sex trafficking essay

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Current Trends in Sex Trafficking Research

Cecilia allan.

1 Department of Psychology and Counseling, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ USA

Georgia M. Winters

Elizabeth l. jeglic.

2 Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY USA

Purpose of Review

Sex trafficking is a significant global problem that results in millions of individuals being sexually exploited annually. This paper will provide an overview of recent research in the field of sex trafficking and evaluate findings to provide recommendations for future research and policy work.

Recent Findings

In recent years, there has been an increase in research focused on understanding sex trafficking and how it can be prevented. Specifically, recent studies have explored characteristics of sex trafficking cases, risk factors for experiencing sex trafficking, recruitment and maintenance processes, identification and intervention techniques, and treatment approaches.

While there have been significant strides to better understand sex trafficking across the globe, numerous areas require further exploration. Additional research conducted internationally and with adults who have experienced sex trafficking is needed to better understand methods that can identify individuals at risk for being trafficked, enhance early detection, and provide services to trafficked individuals.

Introduction

Sex trafficking is one of the fastest growing global criminal enterprises [ 1 ], with reported cases in 115 countries [ 2 ••]. It is estimated that in 2016, nearly four million adults and one million minors were forced into sexual labor [ 3 ]. While exact definitions may vary by country, sex trafficking as defined in the United States (U.S.) refers to the “recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of any commercial sex act where such act is induced by force, fraud or coercion, or when the person induced to perform sex acts is under the age of 18 years” [ 4 ]. Sex trafficking has serious consequences to the individual and society [ 5 ]. Experiencing sex trafficking has been shown to increase rates of physical illness [e.g., 5 ] as well as mental health conditions [e.g., 6 – 8 ] and can lead to social stigmatization and/or criminalization of trafficked individuals [ 8 ]. Sex trafficking also has a significant impact on society, sustaining organized crime, and depriving citizens of basic human rights and feelings of security [ 9 ]. Thus, determining methods of identification and prevention are of great importance. As such, this review will provide an overview of recent research (2019 to 2022) in the field of sex trafficking and critically evaluate findings to communicate suggestions for future research and policy work. The review will include a description of the characteristics of sex trafficking cases, risk factors for experiencing sex trafficking, recruitment and maintenance processes, identification and intervention techniques, and treatment approaches. Although the majority of research focuses on trafficked individuals who are under 18 at the time of exploitation, the information described throughout this review includes both child sex trafficking (CST) and adult sex trafficking (AST).

Characteristics of Sex Trafficking Cases

Globally, sexual exploitation (i.e., sex trafficking) is the most common form of human trafficking representing 50% of the cases of trafficked individuals [ 2 ••]. While it is estimated that almost five million individuals (adults and children) are trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation internationally [ 3 ], it is expected that this number has recently increased due to higher levels of unemployment resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic [ 2 ••]. Further, the global prevalence of sex trafficking is likely underestimated given the lack of a standardized definition [ 10 , 11 ] in addition to various individualized (e.g., failing to recognize experiences of victimization, nonreporting due to fear of individuals who perpetrate trafficking or law enforcement) [ 10 , 12 , 13 ] and systematic (e.g., lack of a central database to track occurrences) [ 14 ] barriers.

According to the UNDOC [ 2 ••], females experience sex trafficking at disproportionate rates, with women and girls, respectively, representing 77% and 72% of the individuals experiencing sexual exploitation. Others have estimated these rates to be even higher with some sources suggesting that up to 99% of sexually trafficked individuals are women and girls [ 3 , 15 •]. Most trafficked individuals enter sex trafficking before the age of 18, with the average age of first sex trafficking experience ranging from 12 to 15 years [ 15 •, 16 •]. Individuals who identify as part of the LGBTQ + community have twice the odds of being trafficked compared to those who identify as heterosexual [ 17 ]. This is hypothesized to be the result of familial discrimination and a lack of available services which increase their chances of experiencing other risk factors (e.g., homelessness) and leads to a higher likelihood of engaging in sex trafficking to meet basic needs [ 17 ]. Furthermore, while in lower income countries children are more likely to be trafficked for labor, in high and upper-middle income countries such as those in North America and Europe [ 2 ••], children are more likely to be trafficked for sexual purposes. Research also suggests domestic trafficking is more common than international trafficking [ 18 ••].

While most trafficked individuals are female, most individuals who perpetrate sex trafficking are male [ 15 •, 19 , 20 ••]. However, recent studies suggest that the prevalence of female individuals who perpetrate sex trafficking may be increasing, with estimates ranging from 16 to 32%. Differences in rates of female individuals who perpetrate sex trafficking may be related to location, as research conducted in the Netherlands identified that individuals who perpetrate sex trafficking internationally are significantly more likely to be female than individuals who perpetrate sex trafficking domestically (21.5% versus 12%) [ 18 ••].

The type and size of the sex trafficking organizations may vary based upon several factors. For instance, Veldhuizen-Ochodničanová and colleagues [ 20 ••] found that individuals who perpetrate sex trafficking domestically in the U.S. were more likely to work independently and have a single individual they were victimizing while individuals who perpetrate sex trafficking internationally were more likely to work in organized groups and have a larger number of individuals they were victimizing (i.e., over 10). Kragten-Heerdink and colleagues [ 18 ••] identified support for these findings in an international context, with individuals who perpetrate sex trafficking internationally reporting victimizing more individuals than those who perpetrate sex trafficking domestically in the Netherlands.

Risk Factors

Numerous factors contribute to the likelihood of being sexually exploited. Several studies have identified risks for experiencing CST in the U.S., including child maltreatment (e.g., prior sexual abuse), involvement in foster care, a history of running away, alcohol and substance use/abuse, poor mental health, justice system involvement, unstable home environments, peer or family influence (e.g., witnessing others engage in sex work), identifying as part of the LGBTQ + community, severe physical disabilities, and/or low cognitive abilities [ 8 , 16 •, 17 , 19 , 21 – 25 ]. Similar risk factors have also been reported in Canada and Israel [e.g., 21 , 26 ]. Research comparing domestic and international trafficking suggests that risk factors may differ depending on the context. For example, Kragten-Heerdink and colleagues [ 18 ••] found that individuals who were sexually trafficked domestically were more often described as vulnerable due to factors such as age, homelessness, and difficulties in the home (e.g., abuse), whereas those sexually trafficked internationally were more often described as vulnerable because of their disadvantaged background (e.g., poverty and lack of education) and/or a need to provide for others.

Process of Recruitment and Maintenance

One method of improving identification of those being trafficked is through knowledge and recognition of the tactics and processes by which individuals become sexually exploited. Often, individuals have preestablished relationships with those who perpetrate their sex trafficking (e.g., family and friends) and tend to become involved due to economic need [ 19 ]. Using a sample of 26 individuals who had experienced sex trafficking in the U.S., Reed and colleagues [ 27 ] identified three types of relationships that lead to CST: (1) friends, (2) romantic relationships, and (3) family. For more than half of their sample (54%), friends had influenced involvement in sex work, either through peer pressure or modeling a way to survive/obtain money [ 27 ]. Others (31%) had romantic relationships with “boyfriends” who later became pimps, using coercion or violence to force the trafficked individual into sex work and keeping the money for themselves [ 27 ]. Familial involvement in sex work was also identified as a pathway towards involvement in CST in 15% of the cases [ 27 ]. In another recruitment model developed in the U.S., Roe-Sepowitz [ 15 •] proposed that individuals who perpetrate sex trafficking tend to recruit by targeting vulnerable children (e.g., runaways, those who respond to overtures of romance) and promising money, drugs, alcohol, or a place to stay. The author also noted use of various methods of control such as sexual, physical, and psychological abuse to condition trafficked individuals and prevent them from leaving [ 15 •].

In an effort to synthesize the research on the behaviors and tactics involved in the trafficking process, Winters and colleagues [ 28 ••] conducted a review of the literature (including both sex trafficking and child sexual abuse) and proposed the Sexual Grooming Model of Child Sex Trafficking (SGM-CST). According to the SGM-CST, the behaviors and tactics used by individuals who perpetrate sex trafficking can be conceptualized into five stages: (1) victim selection, (2) gaining access and isolation, (3) trust development, (4) desensitization to sexualized content and touch, and (5) postabuse maintenance [ 28 ••]. Victim selection involves choosing an individual to traffick based on specific internal and external vulnerabilities (e.g., drug addiction, intellectual deficits, inhospitable home environment, and unmet needs at home). Once the individual perpetrating the sex trafficking has identified a preferred individual, they begin to engage in behaviors aimed at accessing the child, such as manipulating their existing relationships or isolating the child from emotional supports and physical protective factors (e.g., areas with surveillance). The individual perpetrating the sex trafficking then focuses on gaining the trust and cooperation of the individual they are trafficking, as well as others in that individual’s life. This may involve presenting oneself as romantically interested, providing compliments and attention, or utilizing more materialistic tactics such as giving money and gifts. After trust has been established, the individual perpetrating the sex trafficking works to desensitize the youth to sexual content (e.g., asking sexually explicit questions) and contact (e.g., taking explicit photos and exposure to pornography). Lastly, individuals who perpetrate sex trafficking engage in postabuse maintenance to facilitate future abuse and/or prevent disclosure of the abuse. Both emotional manipulation (e.g., competition among trafficked individuals and instilling feelings of shame) and controlling behaviors (e.g., physical abuse, sexual violence, verbal threats, and blackmail) may be used at this stage. This model provides a framework for understanding the recruitment tactics of individuals who perpetrate sex trafficking and could help with prevention through identification, educational efforts, investigations, and prosecution of CST cases. The authors indicate that the next step is validating the SGM-CST using data from trafficked individuals [ 28 ••].

International research reveals use of similar methods of recruitment (e.g., through relationships), trust development (e.g., showing attention or gifts), and maintenance (e.g., deception, persuasion, psychological control, and threats) [ 21 , 29 ]. However, there appears to be some variation by country as studies from Spain and India show recruitment into sexual exploitation may occur as the result of prior engagement in domestic servitude or due to familial obligation. As examples, in Spain and Morocco, young girls from economically disadvantaged families in rural areas are often recruited to work as housemaids for wealthy families and are subsequently targeted by trafficking networks [ 30 ], while CST is considered normative among some castes (e.g., Bedia) in India to provide financially for the family [ 31 ].

It is also important to consider how these methods may vary depending upon the type of sex trafficking operation. For instance, Veldhuizen-Ochodničanová and colleagues [ 20 ••] compared differences between domestic and international sex trafficking processes in the U.S. They found differences in victim selection decisions, in that individuals who perpetrate sex trafficking domestically tended to select minors and individuals who had run away from home, whereas individuals who perpetrate sex trafficking internationally were significantly more likely to target poor, uneducated, or homeless individuals [ 20 ••]. In reference to methods of recruitment, they found that individuals who perpetrate sex trafficking domestically and internationally used some approaches at similar rates (e.g., romancing, promising interstate travel, and taking care of money/needs); however, significantly more international trafficking cases involved promises of a job or an American visa [ 20 ••]. The researchers also found significant differences in the strategies used to gain and maintain control. Specifically, individuals who perpetrate sex trafficking domestically were more likely to use drug dependence as a method of control, whereas those who perpetrate sex trafficking internationally were more likely to reference smuggling debt, deportation, and ID confiscation in order to maintain compliance [ 20 ••]. In a similar comparative analysis conducted in the Netherlands, researchers found differences in the use of violence as a means of coercive control, noting that this method was employed significantly more often by individuals who perpetrate sex trafficking domestically than those who perpetrate sex trafficking internationally [ 18 ••]. Overall, these findings suggest that consideration of the country and context (i.e., international versus domestic) is important when looking for indications of victimization.

Identification and Intervention

While research has identified risk factors and recruitment processes involved in sex trafficking, considerably less is known about the extent to which this knowledge has been applied by healthcare professionals, law enforcement, and educators to identify and intervene in cases of sex trafficking. The few studies which have been conducted appear to focus on North American-based professionals.

Several studies in the U.S. have examined how to improve identification of sex trafficking in healthcare settings. One commonly studied tool is the Short Screen for Child Sex Trafficking ( SSCST ), a 6-item measure which includes questions relevant to risk factors (e.g., physical violence, running away, sexual history, and substance use) [ 32 •]. Peterson and colleagues [ 33 ] examined the use of routine screening for CST using a modified version of the SSCST in emergency departments. They found that the modified SSCST improved specificity when children present with a high-risk chief complaint (e.g., sexual assault, physical assault, and runaway) by increasing CST identification rates from 1.3% to 11.3% during comprehensive follow-up evaluations [ 33 ]. Similarly, Hurst and colleagues [ 34 ] examined the effectiveness of an electronic self-report version of the SSCST . In a sample of 212 patients, 22 of the 26 patients who had experienced sexual exploitation (84.6%) screened positive for trafficking using the tool. Results suggest that this self-report method was helpful in identifying CST and may be useful in busy clinical environments to ensure additional evaluation services are provided for those who screen positive for CST [ 34 ].

In addition to utilizing screening tools, research has highlighted the importance of training professionals who frequently encounter trafficked individuals on identification procedures. Research conducted with service providers (e.g., counselors, medical personnel, law enforcement, and educators) who frequently interact with those who may be experiencing sex trafficking suggests that training can be an effective method of improving identification and access to services.

Service Providers

It appears that many service providers have received at least some training on the identification of CST. To examine the effectiveness of training programs aimed at improving identification of CST, Preble and colleagues [ 35 •] used snowball and purposive sampling targeted at members of antitrafficking networks to survey a range of service providers (e.g., law enforcement, child protective services, and medical personnel; n = 107) in a midwestern state in the U.S. Ninety percent of respondents indicated that they had received training for CST, most often related to the definition of human trafficking, vulnerability factors, and identification of trafficked individuals. However, the authors propose that continued definitional confusion among professionals who had received training may suggest that current methods are not sufficient for improving identification of trafficked individuals [ 35 •].

Awerbuch and colleagues [ 36 ] examined the impact of a full-day educational intervention for U.S. professionals working with individuals who may be experiencing CST (e.g., nurses, counselors, police officers, and social workers). They found that the training, which included a description of CST, impacts of screening and identification, an explanation of trauma bonding, and skills for communicating with trafficked individuals, was effective in increasing sex trafficking knowledge among some practitioners [ 36 ]. The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) is another training manual which has had positive impacts on increasing identification of trafficked individuals in the U.S. [ 37 ]. Modules in this program explore (1) an overview of CSEC, (2) pathways and precursors, (3) understanding impacts, (4) victim identification and engagement, (5) effective service delivery, (6) investigating cases, (7) working with cases, and (8) medical and mental health care of trafficked individuals [ 37 ]. Kenny and colleagues [ 37 ] provided nine three-hour training sessions over the course of six months and found statistically significant differences between pretest and posttest scores on a measure of sex trafficking knowledge. Professionals (e.g., therapists, transportation workers, and social workers) reported that they had a greater ability to identify and recognize trafficked individuals, an improved understanding and knowledge of CST, an increased ability to communicate with and engage trafficked individuals, and a heightened desire to educate others on this problem after receiving the training.

Of note, researchers have identified variations in the definition of sex trafficking as a barrier that impedes identification of trafficked individuals, which may impact the quality and effectiveness of trainings. Preble and colleagues [ 35 •] found that, despite previous training, many respondents indicated confusion regarding definitional aspects of sex trafficking. When examining service providers’ understanding and identification of CST, Gonzalez-Pons [ 38 ] found that the persistence of myths related to CST and a lack of definitional understanding interferes with identification of trafficked individuals and service delivery.

Law Enforcement

Trafficked individuals may come in contact with law enforcement due to suspicion regarding the commission of delinquent behavior. Interrogations by police can create mistrust thereby decreasing the likelihood of disclosure and identification [ 39 ]. Consequently, research has started to focus on law enforcement responses to sex trafficking. Miller and colleagues [ 40 ] examined the effectiveness of the Law Enforcement First Responders Protocol for Commercially Sexually Exploited Children ( FRP ), a training program that aimed to help law enforcement officers identify those who had been trafficked while avoiding criminalization of these individuals under prostitution laws in the U.S. While overall effectiveness on identification rates was not discussed, the authors note that by encouraging officers to connect trafficked individuals with services rather than criminalize behaviors, the program allowed many trafficked individuals to access important medical services [ 40 ].

Other Professionals

Gaps have been identified in that training may not be provided to some professionals who have a high likelihood of interacting with individuals who have been sexually trafficked (e.g., medical providers and educators). For example, although educational and medical societies recommend that students learn to recognize and provide care for sexually trafficked individuals, Talbott and colleagues [ 41 ] were able to identify only four programs which aimed to train medical students on identification and intervention. A Canadian study of medical professionals ( n = 125) found that 40% of physicians and 51% of other health professionals (e.g., nurses and psychologists) had never received training related to CST and did not feel comfortable making identification judgments [ 42 •]. Further some research suggests that healthcare providers may be more attuned to general signs of child maltreatment rather than having specific knowledge regarding risks of CST [ 42 •, 43 ].

Similarly, it appears that educators have little guidance on how to identify signs of CST among their students [ 44 ]. Chesworth and colleagues [ 44 ] proposed a protocol outlining how schools could respond to concerns of CST and help with identification. This included (1) taking action when sex trafficking is disclosed or suspected and reporting even if uncertain, (2) informing and involving relevant personnel, (3) working collaboratively to decide who to include in the report process, (4) submitting a report to Child Protective Services, and (5) following up after the report with the student and family to ensure they are getting proper services.

Given the physical and psychological impact of sexual exploitation, once trafficked individuals are identified, clinicians and service providers must work to implement treatment programs that will address the unique needs of this population. Importantly, counselors and mental health workers may need to take on a multifaceted role when working with trafficked individuals, helping to simultaneously address substance use, trauma, family issues, and physical care needs [ 45 ]. Cross-culturally, one of the most important factors in making a positive impact when working with trafficked individuals is promoting feelings of safety by communicating acceptance and understanding [ 46 – 48 ]. Other factors that have been found to facilitate treatment engagement include using a harm reduction and trauma-informed lens to understand behavioral patterns, develop trusting relationships, share decision-making responsibilities, and encourage client autonomy by being flexible [ 46 ]. To date, no treatment has been developed specifically for individuals who have experienced sex trafficking; however, a variety of approaches developed for those who have gone through other forms of trauma have been examined for use with trafficked individuals.

One approach that has been found to be effective when working with those who have experienced CST is trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy (TF-CBT) [e.g., 37 , 49 •]. This manualized treatment builds on cognitive behavioral principles and uses gradual exposure to help youth and caregivers acknowledge and process trauma while learning and applying coping skills [ 49 •]. TF-CBT has been found to result in significant reductions in symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and deviant behaviors and lead to improvements in self-regulation, hope for the future, and positive affect in multiple countries (e.g., the United States [ 37 , 49 •, 50 ], Cambodia [ 51 ], and India [ 52 ]).

Other treatment approaches include using a mentoring model. My Life My Choice, a U.S.-based treatment program for trafficked youth, pairs youth experiencing CST or those at very high risk of becoming involved in CST with a trained adult mentor who has lived experience with sexual exploitation [ 53 •]. This program has been found to have positive outcomes, improving coping skills and reducing the likelihood of experiencing sex trafficking, engaging in delinquent behavior, and being justice-involved [ 53 •]. Other researchers have found similar support for the inclusion of those with lived trafficking experience in treatment programs [e.g., 54 ]. Yet, despite the benefits of including individuals with lived experience in the treatment process, they are not typically involved in program development [ 55 ].

Conclusions and Recommendations

In recent years, there has been a research focus on better understanding sex trafficking. Empirical data has shown that sex trafficking has become a significant global problem that results in millions of people being sexually exploited each year. While there have been advances in research that shed light on the nature and extent of the problem, there remain many areas in need of further exploration. Below, we detail recommendations for future research and practice.

Recommendations

Sex trafficking is increasingly being understood as a unique form of human trafficking. As such, there should be a universal definition for sex trafficking, both domestically and internationally. Currently, there are a wide range of definitions used across different jurisdictions, which may lead to a lack of clarity and impede detection and prosecution. Relatedly, sex trafficking should be defined as a separate construct from human trafficking more generally; for example, the UN defines human trafficking, but does not have a clear definition of what constitutes sex trafficking. Ultimately, universal definitions for sex trafficking can be beneficial in ensuring a common language across jurisdictions thus improving detection, prevention, and research efforts. Having a common definition of sex trafficking would also be beneficial in prosecuting those who perpetrate sex trafficking across jurisdictions and international borders.
Sex trafficking is a global issue. As such, information sharing between jurisdictions and across countries should be encouraged by legislators to improve international prevention and identification efforts.
Much of the literature on sex trafficking has been conducted in the U.S., with some single studies being conducted in other areas (e.g., Europe and South Asia). Additional research examining the similarities and differences that may exist internationally is needed to adequately identify, prevent, and intervene in cases of sex trafficking. This is especially important since it has been suggested that the perpetrators, tactics, and characteristics of targeted individuals may differ depending on the location, including whether trafficking occurs domestically or internationally [e.g., 18 ••, 20 ••].
Research on sex trafficking in recent years has largely focused on cases involving minors. More research with adults who have been trafficked is needed to better understand the extent of the problem, as there is some evidence that AST may be more common than CST [ 3 ]. Additionally, it would be important to understand how cases of AST and CST may differ, in terms of risk factors for experiencing sex trafficking, recruitment and maintenance tactics, consequences of sex trafficking, and effectiveness of screening, training, and treatment for these populations.
There are other subpopulations of trafficked individuals that warrant further examination. For example, individuals from the LGBTQ + community are at an increased risk of experiencing CST [ 17 ]; however, literature has focused largely on young, presumably heterosexual, girls. This is especially notable in the treatment literature, as there are a lack of materials and programs designed to address the unmet needs of LGBTQ + trafficked individuals [ 24 , 56 ]; as such, additional research examining how to best provide treatment for this population is needed.
The research regarding training professionals on prevention and intervention tends to focus on health professionals. While medical and mental health professionals have an important role to play in treatment, it is often front-line workers such as school personnel, hospitality workers, transportation workers, and law enforcement officers who have first contact with trafficked individuals and those suspected of being trafficked. Thus, they may have an important role to play in prevention, detection, and prosecution of individuals who perpetrate sex trafficking. For example, research has shown that interviewing styles of law enforcement officers can influence trafficked individuals’ willingness to disclose and provide details about sexual exploitation experiences [ 39 ]; as such, training should be tailored to working with this population. Relatedly, policies requiring the training of front-line workers should be implemented to enhance the likelihood of accurate detection and early intervention.
Given that vulnerable individuals are often selected by those who perpetrate sex trafficking [ 15 •, 28 ••], policies advocating for the provision of services (e.g., after school programs, affordable counseling, and work programs) that provide guidance and supervision to at-risk populations should be developed.

In sum, there have been strides to better understand sex trafficking across the globe; however, there remains numerous areas that need further exploration. Additional research is critical, as this will shed light on methods that can be used to identify vulnerable populations, recognize cases of sex trafficking as early as possible, and provide services to those who were sexually trafficked or perpetrated these behaviors.

Declarations

The authors declare no competing interests.

All reported studies/experiments with human or animal subjects performed by the authors have been previously published and complied with all applicable ethical standards (including the Helsinki declaration and its amendments, institutional/national research committee standards, and international/national/institutional guidelines).

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Sexual Disorders

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5 Essays On Human Trafficking You Can Access Freely Online

Every country faces specific human rights issues, but human trafficking is a problem for every place on the planet. Wherever there’s poverty, conflict, a lack of education, or political instability, vulnerable people are at risk. Human trafficking is the world’s fastest-growing criminal industry. Sexual exploitation brings in most of the billions of dollars of profit, but forced labor also generates wealth. The universality of human trafficking doesn’t negate the fact that the issue is multi-faceted and as a multitude of root causes . Certain countries are more dangerous than others and certain people groups are more vulnerable. To learn more about specific human trafficking issues and solutions, here are five essays you can read or download for free:

“Human Trafficking and Exploitation: A Global Health Concern”

By: Cathy Zimmerman and Ligia Kiss

While labor migration can be beneficial to workers and employers, it’s also a hotbed for exploitation. In this essay from PLOS, the authors argue that human trafficking and the exploitation of low-wage workers have significant negative health impacts. Because of the magnitude of human trafficking, health concerns constitute a public health problem. Thanks to certain business models that depend on disposable labor, exploitation is allowed to flourish while protections are weakened. The essay states that trafficking initiatives must focus on stopping exploitation within each stage of labor migration. This essay introduces a special collection from PLOS on human trafficking and health. It’s the first medical journal collection on this topic. It includes pieces on child sex trafficking in the United States and the slavery of sea workers in South East Asia. Cathy Zimmerman and Ligia Kiss, the guest editors and authors of the first essay, are from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

“Introducing The Slave Next Door”

By: Jen Birks and Alison Gardner

Published in a special issue of the Anti-Trafficking Review on public perceptions and responses to human trafficking, this essay focuses on Great Britain. According to the essay, there’s been a shift in what the public thinks about trafficking based on local reporting and anti-slavery campaigns. British communities are starting to realize how prevalent human trafficking is in their own backyards. The essay takes a closer look at the media and campaigns, how they’re representing cases, and what people are doing with the information. While specific to Britain, it’s a good example of how people can perceive trafficking within their borders.

Jen Birks is an Assistant Professor in media at the Department of Cultural, Media, and visual Studies at the University of Nottingham. Alison Gardner is at the School of Sociology and Social Policy at the University of Nottingham with a Nottingham Research Fellowship. She is part of the university’s Rights Lab.

“My Family’s Slave”

By: Alex Tizon

One of The Atlantic’s biggest stories of 2017, this essay tells a personal story of modern slavery. At 18-years old, Lola was given to the writer’s mother and when they moved to the United States, Lola came with them. On the outside, Tizon’s family was, in his words, “a poster family.” The truth was much darker. The essay sparked countless reader responses, including those of people who were once slaves themselves. Reading both the criticism and praise of the essay is just as valuable as the essay itself.

Alex Tizon died at age 57 years old before his essay was published. He had a successful career as a writer and reporter, sharing a Pulitzer Prize while a staff member at The Seattle Times. He also published a 2014 memoir Big Little Man: In Search of My Asian Self.

“Vietnam’s Human Trafficking Problem Is Too Big To Ignore”

By: Thoi Nguyen

In November 2019, 39 Vietnamese people were found dead in a truck container. They were identified as victims of a human trafficking ring. In Nguyen’s article, he explores the facts about the severity of human trafficking in Vietnam. For years, anti-slavery groups have warned the UK about a rise in trafficking, but it took a tragedy for people to start paying attention. Nguyen discusses who is vulnerable to trafficking, how trafficking functions, and Vietnam’s response.

Freelance journalist Thoi Nguyen is a member of Chatham House and a member of Amnesty International UK. In addition to human trafficking, he writes about the economy, finance, and foreign affairs. He’s a specialist in South East Asian geopolitics.

“History Repeats Itself: Some New Faces Behind Sex Trafficking Are More Familiar Than You Think”

By: Mary Graw Leary

This essay highlights how human trafficking isn’t only a criminal enterprise, it’s also an economic one. Leary looks specifically at how businesses that benefit (directly or indirectly) from slavery have always fought against efforts to end it. The essay focuses on government efforts to disrupt online sex trafficking and how companies are working to prevent that from happening. Human trafficking is a multi-billion dollar industry, so it makes sense that even legitimate businesses benefit. Knowing what these businesses are is essential to ending trafficking.

Mary Graw Leary is a former federal prosecutor and currently a professor of law at The Catholic University of America. The Chair of the United States Sentencing Commission’s Victim Advocacy Group, she’s an expert in exploitation, missing persons, human trafficking, and technology.

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About the author, emmaline soken-huberty.

Emmaline Soken-Huberty is a freelance writer based in Portland, Oregon. She started to become interested in human rights while attending college, eventually getting a concentration in human rights and humanitarianism. LGBTQ+ rights, women’s rights, and climate change are of special concern to her. In her spare time, she can be found reading or enjoying Oregon’s natural beauty with her husband and dog.

Gender Inequality, the Real Driver of Sex Trafficking

Sex trafficking is a highly-gendered crime..

Posted December 26, 2021 | Reviewed by Hara Estroff Marano

The Fundamentals of Sex
Find a sex therapist near me
Combatting gender inequality is needed for combatting sex trafficking.
Women and girls in prostitution need to be seen as victims, not criminals.
A range of legal protections can decrease the vulnerability of women.
Attacking misogyny and sexism could shrink the commercial sex trade.

It is a stark fact of life: Most sex traffickers and their clients are men, while the vast majority of those who are sex trafficked are women and girls.

A Highly-Gendered Crime

That makes sex trafficking a highly gendered crime . Much of its prevalence can be laid at the door of gender inequality, says Yasmeen Hassan, founder of Equality Now. It’s women and girls who are more vulnerable, economically and socially, and it’s men who have increasingly normalized the buying of female bodies for sex.

In Hassan’s experience, efforts to combat sex trafficking need to be combined with efforts to combat gender inequality. Since its founding in 1992, Equality Now has been using the law to end gender-based violence and discrimination , including sex trafficking.

The organization has had its share of success. Equality Now has played an important role in changing more than 50 sex discriminatory laws – including those allowing rape, child marriage , and so-called “honor” killings.

A Highly Lucrative Crime

In addition to being highly gendered, sex trafficking is immensely lucrative – involving an estimated $99 billion a year. In the words of one trafficker: “Why would you traffic in drugs or guns that you can sell only one time when in women and girls you have a commodity that can be sold again and again!”

Hassan has a list of ways in which women and girls end up in the sex trade. A constant in all the situations is the exploitation of women that comes about from their unequal status. These include:

● Sold into prostitution because of poverty

● Deceived into signing contracts for jobs and ending up in sex trade

● Tricked by “boyfriends” and trapped in prostitution

● Trafficked into temporary marriages for sex

● Sold into child marriages or trafficked as sex slaves during times of conflicts or natural disasters

● Advertised and sold on the internet

● Trafficked in organized virginity sales.

Criminalization versus Decriminalization

Hassan notes that traffickers look for opportunities in places where the sex trade is legal. In these cases, it’s much easier for the market to flourish.

Sweden, Norway, Iceland, France, Canada, Northern Ireland, and Ireland have decriminalized women and criminalized traffickers. The result? Sex trafficking has been reduced, says Hassan.

On the other hand, in countries that have legalized commercial sex, such as the Netherlands and Germany, sex trafficking has increased. The result? There’s also an increase in international sex tourism and local demand.

Hassan notes that in addition to criminalizing traffickers, pimps and brothel owners, it is essential to address the underlying misogyny and sexism of the “johns” who normalize the purchase of women’s bodies.

Equality Now is working with a diverse range of advocacy groups focusing on poverty, addiction , homelessness, foster care , LGBTQI youth, to take this agenda forward.

Equality Now is also calling for urgent and collective action to address new threats posed by the misuse of the internet and digital technology. Hassan contends that governments must regulate the digital space to protect against abuse.

The experiences of women who have survived sex trafficking are instructive. Hassan cites the words of a survivor of sex trafficking from India:

“When people tell me that women choose this life, I can’t help but laugh. Do they know how many women like me have tried to escape but have been beaten black and blue when they are caught? To the men who buy us, we are like meat. To everybody else in society, we simply do not exist.”

Equality Now Web Site

Author and speaker Mitzi Perdue is an 81-year-old war correspondent who writes about Ukraine. Most recently she authored Relentles s, a biography of Mark Victor Hansen, coauthor of Chicken Soup for the Soul .

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I Was Trafficked as a Teen. Here’s What I Want People to Understand

Illustration of man climbing out human shaped ravine symbolizing mental recovery

W hen I talk about being trafficked as a teenager, people ask two questions: How did it happen, and how did nobody know it happened? For most of my life, these conversations happened with the few friends, and then recently it happened more frequently after the release of my novel, The Lookback Window , which is about recovering from sex trafficking and pursuing justice in the wake of New York’s Child Victims Act. Sex trafficking isn’t dinner conversation, and the instances where it makes the news often revolve around paranoid fantasies of the alt-right. Recently, this manifested as Sound of Freedom , the terrible, white savior film starring Jim Caviezel, which doubles as a biopic of Tim Ballard and a false charity.

Tim Ballard is a conservative multi-hyphenate who created Operation Underground Railroad, an anti-child trafficking organization, after witnessing the horrific commercial sex trade from his work in the Department of Homeland Services’ Internet Crimes Against Children task force. This is the subject of the film, his heroic origin story. Nowhere in this biopic do you ever understand anything, really, but the notes of the film feel familiar enough, as if they have been recycled from another story, another fiction, another con. In October 2023, Ballard was accused of grooming and sexually harassing women, allegedly using his work with Operation Underground Railroad as a narrative cover, asking women how far they would go to help the cause. Would they pose as his wife, sleep with him, do what it takes to save the children?

At some point in the film, Caviezel says, “Nobody cares.” The dominant narrative has been that nobody cares because no one understands how the practice exists around them. It’s a lonely feeling and a sentiment that I have felt at times in my recovery. Media like this doesn’t do much but exacerbate this feeling. It preys on the right’s xenophobia, conspiracists, and religious fanaticism under the guise of saving the children.

But the problem is that the international commercial sex trade doesn’t just exist—it persists. In fact, it lives here, in America, all around us. And by sharing what happened to me, I hope that other victims will have an easier time speaking up and advocating for justice.

When I was 14, I got a message on MySpace from a 19-year-old who also lived in my same city in Westchester, telling me that he thought I was attractive. He lived across the street from my high school and asked if I wanted to go on a date. I didn’t respond at first, but I showed a friend of mine the message, and she told me she knew him. He was a family friend. I was lonely, had a difficult relationship with my parents, and was closeted. So, I responded to the message.

When we met, he kissed me on the lips, asked my age, and then asked if I had ever smoked a blunt. I got so high I thought I was having a stroke. He asked me to be his boyfriend and then raped me in his bedroom and told me he loved me. When I was bleeding after, he said the same thing happened to him the first time he had sex, and that it was normal to bleed. I trusted him.

He’s what’s known as a “Romeo,” a pimp who lures a vulnerable person using the structure of a romantic relationship. He would give me a ring to wear, promising to marry me when I turned 18, too. He picked out a wedding date and wrote it on his wall. I don’t have many pictures from that era because my stomach turns if I’m reminded of how young I really looked, knowing what happened to me. But my family took a trip to Colorado that year and that friend who knew my rapist came along. She took pictures of the two of us, and if you look at my hand you could see the ring. I thought my boyfriend loved me.

There are other types of pimps: gorilla pimps whose main method of control is violence, CEO pimps who promise money, and familial pimps who sell the people in their family. Nothing is ever so separate, and when you’re being groomed you don’t realize what’s happening to you. He started out by telling stories of what he had done when he had been my age. They started out as cool, funny stories of hooking up with older men. The drugs he had done. Fights he had been in. That he had burned down part of his house when he was younger. (Later, after years had passed, I found out that he had been in-and-out of jail for various assaults.) He came up with a story that he was 16, if anyone asked, and that I couldn’t tell anyone about us or he could go to jail, and if I were talking about him to use a fake name.

Read More: She Survived Sex Trafficking. Now She Wants to Show Other Women a Way Out

I would skip school and walk to his house. On the weekends, I would tell my parents I was sleeping over at a different friend’s place, where he would get me high or drunk, and then post the ads on Craigslist with naked pictures of me that he had taken. Old men would reply and come over, give him money or drugs or both, and rape me in his bedroom. Some had wedding rings, some would force other drugs into me, and all of them asked how old I was. Sometimes he would drive me to their house. He would give me pills to calm me down the next day, buy me food, tell me details about the wedding. He would give me hickeys and teach me how to cover up bruises, and then by the time the older men hurt me I knew how to cover up bruises on my own. He bought me jockstraps and short shorts, and he had once casually joked about taking child porn in conversation to my friend who came to Colorado. I only know this detail because when I eventually went to the police, that friend had written it down in her diary, which was dated, and given over to the detective.

I failed classes and missed so much school my parents were alerted. I was rail thin, depressed, and was put on benzos by a psychiatrist. I was caught hanging out with this other older guy with a fake name. I wore very short shorts, tight shirts, and fell asleep during the day since I could barely sleep at night. I didn’t have many friends. All of these are considered signs that point to a risk factor.

He “broke up” with me when I was 17. I stopped looking as young as I once looked. No longer did I have braces. I went through puberty. One of the last times I saw the man who pimped me out, I told him how much he had hurt me and that I thought about going to the police. He threw my phone against the wall, beat me, and warned me what would happen if I ever told anyone. I overdosed on pills later that year, wanting to end the panic attacks, depression, and fear, but I was too young to know what had happened to me—that I was dealing with complex PTSD, and the extent of the violence.

The day after I graduated high school, I moved to San Diego without knowing anyone because I could not stomach being near the scene of the crimes. It was the farthest place away I could find. I have been in recovery for almost two decades now, and finally got the proper help I needed once I started telling people what happened. I was referred to the Crime Victims Treatment Center, a place where I could actually learn how to deal with living as someone who had once been trafficked. I could have had an easier time had I spoken more about what happened, had I known there are real treatments, had I not only thought of trafficking as something that happens far away from New York. If I had the language for what happened to me earlier, I could have saved myself years of private shame and self-destruction.

What is the sound of freedom? It’s what wakes my husband in the middle of the night as I scream in my sleep, 17 years later, and the softness of his voice telling me I’m safe. Or a notification from Instagram as a stranger who read my book tells me: “I was also trafficked as a teenager and our stories are super similar.” And the crowd asking questions about vengeance and justice at Strand Books where I talk with a friend about how angry I am and the solace I’ve found in being open. The practice of liberation requires creating room for the speech of victims. When I finish my events, I have a moment of silence for others to raise their hands, to talk after the event, to send a message. You are free to say what you need.

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Sex Trafficking, Its Victims, Offenders, and Laws Essay

Nowadays, sex trafficking remains one of the most common social problems, as “700,000 children and women are objects of sexual exploitation” annually (Levinson, 2002, p. 256). It combines the principles of sexual abuse, prostitution, and trafficking (Michie, 2001). Due to globalization, this issue has a presence worldwide, and it is often referred to as “international trafficking” (Michie, 2001, p. 1347). As for its prevalence, it could be said that this social phenomenon is highly widespread in developing countries and regions such as Africa and Asia (Michie, 2001). The centralization in these geographical locations is rational, as the majority of developing countries do not have sufficient bureaucratic apparatus and a well-developed legal system. Based on the factors depicted above, the primary goal of the paper is to understand the working mechanism of sex trafficking by describing the characteristics of the victims, offenders, applicable laws, and steps to face crime.

In the first place, it is critical to discuss the main profiles of the victims. It is widely believed that women and children are the most common targets. The selection of these social groups pertains to their vulnerability and “the integrity of women bodies” (Michie, 2001, p. 1443). Nonetheless, the rising levels of corruption and prostitution in these countries modify the commonly recognized features of the victims. Nowadays, it is difficult to determine similarities between the victims, as, now they include not only women and children but also men and the elderly. Nevertheless, the most vulnerable social groups are individuals with a low level of income and education and the ones, who experience problems with socialization (Michie, 2001).

Another critical aspect to determine is the actions of the offenders and their potential ways of selecting victims. In this instance, the offenders can be represented by the individuals or belong to the well-developed framework of sexual trafficking. In the majority of the cases, the offenders are interested not only in the financial aspect of the question but also psychological satisfaction. In this case, the sexual domination is perceived as a way to show the power of the male culture while explaining the reasons for having males as a substantial number of the offenders (Michie, 2001). Depending on the needs of the offenders, the victims are selected while paying attention to their lifestyle, level of income and education, and the ability to socialize. After that, they try to establish trusting relationships or commit crimes suddenly, as the victim will have no time to react.

Speaking of the applicable laws, it remains apparent that this crime tends to violate the basic concepts of human rights and freedoms. To introduce the specific punishments for this crime, the Commercial Sex Act was introduced while prohibiting people to be forced to be involved in sexual acts for financial purposes (Levinson, 2002). At the same time, various acts tend to exist to improve the current situation. They increase the protection against trafficking and minimize the consequences of the crime and violation of human rights both nationally and internationally (Levinson, 2002). It could be said that a combination of these laws enhances the positions of the social groups at risk, but it remains apparent that the gaps in legislation continue to exist, and it requires improvement.

Lastly, when referring to the steps to combat crime, it is apparent that in the majority of the countries, the Coalition against Trafficking tends to exist (Levinson, 2002). These organizations focus on the prevention phase. Meanwhile, working together with legal institutions can enhance the control procedures. Having a combination of sufficient enforcement and judicial systems will help find the main sources of the violations and prevent the development of the trafficking network. Simultaneously, organizing various educational sessions will increase the awareness of the society and decrease the prevalence of these crimes.

Levinson, D. (2002). Encyclopedia of crime and punishment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Michie, J. (2001). Reader’s guide to the social sciences. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group.

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IvyPanda. (2020, August 3). Sex Trafficking, Its Victims, Offenders, and Laws. https://ivypanda.com/essays/sex-trafficking-its-victims-offenders-and-laws/

"Sex Trafficking, Its Victims, Offenders, and Laws." IvyPanda , 3 Aug. 2020, ivypanda.com/essays/sex-trafficking-its-victims-offenders-and-laws/.

IvyPanda . (2020) 'Sex Trafficking, Its Victims, Offenders, and Laws'. 3 August.

IvyPanda . 2020. "Sex Trafficking, Its Victims, Offenders, and Laws." August 3, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/sex-trafficking-its-victims-offenders-and-laws/.

1. IvyPanda . "Sex Trafficking, Its Victims, Offenders, and Laws." August 3, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/sex-trafficking-its-victims-offenders-and-laws/.

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IvyPanda . "Sex Trafficking, Its Victims, Offenders, and Laws." August 3, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/sex-trafficking-its-victims-offenders-and-laws/.

Anti-Prostitution Issue: Arguments Against Legalizing and Decriminalizing Prostitution
Legalization of Prostitution in America
The Damage in Permitting Prostitution
The Coalition Against Trafficking in Women
Victimization of Individuals Online: Cyber-Stalking and Prostitution
How Prostitution Leads to Human Trafficking
Youth Prostitution in America
Prostitution and Controlling Strategies
International Sex Trafficking of Women and Children
Prostitution as a Victimless Crime
Incarceration Rates, Crime Rates, Public Safety
Handcuffing Policy Analysis and Recommendations
Hate Crimes: Effective Sentencing Option
Law Enforcement's Response on Hate Crimes
Hate Crimes: Crimes or Deviant Behavior?

Current Trends in Sex Trafficking Research

Published: 19 April 2023
Volume 25 , pages 175–182, ( 2023 )

Cite this article

Cecilia Allan 1 ,
Georgia M. Winters 1 &
Elizabeth L. Jeglic ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4870-2269 2

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Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

Sex Trafficking in the USA

Sex Trafficking and International Law

Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.

Introduction

Characteristics of Sex Trafficking Cases

Risk Factors

Process of Recruitment and Maintenance

Identification and Intervention

Service Providers

Law Enforcement

Other Professionals

Conclusions and Recommendations

Recommendations

Sex trafficking is increasingly being understood as a unique form of human trafficking. As such, there should be a universal definition for sex trafficking, both domestically and internationally. Currently, there are a wide range of definitions used across different jurisdictions, which may lead to a lack of clarity and impede detection and prosecution. Relatedly, sex trafficking should be defined as a separate construct from human trafficking more generally; for example, the UN defines human trafficking, but does not have a clear definition of what constitutes sex trafficking. Ultimately, universal definitions for sex trafficking can be beneficial in ensuring a common language across jurisdictions thus improving detection, prevention, and research efforts. Having a common definition of sex trafficking would also be beneficial in prosecuting those who perpetrate sex trafficking across jurisdictions and international borders.

Sex trafficking is a global issue. As such, information sharing between jurisdictions and across countries should be encouraged by legislators to improve international prevention and identification efforts.

Much of the literature on sex trafficking has been conducted in the U.S., with some single studies being conducted in other areas (e.g., Europe and South Asia). Additional research examining the similarities and differences that may exist internationally is needed to adequately identify, prevent, and intervene in cases of sex trafficking. This is especially important since it has been suggested that the perpetrators, tactics, and characteristics of targeted individuals may differ depending on the location, including whether trafficking occurs domestically or internationally [e.g., 18 ••, 20 ••].

Research on sex trafficking in recent years has largely focused on cases involving minors. More research with adults who have been trafficked is needed to better understand the extent of the problem, as there is some evidence that AST may be more common than CST [ 3 ]. Additionally, it would be important to understand how cases of AST and CST may differ, in terms of risk factors for experiencing sex trafficking, recruitment and maintenance tactics, consequences of sex trafficking, and effectiveness of screening, training, and treatment for these populations.

There are other subpopulations of trafficked individuals that warrant further examination. For example, individuals from the LGBTQ + community are at an increased risk of experiencing CST [ 17 ]; however, literature has focused largely on young, presumably heterosexual, girls. This is especially notable in the treatment literature, as there are a lack of materials and programs designed to address the unmet needs of LGBTQ + trafficked individuals [ 24 , 56 ]; as such, additional research examining how to best provide treatment for this population is needed.

The research regarding training professionals on prevention and intervention tends to focus on health professionals. While medical and mental health professionals have an important role to play in treatment, it is often front-line workers such as school personnel, hospitality workers, transportation workers, and law enforcement officers who have first contact with trafficked individuals and those suspected of being trafficked. Thus, they may have an important role to play in prevention, detection, and prosecution of individuals who perpetrate sex trafficking. For example, research has shown that interviewing styles of law enforcement officers can influence trafficked individuals’ willingness to disclose and provide details about sexual exploitation experiences [ 39 ]; as such, training should be tailored to working with this population. Relatedly, policies requiring the training of front-line workers should be implemented to enhance the likelihood of accurate detection and early intervention.

Given that vulnerable individuals are often selected by those who perpetrate sex trafficking [ 15 •, 28 ••], policies advocating for the provision of services (e.g., after school programs, affordable counseling, and work programs) that provide guidance and supervision to at-risk populations should be developed.

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

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Allan, C., Winters, G.M. & Jeglic, E.L. Current Trends in Sex Trafficking Research. Curr Psychiatry Rep 25 , 175–182 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-023-01419-7

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126 Human Trafficking Research Topics & Essay Examples

Are you searching for the best human trafficking research topics? Look no further! On this page, you’ll find human trafficking topics for your research paper, speech, and many other writing assignments. Read on to discover the most interesting topics on human trafficking issues and essay examples!

🏆 Best Human Trafficking Essay Examples

✍️ human trafficking essay topics for college, 👍 good human trafficking essay topics, 🎓 human trafficking topics for research paper, ❓ human trafficking research questions, 🔎 research questions about human trafficking, 📝 human trafficking argumentative essay topics.

Human Trafficking from Perspectives of Deontology, Utilitarianism and Egoism
Biological Theory Applied to Human Trafficking
The Role of Online Games in Human Trafficking
Human Trafficking in Thailand: Social Work Practice
Human Trafficking: Ethical Issues
Child Exploitation as a Form of Human Trafficking
Human Trafficking as Violation of Human Rights
Human Trafficking and Ethical Behavior Breaches Ethical theories such as deontology and utilitarianism guide human beings to condone specific actions such as human trafficking because they are unacceptable.
Investigating the Nexus Between Human Trafficking and National Security The research paper investigates the nexus between human trafficking and national security from an economics perspective.
Human Trafficking: Risk and Causes The main purpose of the paper is to discover the prevalence, causes, and health risks associated with human trafficking.
Human Trafficking and Poverty Discussion This paper synthesize information on human trafficking and poverty by providing an annotated bibliography of relevant sources.
International Organizations Battling Human Trafficking This essay aims to analyze the role of NGOs and IGOs in the recent transnational measures that combat human trafficking.
Detailed Analysis of Human Trafficking The persuasive paper presented below gives a detailed analysis of this predicament and how stakeholders can be involved to transform the current situation.
The Role of Technology in Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation Human trafficking and sexual exploitation are significant problems in contemporary society that constitute a violation of human rights.
Data and Research on Human Trafficking One of the emerging issues regarding criminology is human trafficking that is conducted through organized crime.
The Victims of Human Trafficking Most of the victims of human trafficking are young boys and girls who cannot protect themselves against their captors.
The Case of Veronica: Human Trafficking This paper discusses the severe problem of human trafficking, as it adversely affects millions of individuals regardless of their gender, age, and nationality.
Human Trafficking and Psychological Impacts Human trafficking amounts to a crime against humanity. The perpetrators of the felony infringe on the rights of their victims.
Human Trafficking – Modern-Day Slavery Modern-day slavery is one of the outcomes of globalization; it affects millions of people and brings immense revenue to the criminals.
Human Trafficking Through a Historical Lens Human trafficking is a global issue that involves coercing a person to provide services or labor forcefully, violating their human rights.
Human Trafficking as a Practice Problem Victims of modern-day slavery are exploited in every region of the world, forced to work or provide paid sexual services in real-life production environments and on the Internet.
NGO Involvement in Human Trafficking Information Dissemination The research project aims to address the prevalence of human trafficking as a public health issue by exploring the potential opportunities.
Human Trafficking and Poverty Issues in Modern Society The problem of human trafficking affects people all over the world, which defines the need for a comprehensive approach to this issue from the criminology perspective.
Human Trafficking in the United States Project Design and Implementation The research project aims to delve into the complex issue of human trafficking in the United States and the vulnerable populations targeted.
The Internet Role in Human Trafficking This essay will argue that the problem of Internet use for human trafficking is unsolvable because there are not enough ways to control these processes.
Human Trafficking and Prostitution: Religious Perspective The implementation of an ideal religion is possible in the context of human trafficking and forced prostitution.
Human Trafficking and Its Use in Historical Lens The essay examines the historical origins and current impact of human trafficking, emphasizing the need for education and awareness to combat this widespread problem.
The Case of Human Trafficking in China The Chinese government should distinguish between prostitution and human trafficking to put effective procedures for identifying victims of forced marriages.
Human Trafficking and Forced Prostitution Human trafficking and its connection with prostitution remain a controversial topic, as do their perception and possible remedies.
Effects of Human Trafficking on the Victims When evaluating the effects of human trafficking on victims, mental health issues are brought up as the direct outcome of being exposed to continuous violence and brutality.
Prostitution vs. Human Trafficking Many people believe that making prostitution a legal activity will help raise the status of prostitutes and promote their protection.
Research on Human Trafficking in Arkansas Although the rates of child sex trafficking in Arkansas remain high, the authorities at all levels are concentrated on solving this problem.
How COVID-19 Affected Human Trafficking This paper presents and supports the argument that the COVID-19 has led to an increase in human trafficking activities.
Human Trafficking Concerning Minorities in the U.S. The issue of human trafficking concerning minorities and the measures of addressing the problem and dealing with will be discussed in this research paper.
Human Trafficking and Legal Aspects In the present paper, the components of human trafficking, threatened populations, and legal aspects are presented and analyzed in detail.
Nursing Code of Ethics in the Human Trafficking Victim Treatment When nurses face the settings in which their patients are the victims of severe public health issues, it is their explicit responsibility to take action.
Human Trafficking: International Human Rights International human rights law defines human trafficking as the violation of an individual’s right to liberty through appropriation of their legal personality, labor and humanity.
Human Trafficking: A Threat to All This essay analyzes the three mentioned types of human trafficking, proving that they are a threat to all of humanity, as it creates inequality and dependency on certain people.
Human Trafficking: Term Definition In January 2009, a raid by Brazil police led to a rescue of more than 4,500 slaves who had been entrapped in ranches and plantations in remote areas of the country.
Human Trafficking and Health Care Professional Preventing human trafficking by healthcare professionals largely depends on the government to develop registration purposely meant to make trafficking of people illegal.
Christian Foundations in Government: Human Trafficking Human trafficking or trafficking in human beings is defined as the movement of people without their consent, usually by force for the intention of sexual or labor exploitation.
The Problem of Human Trafficking in America The human trafficking business thrives because judges are unable to prosecute traffickers. The nature of the crime requires that women who are victims be witnesses and give testimony in courts.
Human Trafficking: National and International Challenges Social workers must respond to any humanitarian crisis domestically and abroad. The international issue of human trafficking and its impact requires the attention of social workers
Modern Slavery, Human Trafficking and Poverty Be it through the sexual enslavement of girls or trafficking of males for forced labor, slavery has had a tremendous impact on modern society.
Human Trafficking in Florida Law Human trafficking is defined by Florida law as modern-day slavery manifested in the form of exploitative labor, transportation, and harboring of individuals.
Human Trafficking and Its Signs in Patients The problem of human trafficking is a health hazard for the victims. Places in which human trafficking occur vary depending on the purpose of this modern day slavery.
Human Trafficking and Unethical Business in the US Over the years, human trafficking in the United States has been ranked as one of the significant challenges facing the federal government.
Human Trafficking in the USA Human trafficking has been defined as the transportation, transfer or recruitment of human beings, by use of deception, abduction, coercion, and fraud.
Human Trafficking as a Modern-Day Slavery Problem The paper discusses the anti-trafficking measures of international organizations, such as UN, UNICEF, and UNESCO. The laws enacted by these organizations are further mentioned.
The Most Shocking Aspects of Human Trafficking The issue of human trafficking can be discussed as challenging because there are opinions that this problem cannot be overcome or addressed effectively.
Human Trafficking Problem in Society Human trafficking is defined as the process through which human beings are recruited, transferred or received through forceful means with the intention of exploiting them.
What is Human Trafficking? This paper will set out to define human trafficking and highlight some of the factors why it continues to occur today. The paper will discuss the effects of human trafficking.
Human Trafficking and Illegal Immigration Human trafficking is a problem which seems to be concealed and even ignored in the United States’ society because of a lack of the appropriate discussion.
Human Trafficking: Current State and Counteracts Human trafficking involves transportation of people inside their countries and abroad to be sexually exploited and become source of cheap unskilled labor in the developed states.
Human Trafficking and Public Service Announcements Public Service Announcements project will attempt to educate youth, especially young females, about safety rules to reduct human trafficking on local and national levels.
“The War on Human Trafficking: U.S. Policy Assessed” by Anthony M. DeStefano “The War on Human Trafficking: U.S. Policy Assessed” by Anthony M. DeStefano is an overview of American government’s efforts to combat the human trafficking.
Women’s Rights Organizations and Human Trafficking
Human Trafficking and the Child Welfare Population in Florida
The Link Between Human Trafficking and Cambodia
Human Trafficking, Modern Day Slavery, and Economic Exploitation
Illegal Adoption and Human Trafficking Impact on the US
The Violent and Perverse System of Human Trafficking
Human Trafficking Throughout South Africa
The Differences and Similarities Between Human Trafficking and Slavery
Human Trafficking From Latin America to Canada
The Trafficking and Forms of Human Trafficking
Islamic Law and Human Trafficking in Saudi Arabia
Human Trafficking and the Trade of Human Sex Trafficking
Medical Care for Human Trafficking Victims
The Human Trafficking and the Saga of 53 Indian Nationals
Human Trafficking Throughout the United States
The Horrors and Statistics on Human Trafficking in the United States
Human Trafficking and Its Effects on the Criminal Justice System
Connections Between Human Trafficking and Environmental Destruction
The Human Trafficking Aspect of the Military-Industrial
Human Trafficking Has Increased Greatly With Globalization
What Are Five Warning Signs of Human Trafficking?
Human Trafficking and Why Do They Call It Modern-Day Slavery?
Human Trafficking vs. Prostitution: Is There a Difference?
Who Is the Biggest Human Trafficking in the World?
What Is the Most Common Place for Human Trafficking?
What Are the Top Ten Cities for Human Trafficking?
What Is the Most Common Age of Human Trafficking Victims?
Who Is Most at Risk for Human Trafficking?
How Do You Escape Human Trafficking?
How Do You Know if You Are Being Targeted for Human Trafficking?
What Happens to Human Trafficking Victims After?
What Does the Blade Mean in Human Trafficking?
What Is the Rate of Human Trafficking in the US?
What Country Has the Highest Human Trafficking Rate?
Where Does US Rank in Human Trafficking?
Where Is Human Trafficking Most Common in Europe?
What Are the Top Three Countries for Human Trafficking?
How Many People Are Victims of Human Trafficking in Europe?
What Are the Three Types of Human Trafficking?
Is Human Trafficking Common in Africa?
Why Does Human Trafficking Happen in Africa?
What Country Has the Most Human Trafficking in 2021?
Is Romania Known for Human Trafficking?
Why Is There So Much Human Trafficking in Eastern Europe?
How Do Human Traffickers Mark Their Victims?
What Are the Statistics on Human Trafficking of Children?
How Common Is Human Trafficking in Japan?
Is There Human Trafficking in Tokyo?
Where Is Human Trafficking Most Common in the Middle East?
How Does War Contribute to Human Trafficking?
How has globalization affected the prevalence of human trafficking?
What are the most common recruitment tactics of traffickers?
What population groups are the most vulnerable to human trafficking?
How do different countries combat human trafficking?
How do social networks facilitate human trafficking?
What is the connection between human trafficking and other organized crime types?
How does police corruption contribute to human trafficking?
What are the challenges in prosecuting human trafficking cases?
What social and cultural attitudes perpetuate human trafficking?
How can education programs help prevent human trafficking?
The impact of decriminalizing prostitution on human trafficking.
Can temporary work visas be effective in reducing human trafficking?
Should human trafficking victims be treated as criminals or supported?
Human traffickers: do they deserve harsher punishment?
Should human trafficking be considered a form of terrorism?
Do public awareness campaigns help prevent human trafficking?
Demand-side vs. supply-side interventions to combat human trafficking.
Is the private sector responsible for addressing human trafficking?
Is human trafficking a domestic or international issue?
The role of immigration policies in human trafficking.

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These essay examples and topics on Human Trafficking were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on January 8, 2024 .

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Human Trafficking Essay Topics, Outline, & Example [2024]

“People for sale” is a phrase that describes exactly what human trafficking is. It also makes for an attention-grabbing title for an essay on this subject. You are going to talk about a severe problem, so it’s crucial to hook the reader from the get-go.

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A human trafficking essay is an assignment where you discuss causes, effects, or potential solutions to the problem of modern slavery. A well-written essay can help raise awareness of this complicated issue.

In this article by our custom writing experts, you will find:

220 human trafficking essay topics;
a writing guide;
an essay sample;
helpful info on human trafficking.
🔝 Top 10 Topics
❓ What Is Human Trafficking?
✍️ Topics for Any Essay Type
📝 Essay Outline
📑 Essay Sample
✏️ Frequent Questions

🔝 Top 10 Human Trafficking Essay Topics

History of slavery.
Slavery in literature.
Human trafficking awareness.
Modern slavery: legislation.
Cultural background of traffickers.
Globalization and human trafficking.
Human trafficking vs. human rights.
Modern slavery and kidnapping.
Human trafficking rates by country.
Human trafficking effects on the economy.

❓ What Is Human Trafficking?

The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime determines human trafficking as the recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons for the purpose of sexual slavery, exploitation, forced labor, organs removal, etc.

The picture shows the definition of human trafficking.

According to the recent reports of the Council of Europe,  human trafficking rates have reached epidemic proportions . Millions of people are being trafficked for different reasons, primarily for sexual exploitation and forced labor. Women and children are the primary victims of human trafficking , which makes the problem especially acute.

One of the most worrying factors that directly impact the increase in trafficking rates is the growing number of refugees and migrants. It’s the largest seen since WWII, and it has intensified during the last years.

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Types of Human Trafficking

Before you start writing your essay, it’s essential to review the forms of human trafficking. Knowing them will help you see the bigger picture. Here are the most common ones.

Additionally, victims of human smuggling and child trafficking are often involved in various kinds of labor. While sexual exploitation is one of the major reasons for trafficking, it’s not the only one. These are also serious problems that you can focus on in your essay.

According to Polaris Project, there are 25 types of modern slavery . Among them are:

Manufacturing in sweatshops;
Agricultural work;
Food and cleaning services;
Beauty and massage salons.

Note that each of these practices has unique traits. It means there are specific methods of recruitment and control associated with them. Make sure to take all essential features of human trafficking into account when writing your essay.

The History of Human Trafficking

If we go back in time, we can see that human trafficking has a long history. Here are some of its milestones:

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As you now know, human trafficking is inextricably linked to other crimes against human rights. And the eradication of this phenomenon depends on both governments and ordinary citizens.

What Is Being Done to Stop Human Trafficking

In recent decades, a lot has been done to curb slavery. The United Nations General Assembly has established the World Day against Trafficking in Persons on July 30 . It was done to raise awareness of the situation and promote and protect victims’ rights.

One of the essential frameworks used to combat human trafficking is the 3P: prosecution, protection, and prevention .

Sometimes “ partnership ” is added as the fourth P. Since human trafficking became a pandemic, it requires a combined effort of people working together to overcome this problem. You can learn more about the 3P paradigm from this article by the US Department of State .

You may ask, “What can I do?” Here are some ways in which anyone can help fight human trafficking:

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In each country, there is a hotline where you can report on a known case of human trafficking or an attempt at recruiting.
Be attentive to various kinds of controversial proposals and promises of a better life.
Try to avoid bad company.

These recommendations may seem simple, but they can help you stay away from danger, spread awareness, and even save lives.

Before you start writing a human trafficking essay, you need to find a compelling topic. Check out the following list of topics and prompts and choose a subject that interests you.

✍️ Human Trafficking Topics for Any Essay Type

Human Trafficking Argumentative Essay Topics

We should let survivors inform the public about the dangers of trafficking .
State laws should protect the rights of trafficking survivors.
Victim behavior is not the reason for the actions of criminals.
Present medical facts about the ability of humans to survive a trauma .
What psychological techniques do criminals use to lure victims?
School is a safe haven for children from disadvantaged families.
High social status is not a guarantee of protection against traffickers.
Deception as a tool for controlling victims of modern slavery .
Family can provide significant support to a victim of human trafficking .
Physical violence and threats are the chief tools for controlling traffickers.
Health workers should follow safety rules when rescuing trafficking victims .
Countries providing financial advantages for anonymous economic activities should be held accountable.
Psychologists should comply with ethical standards when assisting victims of trafficking.
Countries with high trafficking rates should develop maps showing hotspots.
Victims of modern slavery are not to blame: justification from the criminal perspective.
Whom should we hold responsible for what happens to the victims in captivity?
Will economic support for vulnerable groups help reduce the level of human trafficking?
Prolonged captivity reduces the chances of adaptation after release.
Exercise and physical activity help victims of trafficking to overcome trauma .
Medication alone is ineffective in combating PTSD among trafficking victims.

Human Trafficking Argumentative Essay Prompts & Tips

Who is responsible for human trafficking—the government, police , or society? There is no sufficient progress in stopping human trafficking . This is mainly due to the absence of an unequivocal opinion about who is responsible for the situation. Give your own ideas in this essay.
The need to inform the public about human trafficking . Demonstrate the necessity to convey this information to the masses. You can also suggest ways of doing it.
Immediate assistance for the victims of modern slavery . Show why it is important to provide psychological aid to rescued victims. What is the role of nurses and community organizations in it?
Psychological help to victims of human trafficking: group therapy . Group therapy is based on awareness and acceptance of trauma. These actions are the basis of PTSD treatment . Decide whether it’s the optimal solution for victims’ psychological rehabilitation.
Countries with widespread human trafficking should develop appropriate laws. Legislation changes are a crucial element of an integrated approach. In this essay, provide a list of existing laws and possible new regulations.
The devastating impact of modern slavery. Describe the disastrous consequences that victims of human trafficking face. Find stories describing their lives in various media. How did they become victims? What happened to them after release from captivity?
Tightening police measures as a way to stop human trafficking . Women and children are especially vulnerable targets for traffickers. Demonstrate the need to enable the police to protect them better.
The high rate of trafficking indicates a high crime rate in a country. Determine which countries have the highest human trafficking rates. What are the related crimes observed there? Is there a correlation?
The use of technology to catch criminals and traffickers. In this essay, discuss technologies that can help officials stop traffickers. For instance, satellite imagery allows identifying places of victims’ detention.
International financial law is one of the best ways to stop human trafficking . Would the right to disclose anonymous bank accounts help reduce such crimes? What new laws and agreements are required to allow this?

For an argumentative essay, you need to conduct extensive research and present evidence to support your claim (check out our argumentative essay guide to learn more.) Here are the main steps:

Human Trafficking Persuasive Essay Topics

An anti-trafficking tax will help decrease the modern slavery rates.
Is preventing new cases of slavery more critical than saving victims?
Modern slavery is a serious problem that the CIA should address.
Ignoring human trafficking is the same as neglecting Nazism .
Forced labor is an economic problem as it is caused by poverty.
Border control no longer solves the problem of forced labor.
Should producers of weapons pay an anti-trafficking tax?
Imprisonment for paying for escort services will stop human trafficking .
Will stricter gun control laws help stop human trafficking?
Victims of human trafficking should receive lifetime financial compensation.
Human trafficking is a national problem that requires coordination of efforts.
Treatment of human trafficking victims is a responsibility of society as well as psychologists.
Two-year state-funded hospital treatment will help survivors to cope with the trauma .
Are social networks a determining factor in the spread of human trafficking?
Assess gender disparity in using the labor of human trafficking victims.
Did the political polarization of society lead to an increase in people smuggling?
Immigration laws are an effective means of combating modern slavery.
Human traffickers’ family members capable of domestic violence should share responsibility with criminals.
Civil and human rights protection laws do not sufficiently address human trafficking.
People smuggling is not a crime from the criminals’ perspective: is this statement true?

Tips & Persuasive Essay Prompts Related to Human Trafficking

The President must take personal responsibility. The problem of human trafficking is more acute than ever. It requires the immediate intervention of the President and Vice President. For example, they can declare the upcoming year the year of the fight against human trafficking.
Criminals guilty of human trafficking should be kept in special prisons . The government should create special jails for rapists and human traffickers with a stricter regime. Moreover, we should prevent these criminals from becoming part of society again. Is this proposal fair?
Trafficking should be punished with life imprisonment . Today, life imprisonment is mainly reserved for murder. Should human trafficking be penalized to the fullest extent?
Can self-defense lessons help to avoid the risk of being captured by traffickers? Do you agree that schools should introduce a martial arts training system?
State laws should permit surveillance in regions with high trafficking rates. Debate whether security is more important than the right to anonymity. Should the government allow the police to access people’s data ?
Public organizations that help the survivors should take official responsibility. If non-governmental associations take it, they can receive financial support. It will help them cooperate more effectively with the police. Do you agree?
The existence of human trafficking in a country: deontology, utilitarianism and egoism. The United States is officially a democracy . However, the human trafficking rates show that America is close to a feudal society. Criminal ties among the upper class also enforce it.
Fines as a way to motivate social workers and patrol officers to fight human trafficking. Many activists and police officers work in areas with high human trafficking rates. Do you agree that governments should fine them? Would a system of moderate fines motivate them to be more responsible?
People who cannot pay rent are easy targets for traffickers. The government should prevent homelessness to combat human trafficking. For instance, it can compensate for the rent of vulnerable demographics.
Homelessness as the main reason for being captured by traffickers. Homelessness deprives a person of protection. States with the highest human trafficking rates should start building shelters for the homeless. The state should provide them with food, clothing, jobs, and education. This way, traffickers won’t capture them into slavery.

A persuasive essay aims to convince the reader to share your opinion. You can do it by citing facts and statistics (check out our persuasive essay guide for more info.) Here’s how to write it:

Human Trafficking Informative Essay Topics

How do international organizations fight modern slavery?
Human trafficking in developed African countries.
Outline the demography of human trafficking in the US .
How does society stigmatize trafficking survivors ?
Fair trade as a way to combat modern slavery.
Sex trafficking from a feminist perspective.
The role of photography in the fight against forced labor.
Fighting human trafficking on the dark web .
Media coverage of human trafficking : ethical aspects.
Review how anyone can help combat human trafficking .
Association of human trafficking with social insecurity.
How can medical institutions provide safety to victims of trafficking?
Review the political and economic effects of human trafficking in the US.
What lessons can the US learn from the trafficking situation in Eastern Europe?
Forced labor and higher education in the US: programs for survivors.
What US laws protect victims of slavery and define criminal activities?
Review government statistics on forced labor in the US over the last five years.
Which American states have the highest human trafficking rates?
Modern slavery in the Arab world : from ancient times to modern days.
Using technology to combat forced labor: the latest solutions.

Tips & Informative Writing Prompts for Human Trafficking Essays

Measures that governments can take to reduce human trafficking . Review legal and informative measures to combat modern slavery. You can base this essay on reports from official government agencies.
Human trafficking: types, symptoms , and effects. For this essay, present the kinds of trafficking according to the official categorization. It includes divisions according to age, gender, and type of forced labor. You can also describe the symptoms commonly found in victims.
The history of human trafficking : from ancient times to the 21 st century. Start by describing ancient cultures that used forced labor. Alternatively, you may focus on the history of slavery in the US . Include the latest statistics on reported cases of human trafficking.
Human trafficking and fundamental humanistic values. Outline humanistic values that are violated by forced labor. Back it up with arguments drawn from the works of famous humanists.
What are the consequences of human trafficking for victims? Describe the trauma that people develop while in captivity. Use reports from national and global organizations. What physiological symptoms are associated with adaptation after release?
How does the US deal with the problem of reporting on forced labor? Present ways of communicating the risks of human trafficking. Base this essay on government anti-trafficking reports. Include a list of trafficker indicators and other red flags.
Environments that put a person in danger of becoming a victim of human trafficking. These include unemployment , homelessness, and the absence of immigration status. You can base this essay on data from governmental reports.
Informing the population as means of reducing human trafficking rates. Does informing people actually reduce the number of potential victims? Review the best informing strategies used by community organizations.
Why are migrants the most vulnerable population group in terms of human trafficking? In this essay, provide information on migrants’ life circumstances. Mention the aspects that make them the most vulnerable demographic. Examples include unemployment and insecurity before the law. You can also present the most common schemes by which traffickers capture migrants.
New approaches to mitigating the effects of modern slavery in psychotherapy . Describe what methods therapists use to help slavery victims. You can present a list of optimal practices for restoring the integrity of survivors’ personalities. For this essay on human trafficking, use scientific articles and reports from practicing therapists.

An informative essay should educate the reader on something they didn’t know before. Have a look at this outline:

Topics for an Expository Essay on Human Trafficking

Assess social adaptation methods for victims of sexual slavery.
Social adaptation of men who worked for traffickers in captivity.
Police memo: evidence sufficient to detain a trafficker.
Describe how to identify a trafficker based on 7 criteria.
Power of the image: photo reports on human trafficking.
Anonymous story of a sexual slavery survivor.
Present a psychological and demographic portrait of a trafficker.
Describe the conditions of human traffickers’ detention.
Dealing with trauma in children who have been in labor slavery.
Human trafficking in the Southern and Northern states.
How to restore citizenship and documents after release from captivity.
How can human trafficking survivors get free medical care ?
Who is more effective in stopping human trafficking : government agencies or community organizations?
Being in captivity during the war , in forced labor, or sexual slavery: psychological consequences.
Gender differences in human trafficking victims’ labor.
Modern slavery’s connection to the criminal underworld in the Northern states.
Enumerate the reasons why homeless people can end up in captivity.
How many years does adaptation take for human trafficking survivors?
Explore the modern meaning of the word “slavery.”
Discuss ways of psychological support for the families of slavery victims.

Modern Day Slavery Writing Prompts & Tips for Expository Essays

Human trafficking and modern slavery: real stories told by the media. Review several articles about falling into slavery. You can focus on press coverage from the 2010s. The stories of survivors will speak for themselves.
Non-governmental organizations of the USA assisting victims: the power of community . Present five influential organizations from California, Texas, Florida, Ohio, and Nevada. Assess the personal contributions of staff. What is the role of local communities?
How to help a friend if they’ve become a victim of human trafficking . In this essay, list tactics and strategies for assisting forced labor victims. Pay particular attention to compliance with safety regulations.
What is it like to be a forced labor victim? A more creative task is to describe the situation from the inside. Can victims try to escape and free themselves from slavery? What is the role of psychological pressure from traffickers? How can an ordinary person cope with such a monstrous challenge?
Prostitution, forced labor, and organ trafficking : a comparison. In addition, describe what forms of modern slavery prevail in different countries.
Therapy methods in human trafficking survivors. Review what therapy practices are the most suitable for working with the survivors.
An overview of common human trafficking schemes. These often involve vulnerable demographics, including illegal immigrants and adolescents from underprivileged communities.
In what conditions do human trafficking victims live? In this paper, explain how life in captivity affects one’s mental health . Determine the connections between trauma and the body’s response to it.
Ways of integration of human trafficking survivors. Review the best strategies for their adaptation to everyday life. Give examples of social adaptation that include education and employment.
Human trafficking in the Southern and Border States. Study the situation in Texas, California, Florida, Georgia, and Arizona. Then, describe how to solve the problem. Don’t forget to emphasize the role of social work with illegal migrants.

An expository essay includes a thesis statement, evidence, and a logical conclusion. You can also use elements of creative writing in your paper (feel free to read our expository essay guide for more info.) Here are the main steps:

Human Trafficking Research Paper Topics

Survival in an unfamiliar city: is an escape from slavery possible?
What prevents citizens from recognizing victims of human trafficking?
Are monthly payments for human trafficking survivors justified?
Dietary adaptation for malnourished forced labor survivors.
How do the police investigate slavery markets?
Economic levers to combat human trafficking: practical approaches.
Describe global criminal connections that lead to modern slavery.
Being in captivity leads to psychological trauma inherited by victims’ children.
The use of figureheads on social media is a successful tactic against traffickers.
Five app projects that will help avoid becoming a human trafficking victim.
We should ban goods produced by forced labor worldwide.
Human trafficking transportation problems as an opportunity to catch criminals.
Research the use of symbolic language in informing victims of human trafficking.
Funding for the installation of video surveillance systems to catch traffickers.
People from what socio-economic background are the most vulnerable to child labour and exploitation?
How can we combat human trafficking during a pandemic ?
Ethics of business and economic relations as a way to combat slavery.
Informing vulnerable groups about human trafficking and attracting them to cooperation.
Coordinated interaction of police departments is the key to success in combating people smuggling.

Human Trafficking Research Paper Prompts & Tips

Deficiencies in US law determine success or failure in the fight against human trafficking. US legislation on human trafficking includes several rules. International acts and agreements also guide it. Nonetheless, the US laws, especially in the leading states, require urgent revision.
Human trafficking as modern slavery: history repeating itself. Draw analogies between the trends and schemes from the past and the present. What historical practices can be effective in combating slavery? In particular, this concerns the anti-slavery movement and public awareness.
Domestic human trafficking in the US shows increasing tendencies. Here, analyze the growth of domestic human trafficking cases. Demonstrate the need to create new approaches to catch criminals.
Technology companies can stop human trafficking. The luring of victims often occurs on social media . Should social networking companies be penalized for failing to act against criminals?
Can social media campaigns help protect potential victims? It’s necessary to create a program that will inform users about the dangers of trafficking . This method of targeted communication can be very effective.
City officials should be ready to engage in the fight against modern slavery. Provide examples of American cities that are actively fighting human trafficking. What approaches and practices can be adopted throughout the US?
Medical institutions are the main asset in combating human trafficking. More than three-quarters of victims receive medical care while in captivity. Health workers have the legal right to place a patient in a hospital and protect them from contact with criminals. This approach has been successful in many states.
The police have insufficient funding to combat human trafficking. The police are conducting successful investigations, and there are many cases of solved human trafficking crimes. The state can grant more money to the police to uncover more trafficking schemes. It will allow using more advanced technologies in search of criminals.

The picture shows a fact about trafficking laws in different states.

Hotlines should be more accessible to victims of trafficking. Hotlines are highly effective in combating human trafficking. They are easy to find on the Internet, but captive victims rarely have access to the network. How can we improve this situation?
Families of trafficking victims and their participation in the search. Demonstrate the need to establish a format for families’ closer cooperation with the police. Would it help to conduct police investigations more effectively? Should we allow families to conduct their own investigations?
The US is responsible for the success of international cooperation against human trafficking.

To write a research paper, you study the available information, analyze it, and make conclusions. Here’s a human trafficking research paper outline:

Causes of Human Trafficking Essay Topics

Discuss psychological factors of human trafficking.
What personal reasons make people become traffickers?
Greed as a major reason for human trafficking.
What are the major causes of sex trafficking ?
Substantial profit as one of the human trafficking root causes.
Explore the reasons for forced marriages.
How does social media promote people trafficking?
Commercialized sex and its contribution to human trafficking.
Does authoritarianism promote human trafficking?
Compare the cases of human trafficking in the United States and Thailand.
Explore the court cases of traffickers. Does the judicial system cope with its duties?
Why are weak anti-trafficking policies the primary cause of people’s exploitation ?
Discuss the role of government in human trafficking.
Investigate the reforms on human trafficking. How effective are these measures?
Lack of relevant laws leads to more trafficking cases. Do you agree?
Should legal punishments apply to victims as well as traffickers?
Why is ethnicity one of the main factors of people trafficking ?
Explore the connection between drug addiction and slavery.
Violent force and threats as major leverages of traffickers.
Naivety leads to becoming a victim of traffickers. Provide your arguments.

Causes of Human Trafficking Essay Prompts & Tips

What are the leading causes of human trafficking ? Your essay may start with the definition of people trafficking. Think about social and economic factors. Dig into history to find the reasons. Most importantly, look at this issue from various angles.
Explore poverty as one of the reasons for human trafficking. How does poverty influence people? Can it force them to behave illegally? What are people ready to do for money?
Migration : is it a cause or a consequence of human trafficking? Some people are so eager to immigrate to developed countries that they can do anything. They are even ready to sell their children to get money or sell themselves into slavery. At the same time, others become traffickers to move to another country.
Discuss the connection between human trafficking and education. Think about the following: If a person lacks education, they lack knowledge about their rights. They can be deluded more easily. Following this logic, these individuals can become desired prey for traffickers.
What is the role of war in human trafficking? Do armed conflicts provoke or prevent the spread of slavery? How do they facilitate the development of this problem? Is smuggling flourishing in countries that are at war? These are excellent questions to start with.
What are the effects of cheap labor demand ? Supply and demand are two pillars of economics. If there were no need for a cheap working force, traffickers wouldn’t exploit people so easily. They force their victims to work almost for free while selling the goods at a high price.
Investigate institutional racism as a root cause of people trafficking. Who is the most vulnerable social class ? Naturally, these are marginalized groups. They lack protection at a constitutional level. That’s why they can become victims of traffickers.
Cultural and social causes of human trafficking. For some nations, selling children, slavery, smuggling, and bonded labor are commonplace. In some countries, such as Uzbekistan, people are forced to work in the cotton fields by the authorities. If you do research, you will see many similar examples worldwide.
How do natural disasters facilitate human trafficking? The consequences of some natural disasters force people to migrate and find alternative ways to earn money. Some of them have no other option but to let themselves be exploited. 
How does the absence of safe migration conditions assist people trafficking?  Many people from developing countries want to move to the United States to achieve their American Dream . Traffickers delude fortune seekers, promising well-paid jobs and help in crossing the border.

Discussing human trafficking in a cause-and-effect essay is an excellent way to investigate this issue in detail. You can learn how to write it from our article on cause-and-effect essays . Here’s a recap:

Solutions to Human Trafficking Essay Topics

How can employers help stop human trafficking?
Producing films about slavery : is it a problem solution?
How can we stop human trafficking by learning the indicators?
How can people protect themselves from traffickers when going abroad?
Why should employers stop using cheap labor?
Compare and contrast solutions to labor and sex trafficking .
The role of parents and caregivers in preventing forced labor.
How can civic awareness stop human trafficking ?
What is more important: to persecute traffickers or to protect victims?
In what ways can attorneys help stop people smuggling ? 
Can creating a reliable online platform for job searching help reduce slavery?
Educational curriculum : should students be taught how to indicate and prevent human trafficking?
Investigate the list of goods produced by child exploitation as a form of human trafficking. How does this information influence people’s choices?
Forewarned is forearmed: discuss the effectiveness of anti-trafficking non-profit websites .
How can stricter validity checks on job-searching websites solve the issue of modern slavery?
Can the implementation of severe punishments for human trafficking help to curb the problem?
Legalization of prostitution as a way of preventing sex trafficking.
How can timely identification of human trafficking indicators save the lives of the victims? 
Fighting against poverty and unemployment as a means of preventing people smuggling.
Watching documentaries about modern slavery as a problem solution.

Solutions to Human Trafficking Essay Prompts & Tips

What are the primary solutions to human trafficking? Think about the following: How can this problem be solved on personal and national levels? It’s crucial to mention self-awareness , education, volunteering , and the role of charity organizations. You may also address the necessity to change the law.
Human trafficking: an international approach. The issue of modern slavery is a global problem. That’s why it should be dealt with at the international level. The authorities all over the world should unite to fight against people trafficking.
Compare and contrast the effectiveness of volunteering and adopting new policies. On the one hand, volunteers attract public attention to the issue of human trafficking. On the other hand, we should protect marginalized groups at the constitutional level. Otherwise, human trafficking will remain flourishing in the future.
Coverage of human trafficking cases in social media . Is it a good idea for the victims to share their stories on Instagram, Twitter, or Facebook ? How can it help prevent this issue? Could it lead to the stigmatization of these people by others? You can start by brainstorming these ideas.
Discuss whether fundraising is an effective solution to human trafficking. Ponder on how holding a fundraiser helps bring awareness to the problem of modern slavery. What are some other benefits of fundraising, such as financial assistance?
Donations help prevent human trafficking. Do you agree? Every person can donate some money, clothes, or even shelter for the victims of human trafficking. Business owners may ensure employment opportunities, giving these people a chance for a better future. Focus on the importance of psychological and legal assistance .
How does the media help prevent human trafficking? The media attracts people’s attention to the problem. They become more aware and careful. The cases of victims are widely discussed, leading to more fundraising and volunteering .
Explore the anti-trafficking legislation in the United States. Discuss its strengths and drawbacks. What could be changed or done better? Is it effective? How are the rights of marginalized groups protected? These ideas are only the tip of the iceberg.
Education opportunities for disadvantaged groups as a way of preventing human trafficking. Should the government provide marginalized people with free education? How can it affect human trafficking? Discuss it in your essay.  
Why is a boycott an effective way of preventing human trafficking? If others start rejecting the goods produced by the victims of human trafficking, traffickers won’t get such huge profits. Everyone can make their contribution to the fight against this issue.

A problem-solution essay is particularly suitable for discussing modern slavery. Explore the facts and suggest how to stop this inhumane practice. Here’s how to write about problems and their solutions:

If you haven’t found a suitable topic, feel free to use our topic generator .

📝 Human Trafficking Essay Outline

Before you start writing, let’s have a look at some aspects to consider in your college essay on human trafficking. Here’s the basic template:

The picture shows the outline of a human trafficking essay.

Human Trafficking Essay Introduction: How to Write

The most important part of an essay introduction is a hook. A perfect attention grabber for a human trafficking paper would demonstrate the seriousness of the problem right away. It, in turn, would make your audience eager to read on.

Have a look at some of the ideas for your essay’s hook:

Cite statistical data related to the current situation with human trafficking.
Start with a stirring quote to appeal to readers’ emotions.
Pose a question related to your essay’s topic. Make the reader want to learn the answer.

Besides the hook, it’s logical to start your essay with some background information. This way, even an unprepared reader will understand your essay’s thesis. Think of what your audience may not know about your topic. It will help you determine what to include in this part of the introduction.

Here are some strategies:

Tell about the countries and regions with the highest trafficking rates—for example, Thailand, the Philippines, India, South Africa, and Eastern Europe.
Mention reasons behind this problem: unemployment, social discrimination, political instability, armed conflicts, etc.
Give a solid definition of human trafficking or its specific type. It’s better to formulate your own one rather than take it from a dictionary.

It’s important to notice that your hook and background information should be relevant to your topic. Make sure these elements help to further the understanding of your essay’s main point.

Human Trafficking Essay Thesis

A thesis statement is your essay’s main point formulated in one sentence. It outlines the paper’s direction and provides an answer to the problem stated in the title. You place it at the end of the introduction.

A good thesis statement for a human trafficking essay usually presents the solution to a problem. However, the thesis’ contents depend on your essay’s type. For example, in an informative essay, you don’t need to prove or suggest anything. Instead, you say what you’re going to explain and how you’ll do it.

Once you’ve written the thesis statement, how do you determine whether it’s strong? Well, one way is to answer the questions from the following checklist.

If your answer to all three questions is “yes,” you can be sure of your thesis’s effectiveness.

Finally, don’t forget that the rest of your essay should support your thesis. If necessary, you can rework your statement to better suit the body paragraphs, or vice versa.

Human Trafficking Essay: Main Body

How do you make your essay on human trafficking credible and persuasive? Naturally, you want to add evidence. Here’s how to incorporate it into your paper:

It’s better to start collecting your evidence before you start writing. Once you’ve found all the necessary information, it will be easier for you to structure the paragraphs. The point is to focus each section on a single aspect.
Start each paragraph with a topic sentence. It should present the main idea that you will then support with evidence. Ideally, your audience should be able to follow your logic by reading the topic sentences alone.
Finally, add your evidence. It can be statistics, facts from scholarly articles, quotes, or even anecdotes. Follow it with your explanation of this information. Say how it relates to the topic and supports your thesis.

Human Trafficking Essay Conclusion: Dos & Don’ts

A strong conclusion is a crucial part of any writing. In this final part, you synthesize your essay in a few sentences while adding a twist to it. If a conclusion is done right, it can leave a lasting impression on your readers.

This dos and don’ts list will help you write a perfect conclusion for a human trafficking essay. Check it out:

Don’t forget to introduce statistics in your essay on human trafficking. It’s available on numerous websites of governmental and non-governmental organizations dealing with the problem. You can find more ideas for your paper in our article about writing a child labor essay.

📑 Human Trafficking Essay Examples

We’ve prepared an outstanding sample essay on human trafficking that you can use as inspiration. You’re welcome to download the PDF file below:

Human trafficking is a global problem. It deprives millions worldwide of their freedom and dignity. Traffickers use various tactics to lure children, men, and women into the trap. For that reason, precaution measures should be taken. It is crucial to educate as many people as possible on the issue to ensure everyone’s safety.

Share your thoughts about human trafficking with us! Why do you think slavery is still in demand? If you were a politician, what would you do to prevent it? Tell us your suggestion in comments below!

Learn more on this topic:

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✏️  Human Trafficking Essay FAQ

Human trafficking is a topical issue in society because it’s an inhumane practice that affects millions of people worldwide. Writing on that topic helps understand why it is happening and what can be done about it.

Human trafficking is a very complex phenomenon driven by various economic, social, cultural, and other causes. Factors of a high human trafficking risk are poverty, social instability, exclusion, and lack of education and awareness (e.g., in South Africa.)

Pretty much every fact connected with human trafficking is horrifying. Nearly everything about this phenomenon can be considered a danger. As human trafficking is a form of slavery, it would be naive to presume there are any positive effects whatsoever.

Human trafficking is a serious problem, and you should be able to express your opinion on it. For example, it can be done in the form of an argumentative essay. It is vital to avoid using too many emotionally charged words. Remember to stay objective and provide facts and examples.

🔗 References

Tips for Organizing an Argumentative Essay: Judith L. Beumer Writing Center
Human Trafficking Essay: Bartleby
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Treatment: NHS
Embrace AI, Technology to Beat Human Traffickers: Reuters
Essay Writing: Purdue University
What Is Human Trafficking: Anti-Slavery International
Human Trafficking: Encyclopedia Britannica
End Human Trafficking: United Way
Human Trafficking Facts: CRS
OSCE Resource Police Training Guide: Trafficking in Human Beings: OSCE
Study on the Economic, Social and Human Costs of Trafficking in Human Beings Within the EU: Europa.eu
Writing a Research Paper: University of Wisconsin-Madison
Human Trafficking: FBI
Human Trafficking: Causes and Implications: Research Gate
Writing a Persuasive Essay: Hamilton College
Parts of an Informative Essay: Pen and the Pad
Expository Essay Outline: Columbus City Schools
Introductions & Conclusions: University of Arizona
Writing the Introduction: Monash University
How to Write a Thesis Statement: Indiana University Bloomington
Writing a Thesis Statement: Piedmont University
4 Ways Anyone Can Fight Human Trafficking: The Muse
What Fuels Human Trafficking?: UNISEF USA
What Is Human Trafficking?: Homeland Security
Psychological Tactics Used by Human Traffickers: Psychology Today
Psychological Coercion in Human Trafficking: An Application of Biderman’s Framework: NIH
Warning Signs of Human Trafficking: State of Nevada
Human Trafficking: US Immigration and Customs Enforcement
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Sex Trafficking

Sex trafficking is a type of human trafficking and is a form of modern-day slavery. It is a serious public health problem that negatively affects the well-being of individuals, families, and communities. Human trafficking occurs when a trafficker exploits an individual with force, fraud, or coercion to make them perform commercial sex or work. Sex trafficking is defined by the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 as “the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, obtaining, patronizing, or soliciting of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act.” It involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to make an adult engage in commercial sex acts. However, any commercial sexual activity with a minor, even without force, fraud, or coercion, is considered trafficking. Understanding the shared risk and protective factors for violence can help us prevent trafficking from happening in the first place.

What are the risks and consequences?

This type of violence exploits women, men, and children across the United States and around the world. Trafficking victimization and perpetration share risks and consequences associated with child abuse and neglect , intimate partner violence , sexual violence , and youth violence . Perpetrators of human trafficking often target people who are poor, vulnerable, living in an unsafe situation, or searching for a better life. Victims can come from all backgrounds and become trapped in different locations and situations.

Many victims are women and girls, though men and boys are also impacted
Victims include all races, ethnicities, sexual orientations, gender identities, citizens, non-citizens, and income levels
Victims are trapped and controlled through assault, threats, false promises, perceived sense of protection, isolation, shaming, and debt
Victims do not have to be physically transported between locations to be victimized

The consequences of sex trafficking are similar to the consequences of sexual violence. Consequences can be immediate and long-term including physical and relationship problems, psychological concerns, and negative chronic health outcomes. Read more about common issues seen in victims of trafficking [44.4 KB, 2 Pages, Print Only] .

How can we prevent sex trafficking?

Sex trafficking is preventable. Efforts have focused on increasing community awareness of human trafficking and addressing exploitation after it occurs. To learn more about how to recognize the signs of human trafficking, visit the National Human Trafficking Hotline’s, Recognizing the Signs website . More research is needed to evaluate programs and policies that help reduce factors that put people at risk in order to help prevent trafficking before it occurs. Strategies based on the best available evidence exist to prevent related forms of violence, and they may also reduce sex trafficking. States and communities can implement and evaluate efforts that:

encourage healthy behaviors in relationships
foster safe homes and neighborhoods
identify and address vulnerabilities during health care visits
reduce demand for commercial sex
end business profits from trafficking-related transactions

CDC’s Resources for Action , formerly known as, “technical packages,” can help states and communities take advantage of the best available evidence to prevent violence. Each package is intended as a resource to guide and inform prevention decision-making in communities and states. Learn more about how you can get started implementing the Resources for Action in your violence prevention work.

See Sex Trafficking Resources on the Sexual Violence Resources page for information about victim resources and response, trainings, and prevention strategies.

National Human Trafficking Resource Center This is a national anti-trafficking hotline and resource center serving victims, survivors and the anti-trafficking community.

Call 1-888-373-7888 (TTY: 711) Text 233733
Use the online Live Chat

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Vatican Document Casts Gender Change and Fluidity as Threat to Human Dignity

The statement is likely to be embraced by conservatives and stir consternation among L.G.B.T.Q. advocates who fear it will be used as a cudgel against transgender people.

The pope, in a white suit, stands behind a microphone.

By Jason Horowitz and Elisabetta Povoledo

Reporting from Rome

The Vatican on Monday issued a new document approved by Pope Francis stating that the church believes that gender fluidity and transition surgery, as well as surrogacy, amount to affronts to human dignity.

The sex a person is assigned at birth, the document argued, was an “irrevocable gift” from God and “any sex-change intervention, as a rule, risks threatening the unique dignity the person has received from the moment of conception.” People who desire “a personal self-determination, as gender theory prescribes,” risk succumbing “to the age-old temptation to make oneself God.”

Regarding surrogacy, the document unequivocally stated the Roman Catholic Church’s opposition, whether the woman carrying a baby “is coerced into it or chooses to subject herself to it freely.” Surrogacy makes the child “a mere means subservient to the arbitrary gain or desire of others,” the Vatican said in the document, which also opposed in vitro fertilization.

The document was intended as a broad statement of the church’s view on human dignity, including the exploitation of the poor, migrants, women and vulnerable people. The Vatican acknowledged that it was touching on difficult issues, but said that in a time of great tumult, it was essential, and it hoped beneficial, for the church to restate its teachings on the centrality of human dignity.

Even if the church’s teachings on culture war issues that Francis has largely avoided are not necessarily new, their consolidation now was likely to be embraced by conservatives for their hard line against liberal ideas on gender and surrogacy.

The document, five years in the making, immediately generated deep consternation among advocates for L.G.B.T.Q. rights in the church, who fear it will be used against transgender people. That was so, they said, even as the document warned of “unjust discrimination” in countries where transgender people are imprisoned or face aggression, violence and sometimes death.

“The Vatican is again supporting and propagating ideas that lead to real physical harm to transgender, nonbinary and other L.G.B.T.Q.+ people,” said Francis DeBernardo, the executive director of New Ways Ministry, a Maryland-based group that advocates for gay Catholics, adding that the Vatican’s defense of human dignity excluded “the segment of the human population who are transgender, nonbinary or gender nonconforming.”

He said it presented an outdated theology based on physical appearance alone and was blind to “the growing reality that a person’s gender includes the psychological, social and spiritual aspects naturally present in their lives.”

The document, he said, showed a “stunning lack of awareness of the actual lives of transgender and nonbinary people.” Its authors ignored the transgender people who shared their experiences with the church, Mr. DeBernardo said, “cavalierly,” and incorrectly, dismissing them as a purely Western phenomenon.

Though the document is a clear setback for L.G.B.T.Q. people and their supporters, the Vatican took pains to strike a balance between protecting personal human dignity and clearly stating church teaching, a tightrope Francis has tried to walk in his more than 11 years as pope.

Francis has made it a hallmark of his papacy to meet with gay and transgender Catholics and has made it his mission to broadcast a message for a more open, and less judgmental, church. Just months ago, Francis upset more conservative corners of his church by explicitly allowing L.G.B.T.Q. Catholics to receive blessings from priests and by allowing transgender people to be baptized and act as godparents .

But he has refused to budge on the church rules and doctrine that many gay and transgender Catholics feel have alienated them, revealing the limits of his push for inclusivity.

“In terms of pastoral consequences,” Cardinal Víctor Manuel Fernández, who leads the Vatican’s office on doctrine, said in a news conference Monday, “the principle of welcoming all is clear in the words of Pope Francis.”

Francis, he said, has repeatedly said that “all, all, all” must be welcomed. “Even those who don’t agree with what the church teaches and who make different choices from those that the church says in its doctrine, must be welcomed,” he said, including “those who think differently on these themes of sexuality.”

But Francis’ words were one thing, and church doctrine another, Cardinal Fernández made clear, drawing a distinction between the document, which he said was of high doctrinal importance, as opposed to the recent statement allowing blessings for same-sex Catholics. The church teaches that “homosexual acts are intrinsically disordered.”

In an echo of the tension between the substance of church law and Francis’ style of a papal inclusivity, Cardinal Fernández said on Monday that perhaps the “intrinsically disordered” language should be modified to better reflect that the church’s message that homosexual acts could not produce life.

“It’s a very strong expression and it requires explanation,” he said. “Maybe we could find an expression that is even clearer to understand what we want to say.”

Though receptive to gay and transgender followers, the pope has also consistently expressed concern about what he calls “ideological colonization,” the notion that wealthy nations arrogantly impose views — whether on gender or surrogacy — on people and religious traditions that do not necessarily agree with them. The document said “gender theory plays a central role” in that vision and that its “scientific coherence is the subject of considerable debate among experts.”

Using “on the one hand” and “on the other hand,” language, the Vatican’s office on teaching and doctrine wrote that “it should be denounced as contrary to human dignity the fact that, in some places, not a few people are imprisoned, tortured, and even deprived of the good of life solely because of their sexual orientation.”

“At the same time,” it continued, “the church highlights the definite critical issues present in gender theory.”

On Monday, Cardinal Fernández also struggled to reconcile the two seemingly dissonant views.

“I am shocked having read a text from some Catholics who said, ‘Bless this military government of our country that created these laws against homosexuals,’” Cardinal Fernández said on Monday. “I wanted to die reading that.”

But he went on to say that the Vatican document was itself not a call for decriminalization, but an affirmation of what the church believed. “We shall see the consequences,” he said, adding that the church would then see how to respond.

In his presentation, Cardinal Fernández described the long process of the drafting of a document on human dignity, “Infinite Dignity,” which began in March 2019, to take into account the “latest developments on the subject in academia and the ambivalent ways in which the concept is understood today.”

In 2023, Francis sent the document back with instructions to “highlight topics closely connected to the theme of dignity, such as poverty, the situation of migrants, violence against women, human trafficking, war, and other themes.” Francis signed off on the document on March 25.

The long road, Cardinal Fernández wrote, “reflects the gravity” of the process.

In the document, the Vatican embraced the “clear progress in understanding human dignity,” pointing to the “desire to eradicate racism, slavery, and the marginalization of women, children, the sick, and people with disabilities.”

But it said the church also sees “grave violations of that dignity,” including abortion, euthanasia, the death penalty, polygamy, torture, the exploitation of the poor and migrants, human trafficking and sex abuse, violence against women, capitalism’s inequality and terrorism.

The document expressed concern that eliminating sexual differences would undercut the family, and that a response “to what are at times understandable aspirations,” will become an absolute truth and ideology, and change how children are raised.

The document argued that changing sex put individualism before nature and that human dignity as a subject was often hijacked to “justify an arbitrary proliferation of new rights,” as if “the ability to express and realize every individual preference or subjective desire should be guaranteed.”

Cardinal Fernández on Monday said that a couple desperate to have a child should turn to adoption, rather than surrogacy or in vitro fertilization because those practices, he said, eroded human dignity writ large.

Individualistic thinking, the document argues, subjugates the universality of dignity to individual standards, concerned with “psycho-physical well-being” or “individual arbitrariness or social recognition.” By making dignity subjective, the Vatican argues, it becomes subject to “arbitrariness and power interests.”

Jason Horowitz is the Rome bureau chief for The Times, covering Italy, the Vatican, Greece and other parts of Southern Europe. More about Jason Horowitz

Elisabetta Povoledo is a reporter based in Rome, covering Italy, the Vatican and the culture of the region. She has been a journalist for 35 years. More about Elisabetta Povoledo

Seven children contacted, 46 adults arrested in human-trafficking and sexual exploitation investigation

Operation last month targeted areas in san diego and national city; 20 people believed to have been trafficked were connected with support services.

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Law enforcement officials announced Thursday that a joint operation targeting human trafficking and sexual exploitation in San Diego County last month resulted in 46 arrests and the identification of 20 victims — including seven children.

The investigation — called Operation Better Pathways — was led by the San Diego Human Trafficking Task Force, which includes federal, state and local law enforcement officers.

From March 5 to 27, task force investigators set up surveillance in areas known for sexual exploitation in National City and San Diego, authorities said. The information gathered was then used to stop human trafficking in real time.

Investigators also posed as prostitutes to catch johns at those same locations. The johns were then directed to another location and arrested.

All 20 victims were offered access to resources and support services. Adult and juvenile support service advocates, as well as San Diego County Child Welfare Services representatives, were also on scene to provide help.

Those arrested were referred to the county District Attorney’s Office, the San Diego City Attorney’s Office and the U.S. Attorney’s Office for possible criminal prosecution. The allegations range from human trafficking of a minor to assault with a deadly weapon, officials said.

“Predators who target the most vulnerable in our community need to know we are going to be relentless in our efforts to stop them and hold them accountable,” San Diego Mayor Todd Gloria said in a news release about the investigation on Thursday.

Last year, Operation Better Pathways ended its inaugural investigation by announcing 48 arrests and the identification of 16 victims — eight of whom were children.

Officials said the task force’s work has helped in the regional effort to crack down on human trafficking and sexual exploitation, but San Diego police Chief David Nisleit urged people in the news release to remain alert. “While Operation Better Pathways has been successful in capturing those who prey on the most vulnerable, the results also remind us that we must remain vigilant in our fight against human trafficking,” he said.

California has the most reported cases of human trafficking in the country, and there were more than 1,300 human trafficking cases reported statewide in 2021, according to latest data available from authorities with the National Human Trafficking Hotline.

The crime is prevalent in the hospitality, commercial sex, domestic work and construction industries. Victims also are found among migrant and seasonal agricultural workers, residential care providers and workers in the garment industry.

“Protecting our community from sexual predators requires the continued cooperation and commitment from the San Diego Human Trafficking Task Force,” Nisleit said. “Our work is just beginning.”

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Feds want Sean ‘Diddy’ Combs’ communications, flight records in sex-trafficking probe

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Federal investigators are seeking telecommunications records involving Sean “Diddy” Combs as part of an investigation into alleged sex trafficking, a source close to the investigation told The Times.

The news comes several days after the Department of Homeland Security served search warrants at Combs’ Los Angeles and Miami estates . The hip-hop mogul has denied any wrongdoing in the sweeping investigation, which includes multiple lawsuits in recent months alleging sexual assault and harassment .

The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to speak publicly, said investigators also have requested flight records linked to Combs.

The musical artist remains in the U.S. , according to sources with knowledge of the situation, who said Combs was scheduled on Monday to depart by plane for a spring break vacation with his school-age daughters but delayed the trip after learning of the searches. He still has his passport, they added.

He was spotted playing golf with two of his daughters at a driving range in the Miami area Thursday night, according to reports by the Daily Mail .

But Homeland Security agents on Monday stopped a plane on the ground at an executive airport in Miami, and Miami-Dade police officers who accompanied them arrested Brendan Paul, a man in Combs’ entourage. Authorities say they found cocaine and marijuana-laced candy in his bag. Paul, 25, was described in a recent lawsuit against Combs as a confidant and drug “mule.”

Sean "Diddy" Combs wears a satiny red puffer suit while holding a microphone onstage with two hands

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What to know about the Sean ‘Diddy’ Combs lawsuits, raids

Music mogul and rapper Sean ‘Diddy’ Combs, who’s facing multiple lawsuits, is the subject of a sweeping sex trafficking probe that resulted in a federal raid of his L.A. and Miami homes.

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Companies doing business with Combs’ empire also are being issued subpoenas, as first reported by TMZ, including a private charter jet firm and phone provider and computer companies.

On Monday, federal agents seized several electronic devices , including cellphones, according to a source familiar with the investigation. They also disabled Combs’ security system at his Holmby Hills mansion and seized the hard drive, a source told The Times.

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Sources with knowledge of the operation who requested anonymity because they are not authorized to discuss it publicly said it appears investigators searching Combs’ Holmby Hills home emptied safes, dismantled electronics and left papers strewn in some rooms.

That tracks with what some legal experts say investigators would need if trying to build a sex-trafficking case against Combs.

Dmitry Gorin, a former L.A. County sex crimes prosecutor who is now in private law practice, said investigators would likely seek authorization to “search for videos or photographs on any devices connected to the target ... anywhere where digital images can be found in connection to sexual conduct that would have been recorded.”

No one has been arrested in connection with the investigation, although two of Combs’ sons were briefly detained on the Holmby Hills property.

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In the wake of multiple lawsuits filed against him, former members of Combs’ inner circle told The Times that his alleged misconduct against women goes back decades.

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The investigation into Combs is being directed by federal prosecutors with the Southern District of New York.

It comes after four women filed civil lawsuits accusing Combs of rape, assault and other abuses, dating back three decades. One allegation involves a minor.

A source familiar with Homeland Security’s criminal inquiry said investigators have interviewed some of the people tied to the sex-trafficking allegations in the lawsuits against Combs.

Homeland Security investigates most sex-trafficking operations for the federal government. Legal experts say one possibility why the agency could be involved in this case is because the women involved in the allegations against Combs could be from other countries.

“They have [in the Combs case] convinced one or more federal magistrates they had enough probable cause for one or more search warrants,” said Meghan Blanco, a defense attorney who has handled sex-trafficking cases. “Given the scope of the investigation, it seems they are further along than most investigations.”

Gorin said the allegations involving a minor could be a key focus in the inquiry.

If a minor is moved across state lines for the purpose of sex, “that is enough for at least an argument ... of sex trafficking because somebody underage cannot consent,” Gorin said.

“Sex trafficking for adults usually involves some sort of coercion or other restraints,” he said, and can be tougher to prove. Prosecutors would need to show a person “encouraged somebody to engage in sexual activity for money or some other inducement.”

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Aaron Dyer, one of Combs’ lawyers, on Tuesday called the raids a “witch hunt” and criticized how they were conducted.

“There was a gross overuse of military-level force as search warrants were executed at Mr. Combs’ residences,” Dyer said in a statement.

“This unprecedented ambush — paired with an advanced, coordinated media presence — leads to a premature rush to judgment of Mr. Combs and is nothing more than a witch hunt based on meritless accusations made in civil lawsuits. There has been no finding of criminal or civil liability with any of these allegations.”

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Richard Winton is an investigative crime writer for the Los Angeles Times and part of the team that won the Pulitzer Prize for public service in 2011. Known as @lacrimes on Twitter, during almost 30 years at The Times he also has been part of the breaking news staff that won Pulitzers in 1998, 2004 and 2016.

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Diddy's ex yung miami denies sex worker claim, says video out of context, yung miami i'm not a sex worker despite calling herself one.

Diddy 's ex-girlfriend Yung Miami is hitting back at claims she's a sex worker for the Bad Boy Records founder ... and says a video of her calling herself one was totally in jest.

The 30-year-old rapper took on the allegation after Diddy's nemesis 50 Cent resurfaced an interview where YM repeatedly referred to herself as a "whore" on "The Jason Lee Show."

Waiting for your permission to load the Instagram Media.

Yung Miami slammed the clip as being taken out of context ... explaining she's previously used the derogatory term during a playful exchange with her gay cousin.

She added ... "It's a slang that we said to each other that’s what I was trying to explain to Jason because he’s gay and he got what I was trying to say. I’m not a prostitute. I never sold 🐱 a day in my life."

ICYMI ... Yung Miami was named in Rodney Jones ' lawsuit against Diddy -- in which he claimed the music mogul bragged about paying YM a monthly stipend for sex work.

The lawsuit also alleged Yung Miami served as a drug mule for Diddy, allegedly smuggling "pink cocaine" for her former flame.

Understandably, Yung Miami -- born Caresha Romeka Brownlee -- is not pleased with the growing narrative. As she put it, "I hate how this is getting spun."

50 appears to have some remorse over putting YM on blast ... as he clarified he didn't mean to hurt her on his Instagram.

Amid the drama with 50, YM shared she was served with papers over the weekend ... but she says it has nothing to do with the Diddy's federal sex trafficking investigation.

Diddy has denied all the allegations made against him.

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Insta Model Jade Ramey Denies She Was Diddy's Sex Worker

Diddy's Ex-Yung Miami, 'Pink Cocaine' Claims Slammed by Sources

Old news is old news be first.

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4/8/2024 7:14 AM PT. Getty Composite. Diddy 's ex-girlfriend Yung Miami is hitting back at claims she's a sex worker for the Bad Boy Records founder ... and says a video of her calling herself one ...

Current Trends in Sex Trafficking Research

Georgia M. Winters

Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

Introduction

Characteristics of Sex Trafficking Cases

Risk Factors

Process of Recruitment and Maintenance

Identification and Intervention

Service Providers

Law Enforcement

Other Professionals

Conclusions and Recommendations

Recommendations

Declarations

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

5 Essays On Human Trafficking You Can Access Freely Online

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Current Trends in Sex Trafficking Research

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Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

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Sex Trafficking in the USA

Sex Trafficking and International Law

Introduction

Characteristics of Sex Trafficking Cases

Risk Factors

Process of Recruitment and Maintenance

Identification and Intervention

Service Providers

Law Enforcement

Other Professionals

Conclusions and Recommendations

Recommendations

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

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