific Garbage Patch ).

Fishing activity should be better-regulated and managed to limit these sources.

Longer-term shifts in consumption models

• How essential plastic is in many aspects (e.g. preventing food losses & waste, sterile environments, construction, medical supplies)
• Plastic alternatives often have other environmental impacts . There are usually trade-offs
• To be globally effective, must be scalable and cheap

Explore this topic in detail at our:

Main topic on plastic pollution.

About the author: Hannah Ritchie is a scientist at the University of Oxford. She is a Researcher at the Oxford Martin Programme on Global Development . About Our World in Data: Our World in Data is an online publication that shows how living conditions are changing. The aim is to give a global overview and to show changes over the very long run, so that we can see where we are coming from, where we are today, and what is possible for the future. www.ourworldindata.org | @HannahRitchie02

ENCYCLOPEDIC ENTRY

Air pollution.

Air pollution consists of chemicals or particles in the air that can harm the health of humans, animals, and plants. It also damages buildings.

Biology, Ecology, Earth Science, Geography

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Air pollution consists of chemicals or particles in the air that can harm the health of humans, animals, and plants. It also damages buildings. Pollutants in the air take many forms. They can be gases , solid particles, or liquid droplets. Sources of Air Pollution Pollution enters the Earth's atmosphere in many different ways. Most air pollution is created by people, taking the form of emissions from factories, cars, planes, or aerosol cans . Second-hand cigarette smoke is also considered air pollution. These man-made sources of pollution are called anthropogenic sources . Some types of air pollution, such as smoke from wildfires or ash from volcanoes , occur naturally. These are called natural sources . Air pollution is most common in large cities where emissions from many different sources are concentrated . Sometimes, mountains or tall buildings prevent air pollution from spreading out. This air pollution often appears as a cloud making the air murky. It is called smog . The word "smog" comes from combining the words "smoke" and " fog ." Large cities in poor and developing nations tend to have more air pollution than cities in developed nations. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) , some of the worlds most polluted cities are Karachi, Pakistan; New Delhi, India; Beijing, China; Lima, Peru; and Cairo, Egypt. However, many developed nations also have air pollution problems. Los Angeles, California, is nicknamed Smog City. Indoor Air Pollution Air pollution is usually thought of as smoke from large factories or exhaust from vehicles. But there are many types of indoor air pollution as well. Heating a house by burning substances such as kerosene , wood, and coal can contaminate the air inside the house. Ash and smoke make breathing difficult, and they can stick to walls, food, and clothing. Naturally-occurring radon gas, a cancer -causing material, can also build up in homes. Radon is released through the surface of the Earth. Inexpensive systems installed by professionals can reduce radon levels. Some construction materials, including insulation , are also dangerous to people's health. In addition, ventilation , or air movement, in homes and rooms can lead to the spread of toxic mold . A single colony of mold may exist in a damp, cool place in a house, such as between walls. The mold's spores enter the air and spread throughout the house. People can become sick from breathing in the spores. Effects On Humans People experience a wide range of health effects from being exposed to air pollution. Effects can be broken down into short-term effects and long-term effects . Short-term effects, which are temporary , include illnesses such as pneumonia or bronchitis . They also include discomfort such as irritation to the nose, throat, eyes, or skin. Air pollution can also cause headaches, dizziness, and nausea . Bad smells made by factories, garbage , or sewer systems are considered air pollution, too. These odors are less serious but still unpleasant . Long-term effects of air pollution can last for years or for an entire lifetime. They can even lead to a person's death. Long-term health effects from air pollution include heart disease , lung cancer, and respiratory diseases such as emphysema . Air pollution can also cause long-term damage to people's nerves , brain, kidneys , liver , and other organs. Some scientists suspect air pollutants cause birth defects . Nearly 2.5 million people die worldwide each year from the effects of outdoor or indoor air pollution. People react differently to different types of air pollution. Young children and older adults, whose immune systems tend to be weaker, are often more sensitive to pollution. Conditions such as asthma , heart disease, and lung disease can be made worse by exposure to air pollution. The length of exposure and amount and type of pollutants are also factors. Effects On The Environment Like people, animals, and plants, entire ecosystems can suffer effects from air pollution. Haze , like smog, is a visible type of air pollution that obscures shapes and colors. Hazy air pollution can even muffle sounds. Air pollution particles eventually fall back to Earth. Air pollution can directly contaminate the surface of bodies of water and soil . This can kill crops or reduce their yield . It can kill young trees and other plants. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide particles in the air, can create acid rain when they mix with water and oxygen in the atmosphere. These air pollutants come mostly from coal-fired power plants and motor vehicles . When acid rain falls to Earth, it damages plants by changing soil composition ; degrades water quality in rivers, lakes and streams; damages crops; and can cause buildings and monuments to decay . Like humans, animals can suffer health effects from exposure to air pollution. Birth defects, diseases, and lower reproductive rates have all been attributed to air pollution. Global Warming Global warming is an environmental phenomenon caused by natural and anthropogenic air pollution. It refers to rising air and ocean temperatures around the world. This temperature rise is at least partially caused by an increase in the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases trap heat energy in the Earths atmosphere. (Usually, more of Earths heat escapes into space.) Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that has had the biggest effect on global warming. Carbon dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels (coal, gasoline , and natural gas ). Humans have come to rely on fossil fuels to power cars and planes, heat homes, and run factories. Doing these things pollutes the air with carbon dioxide. Other greenhouse gases emitted by natural and artificial sources also include methane , nitrous oxide , and fluorinated gases. Methane is a major emission from coal plants and agricultural processes. Nitrous oxide is a common emission from industrial factories, agriculture, and the burning of fossil fuels in cars. Fluorinated gases, such as hydrofluorocarbons , are emitted by industry. Fluorinated gases are often used instead of gases such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs have been outlawed in many places because they deplete the ozone layer . Worldwide, many countries have taken steps to reduce or limit greenhouse gas emissions to combat global warming. The Kyoto Protocol , first adopted in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997, is an agreement between 183 countries that they will work to reduce their carbon dioxide emissions. The United States has not signed that treaty . Regulation In addition to the international Kyoto Protocol, most developed nations have adopted laws to regulate emissions and reduce air pollution. In the United States, debate is under way about a system called cap and trade to limit emissions. This system would cap, or place a limit, on the amount of pollution a company is allowed. Companies that exceeded their cap would have to pay. Companies that polluted less than their cap could trade or sell their remaining pollution allowance to other companies. Cap and trade would essentially pay companies to limit pollution. In 2006 the World Health Organization issued new Air Quality Guidelines. The WHOs guidelines are tougher than most individual countries existing guidelines. The WHO guidelines aim to reduce air pollution-related deaths by 15 percent a year. Reduction Anybody can take steps to reduce air pollution. Millions of people every day make simple changes in their lives to do this. Taking public transportation instead of driving a car, or riding a bike instead of traveling in carbon dioxide-emitting vehicles are a couple of ways to reduce air pollution. Avoiding aerosol cans, recycling yard trimmings instead of burning them, and not smoking cigarettes are others.

Downwinders The United States conducted tests of nuclear weapons at the Nevada Test Site in southern Nevada in the 1950s. These tests sent invisible radioactive particles into the atmosphere. These air pollution particles traveled with wind currents, eventually falling to Earth, sometimes hundreds of miles away in states including Idaho, Utah, Arizona, and Washington. These areas were considered to be "downwind" from the Nevada Test Site. Decades later, people living in those downwind areascalled "downwinders"began developing cancer at above-normal rates. In 1990, the U.S. government passed the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act. This law entitles some downwinders to payments of $50,000.

Greenhouse Gases There are five major greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere.

• water vapor
• carbon dioxide
• nitrous oxide

London Smog What has come to be known as the London Smog of 1952, or the Great Smog of 1952, was a four-day incident that sickened 100,000 people and caused as many as 12,000 deaths. Very cold weather in December 1952 led residents of London, England, to burn more coal to keep warm. Smoke and other pollutants became trapped by a thick fog that settled over the city. The polluted fog became so thick that people could only see a few meters in front of them.

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Home / Free PowerPoint Presentation Templates for Business And Google Slides / Free Air Pollution PPT Template and Google Slides

Free Air Pollution PPT Template and Google Slides

About the Template

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PRESENTATION ON POLLUTION

Jul 22, 2014

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PRESENTATION ON POLLUTION. POLLUTION. Man’s First Environmental Problem. POLLUTION. Is the introduction by man into the environment of contaminants that contains harmful substances. Introduction by man, waste matter or

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Presentation Transcript

POLLUTION Man’s First Environmental Problem

POLLUTION • Is the • introduction by • man • into the • environment of • contaminants • that contains • harmful substances • Introduction by man, • waste matter or • surplus energy into • the environment, • which directly or • indirectly causes • damage to man and • his environment

POLLUTANT • A substance or effect which • adversely alters the environment by • changing the growth rate of species, • interferes with the food chain, is toxic, • or interferes with health, comfort • amenities or property values of people.

EFFECTS ON BIOSPHERE • Damage to human health by specific • chemical substances present in the air, food, • water and radioactive material • Damage to natural environment affecting • vegetation, animals, crops, soil and water • Damage to visual quality by smoke, fumes, • dust, noise and waste. • Damage by carcinogens, radioactive • materials and excessive noise.

TYPES OF POLLUTION • Water Pollution • Air Pollution • Land Pollution • Noise Pollution • Waste pollution • Thermal Pollution • Visual Pollution

WATER POLLUTION Water pollution is a large set of adverse effects upon water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater caused by human activities.

CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION • Water ( about 99%) • Solids • Carbohydrates • Proteins (These are referred to as • Fat “organic material”.) • Nutrients (Nitrogen and Phosphorus) • Microorganisms. (On average there are about 10 • million per ml of wastewater. Many are pathogens)

sources of WATER POLLUTION • Throwing trashes in water. • Throwing low batteries in • water , lakes , rivers and etc. • The chemicals from factories • that might flow to rivers

AIR POLLUTION • Air pollution is the modification of the natural • characteristics of the atmosphere by a chemical • particulate matter are biological agent. • The atmosphere is a complex ,dynamic natural • gaseous system is that is essential to support • life on the planet earth . • Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution • has long been recognized as a threat to human • health as well as to the earth ecosystem.

EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION • Humans • Animals • Vegetation • Materials • Global warming • Ozone depletion • Acid Rain • Various respiratory • illnesses.

LAND POLLUTION Urbanization and Concentration of Population Municipal Solid Waste Industrial Waste and Hazardous Waste Uncontrolled .Land Treatment. Burning open dumps and forest fires Deforestation Mining and Erosion

NOISE POLLUTION Noise pollution or environmental noise is displeasing human or machine created sound that disrupts the activity or happiness of human or animal life. A common form of noise pollution is from transportation, principally motor vehicles. The word "noise" comes from the Latin word nausea meaning "seasickness", or from a derivative (perhaps Latin noxia) of Latin noceō = "I do harm", referring originally to nuisance noise.

EFFECT OF NOISE POLLUTION • No one on earth can escape the sounds of noise- • an unwanted, disturbing sound that causes a • nuisance in the eye of the beholder. • There are numerous effects on the human • environment due to the increase in noise • pollution. • Major sources of noise can be airplanes at • takeoff and landing, and a truck just off the • assembly line, yet we seem accept and enjoy • countless other sounds, from hard rock music to • loud Harley Davidson motor cycles.

WASTE POLLUTION Waste, rubbish, trash, garbage, or junk is unwanted or undesired material. "Waste" is the general term; though the other terms are used loosely as synonyms, they have more specific meanings: rubbish or trash are mixed household waste and including paper and packaging; food waste or garbage (North America) is kitchen and table waste; and junk or scrap is metallic or industrial material. There are other categories of waste as well: sewage, ash, manure, and plant materials from garden operations, including grass cuttings, fallen leaves, and pruned branches.

THERMAL POLLUTION • Thermal pollution is the degradation of • water quality by any process that changes • ambient water temperature. • A common cause of thermal pollution is • the use of water as a coolant by power • plant and industrial manufacturers. • When water used as a coolant is returned • to the natural environment at a higher • temperature, the change in temperature • (a) decreases oxygen supply, and • (b) affects ecosystem composition.

VISUAL POLLUTION • Visual pollution is the term given to unattractive • and man-made visual elements of a vista, • a landscape, or any other thing that a person • does not feel comfortable to look at. • Visual pollution is an aesthetic issue, • referring to the impacts of pollution that • impair one's ability to enjoy a vista or view. • The term is used broadly to cover visibility, • limits on the ability to view distant objects, as • well as the more subjective issue of visual clutter.

POLLUTION MANAGMENT Pollution can be controlled by proper choice of preventive and remedial measures

WASTEWATER TREATMENT Preventive Curative Physical Biological Volume reduction Strength reduction Chemical

WASTEWATER PROCESSING Wastewater Airemissions Water Primary Treatment Secondary Treatment Tertiary Treatment Primarysludge Secondary Sludge Tertiary Sludge

PHYSICAL METHOD Objective: Remove solid or liquid pollutants based on density difference or other physical property (eg. SS or floating solids) • Solvent extraction • Evaporation • Distillation • Filtration • Reverse Osmosis • Electro dialysis • Adsorption

BIOLOGICAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT • Aerobic treatment • Anaerobic treatment • The organic load is defined by the • Biological Oxygen demand (BOD). • In aerobic systems the water is aerated with • compressed air (in some cases oxygen). • Anaerobic systems run under oxygen free • conditions -biogas is a useful product.

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 80% of the air pollution load is contributed by the transport sector • Use tall stacks • Source reduction by process and raw • material changes (eg. Improved furnace • design and low S fuel) • Recover valuable material (eg. Hg) • Bag filters, scrubbers, ESP, cyclone separators • Absorption, adsorption, combustion and • catalytic reaction

LAND POLLUTION CONTROL • Integrated Solid Waste Management • Good agricultural practices • Remediation of polluted soils • Prevention of erosion and silting • Containment of hazardous waste and • waste water treatment using land treatment • techniques.

NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL • Control noise at source by proper • choice of equipment, design modification , • mounting and proper layout. • Isolation or use of baffles. • Use of ear protection devices.

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Pollution PPT | 30+ Best Pollution PPT Collection Download Free

Pollution ppt.

• Air Pollution PPT
• Water Pollution PPT
• Environmental Pollution PPT
• Marine Pollution PPT
• Thermal Pollution PPT
• Types of Pollution PPT
• Land Pollution PPT
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• Air prevention and control of Pollution act 1981 PPT
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• Types of air pollution PPT
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Noise Pollution PPT

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• Causes of Water Pollution PPT
• Indoor Air Pollution PPT
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• Noise Pollution Act of 2000 PPT
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• Effects of water pollution on human health PPT
• Soil Pollution PPT
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Pollution PPT

• DEFINITION OF POLLUTION
• Types of Pollution
• Air Pollution
• Water Pollution
• Noise Pollution
• Land Pollution
• Radio Active Pollution
• thermal pollution
• What is Atmosphere
• Pollution In Facts and Figures
• Pollution Control Measures
• The PPC Division
• Enforcement Mechanisms
• Causes of air pollution
• Effects of air pollution
• How to avoid air pollution
• Definition and causes and effects of water pollution
• Water pollution pictures
• How to avoid water pollution
• Noise pollution (causes, effects, and prevention)
• How to avoid noise pollution
• Definition, causes, and prevention of land pollution
• Land pollution pictures

Air pollution PPT

• What is air
• List of major air pollutants
• Sources and effects of air pollutants
• What is air pollutants?
• Six major air pollutants
• Major sources of pollutants
• Greenhouse gases
• What is air pollution
• Wildlife affected by air pollution
• Ozone layer
• Greenhouse effect
• Global warming
• Air problems caused by incineration of waste materials
• Controlling air pollution

Water pollution PPT

• Human and natural pollutants
• Sources of water pollution
• How do we measure water quality?
• Quantitative water quality tests
• Qualitative water tests
• What are some indicator species of water pollution 
• Is the water safe to drink?
• What have developed countries done to  reduce stream pollution
• What have developed countries done to reduce stream pollution
• Who reports on drinking water
• Clean water act 1972
• Safe water drinking act 1974
• Water purification
• What is water pollution?
• Types of water pollution
• Causes of water pollution
• Effects of water pollution
• What you can do
• Classification of water pollutant
• Common water-borne diseases

Water act 1974 PPT

• Introduction
• Salient provisions of water act (1974) 
• Objectives & scope
• Powers and functions of boards
• Prevention and control of water pollution
• Penalties and procedure
• Miscellaneous
• Application and commencement
• Functions of the central board (sec. 16)
• Functions of the state board
• Ganga action plan ( gap)
• Water quality board actions

Environmental pollution PPT

• Degradable pollution
• Non-degradable  pollution 
• Types of pollution ( noise,air,water,land ,soil,thermal,nuclear)
• Air pollution
• Composition of air
• Types of pollutants
• Sources of air pollution
• Ozone depletion
• Water pollution ( meaning, types, definition, sources, causes and control and measures)
• Soil pollution
• Causes of soil degradation
• Marine pollution
• Causes, effects, control, and measure of marine pollution
• Control measures for oil pollution
• Noise pollution
• Levels of noise and vibration
• Decibel levels of common sounds DB
• Ambient noise levels DB
• Safe time exposure in DB
• Effects of noise pollution
• Control techniques
• Thermal pollution
• Nuclear hazards
• Effects of nuclear pollution
• Control measures
• Role of an individual in prevention of pollution

Environmental pollution PPT 2

• Types of pollution
• Water pollution
• Municipal wastewater
• Industrial waste
• Inorganic pollutants
• Organic pollutants
• Agricultural wastes
• Consequences of air pollution
• Land pollution
• Causes of land pollution
• Sources of noise pollution
• Solutions for noise pollution
• Ways to stop pollution
• Global warming and the greenhouse effect
• Difference between global warming and the greenhouse effect
• Some proof of global warming

Light pollution PPT

• What is light pollution?
• Types of light pollution
• Consequences
• Causes effect solution

Photochemical smog PPT

• Photochemical smog
• Air pollutant
• How photochemical smog is formed
• The process involving the formation of photochemical smog
• Effect on human health and plants
• Sources and effect of photochemical smog
• Factors affecting the formation of photochemical smog
• Mitigation measures for photochemical smog
• How to save the environment by preventing smog

Plastic pollution ppt

• What is pollution?
• What is plastic?
• What is plastic pollution?
• History of plastic
• Plastic pollution
• Chemicals in plastic
• Types of plastic products
• Sources of plastic pollution
• Causes of plastic pollution
• Effects of plastic pollution
• Solutions to plastic pollution
• Steps taken by govt
• Initiatives on plastic pollution
• Case studies
• Ways to mitigate plastic pollution
• Scary facts about plastic

Marine pollution PPT

• Types of marine pollution
• Causes & effects of marine pollution
• Prevention and control
• What is a pollution?
• What is marine pollution??
• Causes of marine pollution
• Major impacts of marine pollution
• The health of marine life
• Some examples of marine pollution
• Ways of pollutant inputs 
• Human impacts on marine environments
• How to protect marine life?
• Oil pollution
• Garbage pollution
• Accidental loss or discharge of fishing gear
• Plan to reduce and store your garbage
• Garbage waste management onboard        shore facilities
• Marine pollution threats and biodiversity conservation
• Ocean world
• Marine life and resources
• Marine ecosystem
• Marine biodiversity
• Marine pollution threats
• Pollutants types & sources
• Impact of marine pollution
• Coastal ecology
• Coastal regulation zone (crz)
• Aquaculture: the blue revolution?
• How to solve environmental pollution
• Role of marine biotechnology on environmental pollution
• Suggestions to protect marine environments
• World environmental day- June 5
• Policies and acts for the protection

Thermal pollution PPT

• Diagramatic representation
• Causes of thermal pollution
• Effects of thermal pollution
• Control of thermal pollution
• The Bentley manufacturing company
• Freeze fish breeding in Macquarie river
• Thermal pollution and the Hudson river
• Impacts of thermal pollution
• Thermal pollution causes and consequences

Land pollution PPT

• What is land pollution? 
• Causes of land pollution
• Effects of land pollution
• Prevention of land pollution
• Solutions for land pollution
• WHAT IS NOISE POLLUTION
• Health Effects
• Sources of Noise Pollution
• Solutions for Noise Pollution

Agricultural pollution PPT

• What is agricultural pollution
• Types of agricultural pollution
• Main causes of agricultural pollution
• Effects of agricultural pollution
• Challenges of agricultural pollution
• Ways to reduce agricultural pollution
• Types of the mechanism of agricultural pollution
• Leaching and groundwater poisoning
• Water runoff
• Eutrophication
• Challenges or managements problems of  agricultural pollution
• Prevention and techniques of agriculture pollution
• A figure showing irrigation drainage

Agriculture water pollution PPT

• Agriculture as a cause
• Sources of awp
• Impacts 

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130 million Americans routinely breathe unhealthy air, report finds

Alejandra Borunda

Wildfire smoke from Canada caused dangerously unhealthy air quality in New York City and across much of the U.S. in 2023. While air quality has improved greatly in the U.S. in recent decades, wildfire smoke and other climate-influenced problems are endangering that progress. Ed Jones/AFP via Getty Images hide caption

Wildfire smoke from Canada caused dangerously unhealthy air quality in New York City and across much of the U.S. in 2023. While air quality has improved greatly in the U.S. in recent decades, wildfire smoke and other climate-influenced problems are endangering that progress.

Over one-third of Americans, or about 130 million people, routinely breathe in unhealthy air, according to the newest State of the Air report from the American Lung Association (ALA). That number is larger in 2023 than in years past, despite significant long-term and ongoing efforts to clean the nation's air. And climate change, the report says, is making the job harder.

Hotter temperatures lead to more ozone formation and can make the air dustier, too. But the biggest climate-fueled pollution challenge comes from wildfire smoke , which has added vast quantities of dangerous fine particle pollution to the air. Western states like California and Colorado have found that wildfire smoke is counterbalancing long-term, successful efforts to clean up pollution from human-controlled industrial sources , like coal-fired power plants and diesel truck exhaust.

"Wildfires are changing the landscape, literally and figuratively," says Katherine Pruitt, national policy director at the American Lung Association.

Long-term air improvements interrupted in the West

Since the passage of the landmark Clean Air Act in 1970 , the country's air has improved markedly. Measures like adding pollution control to cars, trucks, and fossil-fuel-burning power plants cut down on the amount of fine particles in the air. Those particles can penetrate deep into people's lungs and even cross into the bloodstream, where they contribute to a range of chronic and acute health risks.

Between 1990 and 2020, pollution from those fine particles dropped by about 40% nationwide . The improvements were particularly noticeable in industrial East Coast cities and states.

This year's State of the Air report reiterates that most of the country, most notably the eastern U.S., has gotten cleaner over time as industrial pollution sources have been reined in.

But in the West, 2023 had the most days ever recorded with dangerous or very dangerous air quality, measured by the Air Quality Index. And for the first time in the report's 25-year history, the 25 cities with the worst short-term particle pollution in the country were all in the Western U.S.

"The severity of the pollution is unprecedented," says Pruitt.

The report highlights an increasingly clear challenge, says Susan Anenberg, an air quality expert at George Washington University and a consultant for the EPA. Through regulations over past decades, "we've pretty much addressed the easiest ways of reducing pollution," she says. "So we have catalytic converters on our vehicles, we have diesel particulate filters on our trucks, we have scrubbers on our power plants."

But now, Anenberg says, the challenge is getting harder as human-driven climate change worsens some problems like ozone, a gas that forms near the ground when pollutants and some natural compounds react with sunlight and heat, and wildfire smoke. The easy wins, she says, are gone.

"It just really underscores that we need to do both things at the same time," Anenberg says. "We need to reduce carbon emissions that are causing anthropogenic climate change, and we need to continue to pursue stringent regulations on air pollution emissions."

A soup of unhealthy pollutants

The State of the Air report tracks particle pollution and ozone. Both are harmful to people's health, increasing the risk of respiratory problems like asthma. Fine particle pollution has also been linked to worse heart disease outcomes and even the development of dementia.

Bakersfield, California, has stayed at the top of the report's list for the U.S. city with the worst short-term particle pollution in the country for five years. This time, it also got top billing for year-round particle pollution, too. The region is a major site of oil and gas production as well as agriculture, both of which produce significant local pollution.

"Those industries are the main driver of our economy but also our air pollution," says Jasmin Martinez, an advocate at the Central Valley Air Quality Coalition who has lived most of their life in the San Joaquin Valley, where Bakersfield lies. The area has been heavily polluted for their entire lifetime, despite the federal and state laws mandating local industries to minimize pollution.

They chose to move back home after college even though they were well aware of the dangers. "It's always in the back of my mind, just living here, I may be just losing years of my life," Martinez says.

Air pollution helps hasten t ens or even hundreds of thousands of premature deaths each year in the U.S. alone. It is one of the most profound public health risks in the nation, says Pruitt.

Bangor, Maine, and Honolulu, Hawaii, have some of the cleanest air in the country.

Unequal exposure to dirty air

While air in the U.S. got much cleaner overall after Clean Air Act-related regulations, the improvements were far from uniformly shared. Communities of color and low-income Americans have historically breathed in dirtier air than wealthier or whiter communities , a disparity that continues into 2024, the report says.

About 130 million Americans live in places where particle or ozone pollution exceeds levels the EPA considers healthy. About 70 million of those are people of color.

Pruitt stresses people of color are "more than twice as likely as white people to live in a place that gets failing grades" for short and long-term particle pollution and ozone, she says.

Opportunity for progress?

Late last year, the Environmental Protection Agency announced a long-awaited update to its regulatory standard for PM2.5, or fine particle pollution . The agency lowered the allowable pollution from 12 micrograms per meter cubed of air averaged over a year to 9—a major tightening, says Anenberg.

The tighter standard still far exceeds the World Health Organization's recommendation of 5 micrograms or less.

The American Lung Association used the new standard to calculate dangerous exposures. Applying the new value, they found the number of Americans exposed to unhealthy air rose from about 120 million people counted in the previous report to roughly 130 million.

What that really means, says Pruitt, is that "those people have been breathing unhealthy air for years." They simply weren't counted yet.

Meeting the new standard will take years to achieve, but Pruitt welcomes the rules. Next, she says, she hopes to see similar standard tightening for ozone pollution.

Meanwhile, climate change complicates efforts to clean up the air, says Anenberg. "This report tells us that we need to ramp up our carbon mitigation efforts so that we're slowing the rate of climate change because that climate change is putting more pollution into the air," she says. At the same time, "we need to redouble our efforts to reduce pollution from the sources where it's possible to reduce pollution."

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More than one-third of people in the US exposed to harmful air pollution – report

American Lung Association’s State of the Air report states nearly 131 million people are exposed to ozone and particle pollution

Nearly four in 10 people in the US are exposed to unhealthy levels of air pollution, a new report has found. Four of the five most polluted cities are in California, where wildfires, drought and extreme heat are driving the rise in hazardous air quality.

More than 131 million people are exposed to harmful ozone and particle (PM 2.5) pollution, according to the American Lung Association’s annual State of the Air report . That figure, which incorporates new, more stringent federal standards for particle pollution, represents an 11.7 million increase from the previous year.

Exposure to these pollutants can raise the risk of lung and heart disease, asthma attacks, as well as reproductive ailments.

“Climate change is not remote, it’s not an abstraction. It is a reality impacting the health of millions of people from coast to coast every year,” said Paul Billings, senior vice-president for advocacy at ALA.

Since the passing of the Clean Air Act in 1970, the combined emissions of six widespread air pollutants including PM 2.5 dropped by 78%, according to the EPA . But in recent years, pollution from wildfire smoke has reversed the improvements to air quality stemming from federal protections.

In the 25 most polluted cities – among them Fairbanks, Alaska; Boise, Idaho; and Eugene, Oregon – the average number of days that residents were exposed to unhealthy levels of particle pollution increased by two to an average of nearly 21 days. “The number of very unhealthy and hazardous days has skyrocketed,” Billings said. “They are signaling the magnitude of wildfires, and the impact they’re having on public health.”

California tops the list of states with the most polluted metropolitan areas, followed by Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico and Texas. For the fifth year in a row, Bakersfield, California, has the nation’s highest year-round particle pollution, while Los Angeles has the worst ozone pollution, or smog.

People of color are more than twice as likely to live in counties with failing air quality, a legacy of racist zoning practices that allowed industrial plants, shipping ports and major highways to be placed in marginalized neighborhoods.

“A lot of that has roots in historical redlining,” said Albert Presto, a professor of mechanical engineering at Carnegie Mellon University. “People of color are more likely to be living near an industrial area or a highway, and therefore have higher [pollution] exposure.”

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Bangor, Maine; Honolulu, Hawaii; and Wilmington, North Carolina, were the cities found to have the nation’s cleanest air.

Last month the Biden administration announced new standards to reduce tailpipe emissions from diesel-powered trucks and cars. Billings said he would also like to see the administration take on ozone standards , which were last updated in 2015 .

“This is the one thing we cannot control as individuals,” said Afif El-Hasan, a pediatrician in Orange county, California, and member of the American Lung Association. “What’s out there is what we have to breathe. And we need a concerted effort to make sure that air is healthy.”

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April 22, 2024

Making history: brightline west breaks ground on america’s first high-speed rail project connecting las vegas to southern california  , officials hammer the first spike commemorating the groundbreaking for brightline west.

LAS VEGAS (April 22, 2024)  – Today, Brightline West officially broke ground on the nation's first true high-speed rail system which will connect Las Vegas to Southern California. The 218-mile system will be constructed in the middle of the I-15 and is based on Brightline’s vision to connect city pairs that are too short to fly and too far to drive. Hailed as the greenest form of transportation in the world, Brightline West will run zero emission, fully electric trains capable of speeds of 200 miles per hour. Brightline West is a watershed project for high-speed rail in America and will establish the foundation for the creation of a new industry and supply chain. The project was recently awarded $3 billion in funding from President Biden’s Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill. The rest of the project will be privately funded and has received a total allocation of $3.5 billion in private activity bonds from USDOT.

The groundbreaking included remarks from U.S. Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg, Brightline Founder Wes Edens, Nevada Gov. Joe Lombardo, Sen. Catherine Cortez Masto, Sen. Jacky Rosen, Senior Advisor to President Biden Steve Benjamin and Vince Saavedra of the Southern Nevada Building Trades. In addition, Nevada Reps. Dina Titus, Susie Lee and Steve Horsford and California Reps. Pete Aguilar and Norma Torres made remarks and joined the celebration. More than 600 people, including union representatives, project supporters and other state and local officials from California and Nevada, attended the event.

“People have been dreaming of high-speed rail in America for decades – and now, with billions of dollars of support made possible by President Biden’s historic infrastructure law, it’s finally happening,” said Secretary Buttigieg. “Partnering with state leaders and Brightline West, we’re writing a new chapter in our country’s transportation story that includes thousands of union jobs, new connections to better economic opportunity, less congestion on the roads, and less pollution in the air.”

“This is a historic project and a proud moment where we break ground on America’s first high-speed rail system and lay the foundation for a new industry,” said Wes Edens, Brightline founder. “Today is long overdue, but the blueprint we’ve created with Brightline will allow us to repeat this model in other city pairs around the country.”

CONSTRUCTION OF BRIGHTLINE WEST

Brightline West's rail system will span 218 miles and reach speeds of 200 mph. The route, which has full environmental clearance, will run within the median of the I-15 highway with zero grade crossings. The system will have stops in Las Vegas, Nev., as well as Victor Valley, Hesperia and Rancho Cucamonga, Calif.

The privately led infrastructure project is one of the largest in the nation and will be constructed and operated by union labor. It will use 700,000 concrete rail ties, 2.2 million tons of ballast, and 63,000 tons of 100% American steel rail during construction. Upon completion, it will include 322 miles of overhead lines to power the trains and will include 3.4 million square feet of retaining walls. The project covers more than 160 structures including viaducts and bridges. Brightline West will be fully Buy America Compliant.

STATIONS AND FACILITIES

Brightline West will connect Southern California and Las Vegas in two hours or almost half the time as driving. The Las Vegas Station will be located near the iconic Las Vegas Strip, on a 110-acre property north of Blue Diamond Road between I-15 and Las Vegas Boulevard. The site provides convenient access to the Harry Reid International Airport, the Las Vegas Convention Center and the Raiders’ Allegiant Stadium. The station is approximately 80,000 square feet plus parking.

The Victor Valley Station in Apple Valley will be located on a 300-acre parcel southeast of Dale Evans Parkway and the I-15 interchange. The station is intended to offer a future connection to the High Desert Corridor and California High Speed Rail. The Victor Valley Station is approximately 20,000 square feet plus parking.

The Rancho Cucamonga Station will be located on a 5-acre property at the northwest corner of Milliken Avenue and Azusa Court near Ontario International Airport. The station will be co-located with existing multi-modal transportation options including California Metrolink, for seamless connectivity to Downtown Los Angeles and other locations in Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino and Riverside Counties. The Rancho Cucamonga Station is approximately 80,000 square feet plus parking.

The Hesperia Station will be located within the I-15 median at the I-15/Joshua Street interchange and will function primarily as a local rail service for residents in the High Desert on select southbound morning and northbound evening weekday trains.

The Vehicle Maintenance Facility (VMF) is a 200,000-square-foot building located on 238 acres in Sloan, Nev., and will be the base for daily maintenance and staging of trains. This site will also serve as one of two hubs for the maintenance of way operations and the operations control center. More than 100 permanent employees will report on a daily basis once operations begin and will serve as train crews, corridor maintenance crews, or operations control center teammates. A second maintenance of way facility will be located adjacent to the Apple Valley station.

The Las Vegas and Southern California travel market is one of the nation’s most attractive corridors with over 50 million trips between the region each year. Additionally, Las Vegas continues to attract visitors from around the world, with 4.7 million international travelers flying into the destination. The city dubs itself on being the world’s No. 1 meeting destination, welcoming nearly 6 million people to the Las Vegas Convention Center last year.

In California, approximately 17 million Southern California residents are within 25 miles of the Brightline West station sites. Studies show that one out of every three visits to Las Vegas come from Southern California.

ECONOMIC & ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

Brightline West's $12 billion infrastructure investment will create over $10 billion in economic impact for Nevada and California and will generate more than 35,000 jobs, including 10,000 direct union construction roles and 1,000 permanent operations and maintenance positions. The investment also includes over $800 million in improvements to the I-15 corridor and involves agreements with several unions for skilled labor. The project supports Nevada and California's climate goals by offering a no-emission mobility option that reduces greenhouse gasses by over 400,000 tons of CO2 annually – reducing vehicle miles traveled by more than 700 million each year and the equivalent of 16,000 short-haul flights. The company will also construct three wildlife overpasses, in partnership with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife and Caltrans for the safe passage of native species, primarily the bighorn sheep.

BRIGHTLINE FLORIDA

Brightline’s first rail system in Florida connecting Miami to Orlando began initial service between its South Florida stations in 2018. In September 2023, Brightline’s Orlando station opened at Orlando International Airport, connecting South Florida to Central Florida. The company has plans to expand its system with future stops in Tampa, Florida’s Space Coast in Cocoa and the Treasure Coast in Stuart.

BRIGHTLINE WEST

ABOUT BRIGHTLINE WEST

Brightline is the only private provider of modern, eco-friendly, intercity passenger rail service in America – offering a guest-first experience designed to reinvent train travel and take cars off the road by connecting city pairs and congested corridors that are too short to fly and too long to drive. Brightline West will connect Las Vegas and Southern California with the first true high-speed passenger rail system in the nation. The 218-mile, all-electric rail service will include a flagship station in Las Vegas, with additional stations in Victor Valley and Rancho Cucamonga. At speeds up to 200 miles per hour, trains will take passengers from Las Vegas to Rancho Cucamonga in about two hours, twice as fast as the normal drive time.

Brightline is currently operating its first passenger rail system connecting Central and South Florida with stations in Miami, Aventura, Fort Lauderdale, Boca Raton, West Palm Beach, and Orlando, with future stations coming to Stuart and Cocoa. For more information, visit  www.brightlinewest.com  and follow on  LinkedIn ,  X ,  Instagram  and  Facebook .

QUOTE SHEET

“Through this visionary partnership, we are going to create thousands of jobs, bring critical transportation infrastructure to the West, and create an innovative, fast, and sustainable transportation solution. Nevada looks forward to partnering with Brightline on this historic project.”  - Governor Joe Lombardo, Nevada

“Today, not only are we breaking ground on a historic high-speed rail project here in Nevada, we are breaking ground on thousands of good paying American jobs, union jobs.”  - Steve Benjamin, Senior Advisor to the President and Director of the White House Office of Public Engagement

“For decades, Nevadans heard about the promise of high-speed rail in our state, and I’m proud to have led the charge to secure the funding to make it a reality. Today’s groundbreaking is the beginning of a new era for southern Nevada -- creating thousands of good-paying union jobs, bringing in billions of dollars of economic development, enhancing tourism to the state, reducing traffic, and creating a more efficient and cleaner way to travel. This is a monumental step, and I’m glad to have worked across the aisle to make this project come true.”  - Senator Jacky Rosen (D-NV)

“Having high-speed rail in Las Vegas will electrify our economy in Southern Nevada, and I’m thrilled to celebrate this milestone today. This project is on track to create tens of thousands of good-paying union jobs while cutting down traffic on I-15, and I’ll keep working with the Biden Administration to get this done as quickly as possible and continue delivering easier and cleaner transportation options for everyone in Nevada.”  - Senator Catherine Cortez Masto (D-NV)

“Today’s groundbreaking is a historic step in modernizing rail service in the United States. Californians driving between the Los Angeles region and Las Vegas often face heavy traffic, causing emissions that pollute the air in surrounding communities. The Brightline West Project will provide travelers with more options—helping Californians and visitors alike get to their final destination without facing gridlock on the road.”  - Senator Alex Padilla (D-Calif.)

"High-speed rail in the Southwest has been a dream as far back as the nineties when Governor Bob Miller appointed me to the California-Nevada Super Speed Train Commission. As a senior Member of the House Transportation & Infrastructure Committee, I am honored to have helped write the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and secure $3 billion to turn that dream into a reality which will generate millions of dollars in tax revenue, reduce carbon emissions by easing traffic on Interstate 15, and create thousands of good-paying union jobs. I am proud to stand with advocates and transportation leaders as we break ground on the Brightline West project and look forward to welcoming high-speed passenger rail to Southern Nevada."  - Congresswoman Dina Titus (NV-1)

“For decades, high-speed rail was just a dream in southern Nevada – but now, I’m beyond proud that we finally made it a reality. I worked across the aisle to help negotiate, craft, and ultimately pass the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law because I knew it would kickstart transformative projects like Brightline West that will stand the test of time. Together, we’re cutting down on traffic, boosting our tourism economy, and creating thousands of good-paying union jobs.”  - Congresswoman Susie Lee (NV-3)

“I am proud to join Brightline West for the groundbreaking of this monumental project for Southern Nevada and the southwestern United States. By connecting Las Vegas to Southern California via high-speed rail, we will boost tourism, reduce congestion on the I-15 corridor, and create jobs. The impact on our local economy and the people of the Silver State will be tremendous. In my conversations with Secretary Buttigieg, Brightline West, and our Nevada labor leaders, I know that local workers and our Nevada small businesses will benefit from this transformational investment. This will be the nation's first true high-speed rail system, blazing a new path forward for our nation’s rail infrastructure, and we hope it will serve as a blueprint for fostering greater regional connections for many other cities across the country.  - Congressman Steven Horsford (NV-4)

“Brightline West’s groundbreaking today marks the construction of a dynamic high-speed rail system that will link Las Vegas, Hesperia, and Apple Valley to Rancho Cucamonga’s Metrolink Station, creating new jobs and fostering economic growth in California’s 23rd Congressional District. This convenient alternative to driving will reduce the number of cars on the road, decreasing emissions and reducing congestion in our High Desert communities. This is an exciting step and I look forward to the completion of this project.”  - Congressman Jay Obernolte (CA-23)

"Today's groundbreaking on the Brightline West high-speed rail project marks an incredible milestone in the Biden-Harris Administration's commitment to fulfilling the promise of high-speed rail and emissions-free transportation across the country. As a longtime supporter of this project, I helped pass the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, which has already invested over $3 billion to support the completion of this project. By increasing transportation options, spurring job creation and new economic opportunities, and improving our environment through cutting over 400,000 tons of carbon pollution each year, this project will be transformative to my district and all of Southern California for generations—particularly in and around the last stop in Rancho Cucamonga. With the goal of being operational in time for Los Angeles to host the Summer Olympic Games in 2028, I look forward to Brightline West facilitating travel for the millions visiting our region and elevating our 21st-century connectivity on the global stage."  - Congresswoman Judy Chu (CA-28)

"As the Member of Congress that represents the City of Rancho Cucamonga and a member of the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing, and Urban Development, it is my honor to participate in breaking ground on one of the most highly anticipated high-speed rail projects in the country. We gathered today thanks to the Biden Administration's leadership, which enacted the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and the Inflation Reduction Act to fund vital projects like this and transform our economy. The Brightline project is a stellar illustration of the power of successful public-private partnerships. Thanks to all the labor unions, Tribes, and wildlife advocates for their hard work, which brought this project to life. The bright line is fully electric and has zero emissions, which is excellent for our environment. I am eagerly anticipating the completion of this project in my district and look forward to seeing everyone there."  - Congresswoman Norma J. Torres (CA-35)

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