research paper on minor project

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• Ann R Coll Surg Engl
• v.94(5); 2012 Jul

How to undertake a research project and write a scientific paper

University of East Anglia,, UK

Research and publishing are essential aspects of lifelong learning in a surgical career. Many surgeons, especially those in training, ask for guidance on how they might start a simple project that may lead to a publication. This short paper offers some practical guidelines on the subject.

How to get started with a project

How to get started varies depending on whether the project is suggested by a trainer or educational supervisor. Projects suggested by a senior are always offered as an encouragement to a trainee, who should be careful not to respond in a negative way by ignoring the suggestion, coming up with a string of excuses or doing the project badly! Here are some simple steps that may contribute to an organised start on the project. You need a protocol but first you must be clear about what the project will involve.

• Undertake a literature search on the suggested topic.
• Read all the papers from the last ten years and summarise them on a single page of A4.
• Make a note of how many similar series have been produced, their size, the length of follow-up and any special aspects of the subject that have already been addressed.
• List aspects of the topic that have not been well covered, perhaps morbidity or surgery for rare indications, or long-term outcomes.
• Discuss your thoughts on the subject with your colleagues.
• With the strengths and weaknesses of the current literature clear in your own mind, summarise your thoughts in bullet points on a single side of A4 and arrange ten minutes to discuss them with the senior who suggested the topic.

The six steps listed above can be easily completed within a couple of weeks. Once you have discussed and agreed the aims of the project as well as how they can be achieved, you can write your protocol. It is also possible that having studied the literature you decide the suggested project is unlikely to add to our current knowledge and that another topic might be better studied.

A protocol and approval from your trust’s research and development (R&D) department as well as from the research ethics committee (REC) are needed before you begin a research project. If you are planning a service evaluation, REC approval may not be needed. When you have secured the approvals, the process of collecting the data begins.

Examining a case series, there may be hundreds of medical records that need to be studied and it is crucial to draw up a ‘proforma’ on which to record patient data. This should ideally fill no more than one or two sides of A4 and needs to include all the data that you have decided to collect for your particular study. It is crucial not to leave out a dataset you might later wish to look at but on the other hand it is also important not to collect too many data. Because of this fine balance, it is important to draw up a proforma and agree its composition with your supervisor and any co-workers on the project before starting to collect data from the medical records.

Data collection can be time consuming and it may be that several colleagues can work on this to speed the project along. Once all the data proformas are filled in, the data need to be entered into the database, spreadsheet or statistical package of your choice. It is best to use the software favoured by the department or colleagues in medical statistics.

Having looked at the data, discipline yourself to produce a succinct summary on one side of A4. Again, arrange a meeting with your supervisor and any other co-workers to discuss the findings, and give everyone the opportunity to comment and correct the summary. Once the findings are agreed, you are ready to write up the project.

Self-generated projects

Sometimes you will want to develop an idea of your own. It is even more important with a self-generated project to do a thorough literature search to make sure that your ideas will contribute to our knowledge. The discussion of a more ambitious project like a randomised trial should be with as many colleagues as possible, both for advice and also to garner support for your idea. Having produced a single side of A4 summarising your idea, identify a senior colleague who can advise you and proceed as described above.

As noted previously, REC approval is needed for any clinical research involving patients or their data. You will need to prepare an application on the Integrated Research Application System website ( https://www.myresearchproject.org.uk/ ). If you have never done this before, seek advice from your trust’s R&D department. REC approval is time consuming; the following comments may help:

• Much of your initial work producing a summary of your idea will be helpful in completing the ethics committee form. It is crucial that submission to your local ethics committee is checked by all your co-workers.
• Colleagues from medical statistics and any other parallel disciplines such as radiology or medical chemistry need to be involved right at the start of this formal submission so that all aspects of the study are academically correct. It is especially important to have expert statistical input because it is very demoralising to finish a trial only to be told that your study is woefully underpowered and cannot answer the question that it set out to address!
• It is wise to present your idea to the committee in person as this can save time and iron out minor misunderstandings. These ‘glitches’ in an ethics submission can soak up months of precious time and a personal meeting with the REC can help to avoid them.
• Many institutions also have research governance or internal review boards that must also pass a project after it has gained ethical approval. Their role is often to assess the financial and organisational impact of a study.

This process seldom takes less than 3 months and may take nearly 12 months. Do not be disheartened by this. If your study is worth doing, then it is worth persevering.

The recording of data using a concise proforma, entry into appropriate computer software and production of a summary of your findings are all conducted in the same way as in the first section of these guidelines.

Writing up a study

One of the most challenging aspects of surgical research is writing a paper. Putting together a manuscript for submission to a journal can be broken down into several simple and relatively self-contained steps:

• Journal guidelines : All journals have a set of instructions for potential authors. The suggestions below are an overall guide to writing a paper but should be viewed in the context of the specific guidelines on submission to the journal you have chosen for your work.
• Title : Keep this simple and concise.
• Authorship : This topic may be a source of some problems. My own observation about authorship is that if you leave somebody out who feels they have contributed to your project, you can make an enemy for life! It is easy to forget colleagues, especially when a project has run for several years. Try, within the internationally agreed authorship guidelines, to include all colleagues who have contributed significantly to your study.

The order of authorship may also cause problems. It is generally agreed that the main researcher who also produced the first draft of the paper is the first author. The second author has usually been the second main contributor to the project. The last author is the senior person supervising the work. Between these positions come all other authors who fulfil the guidelines for authorship. If in any doubt about who should or should not be in the authorship, discuss it with your senior author.

All papers have a corresponding author responsible for answering queries after submission of the manuscript. It is best if he or she is a permanent member of the department as queries may arrive several years after a paper is published.

• Abstract : This is usually 200–250 words and should be written in the style of the journal. Generally, this includes sections on background, methods, results and conclusions.
• Introduction : This should introduce the reader to the subject covered in the study and explain why this particular study has been undertaken. It should be kept to two or three paragraphs. The first paragraph sets the scene and summarises the current literature. The second paragraph should justify why this particular study or series of cases has been put together.
• Patients and methods : The most frequent mistake in this section is to include results as well as patient details. It is important to stick to describing the study population, how they were collected and, crucially, how any analyses were undertaken. Always describe what statistical tests were used and justify why they were appropriate.
• Results : These should be presented concisely with as few tables or figures as possible. Use a logical sequence and follow the same sequence in the methods and discussion sections.
• What are the main findings of your work? State clearly what you can conclude from your observations, taking care not to overestimate what you can conclude.
• Why are these findings valid (sample size, methods etc)? Explain what leads you to conclude that your findings may be relied on. Also make sure you highlight any potential weaknesses in your data and consider other potential confounding variables that might invalidate your conclusions.
• How do your observations compare with other work in the same area? Discuss how results from your work compare with other papers on the same subject, either explaining similarities or examining differences.
• Any other business? Are there any unexpected side observations that merit separate discussion? This might include unexpected complications in a trial or a unique subset of patients in a clinical series.
• Restate your main findings and suggest what further work might be helpful in providing more information on the topic of your project.
• References : Make sure these are presented in the style of the journal you have selected.

Publication of the paper

This can be the biggest hurdle you have to clear! Some basic rules will help to make this easier. First, never submit a paper without all authors having read it and agreed to the content. Second, never submit a paper to more than one journal at a time. Finally, remember that submission is not the end of your paper but just the beginning.

Selection of the right journal is important. On the basis of their impact factor, journals may be divided into four divisions. Think of it like the football league! The premier division contains journals with impact factors greater than 10, the second division those with impact factors from 5 to 10, the third division with impact factors from 1 to 5 and, finally, the fourth division with impact factors less than 1. Just as with football, journals may be promoted or relegated so it is wise to check online for a journal’s current impact factor.

Discuss with your co-workers what your target journal should be. It is acceptable to aim just higher than you think your paper ranks but obviously pointless sending a small case series to one of the premiership journals. A second consideration is which articles have appeared in your target journal over the last 12 months. If there have been one or more papers on the same subject as your work, it may be better to select an equally ranked journal that has not had a paper on your topic for several years.

Peer review is the process used by journals to select papers for publication. Many papers are rejected immediately but those deemed of potential interest are sent out for peer review. This process usually takes 3–4 months (although some journals such as the Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England have a much quicker turnaround). There are four potential outcomes:

• Accept without corrections – this is very rare!
• Minor corrections needed followed by resubmission for publication
• Major corrections needed and resubmission invited but without any promise to publish
• Major criticisms and rejection (for most major journals this is the single largest category of outcomes)

When you receive the reviewer’s comments don’t take them personally! The best way to regard the reviewer’s criticisms is as helpful suggestions to improve your paper. It is crucial to deal with each of the reviewer’s comments carefully, systematically and politely. If possible, respond to the comments within a few days of receiving them.

If your paper has been rejected, then the reviewer’s comments are an excellent set of suggestions to improve the manuscript for submission to another journal. This should probably be in one division lower than your first submission. Again, there is no reason to delay resubmission to another journal more than a few days. Make sure that all possible advice on rewriting and correcting your paper is taken and your work will almost certainly get published eventually!

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NTCC Samples, Guidelines and Free Resources

that shows evidence of critical analysis and understanding of the topic. In this post you can check samples for NTCC and other resources.

NTCC Project Samples

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Guidelines for research projects (major and minor), 1. introduction.

1.1 Promotion of social science research is one of the major objectives of the ICSSR. Research grant is financial support to research projects undertaken by the Indian Social Scientists. ICSSR provides funding to Indian scholars to conduct cutting edge research in various fields of social sciences that have theoretical, conceptual, methodological and policy implications. The Research Projects may belong to any of the social science disciplines or may be multi-disciplinary in nature.

The broad disciplines of study, within the domain of social sciences, are:

1. Economics/ Development Studies 2. Management 3. Commerce 4. Sociology 5. Social Work 6. Social Anthropology 7. Cultural Studies 8. Sanskrit Studies 9. Socio-Philosophical Studies 10. Sociolinguistics 11. Gender Studies 12. Health Studies 13. Political Science 14. International Studies 15. Public Administration 16. Diaspora Studies 17. National Security and Strategic Studies 18. Education 19. Social Psychology 20. Legal Studies 21. Social Geography 22. Environmental Studies 23. Social History 24. Media Studies 25. Library Science 26. Language Studies

Note: Support may also be provided to researchers/scholars belonging to disciplines other than the ones mentioned above provided he/she is interested in and has in the opinion of the ICSSR the necessary competence to conduct research in social sciences or social aspects of other sciences. Projects that span across disciplinary boundaries also fall within the areas of the Council’s interests.

1.2 Categories of Research Projects

The ICSSR awards two types of research projects on the basis of the scope, duration of the study and budget: (a) Minor Projects will be awarded for a duration of 12 months with a budget up to Rs.10.00 lakh. (b) (b) Major Projects will be awarded for a duration of 24 months with a budget up to Rs.25.00 lakh.

2. Eligibility

2.1 ICSSR Regional Centres, ICSSR Research Institutes, ICSSR Recognised Institutes, Institutes of National Importance as defined by the Ministry of Education (MoE), UGC Recognized Indian Universities/Deemed Universities/ Affiliated Colleges/Institutions under (2)F / 12(B) etc., are eligible to apply. However, other registered organisations with established research and academic standing may collaborate with any of the above-mentioned institutions for implementation of the study and may form a joint team consisting of Project Director, Co-Project Director(s) etc. Such collaborations have to be clearly stated in application itself.

2.2 Professional social scientists who are permanently employed or retired as faculty in a UGC (University Grants Commission) recognized Indian university/ deemed University / Colleges with requisite research infrastructure / institute of national importance / ICSSR Regional Centres, ICSSR Research Institutes, ICSSR Recognised Institutes and possessing a Ph.D. and demonstrable research experience through publications of books / research papers / reports are eligible to apply. Both the Project Director and Co- Director must possess a Ph.D. degree and a proven track record of high-quality research as evidenced by past studies, publications and their academic background.

2.3 Senior government and defence officers (not less than 25 years of regular service) and persons with proven Social Science expertise possessing a Ph. D. degree or equivalent research work in any social science disciplines and demonstrable research experience through publications of books/research papers/reports can also apply, preferably in collaboration with a faculty in a social science discipline from institutions given in 2.1 above.

2.4 Retired faculty/teachers and government/defence officers are required to affiliate to ICSSR Regional Centers / ICSSR Research Institutes /  ICSSR Recognised Institutes / Institute of national importance / UGC recognized Indian University / Deemed University of his / her choice with the prior approval of the ICSSR.

3. How to Apply

3.1 The applications will be invited through an advertisement on ICSSR website, social media platforms of ICSSR and if required, in print media.

3.2. The applicants shall submit an online application which includes the research proposal in the given prescribed format. They are also required to submit the hard copies of their application and annexures, duly forwarded by the Competent Authorities of the affiliating university/college/institute, within 10 days of the prescribed last date of online submission.

3.3 In case, the hard copy of application is not received within 10 days of asking, the candidature of applicants shall be treated as withdrawn/cancelled.

3.4 Research proposals and final reports should either be in English or Hindi. (Use Devanagari to fill Application form in Hindi).

3.5. Scholars can only apply for one project at a time. In case of any ongoing or completed project with the ICSSR, the cooling-off period for applying to another project will be two years, with the duration calculated from the date of acceptance of the final report.

4. Procedure for Awards

4.1 Applications are scrutinised by the ICSSR Secretariat/and or by a Screening Committee in respect of eligibility.  Eligible applications are then examined and evaluated by the Expert Committee(s). Shortlisted candidates are then called for presentation and interaction at ICSSR (in person or online) before another expert committee. The expert committee(s) make(s) recommendation for award of studies and also suggest(s) budget for the recommended studies.

4.2 The number of candidates called for presentations / interaction will be twice the number of projects to be awarded.

5. Budget and Heads of Expenditure

5.1 The amount will be disbursed in number of instalments, depending on the phases and duration of the study, as indicated in the Sanction Letter. ICSSR reserves the right, based on Expert opinion, to convert a proposal for Major Research Project into Minor Research Project or vice versa.

5.2 The detailed budget estimates along with the proportionate Heads of Expenditure for these proposals are to be prepared by the Institute / Project Director / group of scholars. Those Project Director(s) would like to work without Research Personnel, especially under Minor Research Project would make the proportionate Heads of Expenditure for the proposed Budget.

5.3 Allocation of Heads of Expenditure

• The remuneration for the Research Staff must be according to the ICSSR guidelines.
• The proportionate allocation of expenditure for the budget heads such as Fieldwork (Travel / Logistics / Boarding, Survey Preparation or Consultancy etc.); Equipment and Study material (Computer, Printer, Source Material, Books, Journals, Software, Data Sets, workshop etc.); and Contingency charges etc., to be decided by the Project Director in consultation with the affiliating institution.
• Affiliating Institutional Overhead Charges @ 7.5% over and above on the awarded grant of the project, subject to a maximum limit of Rs.1, 00,000/- will be released by the ICSSR after successful completion of the project.

5.4 Remuneration and Emoluments of Project Staff shall be engaged/appointed as per the rules by the Project Director on a full/ part-time basis during the research work. The duration may be decided by the project director. The consolidated monthly emoluments of the project staff must be according to the following:

5.5 Selection of Research Staff should be done through an advertisement publishing on respective institute’s website and a selection committee consisting of (1) Project Director; (2) One outside Expert (other than the institute where the project is located); (3) a nominee of the Vice Chancellor/Head of the Institution and (4) Dean of the faculty or Head of the Department of the Project Director duly approved by the competent authority.

5.6 For all field work related expenses of Project Director, Co-Project Director(s) and project personnel, rules of affiliating institutes/universities shall be followed.

5.7 All equipment and books purchased out of the project fund shall be the property of the affiliating institution, and a certificate duly signed by the Head of the Institute / Registrar / Principal has to submit to the ICSSR. However, ICSSR may ask for books or/and equipment if it so requires

6. Joining and Release of Grants

6.1 The Project Director has to join the project within one month of the award letter.  For this the scholar has to submit an ‘undertaking’ on an Rs.100 stamp paper, declaration on an Rs.100 stamp paper, date of commencement of the study and grant-in-aid bill towards the first instalment. This period can be extended only in exceptional circumstances up to a maximum of three months by the ICSSR.

6.2 The total awarded grant for the Major Research Project will be released in instalments as indicated in the Sanction Order.

• The first instalment (50% from the total awarded grant) is released after completing the necessary formalities of joining by the Project Director.
• The second instalment (20% from the total awarded grant) is released after receiving a satisfactory twelve months Progress Report, Simple Statement of Accounts with 60% and above utilisation of the first instalment amount, one published research paper in the peer reviewed journal along with grant-in-aid bill towards the second instalment.
• The third instalment (20% from the total awarded grant) will be released after receiving book length Final Report, Executive Summary of Final Report, 500 words abstract of the Final Report (both MS word and PDF formats), second  published research paper (total 2 papers during the project period) in the peer reviewed journal, similarity index score sheet of final report, simple statement of accounts for the expenditure of the so far spent amount along with grant-in-aid bill towards the third instalment.
• Final instalment (remaining 10% from the total awarded grant) will be issued after receipt of recommendation of the expert for acceptance of the Final Report, Audited statement of accounts (AC) in prescribed format with utilization certificate (UC) in GFR-12A form for the entire approved project amount duly signed by the Finance Officer/Registrar/Director of the affiliating Institution, verification of all documents and decision on retaining of equipment and books etc. The institutions of which the accounts are not audited by CAG/AG, their utilisation certificate will be signed by the Finance Officer and a chartered accountant.

6.3 The total awarded grant for the Minor Research Project will be released in instalments as indicated below or in the Sanction Order.

• Scholar needs to submit a satisfactory six months Progress Report during the project period.
• The second instalment (40% from the total awarded grant) will be released after receiving book length Final Report, Executive Summary of Final Report, 500 words abstract of the Final Report (both MS word and PDF formats), one published research paper in the peer reviewed journal, similarity index score sheet of final report, simple statement of accounts for the expenditure of the so for spent amount along with grant-in-aid bill towards the second instalment.

6.4 The Overhead Charges to the affiliating institution will be released after the acceptance of Final Report along with the receipt of the final audited Statement of Accounts and Utilisation Certificate in prescribed formats which are verified by the ICSSR.

6.5 The Project Director will ensure that the expenditure incurred by him conforms to the approved budget heads and relevant rules.  Audited Statement of accounts with Utilization Certificate in GFR of 12A form is for the entire project amount approved for the project.

7. Monitoring of Research Projects

7.1 Research undertaken by a Project Director will be reviewed through the submission of periodic progress reports in the prescribed format and the project may be discontinued/terminated if research progress is found unsatisfactory or any ICSSR rules are violated.

7.2 The scholar/awardee must acknowledge the support of ICSSR in all their publications resulting from the project output such as Research Paper, Journal Articles, Articles in edited Books etc., and must submit a copy of the same to the ICSSR during the course or after completion of the project. If, in case of no acknowledgements by the scholars, they will be block listed and will not be able to apply for any schemes of ICSSR in the future. Papers published in Conference/Seminar proceedings will not be considered as they are not peer reviewed. However, proceedings published by Scopus indexed / UGC care listed journals can be considered.

7.3 All project related queries will be addressed to the Project Director/ Affiliating Institution for their timely reply. 

7.4 The ICSSR may, at any time ask for verification of accounts and other relevant documents related to the Project. 

7.5 The ICSSR reserves the right to change the affiliation if it is found that the affiliating institute is not co-operating with the scholar and it is not facilitating timely completion of the study.

7.6 Final report submitted by the Project Director is mandatorily evaluated by an Expert appointed by the ICSSR before considering the release of the final instalment.

7.7 The Project Director shall be personally responsible for timely completion of the Project. The Project proposal/final report cannot be submitted for the award of any University degree/diploma or funding by any Institution by any member of the project staff, including the Project Director. The ICSSR however, will have no objection if any member of the project staff utilizes the project data for this purpose.

7.8 If the scholars are not submitting the requisite documents and the final report in timely or not completing the project in a stipulated period, the scholars will be block listed and the legal recourse will be initiated.

7.9 As per the directions of the Ministry of Education (MoE) the amount of grant sanctioned is to be utilized within the duration of the project. Any amount of the grant remaining unspent shall be refunded to the ICSSR immediately after the expiry of the duration of the project. If the grantee fails to utilize the grant for the purpose for which the same has been sanctioned/or fails to submit the audited statement of expenditure within the stipulated period, the grantee will be required to refund the amount of the grant with interest thereon @ 10% per annum.

8.  Completion of the Study 

8.1 On completion of the study, the Project Director should submit:

• Final report in a publishable form (Softcopies in both PDF and word format);
• Abstract in 500 words (Softcopies in both PDF and word format);
• Executive Summary of the final report in 5000 words (Softcopies in both PDF and word format);
• Similarity index sheet (Plagiarism check) for the final report.

8.2 After acceptance of the report by the ICSSR, upon incorporating the suggested changes if any, the Project Director should submit:

• Soft copy of modified final report (in both PDF and word format) along with two hard copies;
• Five copies of executive summary;
• Softcopies of (if any) Data Sets, along with well-defined definition of data and other important information for documentation.

8.3 ICSSR gets every report checked for plagiarism and the similarity report is also generated.  As a policy, ICSSR does not accept contents beyond 10 per cent on similarity index.  Scholars are required to get their final as well modified report checked on their own for similarity index and attach a report of the same at the time of submission. 

8.4 The final report submitted by the scholar will be considered as satisfactory only after final recommendation of acceptance by the expert appointed by the ICSSR.

9. Obligations of the Affiliating Institution

9.1 The affiliating institution is required to give an undertaking in the prescribed format contained in the Application Form to administer and manage the ICSSR grant.

9.2 It is also required to provide the requisite research infrastructure to the scholar and maintain proper accounts.

9.3 The affiliating institution shall open / maintain a dedicated bank account for ICSSR grant (Scheme Code-0877) that is duly registered at EAT Module of PFMS portal for release of the Project Grant without any delay.

9.4 The affiliating institution will be under obligation to ensure submission of the final report and an Audited Statement of Accounts and Utilization Certificate, (in the prescribed Proforma GFR 12-A) duly certified by the Competent authority of the institution including the refund of any unspent balance. The affiliating institution shall make suitable arrangements for preservation of data such as filled in schedules, tabulation sheets, manuscripts, reports, etc. relating to the study. The ICSSR reserves the right to demand raw data, or such parts of the study as it deems fit.

9.5 In case a scholar leaves /discontinues/dies during project before completion of the tenure, the affiliating institution shall immediately inform ICSSR, settle the accounts including the refund of any unspent balance within a year of submission.

10.  Other Conditions

10.1 The duration of the project shall be a maximum period of two years for Major Projects and one year for Minor Projects which includes the time for Final Report writing. In case of exceptional circumstances, an extension may be granted by the ICSSR without any additional financial burden on being satisfied about the progress of the work including quality publication. If the extension is required, the Project Director needs to request at least three months prior to the completion for no-cost extension with a copy of the progress made, reason for the delay by justifying the extension. Retrospective extension will not be permitted.

10.2 The contingency grant may be utilized for stationery, computer typing related costs, specialised assistance such as data analysis and consultation for field trip etc., related to the research work.

10.3 Defaulters of any previous fellowship/project/grant of the ICSSR will not be eligible for consideration. 

10.4 No scholar will be allowed to take up a research project along with any ICSSR fellowship.

10.5 Foreign trip is not permissible within the awarded budget of a project. However, the Project Director may undertake data collection outside India in exceptional cases and if warranted by the needs of the proposal. For this he/she is required to apply separately for consideration under the Data Collection Scheme of the ICSSR International Collaboration Division but any rejection there should not have any bearing on the study and cannot be taken as an excuse.

10.6 Any request for additional grant in excess of the sanctioned budget will not `be considered. 

10.7 Purchase of equipment/ assets for the research Project is permissible only if it is originally proposed and approved by the ICSSR and does not exceed the permissible amount and follows the rules of the affiliating institution.

 10.8   The project director cannot make any changes in the research design at any stage.

10.9 Regarding Transfer of a Project/Appointment of substitute Project Director:

• On the request from a university/institute, the ICSSR may permit the appointment of a Substitute Project Director in exceptional circumstances.
• The ICSSR may also appoint a Substitute Project Director if it is convinced that the original awardee of the Project will not be in a position to carry out the study successfully.
• The ICSSR may transfer the place of the Project from one affiliating institution to another subject to submission of the following:
• Satisfactory progress report (s);
• No objection certificate from both previous and the new university/institute;
• Audited statement of account and utilization certificate along with unspent balance, if any.

However, no transfer of project / Project director should be requested in the last six months of the study.

• Overhead charges will be apportioned proportionally among the institutes as per the grant released or as may be finally decided by the ICSSR.
• In case of superannuation of Project Director and if the rules of the institution so require the transfer of the project to a serving faculty member may be done with prior approval of the ICSSR.  The credit of Project shall belong to the original submitting Project Director.

10.10 Consideration under other call(s) would require a fresh proposal.

10.11 The Council reserves the right to reject any application without assigning any reason. It will not be responsible for any postal delays/loss.

10.12 Incomplete applications in any respect will not be considered.

10.13 The final authority related to the interpretation of the guidelines or any issue left is vested with the ICSSR.

10.14 No queries will be entertained by the ICSSR Secretariat until the final declaration of results against a call. Any lobbying for award will lead to disqualification.

10.15 While accepting Research Project from the ICSSR, an awardee should not accept any other fellowship or research project or assignment from any other institution.

10.16 The ICSSR reserves all rights to publish the project funded by it, provided the work is recommended for publication by ICSSR appointed expert/experts.

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How to do a postgraduate research project and write a minor thesis

Affiliations.

• 1 Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
• 2 School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
• 3 Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
• PMID: 29804055
• DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2018-315340

Many universities and colleges in low-income and middle-income countries require a masters dissertation or thesis for as part of postgraduate training, and some colleges offer a 1-year to 2-year diploma of child health as a clinical qualification to enable skills in child health for generalists, or as part of the early phase of paediatric training. This paper describes the stages of doing a research project for such a masters or diploma, and describes in detail how to write a minor thesis. The paper is designed to provide a practical approach for junior researchers, and their supervisors. Colleges differ in their formal requirements of a minor thesis (word count, line spacing, referencing style), but this paper outlines the principles and practical issues rarely covered elsewhere.

Keywords: low and middle income countries; medical education; paediatric training; research training.

© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

Publication types

• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
• Academic Dissertations as Topic / standards*
• Biomedical Research / methods*
• Biomedical Research / standards
• Education, Medical, Graduate / methods*
• Medical Writing / standards
• Pediatrics / education*
• Research Design

Career Articles

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Top 30 Mini Project Ideas For College Students [UPDATED]

Mar 25, 2024 6 Min Read 41316 Views

(Last Updated)

Finding the right mini project for your UG & PG assignments is a tough battle , isn’t it? As a beginner just starting out in tech, you might feel overwhelmed by the project submissions and deadlines, but we’re here to make that easy for you.

This comprehensive guide with Mini-Project Ideas for college students will become your go-to handbook for all your project deadlines . This blog lists 30 tailored ideas for your college mini project, ranging from beginner to pro-level projects.

We’ve designed it in a way that the time and effort involved in project creation will be minimal . Do go through the entire blog so that you can find the project idea that best suits your specialization.

Table of contents

• The Top 30 Easy-to-Build Mini Project Ideas For Students
• Word Processors like Notepad or Notepad++
• Syntax Checker
• Code Indenter
• Simple Paint Application
• Library Management System
• Hospital Management System
• Code Editor
• Website for Business, Portfolio website, Website for your city
• Inventory System
• Mini Search Engine
• Resume Builder Software
• IRCTC Railway Booking System Clone
• GUI for Databases like MySQL, Oracle, MongoDB, etc.
• Build your own Linux Commands/ DOS Commands
• Mini Facebook/ Twitter
• Online Banking System
• Online Ticket Booking System
• Music Organizer
• Price Comparison Website
• Amazon/ Flipkart Clone
• YouTube Clone
• Matrimonial Website
• WYSIWYG HTML Editor
• Web Scraper
• Simple Chat Program
• Quiz Website
• Stack Overflow Clone
• Online Voting System
• Expense Tracker App/ Website
• Wrapping Up
• How do I select a mini-project topic?
• How do I find a good project topic?
• How do you make a mini project in college?
• What are the latest project topics?

The main objective of creating a mini project for college is to facilitate students to gain profound insights on the subject matter with practical knowledge .

Project creation helps evolve your creative thinking, analytical skills, and reasoning ability. These real-life projects will be the foundation for a successful career in the future. Let’s get started!

Before diving into the next section, ensure you’re solid on full-stack development essentials like front-end frameworks, back-end technologies, and database management. If you are looking for a detailed Full Stack Development career program, you can join GUVI’s Full Stack Development Career Program with Placement Assistance. You will be able to master the MERN stack (MongoDB, Express.js, React, Node.js) and build real-life projects.

Additionally, if you want to explore JavaScript through a self-paced course, try GUVI’s JavaScript self-paced certification course.

1. Word Processors like Notepad or Notepad++

Creating a word processor like Notepad can handle characters and fonts from a pre-defined library. This mini project is very practical because as it is already a widely used software.

You can create a  primary document with menus such as File, Edit, and Help.  You can develop this project using Python and JAVA.

2. Syntax Checker

You can build a simple syntax checker, a widely used application by students like you. Developing a syntax checker would require a good understanding of parsing techniques .

One would also need to create a complete description of the language parsed. 

3. Code Indenter

Another interesting mini project idea related to your study is code Indenter. Code Intenders are generally used to improve code readability and facilitate easy formatting .

Using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, one can build a code indenter to help format and indent the input code. You can introduce features like syntax highlighting and light and dark themes to make the indenter more professional and operational.

4. Simple Paint Application

Try to invent an Interactive Painting or drawing application with adequate drawing tools using Java or an API like Open GL or even HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.

5. Library Management System

A Library Management System(LMS)  is a programmed software to organize books in the library in a way it is easy to access by the readers and the library itself. 

With the help of LMS, one can track the books available in store,  lost/ out-of-stock, books issued and returned, etc. The LMS streamlines the operational processes of a library.   

Creating a library management system is a popular project among college students. You can accomplish this mini project with SQL and a programming language like Java or Python . You create login provisions and profiles for each user to maintain the records in the database. 

6. Hospital Management System

 A hospital management system is a cloud-based system that facilitates managing the effective functioning of the hospital. When you create HMS software,  confirm you turn all paperwork functionalities into online services such as prescriptions, insurance details, treatment charges, and more. 

You should build respective databases, forms, and pages to manage all the information regarding patients, doctors, staff, Pharmacy, Lab, Billing, etc. You can follow HTML, CSS, JScript, ASP.Net, C#, and SQL Server to construct HMS for your project. 

7. Code Editor

Code Editor helps programmers develop codes in a streamlined manner. Creating a code editor requires basic knowledge of web development, i.e., HTML, CSS, and JavaScript .

Styling the editor, compiling the code, and representing the result can make it look like a complex project, but this isn’t true when you start exploring the learning part behind it.

8. Website for Business, Portfolio website, Website for your city 

You can build a highly-operational website for yourself, your business, and your city. It is a gratifying idea because you get a portfolio/your business site, and an academic project in one go . 

A simple website with several web pages and a navigation system can be a simple yet rewarding mini project for college students.

9. Inventory System

You can build an Inventory System application using PHP and MySQL . The steps involved include designing the database, setting up the phpGrid, and creating a user interface.

10. Mini Search Engine

You should include servers and content pages to enable the engine to index while creating a mini-search engine like Google.

This search engine should be programmed to perform parsing, crawling, indexing, and query-serving functions, and return the results on a result page .

11. Resume Builder Software

You can create resume builder software using web development tools, a PHP server, and MySQL . Ensure your software encrypts passwords, converts web pages into PDF formats, and secures the data. Also, incorporate a creative dimension to the User interface of the website. 

12. IRCTC Railway Booking System Clone

This mini-project idea is a simple replica of IRCTC, a railway booking system. This booking system will create and manage ticket reservations, display timings, routes, and availability, and generate PNR numbers for passengers.

13. GUI for Databases like MySQL, Oracle, MongoDB, etc.

One of the best ideas in this list is to build a user-friendly GUI for databases. It helps users access the underlying database efficiently. You can achieve this project using Python frameworks like pyQT or Tkinter .

14. Build your own Linux Commands/ DOS Commands

There are millions of commands we use in Linux. Have you ever thought of creating your commands? 

You need to have a good knowledge of Linux commands with their attributes to build this project. Try to focus on integrating Linux knowledge with scripting.  You can construct Linux commands by creating a bash script and making it executable.

15. Mini Facebook/ Twitter

You can build your social networking site or Facebook/Twitter clone for your Mini project. Creating a social networking website can be exciting and rewarding. These real-life-adjacent projects will help you identify an innovator within and develop similar useful apps or products in the future.  To execute this project, you need frontend and backend development, a clean UI with defined information architecture, a prototype , and an interface concept.

16. Online Banking System

Developing an admin-controlled banking system is a great idea. Equip users to create an account and carry out seamless transactions. You could construct an online banking system using PHP and MySQL .

17. Online Ticket Booking System

It is similar to the banking system project. You would require a database, a homepage, and modules for agents, administrators, and users to produce this fascinating mini project. Plus, you can define your frontend UI with the utmost creativity and usability to make your mini project stand out from the rest of the class. 

18. Music Organizer

Everyone loves Music. “Music organizer” is a solution project for our hassle-free music experience. Basically, you’ll be creating like a very mini-version of something like Spotify.

You could use Java programming to create a system that organizes digital music files. You can incorporate features such as filter, sort, and sync.

19. Price Comparison Website

A price comparison website should enable users to access price data from other websites and compare them for random products. In addition to web development, this project would require web scraping tools.

20. Amazon/ Flipkart Clone

Building Amazon/ Flipkart is similar to building a website. Since it is an e-commerce site, it involves creating an online store and a payment gateway . Using Python and Django is a popular way to build such a website, even if it is a professional need.

Want to learn in-depth concepts in Python to create a website like Flipkart? Learn Python in your language for free by signing up for GUVI’s comprehensive course today!

21. YouTube Clone

A YouTube clone is another impactful mini-project idea for you. When you create a YouTube clone application, allow users to update, convert, play videos, like, dislike, and comment, and generate thumbnails for the videos.

You can develop this clone successfully using your object-oriented programming skills.  

22. Matrimonial Website

You can build a matrimonial website using PHP . You can create a web portal to connect users and allow them to make impressive profiles. You can bring out your creativity in UI/UX to communicate the matches, chat features, etc.

23. WYSIWYG HTML Editor

WYSIWYG stands for what-you-see-is-what-you-get . Creating this document editor with HTML can be beginner-friendly and a last-hour mini project idea for college students.

Do you have to revisit the concepts of HTML to build this project? Sign up for this beginner-friendly HTML & CSS course that gives you globally recognized certifications and free access to gamified practice platforms (here, you can build your mini project for free). 

24. Web Scraper

Web scrapers are useful for mining and extracting data from the web, provided it occurs within the legal framework. Explore the most popular Python’s Beautiful Soup library for building a web scraper. 

25. Simple Chat Program

You can establish a simple chat room program using socket programming and multithreading concepts. You have to write both server-side and client-side scripts to achieve this mini-project . 

26. Quiz Website

A Quiz website revolves around a set frame with repetitive actions. So, it is very uncomplicated to build a quiz website. You can create your interactive quiz website using HTML, CSS, AngularJS, and Bootstrap .

27. Stack Overflow Clone

Stack Overflow is a popular online community for developers like you to learn, share​ ​their programming ​knowledge, and build their careers.

You can try a replica of this site with all its signature features for this mini-project. While Stack Overflow is not open source , you can reciprocate a Q&A website with discussion forums.

28. Online Voting System

You can create the need-of-the-hour online voting system using PHP and MySQL . You should include various modules, such as a voter module, a committee module, and an admin panel with a defined set of functions.

29. Expense Tracker App/ Website

The expense tracker website/app is similar to building any website or app. Specifically, this project requires a spreadsheet and budgeting features.

You can bring in visual and graphical illustrations such as graphs, pie charts, and other statistical representations to boost the user experience of the website/app.

30. A Chatbot

You can build a super-simple chatbot for your college’s mini-project. It can be designed for mobile and web. The project aims to understand the user intent in the queries and to give them more human answers.  

The basic functionality would be this: when a user enters a question in the system, the bot will analyze the keywords and generate an appropriate response specific to the user’s intent. 

Ensure you feed data on different topics such as art, science, psychology, food, entertainment, education, culture, travel, health, politics, and more. Since chatbots are a show-stunner in today’s world, this project would be an excellent choice for you.

All the above mini-project ideas don’t just boost your scores in college but will also help you understand the infinite possibilities to practice real-life cases.

Remember that getting your hands on these projects helps enhance your technical, non-technical, and “problem-solving” skills and land a dream career in your respective fields.  

Are you looking for self-paced online courses on technical concepts & programming languages to help you build your next project?

Kickstart your Full Stack Development journey by enrolling in GUVI’s certified Full Stack Development Career Program with Placement Assistance where you will master the MERN stack (MongoDB, Express.js, React, Node.js) and build interesting real-life projects. This program is crafted by our team of experts to help you upskill and assist you in placements.

Alternatively, if you want to explore JavaScript through a self-paced course, try GUVI’s JavaScript self-paced course.

1. How do I select a mini-project topic?

Choose a problem statement that needs a solution in real-life. Create a software/ website/ app or any related project to establish the solution for the objective. This way, you’ll have a structured approach to your mini project. Also, ensure that this project aligns with your future career goals. 

2. How do I find a good project topic?

Always choose a topic that interests you. Remember that this project will have an impact on your portfolio. So, choose a topic that will align with your career goals. 

3. How do you make a mini project in college?

Follow these steps to make mini project in college:

1. Find a simple topic that interests you 2. Draft a clear-cut plan before you start working on your project 3. List 3 potential topics and choose the one that fits your future career goals 4. Always have a backup project idea & plan ready.  5. Construct a business problem statement and provide a solution for it via your project

4. What are the latest project topics?

The following are the latest project topics & ideas: 1. Mini Search Engine 2. Sentiment Analysis system 3. Music organizer 4. Chatbot 5. Social media apps, read the article above to find many more!

Career transition

About the Author

Srinithi Sankar

I am a media graduate who found love in words. I started my content writing journey when I realized simple words build big brands. I’ve worked as a freelancer with multiple brands in different fields yet found my sweet spot in ed-tech. Now, I am a content writer bringing you a step closer to GUVI.

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