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Environmental Law Research Paper Topics

This page presents a comprehensive collection of environmental law research paper topics , tailored for students studying law and interested in exploring the complexities of environmental issues. Environmental law is a vital field that addresses the legal aspects of protecting the environment, ensuring sustainable practices, and regulating human activities that impact the planet. From climate change and biodiversity conservation to environmental policies and international treaties, students will find a wealth of thought-provoking topics to delve into. Whether you are passionate about environmental advocacy or seeking to understand the legal implications of environmental challenges, this page is a valuable resource to expand your knowledge and refine your research skills.

100 Environmental Law Research Paper Topics

Environmental law encompasses a wide array of legal issues related to the protection and preservation of our planet’s natural resources and ecosystems. This comprehensive list of environmental law research paper topics is designed to inspire students and researchers alike to explore the intricate and ever-evolving landscape of environmental law. The topics are organized into ten distinct categories, each focusing on different aspects of environmental law and its significance in shaping environmental policies and practices.

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Environmental Policy and Regulation

Evaluating the effectiveness of environmental policies in achieving sustainability goals.
Analyzing the role of government regulations in addressing environmental challenges.
The impact of international environmental agreements on global conservation efforts.
Legal frameworks for addressing climate change and promoting renewable energy.
The role of public participation in shaping environmental policies and decision-making.
The legal implications of environmental impact assessments in policy formulation.
Balancing economic interests and environmental protection in policy development.
The role of judicial review in upholding or challenging environmental policies.
Analyzing the effectiveness of market-based approaches in environmental regulation.
The impact of political ideologies on environmental policy formulation.

Biodiversity and Wildlife Protection

The legal implications of conserving endangered species and habitats.
Analyzing the role of wildlife protection laws in combating illegal trafficking and poaching.
Legal challenges in balancing human development with wildlife conservation.
The impact of habitat destruction on biodiversity and legal measures for preservation.
The role of international treaties in promoting cross-border wildlife protection.
The legal aspects of wildlife rehabilitation and reintroduction programs.
Analyzing the effectiveness of protected areas in biodiversity conservation.
Legal challenges in addressing invasive species and their impact on ecosystems.
The role of private landowners in wildlife conservation efforts.
The intersection of indigenous rights and wildlife protection.

Pollution Control and Remediation

The legal framework for regulating air and water pollution.
Analyzing liability and compensation mechanisms for environmental damages.
Legal challenges in hazardous waste management and cleanup.
The role of environmental impact assessments in pollution prevention.
The legal implications of emerging contaminants and their regulation.
Analyzing the effectiveness of pollution trading and offset programs.
Legal challenges in addressing plastic pollution and marine litter.
The role of corporate environmental liability in pollution prevention.
Analyzing the impact of industrial pollution on public health and communities.
The legal aspects of noise pollution and its regulation.

Water Resource Management and Conservation

Legal considerations in managing and allocating water resources.
Analyzing the impact of water pollution on ecosystems and public health.
Legal challenges in protecting and restoring aquatic habitats.
The role of water rights and agreements in transboundary water management.
The legal implications of water scarcity and drought management.
Analyzing the effectiveness of water conservation and efficiency measures.
Legal challenges in addressing groundwater contamination and depletion.
The role of ecosystem-based approaches in water resource management.
The legal aspects of water privatization and its implications for access and equity.
The intersection of water law and indigenous water rights.

Land Use and Sustainable Development

The legal framework for sustainable land use planning and urban development.
Analyzing the impact of mining and extraction industries on the environment.
Legal challenges in regulating deforestation and promoting reforestation.
The role of property rights in promoting conservation and sustainable land practices.
The legal implications of land use conflicts and dispute resolution.
Analyzing the effectiveness of land conservation easements in sustainable development.
Legal challenges in balancing agriculture and conservation on agricultural lands.
The role of zoning laws and land use ordinances in urban planning.
The legal aspects of land restoration and brownfield redevelopment.
The impact of climate change on land use and legal responses for adaptation.

Energy Law and Climate Policy

Analyzing the legal aspects of renewable energy development and integration.
The role of international agreements in promoting sustainable energy practices.
Legal challenges in transitioning to a low-carbon energy economy.
The impact of energy regulation on achieving climate change goals.
The legal implications of energy subsidies and their impact on sustainable energy.
Analyzing the effectiveness of carbon capture and storage technologies.
Legal challenges in promoting energy efficiency and conservation measures.
The role of energy law in promoting decentralized and distributed energy systems.
The legal aspects of energy infrastructure development and environmental concerns.
The intersection of energy law and indigenous rights in energy development.

Environmental Justice and Human Rights

The legal implications of environmental discrimination and equitable access to resources.
Analyzing the role of human rights in environmental protection and advocacy.
Legal challenges in seeking remedies for environmental harm and social injustices.
The intersection of environmental justice and indigenous rights.
The role of environmental litigation in advancing environmental justice.
Analyzing the effectiveness of public interest litigation in environmental cases.
Legal challenges in addressing environmental racism and marginalized communities.
The role of environmental ombudsmen and their impact on justice and accountability.
Analyzing the effectiveness of community-based environmental monitoring and advocacy.
The legal aspects of citizen engagement in environmental decision-making.

Climate Change Law and Adaptation

Evaluating the effectiveness of climate change adaptation policies and strategies.
Analyzing the legal implications of carbon pricing mechanisms and emissions trading.
Legal challenges in implementing climate change agreements and commitments.
The role of litigation in holding governments and corporations accountable for climate actions.
The legal aspects of climate-induced migration and displacement.
Analyzing the effectiveness of climate adaptation finance and funding mechanisms.
Legal challenges in promoting nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation.
The role of climate law in integrating climate resilience into infrastructure planning.
The legal implications of climate engineering and geoengineering technologies.
The impact of climate change on indigenous rights and legal responses for adaptation.

International Environmental Law and Governance

Analyzing the role of international organizations in environmental governance.
Legal challenges in enforcing global environmental treaties and agreements.
The impact of climate change litigation on international law and policy.
The role of soft law in shaping international environmental norms.
Analyzing the effectiveness of international dispute resolution mechanisms in environmental cases.
Legal challenges in addressing environmental crimes and transnational environmental harms.
The role of corporate social responsibility in international environmental governance.
Analyzing the effectiveness of international environmental impact assessments for development projects.
The legal aspects of trade and environmental protection in international law.
The intersection of human rights and international environmental law.

Emerging Issues in Environmental Law

Legal challenges in regulating emerging technologies and their environmental impact.
The role of legal frameworks in promoting circular economy practices.
Analyzing the legal implications of biotechnology and genetic engineering on the environment.
The impact of artificial intelligence and machine learning on environmental decision-making.
Legal challenges in addressing e-waste and electronic waste management.
The role of environmental law in governing nanotechnology applications.
Analyzing the legal aspects of ocean governance and marine conservation.
Legal challenges in addressing space debris and its impact on the environment.
The impact of legal principles on sustainable development in the digital era.
The legal aspects of protecting biodiversity in the face of emerging threats.

This comprehensive list of environmental law research paper topics provides a diverse and thought-provoking selection of themes to explore, offering valuable insights into the complex relationship between legal frameworks and environmental issues. Whether you are a student embarking on your research journey or a seasoned scholar seeking new avenues of inquiry, these topics are designed to stimulate critical thinking and foster a deeper understanding of the intricate world of environmental law.

Environmental Law: Exploring the Range of Research Paper Topics

Environmental law is a dynamic and evolving field that encompasses a wide range of legal issues concerning the protection, conservation, and management of the environment. As global concerns about climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss continue to grow, environmental law plays a crucial role in addressing these challenges and shaping policies that promote sustainability. This section delves into the vast array of research paper topics within environmental law, highlighting key areas of interest and discussing the significance of exploring these subjects to address pressing environmental issues.

Climate Change and Mitigation Strategies

One of the most pressing issues in environmental law is climate change, and researchers have a plethora of topics to explore in this domain. Some potential research paper topics include the legal framework for international climate agreements like the Paris Agreement, the role of governments and corporations in climate change mitigation, the impact of climate litigation on policy formulation, and the legal challenges in transitioning to renewable energy sources.

Biodiversity Conservation and Wildlife Protection

Preserving biodiversity and protecting wildlife are essential aspects of environmental law. Researchers can delve into topics such as the legal framework for wildlife protection, the role of national parks and protected areas in biodiversity conservation, the impact of illegal wildlife trafficking on ecosystems, and the legal challenges in regulating bioprospecting and genetic resource exploitation.

Environmental Impact Assessment and Regulation

Environmental impact assessments (EIAs) are crucial tools for evaluating the potential environmental consequences of development projects. Research papers can focus on the effectiveness of EIAs in different countries, the role of public participation in the EIA process, the legal aspects of strategic environmental assessment, and the challenges in regulating emerging technologies through EIAs.

Pollution Control and Waste Management

Pollution is a significant environmental concern, and environmental law plays a pivotal role in regulating and mitigating its impacts. Researchers can explore topics such as the legal framework for air and water pollution control, the role of liability and compensation in environmental damage cases, the challenges in regulating electronic waste and plastic pollution, and the legal aspects of hazardous waste management.

Natural Resource Management and Conservation

The sustainable management of natural resources is critical for the long-term health of the environment. Research papers can delve into topics such as the legal framework for sustainable forestry and fisheries management, the role of indigenous and local communities in natural resource conservation, the legal challenges in water resource management, and the impact of land use planning on biodiversity conservation.

Environmental Justice and Equity

Environmental law intersects with social justice and equity issues, as certain communities may bear a disproportionate burden of environmental harm. Researchers can explore topics such as environmental racism and its legal implications, the role of environmental impact assessments in addressing environmental justice, the legal challenges in ensuring access to clean water and sanitation for marginalized communities, and the impact of climate change on human rights.

Renewable Energy and Green Technology

The transition to renewable energy sources and green technologies is a critical aspect of addressing climate change. Research papers can focus on topics such as the legal framework for promoting renewable energy projects, the role of intellectual property rights in green technology innovation, the challenges in regulating offshore wind energy, and the legal aspects of carbon capture and storage.

Environmental issues transcend national boundaries, necessitating international cooperation and governance. Researchers can delve into topics such as the legal framework for transboundary pollution control, the role of international organizations like the United Nations Environment Programme, the challenges in enforcing international environmental treaties, and the impact of trade agreements on environmental protection.

Corporate Environmental Responsibility

Corporations play a significant role in environmental impact, and environmental law seeks to regulate their activities responsibly. Research papers can explore topics such as the legal framework for corporate environmental reporting, the role of sustainability certifications and eco-labeling, the challenges in holding corporations accountable for environmental harm, and the impact of green finance initiatives on corporate behavior.

Land Use Planning and Urban Environmental Law

Land use planning and urban development have a profound impact on the environment and human well-being. Researchers can focus on topics such as the legal aspects of urban planning for sustainable cities, the role of environmental zoning and conservation easements in land use regulation, the challenges in balancing urban development with environmental conservation, and the legal implications of green infrastructure projects.

The field of environmental law offers a vast and diverse range of research paper topics, each contributing to a deeper understanding of environmental challenges and the legal mechanisms to address them. From climate change to biodiversity conservation, pollution control to renewable energy, environmental law provides an avenue for researchers to explore innovative solutions and policy frameworks that safeguard the planet’s future. By delving into these research topics, students can make valuable contributions to environmental protection and contribute to a sustainable and resilient world.

How to Choose Environmental Law Research Paper Topics

Choosing the right research paper topic is crucial for a successful and fulfilling academic journey. When it comes to environmental law, selecting a relevant and engaging research topic is not only essential for earning good grades but also for making a meaningful contribution to the field. Here are some valuable tips to help you navigate the process of choosing environmental law research paper topics that align with your interests, academic goals, and the current environmental challenges:

Identify Your Passion and Interests : Passion is the driving force behind exceptional research. Begin by reflecting on the aspects of environmental law that pique your interest the most. Consider whether you are more intrigued by climate change, wildlife conservation, pollution control, or any other specific area within environmental law. Identifying your passion will make the research process more enjoyable and motivate you to delve deeper into the topic.
Stay Updated with Current Environmental Issues : Environmental law is constantly evolving to address new challenges and emerging issues. Keep yourself informed about the latest environmental developments, global climate conferences, landmark legal cases, and policy changes. Staying up-to-date with current environmental issues will help you identify relevant and timely research topics that have real-world implications.
Consider the Practical Implications : An essential aspect of environmental law research is understanding how legal frameworks translate into practical applications. Evaluate how your chosen topic impacts communities, industries, ecosystems, and global sustainability efforts. Research topics that have tangible and practical implications are likely to generate greater interest and contribute to meaningful discussions.
Review Previous Research : Before finalizing your research topic, conduct a thorough literature review of existing studies in environmental law. Analyze the gaps in the literature and identify areas that require further exploration. Building upon existing research can provide a solid foundation for your own work and ensure its relevance in the field.
Seek Guidance from Professors and Experts : Don’t hesitate to seek guidance from your professors, advisors, or other experts in environmental law. They can offer valuable insights, suggest potential research topics, and help you refine your ideas. Engaging in discussions with knowledgeable individuals can lead to fresh perspectives and help you choose a research topic aligned with current academic interests.
Balance Complexity and Feasibility : While it’s essential to select a research topic that challenges you intellectually, be mindful of the practical constraints of your project. Ensure that the research topic is feasible within the given time frame and resources. Striking a balance between complexity and feasibility will lead to a well-executed and comprehensive research paper.
Consider Comparative Studies : Comparative studies in environmental law allow you to analyze legal frameworks and their effectiveness in different countries or regions. Investigating how various jurisdictions address similar environmental issues can provide valuable insights and open doors for cross-cultural learning.
Emphasize Interdisciplinary Approaches : Environmental law is inherently interdisciplinary, encompassing elements of science, economics, policy, and ethics. Consider topics that allow you to explore these interdisciplinary connections. For instance, you can investigate the economic impact of environmental regulations, the ethical implications of wildlife conservation policies, or the scientific basis for climate change mitigation strategies.
Evaluate the Policy Implications : Environmental law research often has a policy-oriented focus. Analyze how your chosen research topic aligns with existing policies or how it can influence policy formulation. Understanding the policy implications of your research will add practical significance to your work.
Brainstorm and Refine : Take the time to brainstorm multiple research ideas and then refine them gradually. Discuss your potential topics with peers and instructors to get feedback and suggestions. The iterative process of brainstorming and refining will lead you to a well-defined and compelling research paper topic.

Selecting an environmental law research paper topic is an important and exciting step in your academic journey. By identifying your passion, staying updated with current environmental issues, considering practical implications, and seeking guidance from experts, you can choose a research topic that not only interests you but also contributes meaningfully to the field of environmental law. Remember to balance complexity and feasibility, explore interdisciplinary connections, and evaluate the policy implications of your chosen topic. With thoughtful consideration and dedication, you can embark on a rewarding research endeavor that advances environmental law knowledge and addresses critical environmental challenges.

How to Write an Environmental Law Research Paper

Writing an environmental law research paper requires a systematic approach and a keen understanding of legal concepts, environmental issues, and academic writing conventions. Whether you are a seasoned researcher or a student new to the field, mastering the art of crafting an effective research paper is essential to convey your findings and insights convincingly. Here are ten essential tips to guide you through the process of writing a compelling and well-structured environmental law research paper:

Conduct Thorough Research : Begin your environmental law research paper by conducting in-depth research on your chosen topic. Utilize academic journals, books, reputable websites, and legal databases to gather relevant and credible information. Analyze previous studies, court cases, and legislation related to your topic to develop a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.
Outline Your Paper : Creating a clear and organized outline is fundamental to the success of your research paper. Develop a well-structured outline that includes the introduction, thesis statement, main arguments, supporting evidence, counterarguments, and conclusion. A well-crafted outline will serve as a roadmap, ensuring your paper flows logically and cohesively.
Craft a Strong Introduction : The introduction is the gateway to your research paper. It should provide essential background information on the topic, state the purpose of the study, and present your thesis statement. A compelling introduction captures the reader’s attention and sets the tone for the rest of the paper.
Develop a Strong Thesis Statement : The thesis statement is the central argument of your research paper. It should be clear, concise, and specific, outlining the main point you aim to prove or discuss. Ensure that your thesis statement reflects the scope of your research and aligns with your chosen environmental law topic.
Use Clear and Precise Language : Environmental law research papers require clarity and precision in language. Avoid jargon and use straightforward terms to communicate complex legal concepts and environmental issues. Clearly define any legal terms or specialized vocabulary to ensure your readers understand the content.
Support Your Arguments with Evidence : As you present your main arguments, back them up with relevant and credible evidence. Cite case law, legislation, expert opinions, and empirical data to support your claims. Properly referenced evidence strengthens the credibility of your research and demonstrates your thorough understanding of the subject matter.
Address Counterarguments : Anticipate potential counterarguments to your thesis and address them in your paper. Acknowledging counterarguments and offering thoughtful responses demonstrate critical thinking and strengthen the overall argument of your research paper.
Analyze and Interpret Data : If your research involves data analysis, take the time to interpret the results accurately. Present your findings in a clear and organized manner, using charts, graphs, or tables if necessary. Analyze the implications of your data on environmental law and draw well-supported conclusions.
Discuss Policy and Practical Implications : Environmental law research often involves exploring policy implications. Discuss how your research findings can influence or inform environmental policy, regulation, or legal frameworks. Consider the practical implications of your research and offer recommendations for addressing environmental challenges.
Write a Convincing Conclusion : In your conclusion, summarize the key points of your research and restate your thesis statement. Emphasize the significance of your findings and how they contribute to the broader field of environmental law. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion and end with a thought-provoking final remark.

Writing an environmental law research paper demands careful research, meticulous planning, and effective communication of ideas. By following these ten tips, you can craft a compelling and well-structured research paper that not only showcases your knowledge of environmental law but also makes a valuable contribution to the field. Remember to proofread your paper thoroughly and adhere to citation guidelines to ensure academic integrity. With diligence and attention to detail, you can produce a high-quality environmental law research paper that showcases your expertise and passion for the subject.

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In-Depth Research : To provide you with a comprehensive and well-supported environmental law research paper, our writers conduct extensive research using reputable sources and up-to-date academic materials.
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Environmental law is the collection of international laws, agreements, and regulations that govern the way humans should interact with the environment. The aim of environmental law is to protect and preserve the environment by creating rules for how natural resources can be used by people. With the rapid development of ecological problems, the urge to learn and implement environmental laws increases by the day. Hence, the popularity of student assignments related to this topic grows, too. Generally, the essays on environmental law require thorough research, wise planning, strong arguments, and attention to details; often, they may demand more time and effort than you'd initially expect.

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Environmental Law

History of Environmental Law

In the last forty years, International Environmental law has rapidly evolved simultaneously with the increase in environmental risks. Before the late 19th Century, there was no appreciation for the idea that ecosystems and other important natural resources should be made the subject of legal protection. Before the 1960s, environmental law had no discrete domestic and international statute of its own. Even in the 1970s, there were only a few multilateral agreements related to environmental law, and most countries lacked a law dedicated to the environment.

But with the advent of the 21st-century environment preservation became integrated with a nation’s overall development and therefore with major thrust in fields of public health, resources conservation and legal actions against pollution damage Environmental Law got the initial push. As of now, there are hundreds of environmental agreements and conventions and every country now have its environmental statutes. Here in this article, we would be analyzing the evolution of international environmental law and how it came into its present form, but first, it is important to know why a law dedicated to the environment is important.

Purpose of Environment Law

Environmental law is a new concept which is completely distinct from past ideas and seeks to redefine the relationship between humans and nature by making a heterogeneous system where both the natural ecosystem and material developments sustain itself without deterring one another.

Environmental Law is the product of a value system that seeks to redefine mankind’s relationship to nature. The essential idea behind it is to induce humans to act for the service of the environment they live in, and thus pay their homage to the Mother Nature. The basic purpose of environmental law is to change the outlook of people and induce in them a mindset for sustainable development.

Environmental Laws seeks to build up a relationship between humans and the natural system they live in. It seeks to reverse a long run disregard of our natural resources which has led to serious degradation and exploitation of the same. It was always in our human history that we have exploited our Mother Nature and its resources and have never given a thought to mitigate this exploitation.

Therefore, Environmental Law is an answer to these environmental degradations and adverse exploitation. In a nutshell, it could be concurred that environmental law is necessary because it is only through statutes dedicated to environmental law that we can reverse the long history of unrestrained material development that has led to environmental degradation.

Evolution of Environmental Law

The evolution of international environmental law can be studied in three distinct periods: Traditional Period (1900-1972), Modern Period (1972-1992) and Post-Modern Period (1992-2012). These periods correspond to the early glimmers of international environmental law when the basic framework of international environmental law developed and matured. Legal work done during these periods laid the basis for developing and implementing international environmental law.

Traditional Period (1900-1972)

History of conservation can be traced back to 1669 when Jean-Baptiste Colbert passed the Ordonnance et forest which can be seen as precursors of environmental law today. Natural resource management, therefore, has been a subject of international law for over five hundred years starting with the advent of the Traditional Period which gave to us the early glimmers of Environmental Law. During this period, it started as a basic element of International Law when bilateral agreements were entered into between various states to settle matters over shared natural resources. All of what that has happened during this period was under the ‘principle of reciprocity’ between states and no specific legislation for environmental law were developed. All of the agreements that were entered into for resolving environmental problems were dealt with under the concept of territorial sovereignty. Most frequently used examples of this period are the arbitration cases of the Bering Sea Fur Seals case, 1893 [i] and the 1957 Lake Lanoux case of 1957 [ii] . It was during this period that Green Policies for the conservation of the natural environment began to make their appearance as treaties between various regimes. Examples of such policies are, Article 22 of the 1856 Bayonne Boundary Treaty between France and Spain for preventing the destruction of the fisheries in the Bidassoa River [iii] which led to a transition in domestic laws in the regulation of watercourses.

The initial motive for these laws was for utilitarian and self-serving purposes and therefore nothing much legal character could be given to the laws back then. Some examples of such laws are the 1900 London Convention Designed to Ensure the Conservation of Various Species of Wild Animals in Africa That Are Useful to Man or Inoffensive and the 1902 Paris Convention to Protect Birds Useful to Agriculture . It was only in the twentieth century that marked the entry of international environmental law into conservation ethics for the prevention of global environmental risks. It all started with President Theodore Roosevelt’s first attempt (although it was later aborted) for holding the International Conservation Conference at The Hague in 1909 . Later the London Convention Relative to the Preservation of Fauna and Flora in their Natural State of 1933 and the Washington Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere in 1940 were breakthroughs for environmental law. The non-governmental International Union for the Protection of Nature established in 1948 (later known as the International Union for Protection of Nature and Natural Resources) became an important source for subsequent developments in the field of International Environmental Law. Later joint initiatives of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), led to the adoption of the 1971 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat and the 1972 Paris Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage . All of these events ultimately led to the establishment of Environmental Law which was sure-footed and was ready to be developed and crystallised.

Modern Period (1972-1992)

The beginning of ‘modern’ international environmental law is dated to 5 June 1972 which marks the beginning of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm. This period includes many developments that took place up until the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development.

It was in 1972 when for the first-time countries across the world came together to identify and address environmental problems at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm . This event has had a lasting impression on the development of international environmental law. This conference was based upon the central issue of conflict between economic development and environmental protection and it was this conference where the concept of Sustainable Development was shaped. The conference was preceded by the Founex Meet in Switzerland where it was recognized that environmental protection and economic development should go hand in hand thus laying a foundation for the concept of sustainable development, which governments confirmed later at the Rio Conference on Environment and Development . At the Stockholm Conference, the Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment was adopted which led to further development of international environmental law. As a result of the Stockholm Conference, countries established the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in Nairobi, Kenya which was not established as a United Nations specialized agency.

Some important multilateral agreements associated with the Stockholm Conference, are the Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matters and the Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, in 1972 and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 1973 . These agreements were the early pillars of international environmental law and together with the UN Conference, set the stage for the developments in international environmental law.

In the next two decades, international environmental agreements proliferated and more than 1100 international legal instruments that were in one way or the other dedicated to the environment. In this period, countries became adept at negotiating new agreements in short periods which did not exceeded 2 months.

The international environmental agreements entered into during this period started a system of monitoring and reporting specific environmental threats and had its own, separate facility to assist countries in implementing the agreement with separate protocols for the negotiation of international agreements, including trans-boundary air pollution ozone climate, etc. The period between 1972-1992 witnessed changes in the themes and the focus of international environmental agreements. The scope of agreements also expanded from controlling trans-boundary pollution to global pollution problems, such as the depletion of the ozone layer, conserving ecosystems etc.

Post Modern Period (1992-2012)

This period begins with the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development and continues for the next two decades. It begins in June 1992 when countries met in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on the twentieth anniversary of the 1972 Stockholm Conference. The location sent an important message that environment and development were the concerns of all countries, regardless of their economic development. It became an important event which lasted deep impact on future international environmental law and policies. The World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission) created by the United Nations General Assembly, prepared a report for the Rio Conference, Our Common Future, which made the concept of sustainable development the basic principle of international environmental law. While every nation accepted the concept, not all agreed upon the definition of sustainable development. The Rio Conference produced four important documents for international environmental law : the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, which laid the basis for development of new principles of international environmental law; the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change; the Convention on Biodiversity; and the Agenda 21 , which stated a comprehensive list of actions that States were to take in cases on environmental deterioration. It resulted in the establishment of the Commission on Sustainable Development, to review progress in implementing Agenda 21.

The years since the Rio Conference have witnessed major developments in international environmental law and policy. It has become more robust and more comprehensive. It has developed close links to trade, human rights, and national security. New principles and rules have emerged and old ones have been redefined. The focus has shifted from exclusive concerns to international concerns. The developments since the Rio Conference can be grouped as follows:

Linkage of international environmental law with other areas of laws such as economic law, human rights law, and national security laws.
Rise of actors other than States in shaping international environmental law, like development banks, private sector actors, public-private partnerships, NGOs etc.
Development of new international principles with an increase in their severity.
Emphasis on implementation of international environmental agreements.

All these developments in different periods reflect a new type of accountability owed by all states for proper management of environmental resources for the benefit of all people, present and future.

History and Evolution of Environmental Law in India

In India, the concept of Environment Preservation is as old as the nation itself. Since the beginning of our civilization men and women have constantly strived to protect and preserve the Mother Earth. This ancient tradition of environment preservation even reflects in our modern-day India. India is the member of almost all the conventions, declarations, Conferences and Protocols dedicated to the protection of Environment Law. Some of them are the Stockholm Declaration, United Nation Environment Program, Rio Declaration, Kyoto Protocol etc. Indian Judiciary and Legislation is striving to build good legislations backed up by judicial precedent so that a strong foundation for Environmental Law Jurisprudence could be construed.

The jurisprudence for Indian Environmental Law was first laid down in the case of M.C. Mehta v. Union of India [iv] , wherein the Apex Court held that there needs to be a synthesis of environment and economic imperative for the greater good of the people. Industrialisation should not mean genocide but human good. Then, time and again our Indian Judiciary has been implementing the principles of Environment Law in such a manner that an Indian Jurisprudence could be devised for aiding the legislators to enact statutes dedicated to Environmental Law as per Indian conditions.

Calcutta High Court in the case of People United for Better Living in Calcutta v. State of West Bengal [v] , observed that in a developing country there shall have to be developments in harmony with the environment. An equilibrium must be maintained between the economic growth and environment such that none of them deters the other. This ruling was in relation to the principle Sustainable Development which is a part of International Environment Development.

Hon’ble Supreme Court in Narmada Bachao Andolan v. Union of India [vi] , discussed the precautionary principle and held that the principle is to be employed only in cases of pollution when its impact is uncertain and non-negligible.

In M.C. Mehta v. Union of India &Ors (Calcutta Tanneries Case) [vii] , the Polluter Pays principle was used and relocation of industries was ordered followed by compensation of 25% of the cost of land. Those who did not pay for the cost of land were directed to be closed.

The Apex Court in T.N. GodavarmanThirumalpad (through K.M. Chinnapa) v. Union of India and Others [viii] observed that where a commercial enterprise would be of greater use for the people, the difficulty of a small number of people has to be bypassed and thus laid down another principle termed as Doctrine of Proportionality of Risk.

The Apex Court then in M.C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath [ix] while considering the public trust doctrine held that certain common properties are held by the Government in trusteeship for the use of the general public. These resources being a gift of nature should be made freely available to everyone and should not be made private property.

All of these regulations aided to the establishment and development of Indian Environmental Law and established a jurisprudence dedicated to Indian Environmental issues.

Future Prospects for Environmental Laws

Although numerous international environmental laws have been enacted to date, their effective application is still difficult to achieve. There are many inconsistencies which make its application impossible in cases of transnational pollution. A major problem with such laws is that it results in social and economic hardships which make developing nations reluctant to implement them and therefore international environmental law remains underdeveloped. All these issues can be addressed through the cooperation of governments with similar environmental policy, through provisions designed to encourage the adoption of environmental laws by aiding developing nations financially and technologically.

Despite all these difficulties, international environmental law never stagnated and kept on growing. Even as of now and for the future there is a great aspiration for this law with the growing field of environment usage which has expanded even to space.

The environment has now has become an important component of international as well as domestic laws. Every country now has one or more legislation dedicated to the environment. There are now hundreds of environmental agreements, which show how our understanding of the environment and its relation with development has changed. The environment has now received a centre stage in global politics which is indeed the need of this hour. With this International environmental law will be oriented for long-term risks and their mitigation through inter-generational and intra-generational equity. With the coming decade, there will surely be changes and then it would be on us how to deal with those changes to ensure sustainable development for us and our future generations.

Edited by Shikhar Shrivastava

Approved & Published – Sakshi Raje

[i] USA v Great Britain, IELR 1:43.

[ii] Spain v France, IELR 1:332.

[iii] IPE 9:4319.

[iv] M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, AIR 1987 SC 965.

[v] People United for Better Living in Calcutta v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1993 Cal 215.

[vi] Narmada BachaoAndolan v. Union of India, (2000) 10 SCC 664.

[vii] M.C. Mehta v. Union of India &Ors, (2004) PL WebJour 7.

[viii] T.N. GodavarmanThirumalpad (through K.M. Chinnapa) v. Union of India and Others, (2002) 10 SCC 142.

[ix] M.C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath, (1997) 1 SCC 388.

Environmental Law: A Very Short Introduction

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Environmental law is the law concerned with environmental problems. It is a vast area of law that operates from the local to the global, involving a range of different legal and regulatory techniques. In theory, environmental protection is obvious and ethically desirable. Yet, in practice, environmental law is a messy and complex business fraught with conflict. Environmental Law: A Very Short Introduction discusses the nature and practice of environmental law, and explores the role of lawmakers, courts, and regulators. It analyses why environmental law is both a fundamental and controversial area of law, dealing with multiple interests, socio-political conflicts, and the limits of knowledge about the environment, using examples from across the globe.

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Environmental Law: Case Analysis Essay

There are people who believe that they have the authority to influence their colleagues to do as per their wishes. These people do not care about others’ rights and freedoms. It is the duty of society to ensure that such people are dealt with accordingly. Every person has the right to conduct him or herself in whichever manner provided he or she does not infringe on other people’s life. It is also advised that if one’s actions appear to affect the lives of people around him or her, there are proper measures that can be taken. It is always good to first warn the person before taking astringent action that may affect both of the parties adversely (Kendall Par. 1). The fact that Labor was unhygienic did not give Rory the green light to cut his hair. He was supposed to take time, discuss with Labory how his behavior is affecting him and help him to change. This could have helped him in reforming. Alternatively, he could have shifted from the apartment. It is illegal to interfere with other people’s way of life in an attempt to impress oneself.

By Amory approaching Shelly, it was not against the law bearing in mind that they knew each other before. It was within his rights to greet and talk to whoever person was invited to the party. Having intimacy with a person does not confer one the power over that person with respect to the kind of people to talk or relate with. Cory did not have the right to interfere with Amory’s discussion with Shelly even if he was the one who invited her to the party. By taking Amory’s phone, he proved to disrespect his freedom. It did not matter to him whether Shelly had given Amory her phone number. It was her privilege to give her number to whoever she found worth. His intrusions into their talk led to the flare-up of all the conflicts that followed. Amory has a legal right to sue Cory for an attempted assault. Had Cory left them to go on with their talk, they could not have engaged in any conflict. It was Amory’s nature to relate with ladies and this did not imply that he had a hidden agenda towards Shelly. Cory’s actions were baseless as Shelly was the grown-up lady who had her own rights ad freedoms. Intruding into people’s affairs without their consent is an offense and can lead to one being detained. Filing a case against him would be successful as the way he conducted himself was against the stipulated laws that govern personal freedom of association (Kendall Par.3-5).

In every state, there is a body that is entitled to ensure that all products from its industries are certified to be good for us. The body is responsible for ensuring that every product, before being released to the market, has met several standards to ensure the safety of those who use it. The issue of Great Toaster Inc. producing toasters that do not meet their purpose raises the question of whether the products were approved by the respective body before being introduced to the market. It is required that every electronic good have instructions on how to use. Many people purchase these appliances without the knowledge of the dangers they pose if not used accordingly. Labor had a legal right to take action against the company. It is the liability of the company to foresee some of the risks that their products may pose to the public and ensure that they are properly manufactured. Making a toaster that is easy to open and modify, poses a great threat to most of the people who are generally interested in knowing more about how the product works. The company was required to ensure that the toaster was hard to open and modify. It was their responsibility to include guidelines on how to use the toaster. Bearing in mind all these conditions were not met by the company, Labory needed to file a case against Great Toaster Inc. He had the right to be compensated for injuries inflicted due to the negligence of the company. By him arguing that the company did not include instructions on the use of the toaster he was likely to emerge victoriously.

One has the right to invite or not to invite a person to his or her function. It is illegal for a person or group to organize to disrupt any function simply because they were not invited. Cory had the liberty not to invite students from Northwestern University to his party. Their intention to crash the party was illegal and required stern actions to be taken against them. Their action led to them breaking the fence. This added an insult to an injury. Despite them being injured by grasses, Cory was entitled to take legal action against them for interrupting his function. They did not have the right to force themselves into a party that they were not invited to (Kendall Par.6). This can be considered as an intrusion that is against the law.

It is the responsibility of every person that is driving to obey traffic rules. The law states that every driver is entitled to obey all the set traffic rules unless authorized otherwise by the traffic or police officer. This is also exceptional in cases where traffic control devices are located in positions that are hard for drivers to spot them. It is assumed that all traffic control devices are installed as a direction from lawful authorities and thus all drivers are subject to obeying them. Most of the time, motorists tend to slow but then roll if they happen to getaway regardless of whether the rights are indicating that they are supposed to stop. This has led to many accidents occurring in these cities which are expected to be the most secure. Shelly is not exceptional to these rules. Despite her anger, she was required to be mindful of other road users by driving responsibly. Her anger did not qualify her to be defiant of the traffic rights. The old lady had a legal right to sue Shelly for her irresponsible driving. It is not an excuse to say that she was under anger. The law stipulates clearly that one should always obey the traffic rules whenever he or she is on the road. On approaching the traffic lights, Shelly was expected to decelerate and come to a halt. Based on the traffic rules, Shelly had violated the law and this could lead to her being penalized. Bearing in mind that she is a qualified driver, it would seem as ignorance of traffic rules which is tantamount to punishment (Mionske Par. 2-4).

For a healthy relation, every person is supposed to keep to the stipulated rules and to always ensure that he or she does not interfere with the rights and freedoms of his or her acquaintances in pursuit of personal comfort.

Works cited

Kandall Jason. “Personal Rights versus personal Responsibilities.” 2009. Web.

Mionske, Bob. “Making better laws.” 2009. Web.

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180 Environmental Research Topics & Questions to Write about

Environment affects us all, whether we want it or not. Political leaders and students alike discuss ways to tackle environmental topics & issues. Some might argue about the role humans play in all this. The fact remains that our environment is a delicate matter. That’s why we must educate ourselves on the issues related to it.

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In this article by custom writing experts, you’ll find a list of environmental research questions to scrutinize and write about. The environmental essay topics in the collection below are related to economics, health, sociology, law, and even psychology. These ideas might be helpful either for school or for college students.

🔝 Top 10 Topics
🌡️🌍 Climate Change Topics
🏭🌱 Sustainability
🔬🌻 Environmental Science
🌳⚖️ Environmental Law
🧑🌿 Environmentalism

🔬 Top 10 Environmental Research Topics

📖 Environmental Research Questions

🔝 Top 10 Environment Essay Topics

The life cycle of tornados
History of environmental studies
Positive impact of birdwatching
Drinking water and the environment
Christianity’s impact on the climate crisis
Climate’s effect on mountain ecosystems
How aviation contributes to global warming
Early commercial adaptation of thermal energy
What does nuclear meteorology investigate?
Fruitarianism’s benefits for the environment

🌡️🌍 Environmental Research Topics on Climate Change

Throughout history, the Earth’s climate always fluctuated. Ice ages were followed by warmer periods. However, the increase in temperature we perceive today is unusual. Because of this, climate change is one of today’s most pressing problems. Below we have compiled a list of 25 global warming topics. Have a look!

What is the difference between climate change and global warming?
Investigate how humans influence the climate.
Which regions suffer the most due to the rising sea levels?
How did the average weather in your region change over the past 20 years?
Why are coral reefs endangered?
How do melting glaciers impact the environment?
Examine what natural disasters are linked to climate change.
What does ocean acidification mean?
What are the effects of global warming?
Analyze the phenomenon of climate refugees.
How does global warming affect biodiversity?
Discuss the most significant causes of climate change.
Why are hurricanes becoming more intense?

What are the most significant agricultural problems caused by climate change?
How does the excess of CO2 impact the environment?
What actions lead to a CO2 increase in the atmosphere?
Discuss how hydraulic fracturing affects nature.
Explain how the greenhouse effect works.
What can each of us do to stop global warming?
How is ozone depletion related to climate change?
What was the purpose of the Paris Agreement?
Investigate how deforestation affects the climate.
Can we reverse global warming?
Examine why some people don’t believe in climate change.
What is the correlation between tree planting and climate change?

🌲 Environmental Research Topics on Ecology

Ecology is a branch of biology that investigates how organisms coexist. The environment shapes the way different species interact with each other. Essential factors can be living, such as nutrition, or nonliving, like water. Here are 25 prompts for your ecology essay:

Examine the ecological research methods.
What defines the number of organisms living in a community?
How does an ecosystem work?
Why do plants and animals go extinct?
Do non-native snakes threaten the U.S. ecosystem?
Explain the elements of population growth.
What would the world look like without bees?
How do organisms adapt to their environment?
Analyze how photosynthesis occurs.
What different relationships can organisms form with their surroundings?
Discuss the research methods of bird behavioral ecology.
How do organisms survive under extreme conditions?
Why do some birds migrate?

Ecology can be broadly categorized into five different areas.

Investigate why some animals benefit from living alone.
What can humans do to prevent pandas from extinction?
How do plants help combat climate change?
What’s the correlation between water management and ecology issues?
How does commercial fishing affect the oceans?
What are the most prominent current environmental threats?
How does the ecological footprint method work?
What are the long-term consequences of plastic use?
Analyze how nutrient cycles work.
What impact does human waste have on marine ecosystems?
Examine the different types of healthy bacteria.
How do cacti grow in the desert?

🏭🌱 Sustainability Topics for an Essay

According to the UN World Commission , sustainable development “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Simply put, sustainability means fulfilling the demand without exhausting any resources. Today, it plays a vital role in protecting the environment.

Give an example of sustainable practice.
Analyze the process of recycling.
Investigate what sustainability wants to achieve.
Explore the history of the green movement.
What can a country do to become greener?
Why do we need the concept of sustainable development?
Examine the ways of recycling water.
How can you make food sources more sustainable?
What does zero-waste mean?
Talk about the issues related to eco-friendly packaging.
Discuss ways of saving more energy.
What are the greener alternatives to plastic?
Examine the different sources of renewable energy.
How can a person live more sustainably?
Explain the three pillars of sustainability.

Effective ways to protect the environment.

How does green construction work?
What’s the connection between sustainability and climate change?
What can we do to reduce water pollution?
Discuss the impact of globalization on sustainable agriculture.
What is responsible consumption?
Why should we not use plastic?
Describe how wind turbines produce electricity.
How can technology become green?
What is social sustainability?
What are the most critical sustainability issues today?

🔬🌻 Environmental Science Topics for an Essay

Environmental science combines various approaches to study nature. In doing so, it tries to find solutions for ecological issues. Research goes into areas such as pollution and alternative energy. If you want to write about it, have a look at our topics:

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What are the environmental impacts of production and consumption?
Examine ways of improving agriculture.
What are the critical elements of environmental science?
Discuss the advantages of green engineering.
What are the different types of pollution?
Determine the primary goals of environmental science.
What are invasive species?
Investigate the benefits of reforestation.
Describe the Amazon rainforest and its role in the environment.
Explore the various types of agriculture.
Discuss the pros and cons of GMOs.
What effects does a biodiversity loss have on humanity?
How do dams and channels affect ecosystems?
What is the connection between social and environmental sciences?
Why is overpopulation a problem?
Explain the process of desertification.
How does mining cause environmental disasters?
Investigate the Gaia Hypothesis.
What are the causes of acid rain?
How is our health affected by pollution?

Explain the importance of energy efficiency.
Explore the link between globalization and ecological problems.
Why are fossil fuels harmful to the environment?
What are ecological niches?
Analyze the pros and cons of nuclear energy.

🌳⚖️ Environmental Law Topics for Papers

Environmental law aims to protect nature. It’s the legal foundation of human interaction with their surroundings. Besides, it formulates how we should utilize natural resources. Take a look at these compelling topics for your paper:

How is waste regulated in your community?
What laws address contaminant cleanup?
Why do we need chemical safety regulations?
Examine legal ways to curb hunting and fishing.
Describe environmental protection in the US and in the Hawaii state.
Discuss the Rio Declaration.
Why can environmental laws be controversial?
What are the advantages of emission certificates?
Investigate the process of emissions trading.
How does your country regulate air quality?
What makes the laws concerning water quality vital?
What are the general principles of environmental law?
When can a piece of land be declared a natural reserve?
Should there be a binding international environmental constitution?
Explore the history of environmental law.
What purposes do wildlife reserves serve?
Discuss the legacy of Kyoto Protocol.
Analyze the marine pollution prevention efforts in Australia.
What are environmental assessment mandates?
Investigate economic incentives for environmental protection.
Discuss why ecotourism needs to be regulated.
Why is it difficult for some countries to become green?
Establish a connection between free trade agreements and ecological problems.
Do businesses have to incorporate environmental law?
Compare several international agreements on ecological issues.

🧑🌿 Environmentalism Topics to Write About

Movements aiming to protect nature are at the core of environmentalism. The idea first gained traction in the 1960s. Notable organizations include PETA and Greenpeace. If you’re interested in environmentalism, consult this topics list:

Investigate the history of environmentalism.
Discuss the negative impacts of urban sprawl.
What is Earth Day?

Earth Day is celebrated worldwide on April 22.

Describe the key concepts of environmentalism.
What are the different types of green movements?
Compare the goals of various NGOs.
What does the WWF do?
Describe the main achievements of nature activists.
Explain what apocalyptic environmentalism is.
Who is Greta Thunberg?
Discuss the impact of the Fridays for Future movement.
Explain emancipatory environmentalism.
Investigate the Animal Liberation Front.
Analyze the central concerns of ecofeminism.
Why are environmental movements important?
Who was John Muir?
Explain what ecoterrorism is.
Does going green equal saving the environment?
Who were the first nature activists?
Discuss the influence of green political parties.
What is environmental justice?
Explain how civic environmentalism works.
Are the actions of Greenpeace always justified?
What are some examples of good nature activism tactics?
Analyze the effect environmentalist movements have on politics.
Types of marine pollution
Concepts of ecofeminism
Causes of grassland degradation
Advantages of hydroelectricity
Organic farming support in the US
Energy conservation in the US
What does photochemical smog depend on?
Seasonal behavior of urban heat island
Nuclear and radiation accident categories
Can baffle spray scrubbers control pollution?

📖 Top 10 Environmental Research Questions

What are the causes and effects of air pollution?
What are the most dangerous effects of climate change?
What are the most severe diseases caused by water pollution?
Is global warming real?
How does deforestation affect people and animals?
Do carbon offset programs work?
How to prevent and control soil pollution?
How does plastic pollution affect marine life?
What are the most threatened biodiversity hotspots?
What should we do about overpopulation?

We hope this article helped you decide what your paper will be about. If the topic you’ve chosen is still not perfect, feel free to customize it! Good luck, and have fun with your essay.

🔍 References

Environmental Issues Guide: Giving Compass
Climate Change: National Geographic
Climate Change and Global Warming: NASA
What Is Ecology?: Khan Academy
Ecology: Encyclopedia Britannica
What Is Sustainability and Why Is It Important?: Environmental Science
Environmentalism: Learning to Give
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Important Case Laws on Environmental Law

Environment Law Subject-wise Law Notes
May 1, 2021

Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India [1]

This is a leading case in which the Supreme Court critically analyzed the relationship between environment and development.
The petitioner- Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum, filed a Public Interest Litigation U/A 32 of Indian Constitution against the large-scale pollution caused to River Palar due to the discharge of untreated effluents by the tanneries and other industries in the State of Tamil Nadu. The water of River Palar is the main source of drinking and bathing water for the surrounding people.
Further, the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Research Centre, Vellore found that nearly 35,000 hectares of agricultural land has become either totally or partially unfit for cultivation.
The question which arose for consideration before the Supreme Court was whether the tanneries should be allowed to continue to operate at the cost of lives of lakhs of people.
The Supreme Court examining the report delivered its judgment making all efforts to maintain a harmony between environment and development.
The Court admitted that these Tanneries in India are the major foreign exchange earner and also provides employment to several thousands of people. But at the same time, it destroys the environment and poses a health hazard to everyone.
The court delivering its judgment in favor of petitioners directed all the Tanneries to deposit a sum of Rs. 10,000 as fine in the office of Collector as fine
The Court further directed the State of Tamil Nadu to award Mr. M. C. Mehta with a sum of Rs. 50,000 as appreciation towards his efforts for protection of Environment.
The Court in this case also emphasized on the constitution of Green Benches in India dealing specifically with matters relating to environment protection and also for speedy and expeditious disposal of environmental cases.

M. C. Mehta v. Union of India [2] (Ganga River Pollution Case)

On a PIL filed by the Mr. M. C. Mehta U/A 32 of Indian Constitution, it was observed by the Supreme Court that water of River Ganga was highly toxic near Kanpur city- as the Tanneries in the area were discharging their untreated effluents into the River.Also, nine nallahs were discharging sewage effluents and sludge into the river. Similarly, dead bodies and half-burnt bodies were also been thrown into the river. Also, the water supply and sanitary conditions in the entire city was inadequate and not up to the marks of a normal city.
The petitioner demanded the issuance of a writ/order/direction to restrain the State of U.P from letting out trade effluents into River Ganga.
It was contended by the respondents that the Tanneries from the Kanpur city- due to their lack of physical facilities and technical know-how and funds- it was not possible for them to install the proper treatment facilities.
The Court rejecting their contentions said that “the financial capacity of a tannery should be considered irrelevant while requiring them to establish primary trea6tment plants… Just like an industry which cannot pay minimum wages to its workers cannot be allowed to exist, the tannerieswhich cannot set up a primary treatment plant cannot be permitted to continue.”
Further, the court observed that the contents of iron and manganese were higher from the ISI limits of river water which was found to be very harmful for consumption.
The court ordered the Tanneries which did not appeared before the court should stop functioning and before they restart , they must install pre-treatment machineries for trade effluents.
Therefore, the court held the Kanpur Mahanagarpalika liable and also passed several direction for the PCA (Prevention, Control and Abatement) of pollution of River Ganga, some of which were:
Increase of size of sewers in labor colonies;
Construction of several numbers of latrines and urinals;
Preventing the throwing the dead bodies and half-burnt bodies or ashes after Funeral ceremonies into the river;
Installing treatment plants in tanneries and other factories;
Observe the ‘Keep the village clean week’
Addition of slides relating to importance and purity of water in the theatre at the time of intervals.

Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board v. M. V. Nayadu [3]

The respondents applied for the consent for establishment of the industry to the Commissioner of industries. The issuance of license was subjected to various conditions which include3d a condition to obtain a certificate from the SPCB for pollution control and equipment proposed to be installed met their requirements.
The application was rejected by A. P. PCB as the industry was a polluting unit and fell under “Red Category” and the proposed site was within the radius of 102kms of the two lakes- Himayat Sgar Lake and Osman Sagar Lake- which were the primary source of drinking water for the cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad.
The Corporation again, after a year applied for the permission and clearance but the APPCB rejected the application again on the same grounds.
Aggrieved the respondents moved before the Appellate Authority. The Appellate Authority issued directions to APPCB to grant its consent fir establishment of industry.
But before this order was passed by the Tribunal, the Respondents had already filed a PIL before the High Court of Andhra Pradesh stating the order of APPCB to be arbitrary. The High Court allowing the PIL also directed the APPCB to grant its consent for the same.
Aggrieved, the APPCB went in appeal u/A 136 to Supreme Court against the orders of High Court. The Supreme Court made various observations and allowed the appeal agreeing to the decisions of the APPCB for not granting the consent.
The court observed that “In the environmental field, where the uncertainty of scientific opinions have created serious problems for the courts- Uncertainty becomes a problem when scientific knowledge is institutionalized in policy-making by agencies and courts.” The judges realized that Precautionary Principle and Polluter Pays Principle are now part of environmental jurisprudence of the country.
The court also referred to cases of Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum and Shri Ram Food and Fertilizers Gas Leakage case.

S Jagannath v. Union of India [4]

The petitioner through the present PIL has sought the enforcement of CRZ Notification, 1991 for prohibiting the intensive and semi-intensive type of prawn farming in the ecologically fragile coastal areas and constitution of a National Coastal Management Authority for safeguarding the marine life and coastal areas.
Due to the commercial aquaculture farming there is a considerable degradation of the mangrove ecosystems, pollution of potable waters, and reduction in fish catch. The groundwater has become contaminated sue to seepage of impounded water from the aquaculture farms. Further. The court observed that most of the coastal land recently converted into shrimp farms was previously used for food crops and traditional fishing.
Further, the expansion of the modern Shrimp ponds in the coastal area has meant that the local fishermen could reach the beach only after trespassing these Shrimp farms or by taking a long detour.
The court observed that sea coasts and beached are the gift on nature to the mankind. The aesthetic qualities and the recreational utility of the said area have to be maintained. Any activity which has the effect of degrading the environment cannot be permitted.
The effluents discharged by the commercial shrimp culture farms are covered by the definition of environmental pollutant, environmental pollution and hazardous substance. The NEERI Report indicates that these effluents are in excess of the prescribed standards. Further, no action is being taken by the authority Under the EPA, 1986 or the Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling Rules), 1989 or the Water Act, 1974 or the Fisheries Act, 1897or the WPA, 1972 etc.
The court ordered the following:
No part of the agricultural land and the salt farms could be converted into Aquaculture farms;
An authority shall be constituted under the Central Government under Sec 8(3) of the EPA, 1986;
The authority so constituted shall implement the Precautionary Principle and the Polluter Pays Principle.
No shrimp culture ponds can be constructed in the coastal areas;
Aquaculture industries functioning at present within 1km radius of the Chilika Lake must compensate the affected persons;
Aquaculture functioning outside the CRZ should obtain prior permission and clearance from the authority within the prescribed time limit failing which they must stop their operations.

Goa Foundation v. Konkan Railways Corporation [5]

It was a longstanding demand of the people in the region for a cheap and fast transport to improve the economic conditions and to make accessible the hinterlands in the State of Maharashtra, State of Goa and State of Karnataka. The Central Government was considering providing a railway line for a considerable length of time but the project was postponed from time to time due to lack of requisite funds. Ultimately the Central Government took a decision to provide the line and to achieve that purpose. The Konkan Railway Corporation Ltd., a public limited Company, was set up.
The petitioner claims to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, river and wild life and to have compassion for living creatures. The petitioners approached this Court by filing the present petition under Art 226 of the Constitution with the prayer that the Corporation should be compelled to procure environment clearance for the alignment passing through the State of Goa from the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, and until such clearance is secured all the work in respect of providing railway line should be withheld.
The grievance of the petitioners is that the proposed alignment has been planned and undertaken without an adequate Environment Impact Assessment (E.I.A.).
The petitioners claimed that the proposed alignment is wholly destructive of the environment and the eco-system and violates the citizens” rights under Art. 21 of the Constitution. The petitioners also claim that even though the ecological damage will not be felt immediately, such damage will be gradual and will lead to the deterioration of the land quality and will affect large number of people.
The court observed that: “The Courts are bound to take into consideration the comparative hardship which the people in the region will suffer by stalling the project of great public utility. No development is possible without some adverse effect on the ecology and environment but the projects of public utility cannot be abandoned and it is necessary to adjust the interest of the people as well as the necessity to maintain the environment. The balance has to be struck between the two interests and this exercise must be left to the persons who are familiar and specialized in the field.”
Accordingly, the petition was dismissed.

Narula Dyeing and Printing Works v. Union of India [6]

The’ petitioners — Industrial units have challenged the action of the State Government taken under Sec. 5 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, giving directions to them to stop production activities and take necessary steps to make the waste water being discharged by the units to conform to the standards specified by the Gujarat Pollution Control Board and not to restart the production activities without the permission of State Government and Forest and Environment Department.
On behalf of the State Government and other respondents, it was contended that these units were not having an operative effluent treatment plant and that they had not abided by the terms of the consent letters given by the State Board under Sec 25(2) of the Water Act.
Sec 25 of the Water Act prescribes restrictions on new out-lets and new discharges. It inter alia provides that no person shall, without the previous consent of the State Board, establish any industry or process which is likely to discharge sewerage or trade effluent into the stream or well or sewer or on land. The consent of the State Board can be obtained by an application made under Sec 25(2) of the Water Act. Under Sub-section (4) of Section 25 the State Board may grant its consent subject to conditions as it may impose. The State Board may impose conditions including conditions as to the nature and composition, temperature, volume or rate of discharge of the effluent from the premises from which the discharge is to be made.
The court also agreed with the Respondents contention and held that the State Board has all the powers to impose conditions upon the said industry in the light of Sec 25 of the Water Act, 1974 in order to PCA of the Water pollution
Accordingly, the petition was dismissed and the petitioners were directed to comply with the directions of the State Government.

Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India [7]

In this case, 5 factories were producing Hyaluronic Acid [H-acid] in Bicchari village, Udaipur. These units were discharging highly toxic untreated effluents i.e. iron and gypsum based sludge.
The result was long-lasting damage to the underground soil, underground water and environment in general. The water in around 60 wells spread over 350 hectares turned red and became unfit for drinking and other household purposes. The entire land of 350 hectares became infertile.
The Sub-Divisional Magistrate acting under the powers given to him under Sec 144 Cr.P.C ordered to show cause as to why these factories should not be shut down.
Accordingly, a writ petition was filed by the Environmentalist organization- Indian Council for Enviro-legal Action before the Supreme Court to look into the above matter.
The court dealt in detail the matters concerned above referred to the cases of Rylands versus Fletcher, Oleum Gas Leakage case , Bhopal Gas Tragedy etc. and applied the Principle of Absolute Liability.
The Court ordered closure of factories and also ordered them to pay damages up to the tune of Rs. 4 Crores for reversal of ecology of the area.
The Court also suggested setting up of Green Benches in all the State High Courts.

Bombay Environmental Action Group v. State of Maharashtra [8]

This writ petition was brought forward by the petitioner- Bombay Environmental Action Group, in order to challenge the permission granted by the Central and State Government for construction of a 500MW Thermal Power Station at District Thane against environmental norms.
The petitioners contended the project would ruin the ecology of that area, further leading to adversely affecting the aquatic life nearby.
The defendants contended that there was no possibility of any loss to the surrounding environment as there was no vegetation in that land which could be felled; the land was almost infertile and useless. In addition to this, there was no habitation anywhere near the site area.
The court therefore, analyzed the provisions of EPA, 1986 and the CRZ Notification and found out that the environmental clearance given by the MoEF was contrary to the Environmental norms.
But still the petition was not allowed as the greater good requires no electricity cut in India.
The Court held that- “environmental issues are relevant and deserve consideration. But the needs of the environment require to be balanced with the needs of the Community at large and the needs of developing countries. If one finds that all the safeguards have been taken and followed properly, there is no need for Judiciary to interfere.”

M. C. Mehta v. Union of India [Shri Ram Food and Fertilizers Case / Oleum Gas Leakage Case] [9]

The rule of Absolute Liability which is a more stringent rule than Strict Liability was laid down in this case. This case is more popular as the oleum gas leakage case .
Shri Ram Food and fertilizers Industry is a subsidiary of the Delhi Cloth Mills Ltd. Located in a thickly populated area of Delhi.
On 4 th December 1985, there was a leakage of oleum gas from the Sulphuric acid plant resulting in the death of an advocate and several injuries to other persons. Again, on 6 th December 1985, there was a minor leakage of Oleum gas from the same plant. Against a complaint under Sec 133 Cr.P.C., the District Magistrate directed the management of Shri Ram Food and Fertilizers Industry to close the unit and to show cause the reason within seven days in writing.
The petitioner Mr. M. C. Mehta files a PIL u/A 32 of Indian Constitution. The petitioner in his petition requested the Court to direct the Government to take necessary steps to avoid such leakages from the industries engaged in dangerous and hazardous manufacturing processes. He also reminded the Court of the recent incident of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy and prayed the Court to direct the management to shift these industries somewhere far from the city.
The issues before the Supreme Court in this case were:
Whether the plant can be allowed to continue or not?
If not, what measures are require to be taken to prevent the leakages, explosion, air and water pollution?
Whether there are any safety devices existing in the Plant or not?
The Supreme Court after great debate and discussion, decided to permit Shri Ram Food and Fertilizers Industry to restore its operations. The Court observed that although such industries are dangerous, they are very essential for the economic and social progress of the country.
The court directed the management to deposit in the court Rs. 20 lakhs as security for payment of compensation to the victims. Further, all the recommendations of the expert committees are to be complied by the Industry and safety equipment are to be installed at the first instance.
The court further directed the industries to establish and develop a green belt of 1-5 kms in width around such industries.
The court appreciated the petitioner Mr. M.C. Mehta for filing a number of PIL and ordered the Shri Ram Food and Fertilizers to pay Rs. 10,000 towards the costs.
The court directed the Central Government to set up an Environmental Court.

M. C. MEHTA v. Union Carbide Commission [10]

On December 1984, there was a leakage of poisonous gas – Methyl Isocynate (MIC) from the Union Carbide Corporation India Limited, located at Bhopal which is a subsidiary of UCC, U.S.A.
This disaster is described as the world’s worst industrial disaster ad it claimed lives of 2,260 people and caused serious injuries to about 6 lakh of people.
The Government of India, on behalf of the victims filed a suit in U.S District Court, New York. The U.S District Court dismissed all the suits and petitions an representations on the ground of forum non-conveniens i.e. the suits can be more conveniently tried in India.
Again the UOI filed this present suit through M.C. Mehta versus UCC in the District Court of Bhopal claiming 3.3 billion U.S dollars i.e. Rs. 3900 crores as compensation. The District Court ordered UCC to pay interim relief of 270 million U.S. Dollars i.e. Rs. 350 crore to the victims.
Aggrieved the UCC filed a civil Revision petition before the High Court at Madhya Pradesh, which reduced the amount from rs. 350 Crores to Rs. 250 Crores.
Aggrieved both the parties preferred appeals before the Supreme Court on different issues. Several municipal and international issues were involved in this case for considerations. Some such issues were:
Whether the Parent Company is liable for the torts of its Subsidiary Company abroad? The UCC has maintained it is only morally but not legally liable for its actions.
Whether the Home State i.e. USA can be held responsible for the hazardous activities of UCC’s Subsidiary Company abroad?
Whether the Host State i.e. India responsible for enforcing the safety standards for the protection of life and environment and the extent of liability to the victims for the rehabilitation in the event of accidents?
When the matter was pending before the Supreme Court another incident took place in the Shri Ram Food and Fertilizers Industry of New Delhi. In that case, the Supreme Court evolved the Principle of Absolute Liability from the 1868 Principle of Absolute Liability.
Keeping that decision in mind the Supreme Court directed the UCC to pay sum of 470 Million U.S. Dollars i.e. Rs. 750 crore towards compensation to the victims for the full and final settlement in satisfaction of all past, present and future claims and the same was accepted by both the parties.
The Court by exercising its extraordinary jurisdiction quashed all proceedings civil, criminal etc against the UCC.

Sachidanad Pandey v. State of West Bengal [11]

There was in Alipore- a zoological garden which was in the outskirts of the Calcutta city but overtime the city has grown so much so that now the Zoological garden is in the heart of the city.
In May 1980, the Taj Group of Hotels wanted to construct a five-star hotel in that area. Accordingly, it was proposed that a four-acre land could be carved out from the Zoological garden for the construction of the hotel.
Later on looking at the blueprint of the hotel, the Managing Committee of the Zoo raised various objections which were withdrawn later after a compromise. This compromise was settled on the terms of construction of not a 60-storey hotel but a garden hotel.
Accordingly, 5 petitioners filed a PIL to restrain the Zoo authorities from giving this land to the Hotel Group. The Single Bench High Court judge dismissed the petition and the same was confirmed by the Division Bench of the same High Court.
Hence, the Appeal was preferred u/A136 to the Supreme Court.
It was argued from the petitioner’s side that the Principles of Natural Justice has not been observed and those who were interested in the welfare of the zoo were not heard in the matter before the decision was taken.
This however, was rejected by the court referring to trhe fact that all required precautions have been taken by the Taj Group.
The Apex Court in unequivocal terms pronounced that “whenever the matter of ecology is brought before the Court, the Court are not to shrug its shoulders saying that it is a matter for policy making authority.”
But the court at the same time also observed that the approach of the Taj Group of hotels has been credibly fair as they have given all the assurances to preserve the Zoo and its inmates. They also agreed to build a garden hotel keeping in view the ecology of the area and for the protection of the migratory birds.
The appeal was therefore, dismissed and the construction was allowed.

Tarun Bharat Sangh, Alwar v. Union of India [12]

The petitioners have brought this PIL for enforcement of certain notifications under the WPA, 1972; EPA, 1986; and various Forests Laws in areas declared as Reserved Forests in Alwar District of Rajasthan.
The area now more popular as the Sariska Tiger Park has been declared as the Game Reserve, a Sanctuary, a National Park, a Reserved forests and a Protected Area.
Thus it is very obvious that any mining activity in that area shall be contrary to and impermissible as under the Forest Conservation Act of 1980
The Government of Rajasthan has illegally and arbitrarily issued about 400 mining licenses and thereby enabled them to carry on the mining operations- which according to the petitioners will tend to degrade and diminish the ecology of the area.
The Court after observing various laws and facts went on praising the importance and beauty of the ecology and its resources and said that “every source from which man has increased his power has been used to diminish the prospects of his successors.”
The Court directed the Central Government to act under Sec 3 of the EPA, 1986 and appoint a Committee to ensure the enforcement of the above laws and to prevent devastation of the environment and wild life within the protected area. The committee shall access the damage alone to the environment and wildlife and make appropriate recommendations to this Court as to ascertain the remedial measures.
The Court further declared that no mining activity can be carried out in the said area.

Pradeep Krishnen v. Union of India [13]

The petitioner filed a PIL U/A 32 challenging constitutional validity of an order issued by the State of M.P. permitting collection of Tendu leaves from sanctuaries and National Parks by villagers living around the boundaries – contending it to be contravening the provisions of WPA, 1972 and violative of Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties.
He further contended that illegal felling of trees and excessive grazing has led to loss of vegetation cover.
He also argued that the State of M.P. had rightfully imposed a ban previously in the year 1992 but the said ban was lifted because of the growing business pressures.
The petitioners contended that by lifting the said previous ban the State has ignored the Flora and Fauna of the area and further that the presence of human beings is a huge threat to the environment and wildlife of the area.
The court highlighted the importance of Art. 48A and Art 51 A (g).
Further, the court held that for the tribal to acquire any rights over the forest land in the sanctuaries and national parks- proper procedures have to be followed under the WPA, 1972. Till such procedure is complete, the State government cannot bar entry of the villagers or tribal into the Forest- until such entry is likely to result in the destruction or damage to the environment of the area.

Ivory Traders and Manufacturers Association v. Union of India [14]

There are two sets of writ petitions in this case. The first was with regard to the challenge to the constitutional validity of certain provisions of the WPA, 1972 as amended in 1991 and the second was the challenge to the same thing except that the petitioners contended that they deal with ivory derived from the mammoth, an extinct species of the wild animals, not covered by the WPA, 1972
The provisions of WPA, 1972 as amended in 1991 put a ban on all dealings of ivory and which was contended by the petitioners as unreasonable, unfair and arbitrary and violative of their Freedom of Trade as provided under Art. 19 (1) (g).
The petitioners further contended that even though theb1991 Amendment Act extinguishes their title over the imported ivory which was lawfully acquired by them- they should be at least allowed to sell their stocks of ivory and the products made therefrom and the Government should buy the same.
They also contended that the Parliament is not competent to legislate on the matter of remains of ivory coming from an extinct mammoth and the WPA,1972 specifically does not deal with this kind of ivory at all.
On the other hand, the respondents argued that the WPA, 1972 has been enacted to provide protection and conservation to the wild life and further that the trade in wild life or any part thereto is antithetic to conservation. They further contended that these restrictions were reasonable and necessary in Public Interest and were meant to give efforts to the DPSP’s. further, after the Amendment Act coming into force from 1991 till July 1992, the petitioners have enough time to liquidate their stocks but they did not do so.
The Court observed that the Principal Act of 1972 and the Amendment Acts of 1982, 1986, 1991 case to the conclusion that the population of elephant has gone down and it has now become endangered species.
The Parliament judged the situation has rightfully prohibited trade in ivory articles by fulfilling its constitutional obligation u/A 48A and international obligation under CITES, 1973.
The court declared that trade and businesses at the costs of disrupting life forms cannot be permitted even once.
Further, the reiterated that rights under Art 19 (1) (g) are not absolute rights and restrictions can be imposed on them in Public interest.
The Court realized that 50 years ago, the urgency to preserve the elephant may not have been the upper most priority of human beings as at that point of time it was not at the verge of extinction as it is now and therefore, the Court held that the State was totally justified in imposing restrictions on killing of elephants.
The court declared that:
No citizen has the Fundamental Right to trade in ivory and ivory articles
The prohibition is in the public interest
The ban is not violative of Art.14 and does not suffer from any un reasonableness, unfairness and arbitrariness.

Indian Handicrafts Emporium v. Union of India [15]

The question on issue in this case was whether putting a prohibition on the trade of Indian ivory is constitutional or not?
The case runs on the same lines as that of the case of Ivory Traders and Manufacturers Association versus UOI .
The Supreme Court held that trade in ivory is totally prohibited under Chapter II-A and any person who has obtained a certificate from the Chief Wild life Warden (CWW) may keep possession of such product but cannot sell it further. Such restriction is a reasonable restriction u/A 19 (1) (g).

Animal and Environmental Legal Defence Fund v. Union of India [16]

The petitioners are an association of lawyers and other persons challenging the validity of the order of CWW granting 305 fishing permits to the tribal residing in the Pench National Park situated in the heart of Pench National Park Tiger Reserve. The said area was also a reserve forest.
U/S 19 of the WPA, 1972 the Collector of the area was required to publish a proclamation and allow the opportunity to people to claim their forests rights.
Since 1977, no one came to claim their rights on account of illiteracy and unawareness. However in the year 1994 three applications regarding claims had been received. The tribal people have claimed that their fishing rights should be preserved as this is their only source of livelihood.
The petitioner prayed that if 305 fishing licenses are granted, it will seriously affect the ecology of the area and further, it humanly impossible to monitor 305 fishing licenses operating together.
Further the petitioners are of the view that the population of Crocodiles, turtles and Migratory Birds might face severe extinction.
The Court noticed that some efforts have already been made by the State of Maharashtra of limiting the damage by imposing conditions on these licenses.
The court therefore, issued additional conditions on these licenses:
Each permit holder shall hold photo ID along with his photograph
These permits are neither transferable nor heritable.
Each permit holder shall have the right to enter the National Park and reach the reservoir using the highway only.
A daily record of entry and exit of such permit holders has to be maintained in a register.
The fishermen shall be prohibited from lighting fires in the forests for cooking purpose.

Centre For Environmental Law WWF-I v. Union of India [17]

In this case, the court suo motu gave the directions to 17 States to comply with the provisions under Sec 33-A and Sec 34 of WPA, 1972
Sec 33-A deals with immunization aloof the livestock in the sanctuaries
Sec 34 deal with the Registration of the persons in the forest area possessing arms within 2 months

Fatehsang Gimba Vasava v. State of Gujarat [18]

The petition has been brought forward by the poor adivasis in the State of Gujarat as they were deprived of the forests rights conferred upon them by the State Government.
The petitioners contended that they have certain rights in the reserved forests (residence and collection of forest produce) for their hutment and livelihood.
On the other hand, the forest officers thinking that these articles are covered under the term ‘ minor forest produce ’ under Sec 2(4) of the Indian Forest Act, 1927- refused them permission for collection of these articles from the forest areas without a transit permit.
The Court in this case observed that the sole purpose of grating certain special privileges to the residents of forest villages is to give them a source of livelihood.
The court further observed that the term ‘forest produce’ under Sec 2 (4) of the Indian Forest Act, 1927 definitely include bamboo within its ambit but it does not include products made from bamboo, because once the produce becomes a product brought about by human labor- it cases tho come within the ambit of the Section.
The Court directed the State officials to restore the rights of the aadivasis and allow them with the bamboo to earn their livelihood.

Rural Litigation Entitlement Kendra (RLEK) v. Union of India [19]

This is the first environmental PIL in India.
RLEK, a voluntary organization, wrote a letter to Supreme Court which was treated as a petition. The letter disclosed the unauthorized and illegal mining activities carried in the entire stretch of Doon Valley.
There was reduction in the Green Belt from 70% to 10%.
The reckless mining operations, careless disposal of mine debris and unregulated blasting operations disturbed the natural water systems and the supply of water for drinking and irrigation purposes went down.
Further the quarrying operations destroyed the homes of many migratory birds and compelled the residents of that area to shift from that place.
The Supreme Court acting promptly prohibited the mining operations with a view to determine if the mines were operated with the safety standards.
The Supreme Court appointed the Bhargava Committee- to assess the total effects of the mines in the ecology of the area. On the recommendations of the Bhargava Committee, the court ordered that these operation in such an ecologically sensitive area has to be stopped.
The court further observed that preservation of ecology is a task which not only the States but also the Citizens must undertake u/A 51 A (g).
The court directed the State to pay Rs. 10,000 to RLEK for their efforts and take steps towards restoration of the ecology.

Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar [20]

The present writ petition alleges that the west Bokaro Collaries and the Tata Iron and Steel Co. are polluting River Bokaro by discharging slurry from their washeries into the river.
The petitioner further alleges that the State of Bihar and SPCB have failed to rake appropriate steps under the Water Act, 1974 for PCA of water pollution.
The respondents denied the petitioners allegations by saying that all effective steps have been taken by them to prevent the pollution.
The court agreeing with the respondents dismissed the petition for the following reasons:
A person whose fundamental right has been violated can take recourse to Art 32 for prevention of water pollution. But PIL cannot be invoked by a person or a group of person to satisfy his/her personal grudge. It is the duty of the court to discourage such actions.
The court then went into the facts and observed that the petitioner has been purchasing the slurry from the respondents for the last several years. With the passage of time, the petitioner wanted more and more slurry but the respondents refused to sell additional slurry.
The petition was accordingly dismissed.

T. Damodar Rao v. Special Officer, Municipal Corporation, Hyderabad [21]

The question involved in this case whether the Life Insurance Co. can legally use that land owned by them in a recreational zone for residential purposes which was an act contrary to the developmental plans of the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad.
In this case, the writ petition was filed by some of the residents who lived around the Park claiming that construction of residential colony in an area reserved for recreational purposes amounts to violation of their Right to Life u/A 21.
The court in this case held that any construction of residential house on the land allotted for recreational park would upset the environmental balance of the area.
The court directed the Government to remove any such construction on recreational zones.

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For law notes, Click Here.

[1] .AIR 1996 SC 2715: (1996) 5 SCC 647

[2] (1997) 2 SCC 353

[3] . AIR 1999SC 812: 2001 (2) SCC 62

[4] . (1997) 2 SCC 87: AIR 1997 SC 811

[5] . AIR 1992 BOM 471

[6] . AIR 1995 GUJ 185

[7] . AIR 1996 SC 1446: (1996) 3 SCC 212

[8] . AIR 1991 BOM 301

[9] . (1986) 2 SCC 176

[10] . (1991) 4 SCC 584

[11] . (1987) 2 SCC 295

[12] 1998 SUPP (3) SCC 115

[13] . 1996 (8) SCC 599

[14] . AIR 1997 DEL 267

[15] . AIR 2003 SC 3240

[16] . AIR 1997 SC 107

[17] . AIR 1999 SC 354

[18] . AIR 1987 GUJ 9

[19] . AIR 1988 SC 2187

[20] . AIE 1991 SC 420

[21] . AIR 1987 AP 171

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Essay on Environmental Pollution

The environment is the surrounding of an organism. The environment in which an organism lives is made up of various components like air, water, land, etc. These components are found in fixed proportions to create a harmonious balance in the environment for the organism to live in. Any kind of undesirable and unwanted change in the proportions of these components can be termed as pollution. This issue is increasing with every passing year. It is an issue that creates economic, physical, and social troubles. The environmental problem that is worsening with each day needs to be addressed so that its harmful effects on humans as well as the planet can be discarded.

Causes of Environmental Pollution

With the rise of the industries and the migration of people from villages to cities in search of employment, there has been a regular increase in the problem of proper housing and unhygienic living conditions. These reasons have given rise to factors that cause pollution.

Environmental pollution is of five basic types namely, Air, Water, Soil, and Noise pollution.

Air Pollution: Air pollution is a major issue in today’s world. The smoke pouring out of factory chimneys and automobiles pollute the air that we breathe in. Gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and sulphur dioxide are emitted with this smoke which mixes with air and causes great harm to the human body, flora, and fauna. The dry-farm waste, dry grass, leaves, and coal used as domestic fuels in our villages also produce harmful gases. Acid rain occurs due to an excess of sulphur dioxide in the air.

The Main Sources of Air Pollution are as Follows:

Automobile pollution

Industrial air pollution

Burning garbage

Brick kilns

Indoor air pollution

Decomposed animals and plants

Radioactive elements

Water Pollution: Water pollution is one of the most serious environmental issues. The waste products from the growing industries and sewage water are not treated properly before disposing of the wastewater into the rivers and other water bodies, thus leading to water pollution. Agricultural processes with excess fertilizers and pesticides also pollute the water bodies.

The Main Sources of Water Pollution as Follows:

Marine commerce.

Industrial effluents joining seas and oceans.

Dumping of radioactive substances into seawater.

Sewage is disposed of into the sea by rivers.

Offshore oil rigs.

Recreational activities.

Agricultural pollutants are disposed of into the water bodies.

Soil or Land Pollution: Soil pollution or land pollution results from the deposition of solid waste, accumulation of biodegradable material, deposition of chemicals with poisonous chemical compositions, etc on the open land. Waste materials such as plastics, polythene, and bottles, cause land pollution and render the soil infertile. Moreover, the dumping of dead bodies of animals adds to this issue. Soil pollution causes several diseases in man and animals like Cholera, Dysentery, Typhoid, etc.

The Main Causes of Soil Pollution are as Follows:

Industrial waste

Urban commercial and domestic waste

Chemical fertilizers

Biomedical waste

Noise Pollution: With an increasing population, urbanization, and industrialization, noise pollution is becoming a serious form of pollution affecting human life, health, and comfort in daily life. Horns of vehicles, loudspeakers, music systems, and industrial activities contribute to noise pollution.

The Main Sources of Noise Pollution as Follows:

The machines in the factories and industries produce whistling sounds, crushing noise, and thundering sounds.

Loudspeakers, horns of vehicles.

Blasting of rocks and earth, drilling tube wells, ventilation fans, and heavy earth-moving machinery at construction sites.

How Pollution Harms Health and Environment

The lives of people and other creatures are affected by environmental pollution, both directly and indirectly. For centuries, these living organisms have coexisted with humans on the planet.

1. Effect on the Environment

Smog is formed when carbon and dust particles bind together in the air, causing respiratory problems, haze, and smoke. These are created by the combustion of fossil fuels in industrial and manufacturing facilities and vehicle combustion of carbon fumes.

Furthermore, these factors impact the immune systems of birds, making them carriers of viruses and diseases. It also has an impact on the body's system and organs.

2. Land, Soil, and Food Effects

The degradation of human organic and chemical waste harms the land and soil. It also releases chemicals into the land and water. Pesticides, fertilisers, soil erosion, and crop residues are the main causes of land and soil pollution.

3. Effects on water

Water is easily contaminated by any pollutant, whether it be human waste or factory chemical discharge. We also use this water for crop irrigation and drinking. They, too, get polluted as a result of infection. Furthermore, an animal dies as a result of drinking the same tainted water.

Furthermore, approximately 80% of land-based pollutants such as chemical, industrial, and agricultural waste wind up in water bodies.

Furthermore, because these water basins eventually link to the sea, they contaminate the sea's biodiversity indirectly.

4. Food Reaction

Crops and agricultural produce become poisonous as a result of contaminated soil and water. These crops are laced with chemical components from the start of their lives until harvest when they reach a mass level. Due to this, tainted food has an impact on our health and organs.

5. Climate Change Impact

Climate change is also a source of pollution in the environment. It also has an impact on the ecosystem's physical and biological components.

Ozone depletion, greenhouse gas emissions, and global warming are all examples of environmental pollution. Because these water basins eventually link to the sea, they contaminate the sea's biodiversity indirectly. Furthermore, their consequences may be fatal for future generations. The unpredictably cold and hot climate impacts the earth’s natural system.

Furthermore, earthquakes, starvation, smog, carbon particles, shallow rain or snow, thunderstorms, volcanic eruptions, and avalanches are all caused by climate change, caused entirely by environmental pollution.

How to Minimise Environmental Pollution?

To minimise this issue, some preventive measures need to be taken.

Principle of 3R’s: To save the environment, use the principle of 3 R’s; Reuse, Reduce and Recycle.

Reuse products again and again. Instead of throwing away things after one use, find a way to use them again. Reduce the generation of waste products.

Recycle: Paper, plastics, glass, and electronic items can be processed into new products while using fewer natural resources and lesser energy.

To prevent and control air pollution, better-designed equipment, and smokeless fuels should be used in homes and industries. More and more trees should be planted to balance the ecosystem and control greenhouse effects.

Noise pollution can be minimised by better design and proper maintenance of vehicles. Industrial noise can be reduced by soundproofing equipment like generators, etc.

To control soil pollution, we must stop the usage of plastic. Sewage should be treated properly before using it as fertilizers and as landfills. Encourage organic farming as this process involves the use of biological materials and avoiding synthetic substances to maintain soil fertility and ecological balance.

Several measures can be adopted to control water pollution. Some of them are water consumption and usage that can be minimized by altering the techniques involved. Water should be reused with treatment.

The melting icebergs in Antarctica resulted in rising sea levels due to the world's environmental pollution, which had become a serious problem due to global warming, which had become a significant concern. Rising carbon pollution poses a risk for causing natural disasters such as earthquakes, cyclones, and other natural disasters.

The Hiroshima-Nagasaki and Chernobyl disasters in Russia have irreversibly harmed humanity. Different countries around the world are responding to these calamities in the most effective way possible.

Different countries around the world are responding to these calamities in the most effective way possible. More public awareness campaigns are being established to educate people about the hazards of pollution and the importance of protecting our environment. Greener lifestyles are becoming more popular; for example, energy-efficient lighting, new climate-friendly autos, and the usage of wind and solar power are just a few examples.

Governments emphasise the need to plant more trees, minimise the use of plastics, improve natural waste recovery, and reduce pesticide use. This ecological way of living has helped humanity save other creatures from extinction while making the Earth a greener and safer ecology.

Conclusion

It is the responsibility of every individual to save our planet from these environmental contamination agents. If preventive measures are not taken then our future generation will have to face major repercussions. The government is also taking steps to create public awareness. Every individual should be involved in helping to reduce and control pollution.

FAQs on Environmental Pollution Essay

1. What do you understand by ‘Environmental Pollution’?

Environmental pollution is the contamination of the environment and surroundings like air, water, soil by the discharge of harmful substances.

2. What preventive measures should be taken to save our environment?

Some of the preventive measures that should be taken to save our environment are discussed below.

We can save our environment by adopting the concept of carpooling and promoting public transport to save fuel. Smoking bars are public policies, including criminal laws and occupational safety and health regulations that prohibit tobacco smoking in workplaces and other public places.

The use of Fossil fuels should be restricted because it causes major environmental issues like global warming.

Encourage organic farming to maintain the fertility of the soil.

3. What are the main sources of soil pollution?

The main sources of soil pollution as follows:

Industrial waste

Urban commercial and domestic waste

Chemical fertilizers

Biomedical waste

4. What is organic farming?

It is a farming method that involves growing and nurturing crops without the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.

Essay on Environment for Students and Children

500+ words essay on environment.

Essay on Environment – All living things that live on this earth comes under the environment. Whether they live on land or water they are part of the environment. The environment also includes air, water, sunlight, plants, animals, etc.

Moreover, the earth is considered the only planet in the universe that supports life. The environment can be understood as a blanket that keeps life on the planet sage and sound.

Importance of Environment

We truly cannot understand the real worth of the environment. But we can estimate some of its importance that can help us understand its importance. It plays a vital role in keeping living things healthy in the environment.

Likewise, it maintains the ecological balance that will keep check of life on earth. It provides food, shelter, air, and fulfills all the human needs whether big or small.

Moreover, the entire life support of humans depends wholly on the environmental factors. In addition, it also helps in maintaining various life cycles on earth.

Most importantly, our environment is the source of natural beauty and is necessary for maintaining physical and mental health.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Benefits of the Environment

The environment gives us countless benefits that we can’t repay our entire life. As they are connected with the forest, trees, animals, water, and air. The forest and trees filter the air and absorb harmful gases. Plants purify water, reduce the chances of flood maintain natural balance and many others.

Moreover, the environment keeps a close check on the environment and its functioning, It regulates the vital systems that are essential for the ecosystem. Besides, it maintains the culture and quality of life on earth.

The environment regulates various natural cycles that happen daily. These cycles help in maintaining the natural balance between living things and the environment. Disturbance of these things can ultimately affect the life cycle of humans and other living beings.

The environment has helped us and other living beings to flourish and grow from thousands of years. The environment provides us fertile land, water, air, livestock and many essential things for survival.

Cause of Environmental Degradation

Human activities are the major cause of environmental degradation because most of the activities humans do harm the environment in some way. The activities of humans that causes environmental degradation is pollution, defective environmental policies, chemicals, greenhouse gases, global warming, ozone depletion, etc.

All these affect the environment badly. Besides, these the overuse of natural resources will create a situation in the future there will be no resources for consumption. And the most basic necessity of living air will get so polluted that humans have to use bottled oxygen for breathing.

Above all, increasing human activity is exerting more pressure on the surface of the earth which is causing many disasters in an unnatural form. Also, we are using the natural resources at a pace that within a few years they will vanish from the earth. To conclude, we can say that it is the environment that is keeping us alive. Without the blanket of environment, we won’t be able to survive.

Moreover, the environment’s contribution to life cannot be repaid. Besides, still what the environment has done for us, in return we only have damaged and degraded it.

FAQs about Essay on Environment

Q.1 What is the true meaning of the environment?

A.1 The ecosystem that includes all the plants, animals, birds, reptiles, insects, water bodies, fishes, human beings, trees, microorganisms and many more are part of the environment. Besides, all these constitute the environment.

Q.2 What is the three types of the environment?

A.2 The three types of environment includes the physical, social, and cultural environment. Besides, various scientists have defined different types and numbers of environment.

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