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Make Sure Your Team’s Workload Is Divided Fairly

• Rebecca Knight

It’ll save your top performer from burnout.

An important part of your job as a manager is making sure everyone on your team has the right amount of work. It’s tempting to give the workhorse more projects than others (especially if she’ll get them done the fastest) or to ease up on someone who is struggling, but you also need to be fair. How do you make sure that work on your team is evenly distributed? What do you do about the person who’s great at saying no and the one who can’t say no?

• RK Rebecca Knight is a journalist who writes about all things related to the changing nature of careers and the workplace. Her essays and reported stories have been featured in The Boston Globe, Business Insider, The New York Times, BBC, and The Christian Science Monitor. She was shortlisted as a Reuters Institute Fellow at Oxford University in 2023. Earlier in her career, she spent a decade as an editor and reporter at the Financial Times in New York, London, and Boston.

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8.5 Writing Process: Creating an Analytical Report

Learning outcomes.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

• Identify the elements of the rhetorical situation for your report.
• Find and focus a topic to write about.
• Gather and analyze information from appropriate sources.
• Distinguish among different kinds of evidence.
• Draft a thesis and create an organizational plan.
• Compose a report that develops ideas and integrates evidence from sources.
• Give and act on productive feedback to works in progress.

You might think that writing comes easily to experienced writers—that they draft stories and college papers all at once, sitting down at the computer and having sentences flow from their fingers like water from a faucet. In reality, most writers engage in a recursive process, pushing forward, stepping back, and repeating steps multiple times as their ideas develop and change. In broad strokes, the steps most writers go through are these:

• Planning and Organization . You will have an easier time drafting if you devote time at the beginning to consider the rhetorical situation for your report, understand your assignment, gather ideas and information, draft a thesis statement, and create an organizational plan.
• Drafting . When you have an idea of what you want to say and the order in which you want to say it, you’re ready to draft. As much as possible, keep going until you have a complete first draft of your report, resisting the urge to go back and rewrite. Save that for after you have completed a first draft.
• Review . Now is the time to get feedback from others, whether from your instructor, your classmates, a tutor in the writing center, your roommate, someone in your family, or someone else you trust to read your writing critically and give you honest feedback.
• Revising . With feedback on your draft, you are ready to revise. You may need to return to an earlier step and make large-scale revisions that involve planning, organizing, and rewriting, or you may need to work mostly on ensuring that your sentences are clear and correct.

Considering the Rhetorical Situation

Like other kinds of writing projects, a report starts with assessing the rhetorical situation —the circumstance in which a writer communicates with an audience of readers about a subject. As the writer of a report, you make choices based on the purpose of your writing, the audience who will read it, the genre of the report, and the expectations of the community and culture in which you are working. A graphic organizer like Table 8.1 can help you begin.

Summary of Assignment

Write an analytical report on a topic that interests you and that you want to know more about. The topic can be contemporary or historical, but it must be one that you can analyze and support with evidence from sources.

The following questions can help you think about a topic suitable for analysis:

• Why or how did ________ happen?
• What are the results or effects of ________?
• Is ________ a problem? If so, why?
• What are examples of ________ or reasons for ________?
• How does ________ compare to or contrast with other issues, concerns, or things?

Consult and cite three to five reliable sources. The sources do not have to be scholarly for this assignment, but they must be credible, trustworthy, and unbiased. Possible sources include academic journals, newspapers, magazines, reputable websites, government publications or agency websites, and visual sources such as TED Talks. You may also use the results of an experiment or survey, and you may want to conduct interviews.

Consider whether visuals and media will enhance your report. Can you present data you collect visually? Would a map, photograph, chart, or other graphic provide interesting and relevant support? Would video or audio allow you to present evidence that you would otherwise need to describe in words?

Another Lens. To gain another analytic view on the topic of your report, consider different people affected by it. Say, for example, that you have decided to report on recent high school graduates and the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the final months of their senior year. If you are a recent high school graduate, you might naturally gravitate toward writing about yourself and your peers. But you might also consider the adults in the lives of recent high school graduates—for example, teachers, parents, or grandparents—and how they view the same period. Or you might consider the same topic from the perspective of a college admissions department looking at their incoming freshman class.

Quick Launch: Finding and Focusing a Topic

Coming up with a topic for a report can be daunting because you can report on nearly anything. The topic can easily get too broad, trapping you in the realm of generalizations. The trick is to find a topic that interests you and focus on an angle you can analyze in order to say something significant about it. You can use a graphic organizer to generate ideas, or you can use a concept map similar to the one featured in Writing Process: Thinking Critically About a “Text.”

Asking the Journalist’s Questions

One way to generate ideas about a topic is to ask the five W (and one H) questions, also called the journalist’s questions : Who? What? When? Where? Why? How? Try answering the following questions to explore a topic:

Who was or is involved in ________?

What happened/is happening with ________? What were/are the results of ________?

When did ________ happen? Is ________ happening now?

Where did ________ happen, or where is ________ happening?

Why did ________ happen, or why is ________ happening now?

How did ________ happen?

For example, imagine that you have decided to write your analytical report on the effect of the COVID-19 shutdown on high-school students by interviewing students on your college campus. Your questions and answers might look something like those in Table 8.2 :

Asking Focused Questions

Another way to find a topic is to ask focused questions about it. For example, you might ask the following questions about the effect of the 2020 pandemic shutdown on recent high school graduates:

• How did the shutdown change students’ feelings about their senior year?
• How did the shutdown affect their decisions about post-graduation plans, such as work or going to college?
• How did the shutdown affect their academic performance in high school or in college?
• How did/do they feel about continuing their education?
• How did the shutdown affect their social relationships?

Any of these questions might be developed into a thesis for an analytical report. Table 8.3 shows more examples of broad topics and focusing questions.

Gathering Information

Because they are based on information and evidence, most analytical reports require you to do at least some research. Depending on your assignment, you may be able to find reliable information online, or you may need to do primary research by conducting an experiment, a survey, or interviews. For example, if you live among students in their late teens and early twenties, consider what they can tell you about their lives that you might be able to analyze. Returning to or graduating from high school, starting college, or returning to college in the midst of a global pandemic has provided them, for better or worse, with educational and social experiences that are shared widely by people their age and very different from the experiences older adults had at the same age.

Some report assignments will require you to do formal research, an activity that involves finding sources and evaluating them for reliability, reading them carefully, taking notes, and citing all words you quote and ideas you borrow. See Research Process: Accessing and Recording Information and Annotated Bibliography: Gathering, Evaluating, and Documenting Sources for detailed instruction on conducting research.

Whether you conduct in-depth research or not, keep track of the ideas that come to you and the information you learn. You can write or dictate notes using an app on your phone or computer, or you can jot notes in a journal if you prefer pen and paper. Then, when you are ready to begin organizing your report, you will have a record of your thoughts and information. Always track the sources of information you gather, whether from printed or digital material or from a person you interviewed, so that you can return to the sources if you need more information. And always credit the sources in your report.

Kinds of Evidence

Depending on your assignment and the topic of your report, certain kinds of evidence may be more effective than others. Other kinds of evidence may even be required. As a general rule, choose evidence that is rooted in verifiable facts and experience. In addition, select the evidence that best supports the topic and your approach to the topic, be sure the evidence meets your instructor’s requirements, and cite any evidence you use that comes from a source. The following list contains different kinds of frequently used evidence and an example of each.

Definition : An explanation of a key word, idea, or concept.

The U.S. Census Bureau refers to a “young adult” as a person between 18 and 34 years old.

Example : An illustration of an idea or concept.

The college experience in the fall of 2020 was starkly different from that of previous years. Students who lived in residence halls were assigned to small pods. On-campus dining services were limited. Classes were small and physically distanced or conducted online. Parties were banned.

Expert opinion : A statement by a professional in the field whose opinion is respected.

According to Louise Aronson, MD, geriatrician and author of Elderhood , people over the age of 65 are the happiest of any age group, reporting “less stress, depression, worry, and anger, and more enjoyment, happiness, and satisfaction” (255).

Fact : Information that can be proven correct or accurate.

According to data collected by the NCAA, the academic success of Division I college athletes between 2015 and 2019 was consistently high (Hosick).

Interview : An in-person, phone, or remote conversation that involves an interviewer posing questions to another person or people.

During our interview, I asked Betty about living without a cell phone during the pandemic. She said that before the pandemic, she hadn’t needed a cell phone in her daily activities, but she soon realized that she, and people like her, were increasingly at a disadvantage.

Quotation : The exact words of an author or a speaker.

In response to whether she thought she needed a cell phone, Betty said, “I got along just fine without a cell phone when I could go everywhere in person. The shift to needing a phone came suddenly, and I don’t have extra money in my budget to get one.”

Statistics : A numerical fact or item of data.

The Pew Research Center reported that approximately 25 percent of Hispanic Americans and 17 percent of Black Americans relied on smartphones for online access, compared with 12 percent of White people.

Survey : A structured interview in which respondents (the people who answer the survey questions) are all asked the same questions, either in person or through print or electronic means, and their answers tabulated and interpreted. Surveys discover attitudes, beliefs, or habits of the general public or segments of the population.

A survey of 3,000 mobile phone users in October 2020 showed that 54 percent of respondents used their phones for messaging, while 40 percent used their phones for calls (Steele).

• Visuals : Graphs, figures, tables, photographs and other images, diagrams, charts, maps, videos, and audio recordings, among others.

Thesis and Organization

Drafting a thesis.

When you have a grasp of your topic, move on to the next phase: drafting a thesis. The thesis is the central idea that you will explore and support in your report; all paragraphs in your report should relate to it. In an essay-style analytical report, you will likely express this main idea in a thesis statement of one or two sentences toward the end of the introduction.

For example, if you found that the academic performance of student athletes was higher than that of non-athletes, you might write the following thesis statement:

student sample text Although a common stereotype is that college athletes barely pass their classes, an analysis of athletes’ academic performance indicates that athletes drop fewer classes, earn higher grades, and are more likely to be on track to graduate in four years when compared with their non-athlete peers. end student sample text

The thesis statement often previews the organization of your writing. For example, in his report on the U.S. response to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Trevor Garcia wrote the following thesis statement, which detailed the central idea of his report:

student sample text An examination of the U.S. response shows that a reduction of experts in key positions and programs, inaction that led to equipment shortages, and inconsistent policies were three major causes of the spread of the virus and the resulting deaths. end student sample text

After you draft a thesis statement, ask these questions, and examine your thesis as you answer them. Revise your draft as needed.

• Is it interesting? A thesis for a report should answer a question that is worth asking and piques curiosity.
• Is it precise and specific? If you are interested in reducing pollution in a nearby lake, explain how to stop the zebra mussel infestation or reduce the frequent algae blooms.
• Is it manageable? Try to split the difference between having too much information and not having enough.

Organizing Your Ideas

As a next step, organize the points you want to make in your report and the evidence to support them. Use an outline, a diagram, or another organizational tool, such as Table 8.4 .

Drafting an Analytical Report

With a tentative thesis, an organization plan, and evidence, you are ready to begin drafting. For this assignment, you will report information, analyze it, and draw conclusions about the cause of something, the effect of something, or the similarities and differences between two different things.

Introduction

Some students write the introduction first; others save it for last. Whenever you choose to write the introduction, use it to draw readers into your report. Make the topic of your report clear, and be concise and sincere. End the introduction with your thesis statement. Depending on your topic and the type of report, you can write an effective introduction in several ways. Opening a report with an overview is a tried-and-true strategy, as shown in the following example on the U.S. response to COVID-19 by Trevor Garcia. Notice how he opens the introduction with statistics and a comparison and follows it with a question that leads to the thesis statement (underlined).

student sample text With more than 83 million cases and 1.8 million deaths at the end of 2020, COVID-19 has turned the world upside down. By the end of 2020, the United States led the world in the number of cases, at more than 20 million infections and nearly 350,000 deaths. In comparison, the second-highest number of cases was in India, which at the end of 2020 had less than half the number of COVID-19 cases despite having a population four times greater than the U.S. (“COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic,” 2021). How did the United States come to have the world’s worst record in this pandemic? underline An examination of the U.S. response shows that a reduction of experts in key positions and programs, inaction that led to equipment shortages, and inconsistent policies were three major causes of the spread of the virus and the resulting deaths end underline . end student sample text

For a less formal report, you might want to open with a question, quotation, or brief story. The following example opens with an anecdote that leads to the thesis statement (underlined).

student sample text Betty stood outside the salon, wondering how to get in. It was June of 2020, and the door was locked. A sign posted on the door provided a phone number for her to call to be let in, but at 81, Betty had lived her life without a cell phone. Betty’s day-to-day life had been hard during the pandemic, but she had planned for this haircut and was looking forward to it; she had a mask on and hand sanitizer in her car. Now she couldn’t get in the door, and she was discouraged. In that moment, Betty realized how much Americans’ dependence on cell phones had grown in the months since the pandemic began. underline Betty and thousands of other senior citizens who could not afford cell phones or did not have the technological skills and support they needed were being left behind in a society that was increasingly reliant on technology end underline . end student sample text

Body Paragraphs: Point, Evidence, Analysis

Use the body paragraphs of your report to present evidence that supports your thesis. A reliable pattern to keep in mind for developing the body paragraphs of a report is point , evidence , and analysis :

• The point is the central idea of the paragraph, usually given in a topic sentence stated in your own words at or toward the beginning of the paragraph. Each topic sentence should relate to the thesis.
• The evidence you provide develops the paragraph and supports the point made in the topic sentence. Include details, examples, quotations, paraphrases, and summaries from sources if you conducted formal research. Synthesize the evidence you include by showing in your sentences the connections between sources.
• The analysis comes at the end of the paragraph. In your own words, draw a conclusion about the evidence you have provided and how it relates to the topic sentence.

The paragraph below illustrates the point, evidence, and analysis pattern. Drawn from a report about concussions among football players, the paragraph opens with a topic sentence about the NCAA and NFL and their responses to studies about concussions. The paragraph is developed with evidence from three sources. It concludes with a statement about helmets and players’ safety.

student sample text The NCAA and NFL have taken steps forward and backward to respond to studies about the danger of concussions among players. Responding to the deaths of athletes, documented brain damage, lawsuits, and public outcry (Buckley et al., 2017), the NCAA instituted protocols to reduce potentially dangerous hits during football games and to diagnose traumatic head injuries more quickly and effectively. Still, it has allowed players to wear more than one style of helmet during a season, raising the risk of injury because of imperfect fit. At the professional level, the NFL developed a helmet-rating system in 2011 in an effort to reduce concussions, but it continued to allow players to wear helmets with a wide range of safety ratings. The NFL’s decision created an opportunity for researchers to look at the relationship between helmet safety ratings and concussions. Cocello et al. (2016) reported that players who wore helmets with a lower safety rating had more concussions than players who wore helmets with a higher safety rating, and they concluded that safer helmets are a key factor in reducing concussions. end student sample text

Developing Paragraph Content

In the body paragraphs of your report, you will likely use examples, draw comparisons, show contrasts, or analyze causes and effects to develop your topic.

Paragraphs developed with Example are common in reports. The paragraph below, adapted from a report by student John Zwick on the mental health of soldiers deployed during wartime, draws examples from three sources.

student sample text Throughout the Vietnam War, military leaders claimed that the mental health of soldiers was stable and that men who suffered from combat fatigue, now known as PTSD, were getting the help they needed. For example, the New York Times (1966) quoted military leaders who claimed that mental fatigue among enlisted men had “virtually ceased to be a problem,” occurring at a rate far below that of World War II. Ayres (1969) reported that Brigadier General Spurgeon Neel, chief American medical officer in Vietnam, explained that soldiers experiencing combat fatigue were admitted to the psychiatric ward, sedated for up to 36 hours, and given a counseling session with a doctor who reassured them that the rest was well deserved and that they were ready to return to their units. Although experts outside the military saw profound damage to soldiers’ psyches when they returned home (Halloran, 1970), the military stayed the course, treating acute cases expediently and showing little concern for the cumulative effect of combat stress on individual soldiers. end student sample text

When you analyze causes and effects , you explain the reasons that certain things happened and/or their results. The report by Trevor Garcia on the U.S. response to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 is an example: his report examines the reasons the United States failed to control the coronavirus. The paragraph below, adapted from another student’s report written for an environmental policy course, explains the effect of white settlers’ views of forest management on New England.

student sample text The early colonists’ European ideas about forest management dramatically changed the New England landscape. White settlers saw the New World as virgin, unused land, even though indigenous people had been drawing on its resources for generations by using fire subtly to improve hunting, employing construction techniques that left ancient trees intact, and farming small, efficient fields that left the surrounding landscape largely unaltered. White settlers’ desire to develop wood-built and wood-burning homesteads surrounded by large farm fields led to forestry practices and techniques that resulted in the removal of old-growth trees. These practices defined the way the forests look today. end student sample text

Compare and contrast paragraphs are useful when you wish to examine similarities and differences. You can use both comparison and contrast in a single paragraph, or you can use one or the other. The paragraph below, adapted from a student report on the rise of populist politicians, compares the rhetorical styles of populist politicians Huey Long and Donald Trump.

student sample text A key similarity among populist politicians is their rejection of carefully crafted sound bites and erudite vocabulary typically associated with candidates for high office. Huey Long and Donald Trump are two examples. When he ran for president, Long captured attention through his wild gesticulations on almost every word, dramatically varying volume, and heavily accented, folksy expressions, such as “The only way to be able to feed the balance of the people is to make that man come back and bring back some of that grub that he ain’t got no business with!” In addition, Long’s down-home persona made him a credible voice to represent the common people against the country’s rich, and his buffoonish style allowed him to express his radical ideas without sounding anti-communist alarm bells. Similarly, Donald Trump chose to speak informally in his campaign appearances, but the persona he projected was that of a fast-talking, domineering salesman. His frequent use of personal anecdotes, rhetorical questions, brief asides, jokes, personal attacks, and false claims made his speeches disjointed, but they gave the feeling of a running conversation between him and his audience. For example, in a 2015 speech, Trump said, “They just built a hotel in Syria. Can you believe this? They built a hotel. When I have to build a hotel, I pay interest. They don’t have to pay interest, because they took the oil that, when we left Iraq, I said we should’ve taken” (“Our Country Needs” 2020). While very different in substance, Long and Trump adopted similar styles that positioned them as the antithesis of typical politicians and their worldviews. end student sample text

The conclusion should draw the threads of your report together and make its significance clear to readers. You may wish to review the introduction, restate the thesis, recommend a course of action, point to the future, or use some combination of these. Whichever way you approach it, the conclusion should not head in a new direction. The following example is the conclusion from a student’s report on the effect of a book about environmental movements in the United States.

student sample text Since its publication in 1949, environmental activists of various movements have found wisdom and inspiration in Aldo Leopold’s A Sand County Almanac . These audiences included Leopold’s conservationist contemporaries, environmentalists of the 1960s and 1970s, and the environmental justice activists who rose in the 1980s and continue to make their voices heard today. These audiences have read the work differently: conservationists looked to the author as a leader, environmentalists applied his wisdom to their movement, and environmental justice advocates have pointed out the flaws in Leopold’s thinking. Even so, like those before them, environmental justice activists recognize the book’s value as a testament to taking the long view and eliminating biases that may cloud an objective assessment of humanity’s interdependent relationship with the environment. end student sample text

Citing Sources

You must cite the sources of information and data included in your report. Citations must appear in both the text and a bibliography at the end of the report.

The sample paragraphs in the previous section include examples of in-text citation using APA documentation style. Trevor Garcia’s report on the U.S. response to COVID-19 in 2020 also uses APA documentation style for citations in the text of the report and the list of references at the end. Your instructor may require another documentation style, such as MLA or Chicago.

Peer Review: Getting Feedback from Readers

You will likely engage in peer review with other students in your class by sharing drafts and providing feedback to help spot strengths and weaknesses in your reports. For peer review within a class, your instructor may provide assignment-specific questions or a form for you to complete as you work together.

If you have a writing center on your campus, it is well worth your time to make an online or in-person appointment with a tutor. You’ll receive valuable feedback and improve your ability to review not only your report but your overall writing.

Another way to receive feedback on your report is to ask a friend or family member to read your draft. Provide a list of questions or a form such as the one in Table 8.5 for them to complete as they read.

Revising: Using Reviewers’ Responses to Revise your Work

When you receive comments from readers, including your instructor, read each comment carefully to understand what is being asked. Try not to get defensive, even though this response is completely natural. Remember that readers are like coaches who want you to succeed. They are looking at your writing from outside your own head, and they can identify strengths and weaknesses that you may not have noticed. Keep track of the strengths and weaknesses your readers point out. Pay special attention to those that more than one reader identifies, and use this information to improve your report and later assignments.

As you analyze each response, be open to suggestions for improvement, and be willing to make significant revisions to improve your writing. Perhaps you need to revise your thesis statement to better reflect the content of your draft. Maybe you need to return to your sources to better understand a point you’re trying to make in order to develop a paragraph more fully. Perhaps you need to rethink the organization, move paragraphs around, and add transition sentences.

Below is an early draft of part of Trevor Garcia’s report with comments from a peer reviewer:

student sample text To truly understand what happened, it’s important first to look back to the years leading up to the pandemic. Epidemiologists and public health officials had long known that a global pandemic was possible. In 2016, the U.S. National Security Council (NSC) published a 69-page document with the intimidating title Playbook for Early Response to High-Consequence Emerging Infectious Disease Threats and Biological Incidents . The document’s two sections address responses to “emerging disease threats that start or are circulating in another country but not yet confirmed within U.S. territorial borders” and to “emerging disease threats within our nation’s borders.” On 13 January 2017, the joint Obama-Trump transition teams performed a pandemic preparedness exercise; however, the playbook was never adopted by the incoming administration. end student sample text

annotated text Peer Review Comment: Do the words in quotation marks need to be a direct quotation? It seems like a paraphrase would work here. end annotated text

annotated text Peer Review Comment: I’m getting lost in the details about the playbook. What’s the Obama-Trump transition team? end annotated text

student sample text In February 2018, the administration began to cut funding for the Prevention and Public Health Fund at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; cuts to other health agencies continued throughout 2018, with funds diverted to unrelated projects such as housing for detained immigrant children. end student sample text

annotated text Peer Review Comment: This paragraph has only one sentence, and it’s more like an example. It needs a topic sentence and more development. end annotated text

student sample text Three months later, Luciana Borio, director of medical and biodefense preparedness at the NSC, spoke at a symposium marking the centennial of the 1918 influenza pandemic. “The threat of pandemic flu is the number one health security concern,” she said. “Are we ready to respond? I fear the answer is no.” end student sample text

annotated text Peer Review Comment: This paragraph is very short and a lot like the previous paragraph in that it’s a single example. It needs a topic sentence. Maybe you can combine them? end annotated text

annotated text Peer Review Comment: Be sure to cite the quotation. end annotated text

Reading these comments and those of others, Trevor decided to combine the three short paragraphs into one paragraph focusing on the fact that the United States knew a pandemic was possible but was unprepared for it. He developed the paragraph, using the short paragraphs as evidence and connecting the sentences and evidence with transitional words and phrases. Finally, he added in-text citations in APA documentation style to credit his sources. The revised paragraph is below:

student sample text Epidemiologists and public health officials in the United States had long known that a global pandemic was possible. In 2016, the National Security Council (NSC) published Playbook for Early Response to High-Consequence Emerging Infectious Disease Threats and Biological Incidents , a 69-page document on responding to diseases spreading within and outside of the United States. On January 13, 2017, the joint transition teams of outgoing president Barack Obama and then president-elect Donald Trump performed a pandemic preparedness exercise based on the playbook; however, it was never adopted by the incoming administration (Goodman & Schulkin, 2020). A year later, in February 2018, the Trump administration began to cut funding for the Prevention and Public Health Fund at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, leaving key positions unfilled. Other individuals who were fired or resigned in 2018 were the homeland security adviser, whose portfolio included global pandemics; the director for medical and biodefense preparedness; and the top official in charge of a pandemic response. None of them were replaced, leaving the White House with no senior person who had experience in public health (Goodman & Schulkin, 2020). Experts voiced concerns, among them Luciana Borio, director of medical and biodefense preparedness at the NSC, who spoke at a symposium marking the centennial of the 1918 influenza pandemic in May 2018: “The threat of pandemic flu is the number one health security concern,” she said. “Are we ready to respond? I fear the answer is no” (Sun, 2018, final para.). end student sample text

A final word on working with reviewers’ comments: as you consider your readers’ suggestions, remember, too, that you remain the author. You are free to disregard suggestions that you think will not improve your writing. If you choose to disregard comments from your instructor, consider submitting a note explaining your reasons with the final draft of your report.

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• Resource Center

Investigation Report Example: How to Write an Investigative Report

• What is the Importance of an Investigative Report?
• How to Write an Investigative Report: "Musts"
• How CaseIQ Can Help

Preliminary Case Information

Here’s how to write an investigation report that is clear, complete, and compliant.

Do you dread the end of an investigation because you hate writing investigative reports? You’re not alone.

However, because it’s an important showcase of the investigation, you can’t cut corners on this critical investigation step. Your investigation report reflects on you and your investigation, so make sure it’s as clear, comprehensive, accurate, and polished.

How do you write an investigation report? What are the parts of an investigation report? What's an investigation report example? In this guide, you’ll learn how to make your workplace incident reports effective and efficient.

How mature are your workplace investigations?

An investigations maturity model can reveal your investigations program's strong points and areas for improvement. Learn how to evaluate your program in our upcoming fireside chat with investigations expert Meric Bloch.

An investigation report can:

• Spark some sort of action based on the findings it presents
• Record of the steps of the investigation
• Provide information for legal actions
• Provide valuable data to inform control and preventive measures

In short, your report documents what happened during the investigation and suggests what to do next.

In addition, the process of writing an investigation report can help you approach the investigation in a new way. You might think of more questions to ask the parties involved or understand an aspect of the incident that was unclear.

How to Write an Investigative Report: “Musts”

Before you begin, it’s important to understand the three critical tasks of a workplace investigative report.

• It must be organized in a such way that anybody internally or externally can understand it without having to reference other materials. That means it should have little to no jargon or specialized language and be a stand-alone summary of your investigation from start to finish.
• It must document the investigative findings objectively and accurately and provide decision makers with enough information to determine whether they should take further action.  With just one read-through, stakeholders should be able to understand what happened and how to handle it.
• It must indicate whether the allegations were substantiated, unsubstantiated, or whether there’s something missing that is needed to reach a conclusion. Use the evidence you’ve gathered to back up your analysis.

You might be wondering, “What are the contents of an investigation report?” Now that you know what your report should accomplish, we’ll move on to the sections it should include.

Want to streamline the report-writing process?

Download our free investigation report template to ensure you have consistent, compliant, and complete reports for every case.

Get the Template

Investigation Report Format: What to Include in Your Workplace Incident Report

Executive summary, incident summary, allegation subject, investigation details & notes, investigation interviews, conclusion & recommendations, final edits, how case iq can help.

The executive summary should be a concise overview of the investigation from beginning to end. It should not contain any information that is not already in the investigation report.

This may be the most important component of the investigation report because many readers won’t need to go beyond this section. High-level stakeholders get an overall picture of the allegations, investigation, and outcome without having to pore over the details.

To make this section easy to read, write in an active voice. For example: “I interviewed Carrie Smith,” not “Carrie Smith was interviewed.”

Example:   On February 23 rd , 2023, the Human Resources Manager received a written complaint of sexual harassment submitted by Carrie Smith, the stockroom manager. Smith claimed that on February 22 nd , 2023, her supervisor, Mark Robinson, pushed her against the wall in the boardroom and groped her breasts. Smith also alleged that Robinson on another occasion told her she was “too pretty” to be working in the stockroom and that he could arrange for a promotion for her. 

On February 24th, the Human Resources Manager assigned the case to me.

On February 25th, I interviewed Carrie Smith and two witnesses to the alleged February 22 nd  incident, John Jones and Pamela Miller. Jones and Miller did not corroborate the groping allegation but said they saw Smith running out of the boardroom in tears. Miller also reported hearing Robinson tell another employee, Sara Brown, that she had “a great rack”. 

On February 26 th , I interviewed Mark Robinson. He denied the groping incident and said he was “just joking around” with her in the boardroom but did not actually touch her and that Smith was too sensitive. He admitted to telling Smith she was too pretty to work in the stockroom, but contends that it was meant as a compliment.

Based on the interviews with the complainant and the alleged offender, I find that the complainant’s allegation of sexual harassment is substantiated.

It is my recommendation that the company provide the respondent with a written account of the findings of the investigation and a reminder of the company’s expectations for employee behavior. I also recommend that the respondent receive sexual harassment training and be advised that repeated harassing behavior may result in further discipline up to and including termination.

This section outlines the preliminary case information in a concise format, with only the most important details. It can go either before or after the executive summary.

• Your name and investigator identification number, if you have one
• Case number
• Date the case was assigned to you
• The date the report was reviewed
• How the report was received (e.g. hotline, email to HR manager, verbal report to supervisor)
• Name of the reporter/complainant

If the reporter is an employee, record their:

• Email address
• Work telephone number
• Employment level/position
• Employee identification number
• Department identification number

If the source  is not an employee, only record their:

• Personal telephone number

In either case, note the date that the report was submitted, as well as the date(s) of the alleged incident(s).

The purpose of this section is to answer the who, what, where, and when about the incident.

• What type of case is it? For example, is the case alleging harassment, discrimination, fraud, or other workplace misconduct?
• Specify the case type further.  For example, is it  sexual  harassment,  gender  discrimination,  accounts payable  fraud, etc.
• Who is the alleged victim?  For example, is it the reporter, another employee, a customer, or the whole company?
• If the alleged victim is an employee, identify the person’s supervisor.
• Were any other people involved besides the subject and the alleged victim?
• Where did the incident(s) take place?
• When did the incident(s) occur?
• Capture details of the allegation.  Example : Stacey Smith alleges that John Jones, an accounts payables clerk, has been funneling payments to a dummy supplier that he has set up in the company’s procurement system. Stacey says that she noticed a discrepancy when one of the suppliers she deals with questioned a payment and she had to ask an accounts payable clerk, Tom Tierney, to pull the file for her. When Tom accidentally brought Stacey the wrong file, she saw that monthly payments were being made to a supplier she had never heard of, and that the address of the supplier was John Jones’s address. Stacey knows John’s address because her sister is John’s next-door neighbor.

Describe the allegation or complaint in simple, clear language. Avoid using jargon, acronyms, or technical terms that the average reader outside the company may not understand.

In this section, note details about the alleged bad actor. Some of this information might be included in the initial report/complaint, but others you might have to dig for, especially if the subject isn’t an employee of the organization.

For every subject, include their:

• Email (work contact if they’re an employee, personal if not)
• Telephone number (see above)

If the subject of the allegation is an employee, also include their:

• Employment status (e.g. full-time, part-time, intern, contractor, etc.)
• Business location

Begin outlining the investigation details by defining the scope. It’s important to keep the scope of the investigation focused narrowly on the allegation and avoid drawing separate but related investigations into the report.

Example:   The investigation will focus on the anonymous tip received through the whistleblower hotline. The objective of the investigation is to determine whether the allegation reported via the hotline is true or false.

Next, record a description of each action taken during the investigation. This becomes a diary of your investigation, showing everything that was done during the investigation, who did it, and when.

For each action, outline:

• Type of action (e.g. initial review, meeting, contacting parties, conducting an interview, following up)
• Person responsible for the action
• Date when the action was completed
• Brief description of the action (i.e. who you met with, where, and for how long)

Be thorough and detailed, because this section of your report can be an invaluable resource if you are ever challenged on any details of your investigation.

Write a summary of each interview. These should be brief outlines listed separately for each interview.

Include the following information:

• Who conducted the interview
• Who was interviewed
• Where the interview took place
• Date of the interview

Include a list of people who refused to be interviewed or could not be interviewed and why.

Write a Report for Each Interview

This is an expanded version of the summaries documented above. Even though some of the information is repeated, be sure to include it so that you can use the summaries and reports separately as standalone documentation of the interviews conducted.

For each interview, document:

• Location of the interview
• Summary of the substance of the interview, based on your interview notes or recording.

Example:   I asked Jane Jameson to describe the events of July 13 th , 2016. She said: “After work, Peter approached me as I was leaving the building and asked me if I would like to work on his team. When I said that I was happy working with my current team, he told me that my team had too many women on it and that ‘all those hormones are causing problems’ so I should think about moving to a ‘sane’ team.”

I asked her how she reacted to that. She said: I told him that I found that offensive and he said that I needed to stop being so sensitive. I just walked away.”

I asked Jane to describe the events of the next day. She said: “The next day he came to my desk and asked me if I had given any thought to moving to his team. I repeated that I was happy where I was. At that point he started massaging my shoulders and said that moving to his team would have its ‘perks’. I asked him to stop twice and he wouldn’t. Sally walked over and told him to get lost and ‘leave Jane alone’ and he left.”

I thanked Jane for her cooperation and concluded the interview.

Assess Credibility

Aside from collecting the evidence, it is also an investigator’s job to analyze the evidence and reach a conclusion. Include a credibility assessment for each interview subject in the interview report. Describe your reasons for determining that the interviewee is or isn’t a credible source of information.

This involves assessing the credibility of the witness. The EEOC has published guidelines that recommend examining the following factors:

• Plausibility – Is the testimony believable and does it make sense?
• Demeanor – Did the person seem to be telling the truth?
• Motive to falsify – Does the person have a reason to lie?
• Corroboration – Is there testimony or evidence that corroborates the witness’s account?
• Past record – Does the subject have a history of similar behavior?

Example:   I consider Jane to be a credible interviewee based on the corroboration of her story with Sally and also because she has nothing to gain by reporting these incidents. She has no prior relationship with Peter and seemed genuinely upset by his behavior.

A well-written report is the only way to prove that an investigation was carried out thoroughly.

Download this free cheat sheet to learn best practices of writing investigation reports.

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In this section, describe all the evidence obtained. This could include:

• Video or audio footage
• Email or messaging (e.g. Slack, Teams, etc.) records
• Employee security access records
• Computer or other device login records
• Documents or papers
• Physical objects (e.g. photos, posters, broken objects, etc.)

Number each piece of evidence for easy reference in your chain of evidence document.

As you gather and analyze evidence , it’s critically important to include and fully consider everything you find. Ignoring evidence that doesn’t support your conclusion will undermine your investigation and your credibility as an investigator. If you aren’t weighing some pieces as heavily as others, make sure you have a good explanation as to why.

In the final section of your report, detail your findings and conclusion. In other words, answer the questions that your investigation set out to answer.

This is where your analysis comes into play. However, be sure to only address the issue(s) being examined only, and don’t include any information that is not supported by fact. Otherwise, you could be accused of bias or speculation if the subject challenges your findings.

Investigation Findings Example:   My findings indicate that, based on the evidence, Bill’s allegation that Jim blocked him from the promotion is true. Jim’s behavior towards Bill is consistent with the definition of racial discrimination. The company’s code of conduct forbids discrimination; therefore, Jim’s behavior constitutes employee misconduct.

It’s important for your conclusion to be defensible, based on the evidence you have presented in your investigation report. Reference reliable evidence that is relevant to the case. Finally, explain that you’ve considered all the evidence, not just pieces that support your conclusion.

In some cases, you might have been asked to provide recommendations, too. Depending on your conclusion, you may recommend that the company:

• Does nothing
• Provides counseling or training
• Disciplines the employee(s)
• Transfers the employee(s)
• Terminates or demotes the employee(s)

Example: It is my recommendation that the company provide the respondent (Jim) with a written account of the findings of the investigation and a reminder of the company’s expectations for employee behavior. I also recommend that the respondent (Jim) receive anti-discrimination training and be advised that repeated discriminatory behavior may result in further discipline up to and including termination.

Grammatical errors or missed words can take even the best investigation report from professional to sloppy. That’s why checking your work before submitting the report is perhaps the most important step of them all.

Keep in mind that your investigative report may be seen by your supervisors, directors, and even C-level executives in your company, as well as attorneys and judges if the case goes to court.

If spelling, grammar, and punctuation aren’t your strong suit, enlist the services of a writer-friend or colleague to proofread your report. Or, if you’re a lone wolf kind of worker, upgrade your skills with a writing course or a read-through of books like  The Elements of Style by Strunk and White. At the very least, remember to run a spell check before you pass on any document to others.

Finally, do a quick scan to make sure you’ve included all the necessary sections and that case details are consistent.

Want more report-writing tips?

Watch our free webinar to get advice on what to include (and not include), proper language and tone, formatting tips, and more on how to effectively make an investigation report.

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RELATED: 3 Investigation Report Writing Mistakes You’re Still Making

Frequently Asked Questions

How do i write an investigation report.

To write an investigation report, you should ensure it's clear, comprehensive, accurate, and organized, documenting findings objectively and providing decision-makers with enough information to determine further action.

What are the basic parts of an investigation report?

The basic parts of an investigation report include an executive summary, preliminary case information, incident summary, allegation subject details, investigation details and notes, investigation interviews, evidence documentation, conclusion and recommendations, and final edits.

What is the purpose of an investigation report?

The purpose of an investigation report is to document the steps and findings of an investigation, providing a clear record of what occurred, suggesting actions to be taken, and potentially serving as valuable data for legal actions or informing control and preventive measures.

If you’re still managing cases with spreadsheets or outdated systems, you’re putting your organization at risk.

With all your investigation information stored in one place, you can create comprehensive, compliant investigation reports with a single click. Case IQ’s powerful case management software pulls all the information from the case file automatically, so you can close cases faster.

Learn more about how Case IQ can reduce resolution time and improve your organization’s investigations here.

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Free Workplace Accident Report Form Templates, Checklists, and Samples

By Andy Marker | September 19, 2019

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In this article, you’ll find a wide selection of ready-to-use workplace incident report templates that you can tailor to fit your needs. These free templates are available for download in Word, Excel, and PDF formats. 

Included on this page, you will find an employee incident/accident report form , a supervisor's incident investigation report template , a statement of witness to accident template , an employee's return to work plan , and many more helpful workplace accident report forms.

Employee’s First Report of Injury Form Template

When an employee is involved in a work-related accident or illness, the employer is responsible for filing the first report of injury (FROI) to begin the claims process. This customizable FROI template comes ready for employees to enter personal information, the type of accident, the names of all witnesses, the incident location, prevention suggestions, the contact information of the employee’s physician, and more. 

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Word | PDF | Smartsheet

Employee’s Incident/Accident Report (with Back Injury Report) Template

The injured employee should fill out this pre-built employee incident/accident report (it also includes a back injury report, if applicable). Use this template to collect the injured employee’s personal information and the circumstances of the accident, including the duties the employee was performing at the time of the event, the objects or machinery involved, the severity of the injury the employee sustained, and the medical care they received. The document also includes a section for the employee to sign a medical release. 

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Workplace Incident Report Form Template

At the workplace, when a hazardous occurrence arises that has the potential to cause bodily injury, health issues, or even fatalities, you should file a workplace incident report immediately, so authorities can determine if further investigation is necessary. This incident report form template provides space to record all employees involved in the incident, identification numbers of equipment involved, incident event details, and injury and first aid details. 

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Work-Related Accident/Injury Report Form Template

You should complete a work-related injury report as soon as possible after sustaining an injury and immediately submit it to HR for processing. The supervisor should make sure they complete the injury report if the employee involved in the accident is physically unable to do so. This customizable work-related accident/injury report form template tracks the employee’s personal and professional information, key details surrounding the accident, affected parts of the body, first aid administered at the scene of the injury, medical provider information, and signatures for both the employee and supervisor. 

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Supervisor’s Incident Investigation Report Template

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Supervisor’s Report of Return to Work Template

Once you have filed a workplace accident report and a medical care provider has assessed the employee’s injuries, the supervisor submits a return to work plan to the workers’ compensation coordinator. This customizable return to work template provides space to record the employee’s name, the date of return, and the status of the employee’s work status, including whether the organization will place restrictions on such employee or deem them ready to work their full schedule.

Download Supervisor’s Report of Return to Work Template

Employee’s Return to Work (RTW) Plan Template

The relevant supervisor should complete the employee return to work plan and submit it to the employee and the workers’ compensation coordinator for filing. Once a physician has provided medical feedback pertaining to the employee’s injuries and limitations, a supervisor can use this pre-built template to schedule a return to work date, check off key requirements to review or brief relevant parties on, and organize a weekly work plan to successfully transition the employee back into the workplace.

Download Employee’s Return to Work (RTW) Plan Template

Excel | Word | PDF | Smartsheet

Statement of Witness to Accident Template

A witness statement to an accident can aid in the investigation of a hazardous event and help prevent similar incidents in the future. It is crucial to encourage witnesses to submit statements as soon as possible following an accident, while the details are still fresh in one’s mind. Use this statement of witness to accident template to track key details, including the name of the employee involved and the contact information for the witness. The document includes ample space for the witness to recount the event details.  

Download Statement of Witness to Accident Template

Near-Miss Report Form Template

You can use this pre-built near-miss report form template to record particulars regarding an incident that had the potential to cause an injury, death, or illness. This template tracks the location of the close call, the workplace conditions, the type of concern, a description of the incident, any safety suggestions, and more. The form provides the employer with a clear picture of the event circumstances, so you can develop a plan of action to prevent future incidents.

Download Near-Miss Report Form Template

Employee Incident Log Template

According to OSHA, employers must retain records of employee injuries and illnesses for a minimum of five years . Maintaining a running log of these workplace incidents in one central location will ensure that you’re tracking and accounting for all reports. This downloadable employee incident log template provides space to record the claim number, employee identification number, incident date, location, and severity (e.g., death, injury, or near miss) and tracks the number of days away from work, the number of modified duty days, and the date returned to full duty for each affected employee.

Download Employee Incident Log Template

Excel | Smartsheet

Workplace Violence Incident Report Template

This workplace violence incident report template is for the victim of a verbal threat or an act of physical violence. The victim should complete the report. This template tracks key incident details, including the name of the person(s) demonstrating the prohibited behavior, the name of the victim, incident witnesses, events leading up to and during the incident, plan of action recommendations, police report information, and more.  

Download Workplace Violence Incident Report Template

Health and Safety Incident Report Form Template

Use this pre-built health and safety incident report form to record dangerous incidents at the workplace, including diseases, illnesses, and safety hazards. Affected employees, contractors, and visitors to the worksite should fill out this form immediately following an occurrence to report the incident details, outcomes, first aid provided, corrective measures, and other information about the event.

Download Health and Safety Incident Report Form Template

General Staff Incident Report Form Template

This ready-to-use general staff incident report form template includes room to report employee information, incident description details, an employee explanation, any witness names, and actions to be taken (e.g., verbal warning, probation, or dismissal). It also includes space at the bottom for signatures.  

Download General Staff Incident Report Form Template

Work Accident Report Sample Letter Template

Notifying your employer in a timely manner following a work-related injury is crucial if you plan to file a workers’ compensation claim. Customize this work accident report sample letter to suit your needs, and then submit it to your employer within the notification time frame required by your state. This template also includes space for you to add incident details (including events leading up to the incident), names of witnesses, treatment received following the incident, work restrictions, and more.

Download Work Accident Report Sample Letter - Word

Claim Tracking Checklist Template

The process for filing and maintaining workplace accident claims requires a tightly managed recordkeeping system. Use this claim tracking checklist template to track the status of claim certification approvals, agency authorities you’ve notified, and essential reporting documentation that you need (e.g., employee’s accident report, supervisor’s investigation report, witness statement form) for each injured employee to ensure that you account for and complete every step in the claim process.

Download Claim Tracking Checklist Template

What Is an Accident or Incident Report Form?

An accident report or incident report is a form that an employee or manager fills out in the case of an injury, illness, or near miss at the workplace. The terms accident and incident are often used interchangeably; however, an accident report places more emphasis on an injury sustained, whereas an incident report focuses more on the cause of an event and how an employer can prevent it in the future. You should submit an incident report even if an employee did not sustain an injury.

What Should Be Included in an Accident or Incident Report?

When an employee is involved in either a work-related incident or an accident involving an injury, you should include the following information in the report:

• The affected employee’s information
• The details of the incident (including the date, location, and description of the event)
• The parts of the body affected (if an injury occurred)
• The immediate actions taken to remedy the situation (including medical intervention)
• The equipment malfunctions or other hazardous conditions that contributed to the incident
• Witness statements
• The information and evidence you gathered (including drawings and photographs)
• The injuries or other medical issues that occurred due to the incident
• Suggestions for the prevention of future incidents

What Is an Accident Reporting Procedure?

An accident reporting procedure is the process a company uses to communicate and document illnesses, injuries, and near-miss incidents that occur at the workplace. Employers are responsible for establishing a company policy for reporting incidents so that you can record, investigate, and correct work-related accidents and illnesses. 

Here is an example of an incident reporting process:

• The employee (or supervisor, if the employee is unable) should fill out the incident report in a timely manner, while the details are still fresh in their mind.
• Witnesses of the event should submit a statement to aid in the potential investigation of the incident.
• If applicable, you should take supporting photographs and/or create drawings to attach to the report.
• You should immediately notify employees, contractors, and visitors to the site of safety hazards in order to avoid additional incidents. 
• You should update policy documents to reflect the procedure for handling a repeat incident or preventing it in the future. 
• Ensure that all employees have access to the latest version of the accident reporting company policy.

Accident Reporting Company Policy Sample Template

You can customize this accident reporting company policy sample template according to the needs of your organization. You can use this template as a basis to build out your company’s accident reporting policy. It includes room to outline the policy’s purpose, scope, elements, insurance coverage information, emergency assistance instructions, incident reporting procedures, and more.

Download Accident Reporting Company Policy Sample Template

Why Is It Important to Report Accidents at Work?

Reporting a work-related injury, illness, death, disease, or other hazardous occurrence is a legal requirement. The report assists the Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) authorities and other local agencies by identifying — and potentially investigating — the location and cause of certain risk factors. By reporting an accident that you were directly involved in, or were a witness to, you are providing your employer with the information necessary to administer potential claims/lawsuits, identify risks, and develop solutions to prevent future occurrences.

What Are the Benefits of Using Incident Reporting Software That Contains Digital Reporting Forms?

In an increasingly technological society, now, more than ever, we have access to a vast selection of online tools and software that submit, manage, and securely store digital incident reporting forms and documentation. Here are some of the major benefits of migrating to an online incident management system that contains digital reporting forms:

• With the click of a button, you can submit ready-to-use forms that are received instantly by the relevant party. 
• The ability to submit images, drawings, and other supporting documents aids risk assessments and incident investigations.
• In minutes, you can update policy documents and forms to the latest versions.
• Built-in communication features allow you to connect with other devices at any time in order to conveniently exchange information.
• Employees can easily access resources (e.g., procedures, checklists, and reporting forms) in a centralized, online location. 

In order to reap the benefits of incident reporting software, it is imperative to know which features to look for. Below, we’ll discuss the seven necessary components of an effective workplace incident management system.

What to Look for in a Workplace Incident Management System

Here are the seven key elements to look for when selecting an incident management system for your organization:

• Forms, policies, and other resources are available across multiple mobile devices, so employees can easily access them out in the field. 
• The system reflects form submissions and policy updates in real-time.
• The system is user-friendly, technologically accessible to all personnel.
• The system offers quick and easy installation for fast implementation.
• The system provides built-in communication features, so you can quickly connect and correspond with stakeholders. 
• Digital forms are readily available and customizable to suit your needs.
• The system offers flexible pricing options to ensure that you are only paying for what you need.

With all of these components in mind, how do you begin to find the right incident management software for your business? We’ve done the research for you and uncovered the top accident reporting software systems that provide the highest value.

Top 13 Accident Reporting Software Solutions for Any Business

Below are the top incident management software solutions that provide the most value for your organization:

• Smartsheet: Smartsheet is a powerful and versatile work management tool that accelerates team throughput by fostering collaboration, accountability, and transparency. Easily create and distribute custom surveys and work accident forms to employees, contractors, and other personnel at the worksite for the purpose of data collection in real time, across multiple devices. Track the status of claims, attach images and documents, automate workflows, request approvals, analyze performance metrics on a widget-driven dashboard, report on incident data to stakeholders, and create a centralized hub for employees to access key resource links.  Pricing: Flexible pricing options start at $14/month for individual users and $25/month per user for a business plan. Compare plans and features to find the best fit for your needs. You can also start a free 30-day trial and even request a free demo .
• Connecteam: Connecteam is a user-friendly workforce management app that encourages team engagement. Create accident procedure checklists, send custom push notifications, communicate through the in-app chat feature, and more. You can also send, receive, and easily track the status of incident-related notes from employees, contractors, and other workers connected to your organization.  Pricing: Fixed monthly pricing ranges from $29 to $72 per month, for up to 200 users. A plan is available for businesses needing access for more than 200 users, but you will need to contact the company directly for additional pricing information. You can also start a free 14-day trial. 
• Typeform: Typeform is a web-based platform you can use to create surveys, forms, and questionnaires in order to collect information from employees regarding workplace hazards. For accident reporting, you also have the option of selecting and customizing pre-existing form templates for distribution to all personnel at a worksite.  Pricing: There are three price plan options, including Essentials (which is free with very limited features), Pro for $35/month per user, and Premium for $70/month per user.
• Freshservice: Freshservice is a cloud-based IT service management (ITSM) platform that focuses on helping an organization solve its internal IT challenges. You can open incident tickets through a variety of channels (e.g., email, phone, and service portal); then, your IT department can assign tickets and issue a custom canned response. Pricing: There are four monthly pricing options available, including $29/month per user, $59/month per user, and two plans at $99/month per user, for bigger teams and enterprises. You can also start a free 21-day trial. 
• A1 Tracker: A1 Tracker is a web-based asset management software that you can use to administer incident forms, electronic claims, reports, and more. You can also track the status of incidents, assets, and injuries, with additional features like risk notifications and location reporting.  Pricing: Contact a customer service representative for a customized quote. 
• ServiceDesk Plus: ServiceDesk Plus is web-based asset management software that serves as an IT help desk. You can use it to manage trouble tickets, contracts, IT assets, and reporting, and it includes multi-site support features. Pricing: Contact a customer service representative for a customized quote. 
• Incy.io: This is a semi-automated tool that allows employees to report an incident from a mobile device. Report forms are customizable: you can choose users to receive automated email notifications, and you can assess and analyze risk data for trends.  Pricing: Contact a customer service representative for a customized annual fee. 
• PagerDuty: PagerDuty is an incident response platform for an organization’s IT department. Use this app to create and track the status of incident tickets, event details, documentation, and more, with additional features like email and push notifications.  Pricing: Pricing plans start at $10/month for up to six users, $29/month per user for teams, and $39/month per user for businesses. You can also start a free 14-day trial. 
• VictorOps: VictorOps is an incident management and IT alerting platform that manages on-call scheduling, live call routing, and incident reporting. Users can attach relevant documentation to alerts to keep information in one place.  Pricing: Pricing plans range from $9/month per user to $49/month per user, or you can get a custom quote depending on your business needs. You can also try it free with a 14-day trial. 
• Compliance360: Compliance360 is a risk and compliance management tool that allows businesses to track and report on incidents, conduct internal audits, and manage policies. It also has two applications for gathering and administering disclosure forms that employees submit for review and approval.  Pricing: Contact a customer service representative for a custom quote. 
• Adashi Systems: Adashi Systems is a scheduling solution system that emergency service and law enforcement organizations use for dispatching, field reporting, and incident mapping. Other features include time and attendance tracking, real-time collaboration, and resource management for large-scale disasters. Pricing: Contact a customer service representative for a custom quote. 
• ProcessMAP: ProcessMAP is a web-based incident management solution that offers claims management, audit management, and incident tracking capabilities. You can also use the built-in calendar to assign tasks and gain performance visibility with dashboards. Pricing: Contact a customer service representative for a custom quote. 
• OnPage: OnPage is an incident management system that features task and ticket management, incident reporting, auditing, and root-cause diagnostics. Users can track incident ticket status, enable redundant messaging, and manage on-call schedules.  Pricing: Contact a customer service representative for a custom quote. You can also start a free 7-day trial.

Streamline Data Collection with Smartsheet Workplace Accident Report Forms

Empower your people to go above and beyond with a flexible platform designed to match the needs of your team — and adapt as those needs change. 

The Smartsheet platform makes it easy to plan, capture, manage, and report on work from anywhere, helping your team be more effective and get more done. Report on key metrics and get real-time visibility into work as it happens with roll-up reports, dashboards, and automated workflows built to keep your team connected and informed. 

When teams have clarity into the work getting done, there’s no telling how much more they can accomplish in the same amount of time.  Try Smartsheet for free, today.

Discover why over 90% of Fortune 100 companies trust Smartsheet to get work done.

Masih Buntu

Workplace assignment...

Jika Jawapan Anda 'YA'

TAHNIAH..! ANDA BERADA DI TEMPAT YANG TEPAT

SAYA AKAN BANTU ANDA UNTUK MENYEDIAKAN ‘WORKPLACE ASSIGNMENT’ YANG BERKUALITI

SEBELUM TU, MARI SAYA KENALKAN SIAPA SAYA SEBELUM TU, MARI SAYA KENALKAN SIAPA SAYA

Saya bukan pakar, bukan juga ‘sifu’. Niat saya satu saja. Saya nak tolong siapa-siapa saja yang nak berjaya di dalam bidang safety ni.  Sewaktu saya mula-mula berkecimpung di dalam bidang safety ni, pergh… pedih beb bila kena reject dengan kawan-kawan sendiri, nak dapatkan info kat mana ambik kursus safety officer ni pun punya la susah. Masa tu mana ada uncle google lagi. Komputer riba pun masih dalam kandungan, tak keluar lagi. 

Dipendekkan cerita, saya pernah kena perli oleh rakan sendiri sebab bertanya kat mana nak ambik kursus safety officer.  Kau bayangkan, nak tahu kat mana tempat kursus saja punya la susah, apa lagi bab nak lulus ujian safety officer dan cara nak daftar sebagai safety officer yang kompetent dengan pihak DOSH. 

Sebab itu la, saya cuba nak bantu mereka yang  baru nak memulakan karier dalam bidang safety ni. Selama ni saya dah tolong ramai calon-calon SHO, saya comeout dengan  blog dan YouTube dengan harapan ia dapat memberi sedikit idea kepada calon-calon yang berminat nak menceburkan diri dalam bidang safety ni. Seingat saya, saya tak pernah tak reply email ataupun text daripada pembaca blog dan juga penonton channel YouTube saya. 

Saya harap, mereka berjaya.

Andrew L. Salin

HOW TO PREPARE HIGH QUALITY WORKPLACE ASSSIGNMENT HOW TO PREPARE HIGH QUALITY WORKPLACE ASSSIGNMENT

UNTUK MENJADI KOMPETEN SAFETY & HEALTH OFFICER, SALAH SATU REQUIREMENT ADALAH ANDA KENA LULUS PEPERIKSAAN SHO ANJURAN NIOSH. MALANGNYA, RAMAI CALON YANG GAGAL PEPERIKSAAN SHO NIOSH TERUTAMANYA PAPER 4 (KERTAS 4)  🙁 

JIKA ANDA SALAH SEORANG YANG GAGAL PEPERIKSAAN TERSEBUT, SAYA TURUT BERDUKACITA  🙁 🙁 🙁 

SELAIN GAGAL, ADA JUGA CALON YANG TAKUT UNTUK MENDUDUKI PEPERIKSAAN SHO ANJURAN NIOSH

ANTARA ALASAN YANG KERAP DIBERIKAN ADALAH TAK YAKIN UNTUK LULUS PAPER 4

APA YANG BEST KAT DALAM V-BOOK NI?

Sebelum tu saya nak explain apa itu v-book? V-book merupakan e-book dalam bentuk video. Ia sangat sesuai bagi mereka yang tak suka membaca. Dalam v-book High Quality Workplace Assignment ni, saya pecahkan kepada 3 bahagian utama seperti berikut:

Format untuk menyediakan High Quality Workplace Assignment

Cara buat Presentation Slide yang betul untuk Oral Examination

Cara sempoi hasilkan High Quality Workplace Assignment

APA YANG MENARIK KAT PART 1 NI?

REPORT FORMAT

Verification.

SEDIH 🙁 TAU BILA DAPAT TAHU SALAH SORANG EX STAFF SAYA FAIL PAPER 4

BUKAN SAJA DIA FAIL BAB ASSIGNMENT WRITING TU, TAPI FAIL JUGA BAB PRESENTATION. FUH..! DASYAT NYA, PATUTLA RAMAI YANG TAK YAKIN NAK DUDUK EXAM. 

ALA TAK APA LA, KITA TANGGUH DULU AMBIK EXAM, TUNGGU DAH CONFIDENT BARU EXAM, APA SUSAHNYA..

Otai safety.

Itu kata otai dulu-dulu bro, selepas 1 January 2020 takde lagi boleh tangguh exam sampai bila confident

Paling lama boleh tangguh pun 3 tahun jer selepas attend Kursus Pegawai Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan (SHO Course)

Kalau tak attend selepas 3 tahun, terpaksa la duduk kursus selama 22 hari lagi. Masa terbuang, duit pula melayang 🙁 

Jangan lupa, selepas pertama kali duduk exam, kena lulus dalam tempoh 2 tahun dari tarikh pertama duduk exam tu

Ermm..kalau asyik gagal macam mana nak sempat lulus dalam tempoh 2 tahun tu..

DALAM PART II NI,SAYA BERI EXPLANATION BAGAIMANA CARA BUAT PRESENTATION SLIDE UNTUK ORAL EXAM

ORAL EXAMINATION NI ANTARA PART YANG PALING KRITIKAL DAN PALING RAMAI YANG GAGAL

PRESENTATION TU KACANG JER, MALAH ANDA HANYA ADA 10 MINIT JER PUN UNTUK PRESENT..

TAPI KENAPA RAMAI YANG GAGAL..???

SAYA DEDAHKAN RAHSIA KENAPA ANDA TAK PERLU JADI STATISTIK KEPADA MEREKA YANG GAGAL PART ORAL EXAMINATION NI

SAYA JAMIN 100% ANDA AKAN LULUS KALAU IKUT TIPS YANG SAYA BAGI KAT PART II NI..!!

OPPSS…! PERKARA NI MUNGKIN TAK AKAN DIBINCANGKAN KETIKA ANDA MENGHADIRI KURSUS SAFETY OFFICER 🙂

PART 3 NI MERUPAKAN PART YANG PALING BEST

SAYA TUNJUKKAN CONTOH SECARA LIVE MACAM MANA NAK BUAT WORKPLACE ASSIGNMENT

SAYA JAMIN SELEPAS MENONTON VIDEO NI, ANDA AKAN DAPAT SIAPKAN ASSIGNMENT ANDA DALAM TEMPOH KURANG DARI 3 JAM SAJA

SAYA TUNJUKKAN CARA PALING MUDAH DAN CEPAT MACAM MANA BUAT WORKPLACE ASSIGNMENT YANG BERKUALITI TINGGI

ANDA TAK AKAN PENING KEPALA DAN BUANG MASA MACAM MANA NAK BUAT WORKPLACE ASSIGNMENT LAGI SELEPAS MENONTON VIDEO PART III 

NI ANTARA CONTOH SEDUTAN YANG ADA KAT DALAM V-BOOK NI

SEBAGAI MENGHARGAI KOMITMEN ANDA UNTUK LULUS DAN BERJAYA DI DALAM IMPIAN UNTUK MENJADI SAFETY OFFICER, SAYA JUGA SIAP BAGI BONUS UNTUK ANDA YANG MENDAPATKAN V-BOOK INI SECARA SAH. YA HANYA UNTUK YANG DAPATKAN SECARA SAH SAJA!

Special bonus untuk anda.

Saya sertakan contoh WPA yang anda boleh edit serta merta. Tak pening lagi kepala, just gunakan saja contoh WPA ni dan anda gerenti comply dengan format yang dikehendaki

Masih tak mahir macam mana cara buat risk assessment yang betul? Bukan saja saya bagi template dalam bentuk excel, saya juga hadiahkan video khas cara buat risk assessment

Tak perlu risau jika anda tak mahir buat presentaion slide. Saya hadiahkan template untuk presentation yang pasti akan memukau para examiner 🙂

Pemilik yang sah akan dimasukkan di dalam group rahsia dimana saya sendiri akan membantu anda sehingga anda lulus di dalam peperiksaan paper 4

CEPAT LA ANDREW..SAYA DAH TAK SABAR NAK TAHU MACAM MANA CARA NAK DAPATKAN HIGH QUALITY WORKPLACE ASSIGNMENT NI..

SEBELUM TERLUPA, V-BOOK NI SANGAT SENANG NAK DIGUNAKAN, ANDA BOLEH TENGOK VIDEO TU BERULANG-ULANG. BOLEH GUNA LAPTOP, DESKTOP BAH KAN JUGA SMARTPHONE..SO TAK PERLU RISAU, SEBELUM TIDO PUN BOLEH BELAJAR DULU 🙂 

BERAPA AGAKNYA KOS NAK DAPATKAN V-BOOK NI YA?

Kalau lihat dari apa yang kamu akan dapat, ya berikut merupakan harga untuk kesemua item yang terdapat di dalam High Quality Workplace Assignment ni..

• Contoh Slide
• Tips oral exam
• Oral Exam Prepation
• Cara Buat WPA
• High Quality WPA
• Step yang betul

Kos WPA Ni Bernilai.. RM400.00

Belum termasuk bonus ni lagi...

• 100% NIOSH Compliance
• Cepat dan Tepat
• Video Tutorial
• Continuous Learning

Kesemua Bonus Ni Bernilai... RM200.00

Yuuup..total value v-book ni rm600.

Sorry la Andrew.. Mahal sangat. Saya takde budget sekarang ni..

Ya, saya faham...dalam keadaan pandemik seperti ini ramai yang kehilangan rezeki. Niat saya bukan untuk menjana keuntungan, tapi saya nak bantu mereka yang betul-betul komited nak berjaya. Saya boleh bagi percuma sahaja v-book ni, tak ada masalah. Selama ni pun saya dah banyak tulis artikel dalam blog dan buat video kat Youtube berkaitan safety ni secara percuma. Bukan sedikit yang PM tepi minta pandangan dan nasihat berkaitan hal safety, saya bagi semua secara percuma, dengan niat agar mereka juga boleh berjaya. Tapi kadang-kadang ilmu yang percuma sangat susah untuk dihargai oleh sesetengah kita. Sebab tu saya cuma nak bantu yang komited ingin berjaya.

Baik la...sebagai menghargai usaha anda yang ingin lulus dalam wpa ni, dan berjaya di dalam bidang safety, setelah mempertimbangkan segala kos untuk menghasilkan & menyelenggara v-book ni, saya akan berikan anda harga yang special untuk waktu yang terhad sahaja.., harga istimewa untuk anda rm250.

Tak apa la Andrew, tunggu ada budget nanti la saya order..

BAIK LA..SAYA FAHAM. SAYA TAHU BAGAIMANA RASANYA KALAU BUDGET TAK CUKUP. CUMA SAYA IKHLAS NAK BANTU ANDA. SEBAB TU SAYA SANGGUP SERAP SEMUA KOS MENGHASILKAN & MENYELENGGARA V-BOOK NI. YANG PENTING ANDA DAPAT BELAJAR DAN DAPAT SIAPKAN WPA DENGAN BERKUALITI. UNTUK WAKTU YANG TERHAD SAHAJA, SAYA AKAN SERAP SEMUA KOS TERSEBUT. SELEPAS NI, HARGA AKAN DINAIKAN SEPERTI HARGA ASAL. YA, UNTUK YANG KOMITED SAHAJA..

Ini antara Testimoni Ikhlas Daripada Pengguna Yang Telah Mendapatkan V-book Secara Sah

INI PULA TESTIMONI PENGGUNA YANG TELAH LULUS WPA BARU-BARU NI. SAYA TUMPANG GEMBIRA SEBAB CALON NI TELAH LULUS DALAM PEPERIKSAAN WPA BELIAU

INI ADA LAGI TESTIMONI DARI SALAH SEORANG PENGGUNA YANG SANGAT HAPPY & BERTAMBAH KEYAKINAN UNTUK MENGHADAPI ORAL EXAM PAPER 4

HANYA UNTUK WAKTU YANG TERHAD, DAPATKAN SEKARANG! SEBELUM HARGA KEMBALI KE HARGA ASAL

Copyright © 2023 Workplace Assignment

Tempah sekarang, akses v-book, sertai affiliate.

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Gender pay gap in U.S. hasn’t changed much in two decades

The gender gap in pay has remained relatively stable in the United States over the past 20 years or so. In 2022, women earned an average of 82% of what men earned, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of median hourly earnings of both full- and part-time workers. These results are similar to where the pay gap stood in 2002, when women earned 80% as much as men.

As has long been the case, the wage gap is smaller for workers ages 25 to 34 than for all workers 16 and older. In 2022, women ages 25 to 34 earned an average of 92 cents for every dollar earned by a man in the same age group – an 8-cent gap. By comparison, the gender pay gap among workers of all ages that year was 18 cents.

While the gender pay gap has not changed much in the last two decades, it has narrowed considerably when looking at the longer term, both among all workers ages 16 and older and among those ages 25 to 34. The estimated 18-cent gender pay gap among all workers in 2022 was down from 35 cents in 1982. And the 8-cent gap among workers ages 25 to 34 in 2022 was down from a 26-cent gap four decades earlier.

The gender pay gap measures the difference in median hourly earnings between men and women who work full or part time in the United States. Pew Research Center’s estimate of the pay gap is based on an analysis of Current Population Survey (CPS) monthly outgoing rotation group files ( IPUMS ) from January 1982 to December 2022, combined to create annual files. To understand how we calculate the gender pay gap, read our 2013 post, “How Pew Research Center measured the gender pay gap.”

The COVID-19 outbreak affected data collection efforts by the U.S. government in its surveys, especially in 2020 and 2021, limiting in-person data collection and affecting response rates. It is possible that some measures of economic outcomes and how they vary across demographic groups are affected by these changes in data collection.

In addition to findings about the gender wage gap, this analysis includes information from a Pew Research Center survey about the perceived reasons for the pay gap, as well as the pressures and career goals of U.S. men and women. The survey was conducted among 5,098 adults and includes a subset of questions asked only for 2,048 adults who are employed part time or full time, from Oct. 10-16, 2022. Everyone who took part is a member of the Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. This way nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about the ATP’s methodology .

Here are the questions used in this analysis, along with responses, and its methodology .

The  U.S. Census Bureau has also analyzed the gender pay gap, though its analysis looks only at full-time workers (as opposed to full- and part-time workers). In 2021, full-time, year-round working women earned 84% of what their male counterparts earned, on average, according to the Census Bureau’s most recent analysis.

Much of the gender pay gap has been explained by measurable factors such as educational attainment, occupational segregation and work experience. The narrowing of the gap over the long term is attributable in large part to gains women have made in each of these dimensions.

Related: The Enduring Grip of the Gender Pay Gap

Even though women have increased their presence in higher-paying jobs traditionally dominated by men, such as professional and managerial positions, women as a whole continue to be overrepresented in lower-paying occupations relative to their share of the workforce. This may contribute to gender differences in pay.

Other factors that are difficult to measure, including gender discrimination, may also contribute to the ongoing wage discrepancy.

Perceived reasons for the gender wage gap

When asked about the factors that may play a role in the gender wage gap, half of U.S. adults point to women being treated differently by employers as a major reason, according to a Pew Research Center survey conducted in October 2022. Smaller shares point to women making different choices about how to balance work and family (42%) and working in jobs that pay less (34%).

There are some notable differences between men and women in views of what’s behind the gender wage gap. Women are much more likely than men (61% vs. 37%) to say a major reason for the gap is that employers treat women differently. And while 45% of women say a major factor is that women make different choices about how to balance work and family, men are slightly less likely to hold that view (40% say this).

Parents with children younger than 18 in the household are more likely than those who don’t have young kids at home (48% vs. 40%) to say a major reason for the pay gap is the choices that women make about how to balance family and work. On this question, differences by parental status are evident among both men and women.

Views about reasons for the gender wage gap also differ by party. About two-thirds of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents (68%) say a major factor behind wage differences is that employers treat women differently, but far fewer Republicans and Republican leaners (30%) say the same. Conversely, Republicans are more likely than Democrats to say women’s choices about how to balance family and work (50% vs. 36%) and their tendency to work in jobs that pay less (39% vs. 30%) are major reasons why women earn less than men.

Democratic and Republican women are more likely than their male counterparts in the same party to say a major reason for the gender wage gap is that employers treat women differently. About three-quarters of Democratic women (76%) say this, compared with 59% of Democratic men. And while 43% of Republican women say unequal treatment by employers is a major reason for the gender wage gap, just 18% of GOP men share that view.

Pressures facing working women and men

Family caregiving responsibilities bring different pressures for working women and men, and research has shown that being a mother can reduce women’s earnings , while fatherhood can increase men’s earnings .

Employed women and men are about equally likely to say they feel a great deal of pressure to support their family financially and to be successful in their jobs and careers, according to the Center’s October survey. But women, and particularly working mothers, are more likely than men to say they feel a great deal of pressure to focus on responsibilities at home.

About half of employed women (48%) report feeling a great deal of pressure to focus on their responsibilities at home, compared with 35% of employed men. Among working mothers with children younger than 18 in the household, two-thirds (67%) say the same, compared with 45% of working dads.

When it comes to supporting their family financially, similar shares of working moms and dads (57% vs. 62%) report they feel a great deal of pressure, but this is driven mainly by the large share of unmarried working mothers who say they feel a great deal of pressure in this regard (77%). Among those who are married, working dads are far more likely than working moms (60% vs. 43%) to say they feel a great deal of pressure to support their family financially. (There were not enough unmarried working fathers in the sample to analyze separately.)

About four-in-ten working parents say they feel a great deal of pressure to be successful at their job or career. These findings don’t differ by gender.

Gender differences in job roles, aspirations

Overall, a quarter of employed U.S. adults say they are currently the boss or one of the top managers where they work, according to the Center’s survey. Another 33% say they are not currently the boss but would like to be in the future, while 41% are not and do not aspire to be the boss or one of the top managers.

Men are more likely than women to be a boss or a top manager where they work (28% vs. 21%). This is especially the case among employed fathers, 35% of whom say they are the boss or one of the top managers where they work. (The varying attitudes between fathers and men without children at least partly reflect differences in marital status and educational attainment between the two groups.)

In addition to being less likely than men to say they are currently the boss or a top manager at work, women are also more likely to say they wouldn’t want to be in this type of position in the future. More than four-in-ten employed women (46%) say this, compared with 37% of men. Similar shares of men (35%) and women (31%) say they are not currently the boss but would like to be one day. These patterns are similar among parents.

Note: This is an update of a post originally published on March 22, 2019. Anna Brown and former Pew Research Center writer/editor Amanda Barroso contributed to an earlier version of this analysis. Here are the questions used in this analysis, along with responses, and its methodology .

What is the gender wage gap in your metropolitan area? Find out with our pay gap calculator

• Gender & Work
• Gender Equality & Discrimination
• Gender Pay Gap
• Gender Roles

Carolina Aragão is a research associate focusing on social and demographic trends at Pew Research Center

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