essay on agriculture 250 words

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Essay on Agriculture: Short Essay, 100 and 250 Words

Updated on
Oct 7, 2023

Agriculture is one of the major sectors in India that provide livelihood to the people. The majority of the Indian population depends on agriculture as it is the major source of income and contributes to around 18.3% of India’s GDP. It provides food, raw materials, and employment to billions of people across the world. As common people, most of us anticipate that agriculture is just the cultivation of crops. However, it is much more than that, it includes fishery , livestock, forestry , and crop production . It is the backbone of the civilization. Read this blog and get to know how to write an essay on agriculture with the help of examples!

Table of Contents

1 Short Essay on Agriculture
2 Essay on Agriculture 100 Words
3.1 Significance of Agriculture
3.2 Challenges for Agriculture
3.3 Sustainable agriculture

Short Essay on Agriculture

India is also referred to as agricultural land because a major part of India is covered by agricultural activities. The entire world has been practising agriculture for thousands of years from the nomadic times to date.

Agriculture started during the Neolithic Revolution for the production of food. Nowadays, the scenario has been completely changed with the application of AI tools and Machinery in the world of Agriculture. New technologies and equipment are being developed to replace the traditional methods of farming. Some of the AI technologies are integrated sensors, weathering forecasting, IoT-powered agriculture drones, smart spraying, etc.

Millions of people across the world depend on agriculture, even animals are also dependent on agriculture for their fodder and habitat. Besides that, agriculture also plays a key role in the economic development of the country because 3/4th of the population depends on agriculture.

Also Read: Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

Essay on Agriculture 100 Words

Agriculture is the main source of life on earth. Animals and humans depend on agriculture for a living. It is the oldest practice in the history of mankind. There has been tremendous growth and evolution in the field of agriculture.

The use of AI-based technology and modern techniques in farming is helping the sector to generate high yields with better quality.

Now, our country is able to produce surplus food crops which is enough to satisfy domestic needs. It also helps to eradicate malnutrition and address hunger issues in various parts of the world. Thus, agriculture will always remain the cornerstone of human existence and continue to fulfil the demands of the changing world.

Also Read: Essay on Population Explosion

Essay on Agriculture 250 Words

Agriculture can be termed as the global powerhouse of the world. It is feeding billions of people across the world. Every individual directly or indirectly depends on agriculture.

Significance of Agriculture

The significance of agriculture is listed below:

The food we consume is a gift of the agriculture sector. Farmers are working day and night to cultivate food crops for the entire human population.
It also adds value to the Gross Domestic Product as well as the national income of the country.
As it is one of the largest sectors, there is a huge need for a labor force and employees. Thus, it imparts employment to 80% of the people in this world.
70% of the total food crop production of India is used for the purpose of exports. Some of the main items of export are rice, spices, wheat, cotton, tea, tobacco, jute products, and many more.

Challenges for Agriculture

Every year, the agriculture sector has to face difficult challenges. It includes harsh weather conditions be it drought or flood or extreme heat waves and cold breezes. Soil degradation is also one of the major threats to agriculture due to soil erosion and soil pollution. All these conditions create the need to generate sustainable practices in the agriculture sector.

Sustainable agriculture

Advancement in technology helps to create sustainable agriculture. The use of technology in the field of agriculture like weather forecasts, automated sowing, drones, AI-driven sensors, pest control, etc. helps in developing sustainable agriculture.

Besides that, farmers are adopting new farming practices such as crop rotation reduced chemicals, organic farming, etc. for sustainable agriculture.

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Short & Long Essay on Agriculture 100, 150, 250, 500 Words

Essay on agriculture.

The essay on Agriculture is written in simple English and has easy words for children and students. This English essay tells about agriculture, what agriculture is for us, and why it is special for us. Students are often asked to write essay on agriculture in their schools and colleges. And if you are also looking for the same, then we have given essay on agriculture in 100 – words, 150 – words, 250 – words, and 500 – words.

An effective way to teach students would be through an essay on agriculture in English. Through essay writing on this topic of Agriculture for classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10, children will learn to collect facts and write them in their own words.

Essay – 100 Words

India is an agricultural country and it is not just a means of livelihood but a way of life. We have been doing agriculture since ancient times. After independence, we had to depend on other countries to meet the demand for food grains. But, the Green Revolution has made India self-reliant.

Farmers work very hard in the agricultural field to grow food. Our farmers stand by us in every situation by giving us food. Man cannot even imagine living without the help of agriculture. There are many types of agriculture like shifting cultivation, grain farming, fish farming, dairy farming, etc. Some bad effects of wrong farming on the environment have also been seen such as pollution from pesticides, fertilizers, and manure.

Essay – 150 Words

Agriculture is of great importance in our lives. Farmers do not grow anything in their fields rather they provide employment and business opportunities to others. Consumption of the final products of agriculture affects our entire lives. Without its help, it is impossible for a human being to fill his stomach. Agriculture helps maintain our ecosystem.

Agriculture plays an important role in the economic development of any country as many industries depend on agriculture for their raw materials. With the revolution in agriculture, the industrial sector has also expanded. Moreover, when production in the agricultural sector increases, more employment opportunities will also be created and provide work in crop growing, direct employment in agricultural extension, and other sectors as well.

But doing agriculture wrongly has many fatal consequences. It is also a major source of pollution, as pesticides, fertilizers, and other toxic agricultural chemicals can poison water, marine ecosystems, soil, and air.

Essay – 250 Words

Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for most of the population in India. More than 70 percent of people here depend on agriculture. Agriculture has been in existence since ancient times and in today’s era it has evolved with new technologies and equipment that have replaced the old traditional farming methods.

Even today some farmers use traditional farming methods because they lack education and resources and understanding to use modern technologies. Today, India is the second-largest producer of rice, wheat, cotton, fruits, tea, and vegetables. Various types of spices are cultivated here and these spices are sent all over the world.

Growth and Development of Agricultural Sector

We have been doing agriculture for a long time, yet it has still remained underdeveloped. Even after independence, we used to import food grains from other countries to meet the country’s demand. But, due to the Green Revolution, we have now become self-reliant and export our surplus to other countries. Our government is also making continuous efforts to develop this sector.

Earlier we were completely dependent on monsoon for agriculture, but now we have built canals, dams, tube wells, and pump sets. Additionally, there are now better varieties of pesticides, fertilizers, and seeds that help grow more food.

Agriculture is an important sector of the Indian economy. It is progressing with the continuous changes, development, and policies implemented in the agricultural sector. It will always remain an important factor in India’s economic growth.

Essay – 500 Words

Agriculture is the main sector of the Indian economy and employment of farmers. Agriculture has existed for thousands of years. But it has evolved a lot over the years. In today’s era, the use of new inventions, technologies, and equipment has changed almost all the traditional methods of farming. But, even today some farmers are using old traditional methods of agriculture due to lack of information because they are unable to use modern methods. Agriculture has contributed not only to its development but also to the development of other areas of the country.

Role of Agriculture in Economic Development

Agriculture plays an important role in the economic development of the country as it is one of the largest sources of livelihood in the country. Even today 3/4 of the population is based on agriculture and earlier we mainly depended on monsoons for agriculture, but now canals, dams, tube wells, and pump sets have been constructed.

Industries get raw materials from the agricultural sector on which other businesses depend, hence a large part of the economy depends on the agricultural sector. Agriculture provides employment opportunities to most of the people in the country.

Agriculture contributes to Indian exports and also plays an important role in increasing foreign exchange. India exports goods like spices, coffee, tobacco, tea, vegetables, etc. to other countries.

Types of Agriculture

There are many types of agriculture as mentioned below:

Grain cultivation – This is done to provide food to animals and humans. It involves the process of sowing different types of crops which are then harvested at the end of the season.

Horticulture and fruit cultivation – In this process, fruits and vegetables are produced on a large scale. This is mainly done for business purposes.

Dairy Farming – It deals with the production of milk. In this process, products like sweets, curd, cheese, etc. are produced.

Negative Effects of Agriculture

Although agriculture is very beneficial from the point of view of the country’s economy and employment, some negative effects are also seen. These are harmful to the people involved in the agricultural sector as well as the environment.

First, the use of most chemical fertilizers and pesticides pollutes and poisons the land as well as the surrounding water bodies. Its use causes the depletion of topsoil and pollutes ground water.

Secondly, deforestation is also a negative effect of agriculture. To expand agricultural land, many forests have been cut down and converted into agricultural land. Also, excessive use of river water for irrigation causes many small rivers and ponds to dry up, disrupting the natural balance.

Agriculture has given a lot to the country from food to business, but agriculture has some advantages and disadvantages which we cannot ignore. The government is making every possible effort for the growth and development of proper agriculture. Also, the government needs to do something about the negative impacts on agriculture.

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500+ words essay on agriculture.

Agriculture is one of the major sectors of the Indian economy. It is present in the country for thousands of years. Over the years it has developed and the use of new technologies and equipment replaced almost all the traditional methods of farming. Besides, in India, there are still some small farmers that use the old traditional methods of agriculture because they lack the resources to use modern methods. Furthermore, this is the only sector that contributed to the growth of not only itself but also of the other sector of the country.

Growth and Development of the Agriculture Sector

India largely depends on the agriculture sector. Besides, agriculture is not just a mean of livelihood but a way of living life in India. Moreover, the government is continuously making efforts to develop this sector as the whole nation depends on it for food.

For thousands of years, we are practicing agriculture but still, it remained underdeveloped for a long time. Moreover, after independence, we use to import food grains from other countries to fulfill our demand. But, after the green revolution, we become self-sufficient and started exporting our surplus to other countries.

Besides, these earlier we use to depend completely on monsoon for the cultivation of food grains but now we have constructed dams, canals, tube-wells, and pump-sets. Also, we now have a better variety of fertilizers, pesticides, and seeds, which help us to grow more food in comparison to what we produce during old times.

With the advancement of technology, advanced equipment, better irrigation facility and the specialized knowledge of agriculture started improving.

Furthermore, our agriculture sector has grown stronger than many countries and we are the largest exporter of many food grains.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Significance of Agriculture

It is not wrong to say that the food we eat is the gift of agriculture activities and Indian farmers who work their sweat to provide us this food.

In addition, the agricultural sector is one of the major contributors to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and national income of the country.

Also, it requires a large labor force and employees around 80% of the total employed people. The agriculture sector not only employees directly but also indirectly.

Moreover, agriculture forms around 70% of our total exports. The main export items are tea, cotton, textiles, tobacco, sugar, jute products, spices, rice, and many other items.

Negative Impacts of Agriculture

Although agriculture is very beneficial for the economy and the people there are some negative impacts too. These impacts are harmful to both environments as the people involved in this sector.

Deforestation is the first negative impact of agriculture as many forests have been cut downed to turn them into agricultural land. Also, the use of river water for irrigation causes many small rivers and ponds to dry off which disturb the natural habitat.

Moreover, most of the chemical fertilizers and pesticides contaminate the land as well as water bodies nearby. Ultimately it leads to topsoil depletion and contamination of groundwater.

In conclusion, Agriculture has given so much to society. But it has its own pros and cons that we can’t overlook. Furthermore, the government is doing his every bit to help in the growth and development of agriculture; still, it needs to do something for the negative impacts of agriculture. To save the environment and the people involved in it.

FAQs about Essay on Agriculture

Q.1 Name the four types of agriculture? A.1 The four types of agriculture are nomadic herding, shifting cultivation, commercial plantation, and intensive subsistence farming.

Q.2 What are the components of the agriculture revolution? A.2 The agriculture revolution has five components namely, machinery, land under cultivation, fertilizers, and pesticides, irrigation, and high-yielding variety of seeds.

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Essay on Agriculture

Agriculture is one of the most commonly heard words. It’s the most vital practice for the survival of humans. Farmers are considered to be the backbone of agriculture and food production. The food we eat at home, the fruits and vegetables, have a long backstory to them, which in simpler words, can be attributed to agriculture. The following essay comprises fascinating insight into agriculture, its definition, the process and challenges, which can help you in your projects and assignments.

100 Word Essay on Agriculture

200 word essay on agriculture, 500 word essay on agriculture.

Agriculture is the art of practising soil cultivation, producing crops, and raising livestock. It involves the production of plants and animals for food, fibre, and other products. Agriculture plays a critical role in our lives for several reasons. Firstly, it provides food for people and animals. Without agriculture, we would not have access to the diverse and nutritious diet we enjoy today. Secondly, agriculture provides raw materials for various products, including clothing, medicine, and building materials.

The existence of humans would have been very critical if we hadn’t developed the practice of agriculture.

Agriculture refers to the process of cultivating crops for food, fuel, and other products. It is a crucial part of human civilisation, as it allows us to produce the food and essential items we need for survival.

Types Of Agriculture | The many types of agriculture range from small-scale subsistence farming to large-scale commercial operations. In subsistence farming, farmers grow enough food in small fields or house backyards to feed their families and may sell any excess produce at local markets. In commercial agriculture, farmers grow crops or raise animals on a larger scale, on larger pieces of land, to sell their products to large-scale consumers.

Impact Of Agriculture | Agriculture plays a vital role in the global economy, providing food and other products for people worldwide. It is also an important source of income and survival for many people, particularly in rural areas. However, agriculture can also have negative impacts on the environment. Some farming practices can lead to soil erosion, pollution, and biodiversity loss. As a result, sustainable agriculture has become the need of the hour in recent years, with farmers adopting practices that can help protect the environment while still producing the food we need.

Agriculture refers to cultivating land and raising crops or livestock for sustenance or commercial purposes. It is a crucial part of human civilisation, providing food, raw materials, and essential commodities that support communities and economies worldwide.

Origins of Agriculture

The origins of agriculture can be traced back to the Neolithic period when humans first began domesticating plants and animals. This marked a significant shift in human history as people transitioned from a nomadic lifestyle to a more settled one, with the development of permanent settlements and the growth of complex societies.

Challengeso of Agriculture

Today, agriculture remains a crucial industry, providing food and other products for a growing global population. However, agriculture also has its challenges. Farming can negatively impact the environment, as it involves the use of large amounts of water, pesticides, and other resources and even the negative impacts of climate change. Climate change is impacting agriculture significantly, with extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods, threatening crops and livestock.

What is Sustainable Agriculture?

Despite these challenges, agriculture continues to play a vital role worldwide. In recent years, there has been a focus on sustainable agriculture, which seeks to minimise the negative impact of farming on the environment while still providing food and other essential products for the global population.

My Visit to a Rice Farm

I n July’ 22, I visited a rice farm with my family while we were on a trip to the wedding of one of our close relatives. The farm belonged to my uncle, he gave us a tour of it and explained to us about the art of cultivation of rice and the process of how the rice we eat at her home every other day is cultivated.

What I Learnt | I saw how the water system works in the fields, how much manure, supplements and insecticides are used to keep the crops healthy, and how the storage system works, and I got to explore a lot more about agriculture. I saw how the water system works in the fields, how much manure, supplements and insecticides are used to keep the crops healthy, and how the storage system works, and I got to explore a lot more about agriculture.

How I Felt | It was my first-time visit to the farm, and being a person who has spent all his life living in the city, I was extremely surprised at how peaceful the farm ambience is and how much effort, time and love goes into cultivating crops. We eat fruits and vegetables every day but don't realise how complex and effortful the process of agriculture is.

In conclusion, agriculture is an essential part of human civilisation, providing the food and raw materials that support communities and economies worldwide. While there are challenges to be addressed, such as the impact on the environment and the effects of climate change, agriculture remains crucial to humanity's well-being, survival and future.

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Remote Sensing Technician

Individuals who opt for a career as a remote sensing technician possess unique personalities. Remote sensing analysts seem to be rational human beings, they are strong, independent, persistent, sincere, realistic and resourceful. Some of them are analytical as well, which means they are intelligent, introspective and inquisitive.

Remote sensing scientists use remote sensing technology to support scientists in fields such as community planning, flight planning or the management of natural resources. Analysing data collected from aircraft, satellites or ground-based platforms using statistical analysis software, image analysis software or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a significant part of their work. Do you want to learn how to become remote sensing technician? There's no need to be concerned; we've devised a simple remote sensing technician career path for you. Scroll through the pages and read.

Budget Analyst

Budget analysis, in a nutshell, entails thoroughly analyzing the details of a financial budget. The budget analysis aims to better understand and manage revenue. Budget analysts assist in the achievement of financial targets, the preservation of profitability, and the pursuit of long-term growth for a business. Budget analysts generally have a bachelor's degree in accounting, finance, economics, or a closely related field. Knowledge of Financial Management is of prime importance in this career.

Underwriter

An underwriter is a person who assesses and evaluates the risk of insurance in his or her field like mortgage, loan, health policy, investment, and so on and so forth. The underwriter career path does involve risks as analysing the risks means finding out if there is a way for the insurance underwriter jobs to recover the money from its clients. If the risk turns out to be too much for the company then in the future it is an underwriter who will be held accountable for it. Therefore, one must carry out his or her job with a lot of attention and diligence.

Finance Executive

Product manager.

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.

Operations Manager

Individuals in the operations manager jobs are responsible for ensuring the efficiency of each department to acquire its optimal goal. They plan the use of resources and distribution of materials. The operations manager's job description includes managing budgets, negotiating contracts, and performing administrative tasks.

Stock Analyst

Individuals who opt for a career as a stock analyst examine the company's investments makes decisions and keep track of financial securities. The nature of such investments will differ from one business to the next. Individuals in the stock analyst career use data mining to forecast a company's profits and revenues, advise clients on whether to buy or sell, participate in seminars, and discussing financial matters with executives and evaluate annual reports.

A Researcher is a professional who is responsible for collecting data and information by reviewing the literature and conducting experiments and surveys. He or she uses various methodological processes to provide accurate data and information that is utilised by academicians and other industry professionals. Here, we will discuss what is a researcher, the researcher's salary, types of researchers.

Welding Engineer

Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.

Transportation Planner

A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.

Environmental Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems.

Safety Manager

A Safety Manager is a professional responsible for employee’s safety at work. He or she plans, implements and oversees the company’s employee safety. A Safety Manager ensures compliance and adherence to Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) guidelines.

Conservation Architect

A Conservation Architect is a professional responsible for conserving and restoring buildings or monuments having a historic value. He or she applies techniques to document and stabilise the object’s state without any further damage. A Conservation Architect restores the monuments and heritage buildings to bring them back to their original state.

Structural Engineer

A Structural Engineer designs buildings, bridges, and other related structures. He or she analyzes the structures and makes sure the structures are strong enough to be used by the people. A career as a Structural Engineer requires working in the construction process. It comes under the civil engineering discipline. A Structure Engineer creates structural models with the help of computer-aided design software.

Highway Engineer

Highway Engineer Job Description: A Highway Engineer is a civil engineer who specialises in planning and building thousands of miles of roads that support connectivity and allow transportation across the country. He or she ensures that traffic management schemes are effectively planned concerning economic sustainability and successful implementation.

Field Surveyor

Are you searching for a Field Surveyor Job Description? A Field Surveyor is a professional responsible for conducting field surveys for various places or geographical conditions. He or she collects the required data and information as per the instructions given by senior officials.

Orthotist and Prosthetist

Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.

Pathologist

A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.

Veterinary Doctor

Speech therapist, gynaecologist.

Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth.

Audiologist

The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.

An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.

Are you searching for an ‘Anatomist job description’? An Anatomist is a research professional who applies the laws of biological science to determine the ability of bodies of various living organisms including animals and humans to regenerate the damaged or destroyed organs. If you want to know what does an anatomist do, then read the entire article, where we will answer all your questions.

For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs.

Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.

Video Game Designer

Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.

Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.

Radio Jockey

Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.

A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.

Choreographer

The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

Photographer

Photography is considered both a science and an art, an artistic means of expression in which the camera replaces the pen. In a career as a photographer, an individual is hired to capture the moments of public and private events, such as press conferences or weddings, or may also work inside a studio, where people go to get their picture clicked. Photography is divided into many streams each generating numerous career opportunities in photography. With the boom in advertising, media, and the fashion industry, photography has emerged as a lucrative and thrilling career option for many Indian youths.

An individual who is pursuing a career as a producer is responsible for managing the business aspects of production. They are involved in each aspect of production from its inception to deception. Famous movie producers review the script, recommend changes and visualise the story.

They are responsible for overseeing the finance involved in the project and distributing the film for broadcasting on various platforms. A career as a producer is quite fulfilling as well as exhaustive in terms of playing different roles in order for a production to be successful. Famous movie producers are responsible for hiring creative and technical personnel on contract basis.

Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism , Advertising , Marketing Management . Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook.

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion.

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article.

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

Individuals who opt for a career as a reporter may often be at work on national holidays and festivities. He or she pitches various story ideas and covers news stories in risky situations. Students can pursue a BMC (Bachelor of Mass Communication) , B.M.M. (Bachelor of Mass Media) , or MAJMC (MA in Journalism and Mass Communication) to become a reporter. While we sit at home reporters travel to locations to collect information that carries a news value.

Corporate Executive

Are you searching for a Corporate Executive job description? A Corporate Executive role comes with administrative duties. He or she provides support to the leadership of the organisation. A Corporate Executive fulfils the business purpose and ensures its financial stability. In this article, we are going to discuss how to become corporate executive.

Multimedia Specialist

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications.

Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product.

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

Production Manager

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans.

Process Development Engineer

The Process Development Engineers design, implement, manufacture, mine, and other production systems using technical knowledge and expertise in the industry. They use computer modeling software to test technologies and machinery. An individual who is opting career as Process Development Engineer is responsible for developing cost-effective and efficient processes. They also monitor the production process and ensure it functions smoothly and efficiently.

AWS Solution Architect

An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party.

Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems.

Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

Information Security Manager

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack

ITSM Manager

Automation test engineer.

An Automation Test Engineer job involves executing automated test scripts. He or she identifies the project’s problems and troubleshoots them. The role involves documenting the defect using management tools. He or she works with the application team in order to resolve any issues arising during the testing process.

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Largest Compilation of Structured Essays and Exams

Essay on Agriculture and its Importance

June 7, 2018 by Study Mentor Leave a Comment

Apart from hunting and food gathering, agriculture (or farming) has been the primary occasion for all humankind ever since their inception. The term agriculture can be defined by scientists as the science of, or practice of, farming- including cultivation of the soil for growing crops.

At times, it includes rearing of animals as well ( animal husbandry ) for poultry, providing help with agriculture, and providing other goods like wool, meat, etc. In India, especially, agriculture holds a major place in ensuring the prosperity of the nation, and in improving its overall economy.

Approximately one third of our economy is based on agriculture, and therefore our nation shall try to improve the agricultural sector and the lives of our farmers with every passing year.

Essential conditions for agriculture

Every crop is unique, and different from all the other crops, and therefore, each crop needs certain specific conditions to grow and to survive. Firstly, crops can be broadly categorized into Rabi crops and Kharif crops . This categorization happens on the basis of the climate they thrive in, and are sowed and harvested, accordingly.

The first category- Rabi crops- are sown in winter and harvested in the following spring; and the second category- kharif crops- are treated the other way around. Some examples of these categories of crops would be wheat, mustard, and gram (Rabi crops); and rice (or any other variant of paddy), maize and millet (kharif crops). Rabi crops are also sometimes referred to as the winter crops, and kharif crops are often knows to be the monsoon crops.

Although not widely acknowledged in India or south-eastern Asia, there is also a third prominent variety crops known as the Zaid crops, and there is a different season which is reserved for the cultivation of such crops, called the Zaid crop season.

This season refers to the period between the period for Rabi cultivation and kharif cultivation, which is roughly between the months of March and June. The Zaid variety is not very distinct or clear cut, but comprises roughly of some pulses, etc.

The conditions essential for cultivation are obviously the climate, rainfall, soil type, irrigation facilities available, machinery, manual labour, pesticides and fertilisers, government facilities like loans, and some other.

Table of Contents

Agriculture in India

India thrives in agricultural practices, and is the largest producer of numerous crops, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products all over the world. For instance, India is the second highest producer and exporter of the two major staple food crops consumed in almost all parts of the world- rice and wheat.

Both these crops find wide cultivation in India- rice in the Gangetic valley and the southern states (West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, etc.), as well as in the foothills of the Himalayas (through the practice of terrace farming); and wheat mostly in the northern and western states of India (Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, etc.).

Crops are needed in India for both subsistence and export. Subsistence agriculture is a practice where the farmer cultivates the crops only for the purpose of consumption by him and his family. In this system, no excess is produced, and this system is purely aimed towards survival, since the most ancient days.

On the other hand, when excess is produced, it is referred to as commercial farming or agriculture- this is where the farmer, besides saving themselves enough produce for consumption, sells the excess crop in the market to make profit. A large-scale practice of the same kind results in the exports produced by a nation overall.

Most of the cultivation in India is of the subsistence variety. This is caused due to the stark rural urban divide among the farmers of our country, and the lack of awareness regarding proper ways and methods to practice the same.

There is also another subdivision- food crops (crops grown only for cultivation, for example- rice, wheat, etc.) and cash crops (crops grown to be sold and gain money, for example- cotton, jute, etc.). However, while talking of tea or coffee, such lines seem to get somewhat blurred.

Faulty agriculture practices and ways to overcome them

Jhooming or shift and burn agriculture is a major source of degradation of the soil quality in many fertile parts of our country. In this practice, crops are cultivated in one part of the area available for cultivation, and a few years later, after the fertility of that portion of the soil is properly and completely exhausted; the vegetation is burned and left to regain fertility on its own.

In the meantime, the farmers move on to a new portion of the land to carry on with cultivation. This way, they move from place to place, literally ‘slashing and burning’. This practice was mostly prevalent among various tribes in India, and can be still seen in the present-day areas of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh.

This system is heavily detrimental because this destroys the fertility of land and lets it renew the same without any artificial support, and it is practically impossible for any piece of fertile land to recover itself over and over every 3-4 years.

This way, through primitive methods, lands are used up during one generation of farmers and no sustainable development occurs, which in turn diminishes the area of fertile land available to the next generation. As this area constantly declines, the subsequent generations are left with little or no scope of expansion due to a lack of education.

This can be overcome by better methods such as crop rotation, or monocrop cultivation. In crop rotations, the same portion of land is used to cultivate different varieties of crops during different parts of the year (and thus, rotating the crops).

In between these cultivation periods, certain leguminous crops such as pulses are cultivated in the same year as they require less effort to maintain, and they naturally fix the nitrogen levels present in the soil.

Artificial methods in practice

After one point of time, one cannot solely rely on natural processes to replenish the fertility and maintain a good quality of soil. This is where the artificial methods come into use.

These methods include mechanisation; utilisation of pesticides, insecticides, and fertilisers; use of HYV (high yielding variety) seeds, and other government interventions such as the green revolution which came into practice during the late twentieth century in the northern states of India, and brought across a great improvement.

However, the use of pesticides and fertilisers can be really harmful as well. They cause harm to plants and kill certain insects and other forms of life resting amongst the vegetations. Moreover, the increasing use of such artificial techniques to incur monetary profit is causing a rising application of them on the crops.

Human consumption of such elements is not really good for the human digestion system, and can cause certain long-term diseases in us. Therefore, one should always be extremely cautious while treating plants with such chemicals.

Agriculture has never stopped to be important in the Indian context, and is the current period, it is all the more important to look into the matter of how can agriculture be improved in environment friendly ways, so that no harm is caused to the cultivation capacities of the present as well as the future generations- which is supposed to be sustainable development indeed.

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Agriculture Essay

Agriculture is known to be one of the most significant economic activities. It involves the production of plants, livestock, fiber, fuel and more by utilizing natural resources such as water and land. The term agriculture is broader than it is commonly anticipated to be. It includes forestry, fishery, livestock and most importantly crop production. Agriculture sector is also one of the largest employers across the world, mainly in developing and under developed nations. Millions of people around the world, directly or indirectly depend on agriculture sector for their livelihood. It is an activity which provides our everyday requirement of food, vegetables, fruits, spices etc.

Long and Short Essay on Agriculture in English

Here are essay on agriculture in English of varying lengths to help you with the topic in the exam.

These Agriculture Essays will let you understand the meaning of “agriculture” and the significant role it plays in the overall economic growth and prosperity of a nation.

After going through the following Agriculture essay you will be able to understand the advantages of agriculture.

These essays will be helpful during several of your school assignments. You can select any agriculture essay as per your need and interest.

Agriculture Essay 1 (200 words)

Introduction

Agriculture is basically the cultivation of plants for the production of food, fuel, fiber, medicines and many other things that have become a necessity for the mankind. Agriculture also involves the breeding of animals. The development of agriculture turned to be a boon for the human civilization as it also gave way to their development.

Agriculture is said to be an art, science and commerce all at the same time as it suffices the factors involved in all three.

It is said to be an art as it involves the growth, development and management of crop and animal husbandry. It requires patience and dedication to yield good results in this field and only someone who possesses this art can achieve it.

The knowledge of breeding and genetics is employed to come up with new improved methods of agriculture. Several inventions and explorations are being made in the field. It is ever evolving and thus qualifies as science.

Agriculture supports the economy like no other sector and thus undoubtedly falls in this category too.

With around two-third of the Indian population dependent directly or indirectly on agriculture, it is considered to be the basis of the country’s economic development. It is not just known to be a source of livelihood in India but a way of life.

Agriculture Essay 2 (300 words)

The term agriculture comes from the Latin word ager which means field and cultura that means cultivation. Agriculture basically involves the cultivation and production of crops and livestock products.

History of Agriculture

The history of agriculture dates back several centuries. It began in different parts of the world independently about 105,000 years back mostly by the collection of wild grains for the purpose of eating. Here is how different countries were involved in this activity:

In Mesopotamia, pigs were domesticated around 15,000 years ago. They began domesticating sheep around 2000 years later.
In China, rice was cultivated around 13,500 years ago. They eventually began cultivating soy, azuki beans and mung.
In Turkey, cattle were domesticated around 10,500 years ago.
Beans, potato, coca, llamas and alpacas were domesticated around 10,000 years ago.
Sugarcane and certain root vegetables were cultivated in New Guinea around 9,000 years ago.
Cotton was domesticated in Peru around 5,600 years ago.

Similarly, the domestication of various plants and animals is being done in many other parts of the country since thousands of years.

Impact of Modern Technology on Agriculture

The development in the field of science and technology led to the use of modern techniques in agriculture. While it has contributed a great deal to the development of the agriculture sector, the modern technology has also had certain negative repercussions on the sector. Here is the kind of impact it has had:

The use of fertilizers and pesticides as well as the use of technologically advanced equipments for the cultivation of crops has increased the yields drastically however it has also been the cause of ecological damage and impacted the human health negatively.
Selective breeding and the use of other modern practices in the rearing of animals has increased the supply of meat however it has raised the concern about animal welfare.

Like every other sector, the agricultural sector has also evolved over the centuries and its development has brought about certain positive and negative repercussions to the society.

Agriculture Essay 3 (400 words)

Agriculture is a vast subject. It encompasses the production of crops, animal husbandry, soil science, horticulture, dairy science, extension education, entomology, agriculture chemistry, agri engineering, agri economics, plant pathology and botany. These subjects are taught in various universities across the world to train people in the field.

Different Kinds of Farming

Here is a look at how the agricultural field has broadly been categorized in our country:

Subsistence Farming

One of the most widely practiced technique of farming in India. Under this type of farming, the farmers grow grains for themselves as well as for the purpose of sale.

Commercial Agriculture

This type of agriculture focuses on high yield with the aim to export it to other countries to generate profit. Some of the commonly grown commercial crops in the country include cotton, wheat and sugarcane.

Shifting Agriculture

This type of farming is majorly practiced by tribal groups to grow root crops. They mostly clear the forested area and grow crops there.

Extensive Agriculture

This is more common in the developed countries. However, it is also practiced in certain parts of India. It focuses on the use of machinery to grow and raise crops.

Intensive Agriculture

This is a common practice in densely populated areas of the country. It is focused on generating maximizing output of the land by employing different techniques. A good amount of investment in terms of money and huge labour force is required for this.

Plantation Agriculture

This type of agriculture involves the cultivation of crops that require a good amount of time and space for growing. Some of these crops include tea, rubber, coffee, cocoa, coconut, fruits and spices. This is mostly practiced in the states of Assam, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Kerala.

Wet Land Farming

The areas that receive heavy rainfall are well irrigated and these are apt for the farming of crops such as jute, rice and sugarcane.

Dry Land Farming

It is practiced in desert-like areas such as the central and northwest India. Some of the crops grown in such areas are bajra, jowar and gram. This is because these crops require less water for growth.

With the advancement in technology, agriculture has come a long way. It is not limited to just growing crops and rearing of cattle. It includes a whole lot of other subjects and someone who is interested in getting into the agricultural field can choose to specialize in one.

Agriculture Essay 4 (500 words)

Agriculture basically involves the cultivation of crops and the domestication of animals for the purpose of generating food and other things necessary for the mankind. While it is being practiced since centuries, it has evolved over the time and has become one of the major factors in the development of our country’s economy.

Significance of Agriculture

Here is a look at the significance of agriculture:

Major Source of Food

It goes without saying that the food we eat is a gift of the agricultural activities that take place in the country. The country has seen times of acute food shortage before independence however the problem was resolved with the advent of the green revolution in agriculture in the year 1969.

Major Contributor to National Income

Statistics reveal that, the national income from primary agricultural activities was about 59% in the year 1950-51. While it has come down eventually and reached around 24% about a decade back, the agricultural sector in India is still one of the major contributors to the national income.

Development of the Industrial Sector

Agriculture plays a major role in the development of the industrial sector by providing the raw material. Industries such as the cotton textiles, sugar, jute, oil, rubber and tobacco are majorly dependent on the agricultural sector.

Employment Opportunities

The agricultural sector offers numerous employment opportunities as a large labour force is required for the smooth functioning of various agricultural activities. It does not only open a vast arena of direct employment opportunities but indirect as well. For instance, the agricultural products need to be transported from one place to another and hence it supports the transport sector.

Boost in Foreign Trade

Foreign trade relies majorly on the agricultural sector. Agricultural exports form a good 70% of the total exports. India is an exporter of tea, tobacco, cotton textiles, jute products, sugar, spices and many other agricultural products.

Generation of Government Revenue

Excise duty on agro-based goods, land revenue and taxes on the sale of agricultural machinery make for a good source of government revenue.

Formation of Capital

The surplus income generated from agricultural activities can very well be invested in banks for capital formation.

Agriculture: A hazardous Industry

While agricultural sector is of great importance to the country, we cannot deny the fact that is a hazardous industry. Farmers across the globe have a high risk of work related injuries. One of the common causes of agricultural injuries is tractor rollovers and other motor and machinery related accidents. Due to the nature of their job they are also prone to skin diseases, lung infections, noise-induced hearing problems, sun strokes as well as certain types of cancers. Those exposed to pesticides may have serious illnesses and might even have kids with birth defects.

However, that said, agriculture does play a significant part in the development of the human civilization as a whole. As Booker T. Washington said, “No race can prosper till it learns there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem”, agriculture sector is an integral part of the country.

Agriculture Essay 5 (600 words)

Agriculture is one sector that has been in place since thousands of years. It has developed over the years with the use of new equipments and techniques of farming and domestication. This is one sector that has not only seen immense growth but has also been the reason for growth of various other sectors.

The Growth and Development of Agricultural Sector

India is one such country which is largely dependent on the agricultural sector. Agriculture in India is not just a means of livelihood but a way of life. The government is continually making efforts to develop this sector. Let us learn how this sector has evolved with time.

Though agriculture is being practiced since centuries in India, it remained under developed for a pretty long time. We were unable to produce sufficient food for our people and foreign export was simply out of question. On the contrary, we had to purchase food grains from other countries. This was because agriculture in India depended on the monsoon.

In case, there was enough rain, the crops fertilized properly, when there wasn’t enough rain the crops just failed and most parts of the country were hit by famine. However, things changed with time. After independence, the government planned to bring about improvement in this sector. Dams were constructed, tube-wells and pump-sets were set up, better quality seeds, fertilizers were made available and new techniques were employed.

With the use of technologically advanced equipment, good irrigation facilities and with specialized knowledge about the field things began improving. We soon started producing much more than we required and subsequently started exporting food grains and different agricultural products. Our agricultural sector is now stronger than that of many countries. India stands first in the production of groundnuts and tea and ranks second in the production of sugarcane, rice, jute and oil seeds across the globe.

However, we still have a long way to go and the government is making efforts in this direction.

Negative Repercussions of Agriculture on Environment

As much as it has helped in the development of the human civilization and the growth of the country’s economy, agriculture has also had certain negative repercussions on the people involved in this sector as well as the environment as a whole. Here are the negative repercussions of agriculture on environment:

Agriculture has led to deforestation. Many forests are cut to turn them into fields to cultivate crops. The negative impacts of deforestation and the need to control it is hidden from none.
Not many of you may be aware that the building of watersheds and draining of water from the rivers for irrigation of fields leads to drier natural habitats.
The runoff from the fields into the rivers and other water bodies results in that water getting poisoned owing to the use of excessive nutrients and insecticides.
Topsoil depletion and groundwater contamination are some of the other issues that the agricultural activities have given way to.

Agriculture has thus impacted the soil and water resources negatively and this has had a major impact on the environment.

Agriculture is also considered to be a hazardous occupation. Those involved in farming are constantly exposed to different chemical based fertilizers and pesticides and the continual use of these can lead to several health hazards such as skin diseases, lung infections and certain other serious illnesses.

While agriculture has given so much to our society, it comes with its own set of cons that cannot be overlooked. While the government is doing so much to bring about growth and development in this field, it should also take measures to tackle the negative impact it is creating on the environment and those involved in the field.

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Essay on Agriculture in India in 250, 400 words

Table of Contents

Essay on Agriculture in 250 words

Agriculture has been the backbone of India’s economy for centuries, employing a significant portion of the country’s workforce and contributing to the country’s GDP. India has a diverse agricultural sector, with a wide range of crops being cultivated across various regions of the country.

The Green Revolution in the 1960s brought about a significant transformation in the Indian agricultural sector, with the adoption of high-yielding varieties of crops, increased use of fertilizers and pesticides, and irrigation facilities. This led to a significant increase in food production, making India self-sufficient in food production and a major exporter of food grains.

However, despite this progress, the Indian agricultural sector still faces numerous challenges. A significant portion of the agricultural land is still rain-fed, which makes it vulnerable to the vagaries of weather. The sector also faces issues such as low productivity, inadequate infrastructure, lack of access to credit, and low prices for farm produce.

The government of India has implemented various policies and programs to address these issues, such as providing subsidies for inputs like seeds and fertilizers, increasing investments in irrigation facilities, and implementing schemes to provide credit to farmers. However, there is still a need for further reforms and investments to address the challenges faced by the sector.

In conclusion, agriculture continues to be a critical sector for India’s economic growth and food security. While progress has been made in recent decades, there is still a long way to go in addressing the challenges faced by the sector and ensuring that farmers receive a fair return for their produce.

Essay on Agriculture in 400 words

Introduction.

Agriculture is the backbone of India’s economy, employing over half of the country’s workforce and contributing significantly to the country’s GDP. Agriculture in India refers to the cultivation of crops and livestock, including farming, forestry, and fishing. It is a diverse sector, with different types of agriculture being practised across various regions of the country.

Types of Agriculture

There are three main types of agriculture in India: subsistence agriculture, commercial agriculture, and plantation agriculture. Subsistence agriculture involves farming primarily for personal consumption, with surplus produce sold in local markets. Commercial agriculture involves the large-scale production of crops for sale in national and international markets. Plantation agriculture involves the cultivation of a single crop, such as tea or coffee, on large estates.

The benefits of agriculture in India are numerous. It provides employment to a significant portion of the population, particularly in rural areas, and contributes to the country’s food security. It also generates income for farmers and supports other industries, such as food processing and textiles. In addition, agriculture is a source of foreign exchange earnings, as India is a major exporter of food grains.

However, agriculture in India also has significant impacts on the environment and society. The use of fertilizers and pesticides can lead to soil degradation and water pollution, and overuse of groundwater resources can lead to the depletion of aquifers. In addition, small and marginal farmers often face significant challenges, including low productivity, inadequate access to credit, and low prices for their produce.

Steps Taken

To address these challenges, the government of India has implemented various policies and programs. The Green Revolution of the 1960s, for example, led to significant increases in food production through the adoption of high-yielding varieties of crops, increased use of fertilizers and pesticides, and improved irrigation facilities. More recently, the government has implemented programs such as the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana to provide insurance coverage to farmers, and the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi to provide direct income support to small and marginal farmers.

In conclusion, agriculture is a critical sector for India’s economic growth and food security. While progress has been made in recent decades, there is still a need for further reforms and investments to address the challenges faced by the sector, particularly for small and marginal farmers. Sustainable agriculture practices that balance economic, environmental and social factors are needed to ensure that agriculture in India remains viable and benefits society as a whole.

Agriculture in the Incan Empire

This essay about the Incan Empire’s agricultural achievements focuses on their advanced terrace farming techniques. It details how the Incas adapted to the Andean Mountains’ challenging terrains by creating andenes, or agricultural terraces, enhancing crop production and supporting their population. The essay explores the engineering skills, cultural significance, and communal efforts involved in terrace farming, while also considering its long-term ecological impacts. It emphasizes how these agricultural practices were integral to the social and economic structures of the empire, offering lessons on sustainability and human-environment interaction.

How it works

The Incan Empire is notable in the annals of history for its exceptional contributions, especially in agriculture, where their expertise in terrace farming marks a significant achievement. This essay explores the nuances of terrace farming within the Incan Empire, focusing on its vital role, intricate techniques, and enduring impacts on both social frameworks and ecological landscapes.

Terrace farming was a fundamental aspect of Incan agricultural practices, ingeniously addressing the extreme geographic challenges of the Andean Mountains. These agricultural terraces, also known as andenes, demonstrate the Incas’ extraordinary ability to thrive in challenging environments.

The rugged and uneven terrains of the Andes rendered conventional farming methods ineffective. The Incas ingeniously turned these challenges into opportunities by converting mountainous slopes into flat, terraced fields. This innovation not only increased the amount of land suitable for farming but also significantly boosted agricultural output, supporting their growing population.

The construction of these terraces showcases remarkable engineering prowess, characterized by detailed planning and community effort, alongside a deep understanding of the environmental and geological specifics of their terrain. The Incas utilized sophisticated building techniques, including precise stone masonry and elaborate irrigation networks, which ensured that the terraces were both sustainable and productive.

The Incas’ ingenuity was also evident in their strategic use of terraces across different altitudes, accommodating the unique microclimates within the Andes. This allowed for the cultivation of a variety of crops, including maize, potatoes, and quinoa, each suited to particular elevational niches.

Furthermore, terrace farming was essential for the economic and social fabric of the Incan Empire. The prosperity from these terraces not only sustained the population but also funded significant public works and infrastructure projects. Terrace farming was therefore central not only to food production but also as a critical component of the empire’s wider societal and governance frameworks.

On a cultural and spiritual level, terrace farming held profound significance for the Inca. These terraces were more than mere agricultural facilities; they were sacred sites reflecting the Incas’ deep respect for their surroundings. Agricultural rituals, including offerings to Pachamama, the earth mother, were prevalent, aimed at ensuring fertility and bountiful harvests.

The communal effort involved in terrace farming also promoted social cohesion among the Inca. The shared labor and resource distribution required for the construction and upkeep of the terraces cemented community ties and cultivated a strong collective identity, extending well beyond agricultural activities.

However, reflecting on the environmental implications of Incan terrace farming reveals considerations about its sustainability. Although these structures initially helped control erosion and preserve soil quality, their long-term ecological impacts, such as potential losses in biodiversity, highlight the fragile balance between human activities and environmental preservation.

In summary, the Incan Empire’s proficient application of terrace farming showcases their significant innovation and adaptability, turning adverse terrains into fertile agricultural lands that supported their civilization and enriched their cultural legacy. Considering this heritage provides crucial lessons in sustainable farming practices and the intricate relationship between human societies and the natural world.

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Unproductive Agriculture Is Holding Africa Back

By Peter Coy

Opinion Writer

Africa south of the Sahara is producing more than six times as much food as it did in 1961. That’s a much bigger increase than that of the world as a whole, which has merely quadrupled agricultural output, as this chart shows. From this data alone, sub-Saharan Africa seems to be an agricultural success story.

The next chart, though, gives a much darker picture. It shows sub-Saharan Africa badly trailing the world as a whole in improvements in total factor productivity of agriculture. Total factor productivity measures how much output increases over and above what one would expect from increased inputs of land, labor and machinery.

What these two charts tell us is that while Africa is increasing its output of crops, livestock and so on, it’s managing to do so only by massively increasing its inputs. That means many more farmers and much more land under cultivation or pasture. It’s better than if farm output hadn’t increased at all, but it’s not what the subcontinent needs to get ahead economically.

The classic story of economic development is that farmers become more efficient, which frees up their children to work in factories. The increase in factory output enriches the population, generating more demand for food. And the factories produce farm machinery that makes farmers even more efficient. Improvements in agriculture and industry reinforce each other in an upward spiral.

That’s not happening in sub-Saharan Africa. To understand why, I interviewed Enock Chikava, who grew up with 10 siblings on a small farm in Zimbabwe. “As a boy, I would spend long summers, from May to October, gathering crop debris and leaves from the nearby forest to mix into the soil as fertilizer,” he recalled in a 2021 article for the Gates Foundation, where he is the interim director of agricultural development.

Chikava, who went on to get an education in agricultural economics and business strategy, says economic growth in the agricultural sector is more than twice as effective at reducing poverty as is growth in other sectors.

Improving African farmers’ productivity requires three things, Chikava told me: innovation, extension (which means introducing innovations to farmers) and market incentives.

There’s progress on all three fronts. Cassava, for example, is a staple food in much of Africa and is hardy against drought. New varieties, called Baba 70 and Game Changer, can more than quadruple yields per hectare on small farms in Nigeria when cultivated with good agronomic practices and weed control, Chikava said. As for extension, countries are informing farmers digitally because they can’t afford to put enough extension officers in the field. On market incentives, sub-Saharan nations are using a mixture of price supports and subsidies for inputs such as fertilizer. That may offend pure free-marketers, and isn’t the best permanent solution, but often it’s the only way to keep farmers from quitting because they can’t make a living, Chikava said.

Tech companies are springing up to help. One example is Releaf, an agricultural technology company based in Lagos, Nigeria, that supplies palm oil to food companies. It’s using geospatial mapping and other technologies to locate small processing facilities closer to palm nut farmers, who can’t afford to ship the nuts long distances.

There’s a long way to go, though. Another reason for low productivity is that under the land tenure system that’s common in much of Africa, people keep the land only if they keep using it. So some farmers are doing just enough to maintain their claims, Kate Schecter, the president of World Neighbors, a U.S.-based charity that operates in 14 countries, including six in Africa, told me. In Burkina Faso, for example, World Neighbors’ country director told her that landowners “don’t necessarily learn very much about how to use the farm,” Schecter said. “It’s underexploited.”

Christopher Udry, an economics professor at Northwestern University, taught secondary school in Ghana while serving in the Peace Corps in the 1980s. He was struck by the missed economic opportunities. Children who spoke four languages dropped out after elementary school because they couldn’t make it to the nearest junior secondary school. “Once you meet people like that, it’s hard to think of anything else,” he said in a recent interview with Yale University, where he earned his doctorate.

Confirming what Chikava and Schecter told me, Udry said that agricultural yields are declining the most in the places where farmers have the most opportunities to do something else with their time. The more that opportunities in cities multiply, the more farmers are drawn away from the land.

The farmers are better off than if they didn’t have those outside options. “But it’s not the great productivity spiral that we did see in, say, American history,” Udry said. For sub-Saharan Africa to advance economically, fixing its farming must be a top priority.

Outlook: Deutsche Bank

There will be “a fire hose of Fedspeak and a deluge of important data” this week, economists at Deutsche Bank wrote in a client note last week. They pointed to speeches by Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell and other Fed officials as well as to major economic releases, including the March jobs report. The economists predict that Powell will continue to say on Wednesday that there’s no hurry about cutting rates, and that the Bureau of Labor Statistics will report on Friday that the U.S. economy added 200,000 nonfarm payroll jobs in March, down from the 275,000 that was reported for February.

Quote of the Day

“What other people label or might try to call failure I have learned is just God’s way of pointing you in a new direction.”

— Oprah Winfrey, in a commencement speech at Howard University ( May 12, 2007 )

Peter Coy is a writer for the Opinion section of The Times, covering economics and business. Email him at [email protected] . @ petercoy

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