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School of Biomedical Sciences

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BIOM30003 Biomedical Science Research Project

This project (BIOM30003) is designed for undergraduate students who have achieved excellent results in the discipline related to the project, to help develop practical scientific skills.

The Biomedical Science Research Project is an individual program of supervised research in which the student, in consultation with a supervisor, contributes to the design, execution and presentation of a research project.

This subject provides an opportunity for students to gain first-hand experience of scientific research, and is intended for undergraduate students who have achieved excellent results in the discipline related to the project. Undertaking the Biomedical Science Research Project provides invaluable insights and experience for students considering honours, masters or a PhD.

Before applying to take this subject, students should discuss their intention with the relevant discipline coordinator.

Entry Requirements:

• Completed/Passed at least 175 points towards their course (any discipline).
• An average score of 75 or better in relevant second and third year subjects. Relevant subjects includes those that start with ANAT, BCMB, BIOL, BIOM, CEDB, GENE, MIIM, NEUR, PATH, PHRM and PHYS.
• Support from a supervisor/laboratory head.
• Approval of the relevant Discipline Coordinator.

Expression of Interest (EoI):

Students who are interested in completing the Biomedical Science Research Project must complete the BIOM30003 Expression of Interest web form .

The Academic Services office will conduct an initial eligibility check to see whether the student is on track to be eligible for BIOM30003 by their nominated study period.

If the student is on track to be eligible, the Academic Services office will email the student as well as relevant discipline coordinator(s), who will provide guidance on how to find a research project and supervisor.

Note: Students who have already found a project and supervisor must still submit an EoI, if they are found eligible they will be directed to submit the formal application.

Biomedical Science Research Project Application Form

Anatomy and Physiology

Contact: Dr. Jenny Gunnersen - [email protected] Department Website: https://biomedicalsciences.unimelb.edu.au/departments/department-of-anatomy-and-physiology

Application Process

• Discuss potential projects with academic supervisors.
• Complete the Biomedical Science Research Project Application Form - this form must be authorised and signed by the relevant discipline coordinator.
• If you would like this subject to count as en elective to your major please also discuss and get approval from the relevant major coordinator.
• Add BIOM30003 to your study plan.
• The form should then be scanned and emailed to [email protected]
• If the application is approved, you will be enrolled you in the subject and sent a confirmation via email.
• If your application is not approved, you will be contacted via email.

Biochemistry and Pharmacology

Contact: Dr. Laura Edgington-Mitchell -   [email protected] Dr Juliet Taylor - [email protected] Dr Debnath Ghosal - [email protected] Department Website: https://biomedicalsciences.unimelb.edu.au/departments/department-of-biochemistry-and-pharmacology

Biochemistry and Pharmacology Project Booklet

Additional Entry Requirements

• Completing the equivalent of a major in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology or Pharmacology.
• You are expected to either be taking or have completed a third-year practical subject ‘Advanced Techniques in Molecular Science’ (BCMB30010), ‘Drugs in Biomedical Experiments’ (PHRM30009) or an equivalent practical subject in another department. This requirement is waived for students undertaking a computational project (i.e. not lab-based). Instead students must have skills in a discipline that is relevant to that project, e.g. coding, bioinformatics, maths.

Microbiology and Immunology

Contact: Dr. Jessica Welch - [email protected] Department Website: http://biomedicalsciences.unimelb.edu.au/departments/microbiology-Immunology

Additional Information

• Microbiology and Immunology projects are only offered in Semester 2
• BIOM30003 does not contribute to the following majors Immunology, Infection and Immunity, Microbiology
• Discuss potential projects with staff from your major discipline. A short list of projects will also be made available to approved applicants for DMI.
• Contact the discipline coordinator to indicate your interest in completing BIOM30003.
• The form should then be scanned and emailed to  [email protected]

Contact: Associate Professor Vicki Lawson - [email protected] Department Website: http://biomedicalsciences.unimelb.edu.au/departments/microbiology-Immunology

Additional Entry Requirement

• Applicants must have completed PATH30001 and PATH30002.

Other department or institute

It is possible to complete a research project in another department or university affiliated research institution so long as it is in a biomedical science field.

• Discuss potential projects with staff in the relevant department/school.
• Complete the Biomedical Science Research Project Application Form and get supervisor to sign off
• Approach a discipline coordinator within the School of Biomedical Science for co-supervision. You should approach the coordinator whose discipline most closely relates to your project. Anatomy and Physiology: Dr. Jenny Gunnersen - [email protected] Biochemistry and Pharmacology: Dr. Laura Edgington-Mitchell -   [email protected] Microbiology and Immunology: Dr. Jessica Welch - [email protected] Pathology: Associate Professor Vicki Lawson - [email protected]
• If the application is approved, you will be enrolled in the subject and sent a confirmation via email.

Single Subject Study - Community Access Program (CAP)

Students interested in BIOM30003 who are NOT enrolled in a University of Melbourne course or DO NOT want BIOM30003 to count towards their University of Melbourne course can apply to complete BIOM30003 via the Community Access Program (CAP) .

• Complete the Biomedical Science Research Project Application Form and get supervisor to sign off.
• Approach a discipline coordinator within the School of Biomedical Science for approval and sign-off on the application form. You should approach the coordinator whose discipline most closely relates to your project. Anatomy and Physiology: Dr. Jenny Gunnersen - [email protected] Biochemistry and Pharmacology: Dr. Laura Edgington-Mitchell -   [email protected] Microbiology and Immunology: Dr. Jessica Welch - [email protected] Pathology: Associate Professor Vicki Lawson - [email protected]
• Lodge an application (including a completed Biomedical Science Research Project Application Form ) via  the CAP application website . Applicants must apply via CAP Assessed mode, students will not be permitted to take BIOM30003 in the non-assessed mode.
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Science Research Project

Subject SCIE30001 (2015)

Note: This is an archived Handbook entry from 2015.

170 hours total time commitment.

Excellent results in a discipline appropriate to the project (normally an average of at least 75% in relevant second and third year level subjects) and approval of the relevant Head of Department and the Science Student Centre.

For the purposes of considering request for Reasonable Adjustments under the Disability Standards for Education (Cwth 2005), and Students Experiencing Academic Disadvantage Policy, academic requirements for this subject are articulated in the Subject Description, Subject Objectives, Generic Skills and Assessment Requirements of this entry. The University is dedicated to provide support to those with special requirements. Further details on the disability support scheme can be found at the Disability Liaison Unit website: http://www.services.unimelb.edu.au/disability/

Coordinator

Science Student Centre The Eastern Precinct (building 138) (between Doug McDonell building and Eastern Resource Centre)

Enquiries Phone: 13 MELB (13 6352) Email: [email protected]

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Research and Industry Projects

Research subjects are the perfect opportunity to explore your passions and make a contribution to change..

Research subjects are undertaken for a number of reasons: completion of a capstone requirement, preparation for a PhD, a strong desire to investigate a specific topic in-depth, focusing a number of elements of coursework learning into one specific area, or general research training. You can question an issue that is of interest to you in greater detail than that which usually presents in regular subject assignments. Up to 25% of subjects can be taken as research within the Master’s program (100 and 200-point programs).

Research projects

Research subjects are independent, original endeavours of enquiry, guided by an academic supervisor, researching a topic relating to the environment and/or sustainability which culminates in the presentation of a written report for assessment.

Industry-based research projects

Industry-based research projects are distinguished by an opportunity to co-develop a research topic with an industry supervisor and a relevant academic supervisor and to apply appropriate methodologies and analytical frameworks to interesting problems in real-world contexts.

Getting started with your project

With the support of a leading expert in the field, you will conceive and execute a project and make a novel contribution to knowledge with positive implications for environmental change. Through your independent research, you will develop skills and knowledge that will give you an edge in a competitive employment environment.

Starting a Research Project

The application process, including developing your research proposal and submitting an R1 form, can take time. It's important to get started early.

Research Opportunities

Explore these areas for existing research projects

Research Project Subjects

There are a number of options for students interested in undertaking research as part of the degree, allowing students to conduct an independent, original research project in a specified area of environment and sustainability.

Apply for research and industry subjects

Write a 300-word proposal, fill out the form and sign it to apply for research and industry subjects in the Master of Environment.

View the form

Supervision

A research project is a collaboration between a student and their supervisor. You are not the supervisor's assistant, and similarly they cannot do your project for you. The relationship is individual and tailored to best suit each party to ensure the successful completion of the research subject.

Supervisors should be the first port of call for discipline-specific advice on research questions, analysis and investigation, and skills for data collection and analysis. They also manage the health and safety and ethics processes of a project. They are expected to meet with students regularly and provide timely feedback on progress and written work. Each supervision relationship is unique – students and supervisors will negotiate what works best for them. Some tips include:

• Organise regular meetings. The University recommends one hour per fortnight on average;
• Be on time, work to a schedule, and take notes during and/or after each meeting;
• Have reasonable expectations on the turnaround of feedback on writing;
• Research can take surprising and unexpected directions – seek your supervisor’s guidance.

Independent study

A Master of Environment research subject may be the first opportunity a student gets to conceive and execute their own research, which is both exciting and fulfilling! It also means that students are primarily responsible for their own progress and learning. Students should:

• Ensure that they have the necessary background and skills for the project;
• Draw on the services offered by the Academic Skills Unit to develop study skills where appropriate;
• Create and stick to a realistic research plan;
• Keep themselves motivated;
• Submit assessment tasks on schedule;
• Be proactive in their dealings with their supervisor.

More about your research and industry project

It is important to plan for your research project in the semester prior to enrolling in a research subject. Following this timeline will help you stay organised throughout your research project.

Before embarking on a research project, it's important to secure any necessary funding.

Here you'll find information about how you'll be assessed during your research.

Ethics and Risk

Ethics and risk assessments must be completed before any practical research (such as fieldwork and contacting potential interviewees) can be undertaken. 

Legal Requirements

To enrol in an industry subject, a series of requirements must be met.

Need more guidance?

Try our frequently asked questions.

Contact the Subject Coordinators

In addition to supervisors, the Subject Coordinators, A/Prof Margaret Ayre and Dr Mark Newbound, provide guidance on administrative and academic matters, such as supervision challenges.

Students can make an appointment to see Margaret or Mark via email at [email protected] .

Email Subject Coordinators

Melbourne Medical School

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MD Research Project

In MD Research Project (MDRP), completed during the 3rd and 4th year of the Doctor of Medicine (MD) course at the University of Melbourne, students have the opportunity to complete a research project in a field related to medicine. During this time students:

• explore an area of relevance to medicine in greater depth than is possible in the body of the curriculum.
• broaden their experience of health care and research, often in off-campus settings.
• learn the theory behind evidence and research, and experience it first hand and appreciate the challenges and limitations.
• have the opportunity to interact with researchers and better appreciate the background work and processes involved in the advancement of medicine.
• develop skills in the acquisition, evaluation and application of information (evidence) by undertaking in-depth studies in an area of their choice related to medicine.

The following departments offer student projects:

• Medical Education
• Obstetrics & Gynaecology
• Paediatrics
• Primary Care (General Practice)

The primary purpose of MDRP is for students to obtain experience in conducting biomedical research. As part of this goal, the principal method of assessment is a journal style monograph. This subject is designed to:

• provide an introduction to the processes of research work in a field related to medicine, including critical appraisal of the literature.
• enable development of skills in the ways in which knowledge (evidence) should be assembled and evaluated to provide a scientific rationale for updating medical practice and treatment.
• develop skills in the use of simple statistical techniques when appraising health data.
• foster an understanding of the benefits of research and the value of each health professional contributing to the advancement of knowledge.
• encourage an understanding of the diversity and breadth of medicine.
• encourage the development of autonomy and independence in defining areas for study, locating relevant resources and evaluating information.
• enhance oral and written communication skills.
• encourage further learning in areas of relevance to medicine.

Students complete MDRP during the 3rd and 4th years of the MD course. MDRP is divided into two parts:

• MDRP1: this is undertaken during the 3rd year of the MD course. Students spend the first semester of 3rd year selecting a research project of interest; during the second semester, students complete a literature review, obtain ethics approval (where required) and become familiar with the requirements of their project.
• MDRP2: this is undertaken during the first semester of 4th year of the MD course, and this when students undertake and write up the results of their research project.

Students nominate a preferred research project during the first semester of 3rd year. A web-based database of available projects will be made available to students from early in first semester of 3rd year which will be continually updated during the semester.

Theoretically, students can complete any type of research project related to the discipline of medicine. However, it is important to remember that students must undertake a project that can be completed and written up within a 6-month period.

Therefore, 'green-field' or undefined pilot projects are generally considered unsuitable, as are those where ethics approval has not yet been obtained or is likely to prove difficult. The ideal MDRP project is one, or more, of the following:

• an 'add-on' to an existing project;
• utilises existing data or stored tissue samples;
• modest in size and scope;
• has clearly defined aims/objectives;
• has deliverable outcomes or end-point measurements;
• has established methods/protocols.

The assessment tasks for MDRP are divided into two parts:

• a research question and project title (pass/fail assessment);
• a draft literature review (2000 words; pass/fail assessment) and
• a project plan (up to 1000 words; pass/fail assessment).
• a literature review (5000 words; 40%);
• a journal-style monograph (4000 words; 30%; hurdle requirement);
• a poster suitable for presentation at the MD Student Conference (10%);
• three progress reports (10%) and
• a supervisor evaluation (10%).

The first step is to decide if you have a suitable project. If you do, or wish to discuss the requirements of your project, your next move is to contact the MDRP Subject Coordinator .

If you have had a student contact you, please contact the MDRP Subject Coordinators. You may continue to discuss a project with a particular student, however, please do not formally commit to supervising a student at this stage. There is a formal project selection procedure which ALL students must undertake.

Any supervisor who wishes to offer a student a project, will be asked to provide a brief profile of themselves and a summary of the available project/s. This will then be uploaded to the database and made available for students to view.

Yes. Once student preferences have closed, the MDRP Coordinators will send you a list of all the students who have nominated your project/s as either their first, second or third preference. You will then be asked to select which student/s you are happy to supervise. To help you select, you may ask students to supply additional information before the close of preferences (for example, you may ask students to provide a curriculum vitae or make a time to come and see you to discuss the requirements of the project).

The Melbourne Medical School will provide all students with core training modules in research design and methodology. Other training modules will be added as required.

It is a requirement of supervisors that they undertake primary responsibility for obtaining all ethics approval required for the conduct of the MDRP project and where necessary, seek advice from their local ethics committee. Where approval is required, but has not yet been sought, a supervisor may enlist the assistance of a student in preparing the appropriate ethics documentation; however, final completion and submission of required documentation, as well as communication with the local ethics committee, remains the responsibility of the supervisor.

Further Information

If you have any questions not addressed above or require further information, please contact the MD Research Project Subject Coordinator at [email protected] .

In Scholarly Selective (SS), completed during the 3rd and 4th year of the Doctor of Medicine (MD) course at the University of Melbourne, students have the opportunity to complete a research project in a field related to medicine. During this time students:

Frequently Asked Questions

What do students do during scholarly selective.

The primary purpose of SS is for students to obtain experience in conducting biomedical research. As part of this goal, the principal method of assessment is a journal style monograph. This subject is designed to:

When do students undertake scholarly selective?

Students complete SS during the 3rd and 4th years of the MD course. SS is actually divided into two parts:

• SS-1: this is undertaken during the 3rd year of the MD course. Students spend the 1st semester of 3rd year selecting a research project of interest; during the 2nd semester, students complete a literature review, obtain ethics approval (where required) and become familiar with the requirements of their project.
• SS-2: this is undertaken during the 1st semester of 4th year of the MD course, and this when students undertake and write-up the results of their research project.

When and how do students select their project?

Students nominate a preferred research project during the 1st semester of 3rd year. A web-based database of available projects will be made available to students from early in 1st semester of 3rd year which will be continually updated during the semester.

What sort of research projects can students undertake?

Therefore, 'green-field' or undefined pilot projects are generally considered unsuitable as are those where ethics approval has not yet been obtained or is likely to prove difficult. The ideal Scholarly Selective project is one, or more, of the following:

What is the assessment?

The assessment tasks for SS are divided into two parts:

• SS-1: by the end of SS-1, students are required to submit
• a research question and project title (pass/fail assessment),
• SS-2: by the end of SS-2, students are required to submit
• a literature review (5000 words; 40%),

I am interested in supervising a student. What do I need to do?

The first step is to decide if you have a suitable project. If you do, or wish to discuss the requirements of your project, your next move is to contact the SS Subject Co-ordinator .

I've already had students contact me about undertaking a project. What should I do?

If you have had a student contact you, please contact the SS Subject Co-ordinators. You may continue to discuss a project with a particular student, however, please do not formally commit to supervising a student at this stage. There is a formal project selection procedure which ALL students must undertake.

How do I offer students a project?

Any supervisor, who wishes to offer a student a project, will be asked to provide a brief profile of themselves and a summary of the available project/s. This will then be uploaded to the database and made available for students to view.

Do I get a choice as to which students I supervise?

Yes, once student preferences have closed, the SS Coordinators will send you a list of all the students who have nominated your project/s as either their 1st, 2nd or 3rd preference. You will then be asked to select which student/s you are happy to supervise. To help you select, you may ask students to supply additional information before the close of preferences (for example, you may ask students to provide curriculum vitae or make a time to come and see you to discuss the requirements of the project).

Is there any research training provided?

My project needs ethics approval or an amendment. who is responsible for submitting this.

It is a requirement of supervisors that they undertake primary responsibility for obtaining all  ethics approval required for the conduct of the Scholarly Selective project and where necessary, seek advice from their local ethics committee. Where approval is required, but has not yet been sought, a supervisor may enlist the assistance of a student in preparing the appropriate ethics documentation; however, final completion and submission of required documentation, as well as communication with the local ethics committee, remains the responsibility of the supervisor.

If you have any questions not addressed above or require further information please contact the Scholarly Selective Subject Co-ordinator at [email protected] .

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False and fake information, disinformation campaigns, conspiracy, polarisation and extremism are undermining democratic politics and social cohesion globally. The purpose of the FHOC HRI is to identify, study, and reduce the harm that results from these phenomena.

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Graduate research in the Faculty of Science

Work with leading research groups and use state-of-the-art equipment and techniques to tackle the world’s grand challenges. Explore our graduate research options and how you can get started with us.

Why research with us?

As a graduate researcher in the Faculty of Science, you’ll:

• Learn from inspiring supervisors
• Be part of exciting research projects
• Gain access to cutting-edge facilities
• Build strong peer relationships
• Enjoy an experience like no other.

We’ll also support your journey with scholarships that recognise your talent and allow you to pursue your passion. Read on to find out more.

(Earning my PhD) gave me a lot more confidence. It gave me a sense of achievement. It took a lot of effort, but it was worth it. Dr Cathy McAuley, PhD – Agricultural Sciences

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We don't offer a graduate research opportunity without making sure you'll have the financial support to take it.

All our scholarships include

• Over 140 scholarships to undertake PhD, MPhil or Masters by Research programs, valued at $34,400 per annum (full-time rate)
• Some of these scholarships will be joint projects with organisations like Agriculture Victoria Research and may be based within their excellent research facilities
• Fee waivers for approved international candidates and Research Training Program (RTP) fees offset for all domestic graduate researchers
• Over 20 Rowden White Scholarships, valued at $6,500, awarded to outstanding domestic and international candidates to top-up an awarded scholarship
• Science Abroad Travelling Scholarships , valued at up to $2,000, to current graduate researchers intending to undertake travel to attend conferences, field work, etc.

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Getting started in graduate research

Step 1: work out what you'd like to research.

Science at Melbourne is one of the broadest faculties of science in the country, and there is sure to be a researcher, group or project that matches your passion. There are two great ways to find your passion and a supervisor or group to help you reach it:

Option A: Explore our schools' research areas

There are a wide-range of projects and teams across our Faculty's seven schools – visit our school websites to explore our breadth and depth of research and to learn about the projects and supervisors you could join.

• Melbourne Veterinary School
• School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences
• School of BioSciences
• School of Chemistry
• School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences
• School of Mathematics and Statistics
• School of Physics

Option B: Find a research project

The University's Graduate Research Opportunity Tool is a directory of PhD and Masters by Research projects – search by course, field of research or location to find a research project that you're excited to join.

Explore research opportunities

Step 2: Confirm your eligibility

To be eligible for a research higher degree, applicants must have a four-year honours degree, or equivalent, with a minimum overall average of 75%. Applicants who do not have a four-year honours degree must demonstrate they have conducted a research project equivalent to 25% of a year's full-time study at fourth-year, or masters, level.

Please also take a look at the specific entry requirements of our higher degrees.

Explore graduate research degrees in science

Step 3: Get in touch with us to discuss your interest

Now that you know what you want to research, and with who, and you know you're eligible for a graduate research degree – it's time to get in contact. Send a prospective supervisor a message on their Find an Expert profile and explain what you'd like to do.

Find an Expert

Need advice or help getting started?

We welcome general inquiries from graduates interested in undertaking postgraduate study – follow the link below to contact the people you need.

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The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) hosted the 2023 Project Peer Review in April 2023, in Denver, Colorado. During the event, new research and development (R&D) projects from 11 technology areas within BETO’s portfolio were presented to external subject-matter experts from industry, academia, and federal agencies. Experts reviewed the research and provided critical feedback.

A comprehensive summary report detailing the results of stakeholder and expert feedback on BETO’s latest R&D projects is available below. 

Download full 2023 Project Peer Review Report

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U.S. centenarian population is projected to quadruple over the next 30 years

The number of Americans ages 100 and older is projected to more than quadruple over the next three decades, from an estimated 101,000 in 2024 to about 422,000 in 2054, according to projections from the U.S. Census Bureau. Centenarians currently make up just 0.03% of the overall U.S. population, and they are expected to reach 0.1% in 2054.

The number of centenarians in the United States has steadily ticked up since 1950, when the Census Bureau estimates there were just 2,300 Americans ages 100 and older. (The Census Bureau uses calculated estimates for years prior to the 1990 census because it has identified large errors in the census counts of centenarians for those years.)

In the last three decades alone, the U.S. centenarian population has nearly tripled. The 1990 census counted around 37,000 centenarians in the country.

Pew Research Center conducted this analysis to understand how the population of Americans ages 100 and older looks today, and how it is expected to change in the next 30 years. U.S. population estimates come from the U.S. Census Bureau , and global projections are drawn from the United Nations’ population projections under its medium variant scenario .

All racial groups are single-race and non-Hispanic. Hispanics are of any race.

Today, women and White adults make up the vast majority of Americans in their 100s. This trend is largely projected to continue, though their shares will decrease:

• In 2024, 78% of centenarians are women, and 22% are men. In 30 years, women are expected to make up 68% of those ages 100 and older, while 32% will be men.
• 77% of today’s centenarians are White. Far fewer are Black (8%), Asian (7%) or Hispanic (6%). And 1% or fewer are multiracial; American Indian or Alaska Native; or Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander. By 2054, White and Asian adults are projected to make up smaller shares of centenarians (72% and 5%, respectively), while the shares who are Hispanic (11%) or Black (10%) will be larger. (All racial categories here are single-race and non-Hispanic. Hispanics are of any race.)

The U.S. population overall is expected to trend older in the coming decades as life expectancies increase and the birth rate declines. There are currently roughly 62 million adults ages 65 and older living in the U.S., accounting for 18% of the population. By 2054, 84 million adults ages 65 and older will make up an estimated 23% of the population.

Even as the 65-and-older population continues to grow over the next 30 years, those in their 100s are projected to roughly double as a percentage of that age group, increasing from 0.2% of all older Americans in 2024 to 0.5% in 2054.

Centenarians around the world

The world is home to an estimated 722,000 centenarians, according to the United Nations’ population projections for 2024. The U.S. centenarian population is the world’s second largest – the UN estimates it at 108,000, slightly larger than the Census Bureau’s estimate.

Japan is the country with the greatest number of people in their 100s, at 146,000. China (60,000), India (48,000) and Thailand (38,000) round out the top five.

In each of these countries, centenarians make up less than 1% of the overall population, but combined, they account for more than half (55%) of the world’s population ages 100 and older.

Looked at another way, centenarians make up a bigger proportion of the total population in Japan, Thailand and the U.S., and smaller shares in China and India, which have large but relatively young populations. There are about 12 centenarians for every 10,000 people in Japan, five for every 10,000 in Thailand and three for every 10,000 in the U.S. That compares with fewer than one centenarian for every 10,000 people in China and India.

By 2054, the global centenarian population is projected to grow to nearly 4 million. China is expected to have the largest number of centenarians, with 767,000, followed by the U.S., India, Japan and Thailand. As a proportion, centenarians are projected to account for about 49 out of every 10,000 people in Thailand, 40 of every 10,000 in Japan and 14 of every 10,000 in the U.S. Six out of every 10,000 people in China will be centenarians, as will about two of every 10,000 in India.

• Older Adults & Aging

Katherine Schaeffer is a research analyst at Pew Research Center

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