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Computer Science Style Guide Suggestions

Collect a basic set of information for each one of your references, and then format this information to match an accepted Bibliographic Style (ACM, APA or IEEE). On this page you will find a list of the information that is needed, along with several examples.

ACM = Association of Computing Machinery - Author/Date Style Sample citation [Phillips 2001] -- List References alphabetically, using the author's last name.

ACM = Association of Computing Machinery - Numerical Style Sample citations [1], [8] -- List References numerically, in the order that you have cited them.

APA 7th edition = American Psychology Association Sample citation (Raskin, 2002) -- List References alphabetically, using the author's last name.

IEEE = Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Sample citations [1] or [8, 10] -- List References numerically, in the order that you have cited them. Once you select a style, keep all of your references in the same style. The style used in these examples varies.

How to write a Reference for a

Webpage (html document, URL significant) Basic information needed See an example using: ACM | APA 7th edition | IEEE Website (with many pages, URL significant) Basic information needed See an example using: ACM | APA 7th edition | IEEE Wikipedia There are no examples because this is not a scholarly resource. It is not an appropriate reference for academic papers. Article in electronic Newsletter or Magazine (html document, URL significant) Basic information needed See an example using: ACM | APA 7th edition | IEEE ACM Digital Library (URL not relevant) Basic information needed See an example using: ACM | APA 7th edition | IEEE IEEE Electronic Library (URL not relevant) Basic information needed See an example using: ACM | APA 7th edition | IEEE Journal Article with DOI (Digital Object Identifier) Basic information needed See an example using: ACM | APA 7th edition | IEEE Journal Article (from a print source, no URL) Basic information needed See an example using: ACM | APA 7th edition | IEEE Conference Paper (from Proceedings) Basic information needed See an example using: ACM | APA 7th edition | IEEE Book (by one or more authors) Basic information needed See an example using: ACM | APA 7th edition | IEEE Authored Chapter in a Book (by one or more editors) Basic information needed See an example using: ACM | APA 7th edition | IEEE International Standard (from a print source, no URL) Basic information needed See an example using: ACM | APA 7th edition | IEEE International Standard (html document, URL significant) Basic information needed See an example using: ACM | APA 7th edition | IEEE Technical Report (from a print source, no URL) Basic information needed See an example using: ACM | APA 7th edition | IEEE Technical Report (html document, URL significant) Basic information needed See an example using: ACM | APA 7th edition | IEEE Data table (html document, URL significant) Basic information needed See an example using: ACM | APA 7th edition | IEEE

INFORMATION & EXAMPLES

Information needed for a Webpage (html file, URL significant) Author: Jakob Nielsen Date: November 2020 Page title: 10 Usability Heuristics for User Interface Design Website: NN/g Nielsen Norman Group URL: https://www.nngroup.com/articles/ten-usability-heuristics/ Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. See page 20 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide .

Example using ACM - Author/Date

Example using ACM - Numerical

Example using APA 7th edition

Example using IEEE

Information needed for a Website (URL significant) Author: Microsoft Corporation Date: 2021 Page title: docs.microsoft.com Website: docs.microsoft.com URL: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-ca/ Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. See page 20 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide .

Information needed for an Article in electronic Newsletter or Magazine (html document, URL significant) Author:   Molly Wood Date:   February 10, 2020 Title:   We need to Talk about 'Cloud Neutrality' Newsletter or magazine:   Wired URL:   https://www.wired.com/story/we-need-to-talk-about-cloud-neutrality/ Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. See page 20 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide .

Information needed for the ACM Digital Library Author:   Brett A. Becker Date:   August 2021 Title:   What does saying that 'programming is hard' really say, and about whom? Journal:   Communications of the ACM Specifics:   Volume 64, Issue 8, pages 27-29 DOI:   https://doi.org/10.1145/3469115 Note: Although accessed electronically, the URL is not significant. Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. See page 20 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide .

Information needed for the IEEE Electronic Library (URL not relevant) Author:   Frank Dehne, David Robillard, Andrew Rau-Chaplin, Neil Burke Date:   2016 Article title:   VOLAP: A Scalable Distributed System for Real-Time OLAP with High Velocity Data Conference:   2016 IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing Location and date of conference:   13-15 September 2016, Tapei, Taiwan [a bit of research had to be done to locate this info] Specifics:   pages 354-363 Note: Although accessed electronically, the URL is not significant. Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. See page 20 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide .

Information needed for a Journal Article with a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) Author:   Woo-Chul Cho, Kyung Young Lee, Sung-Byung Yang Date:   March 2019 Article title:   What makes you feel attached to smartwatches? The stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) perspectives Journal:   Information Technology & People Specifics:   Volume 32, number 2, pp. 319-343 DOI:  http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ITP-05-2017-0152 Note: The DOI is a unique number used to identify a specific article. Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. See page 20 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide .

Information needed for a Journal Article (from a print source, no URL) Author:   Ronald R. Yager Date:   July 1977 Article title:   Multiple objective decision-making using fuzzy sets Journal:   International journal of man-machine studies Specifics:   Volume 9, Number 4, 375-382 DOI:   https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7373(77)80008-4 Note: Articles published in the 1970's or earlier are often available in print format only. Note: Journal names are often abbreviated. The abbreviation for the International Journal of Man-Machine Studies is Int. J. Man-Machine Studies . Although you will see abbreviations used in published journals and in some examples in this list, as a student, it is best to use the journal's full name in your list of references. Note: Sometimes the name of a journal is changed to better reflect the area of interest. In 1994, the International Journal of Man-Machine Studies was renamed to the International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. Always use the name of the journal that matches the date of the article you are going to reference. Note: Even in the case of a print source, it's good practice to include a DOI if you have one.

Information needed for a Conference Paper (from Proceedings) Author:   Amir Khaleghi Moghaddam and Nur Zincir-Heywood Date:   25 August 2020 Article title:   Exploring data leakage in encrypted payload using supervised machine learning Proceedings:   ARES '20: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security Location and date of conference:   Dublin, Ireland, August 25-28, 2020 Publisher of Proceedings:   Association for Computing Machinery Specifics:   Article No. 74, pages 1-10

Information needed for a Book (by one or more authors) Author:   Dijiang Huang, Huijun Wu Date:   2018; Title:   Mobile cloud computing: foundations and service models Place where published:   Cambridge, MA Publisher:   Morgan Kaufmann

Information needed for an Authored Chapter in a Book (by one or more editors) Chapter author:   Jan Cejka, Fotis Liarokapis Date:   2020 Title of Chapter:   Tackling problems of marker-based augmented reality under water; Title of Book:   Visual computing for cultural heritage Editor:   Fotis Liarokapis, Athanasios Voulodimos, Nikolaos Doulamis, Anastasios Doulamis Place Book Published:   Cham, Switzerland Publisher:   Springer; Pages:   205-224 DOI:   https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37191-3 Note: The abbreviation for an editor is Ed. (and for more than one editors it is Eds.) Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. See page 20 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide .

Information needed for an International Standard (from a print source, no URL) Designation:   ANSI T1.602 Organization:   American National Standards Date:   1989 Title:   Telecommunications -- Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) -- Data-Link Layer Signaling Specification for Application at the User-Network Interface

Information needed for an International Standard (html document, URL significant) Designation:   ISO/TR 23455:2019 Organization:   International Organization for Standardization Date:   2019 Title:   Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies -- Overview of and interactions between smart contracts in blockchain and distributed ledger technology systems URL:   https://www.iso.org/standard/75624.html Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. In page 15-16 of the Aug 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide , the examples show that either the year of the standard or the access year must be provided.

Information needed for a Technical Report (from a print source, no URL) Author:   Philip Trevor Cox and Tomasz Pietrzykowski Date:   1984 Title:   Advanced programming aids in PROGRAPH Organization:   Technical University of Nova Scotia Technical Report Number:   8404 Place where published:   Halifax, NS Publisher:   School of Computer Science, Technical University of Nova Scotia

Information needed for a Technical Report (pdf document, URL significant) Author:   Lihi Idan and Joan Feigenbaum Date:   May 2021 Title:   PRShare: A Framework for Privacy-Preserving Interorganizational Data Sharing Organization:   Computer Science Organization's location:   Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Technical Report Number:   YALEU/DCS/TR-1554 URL:   https://cpsc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/tr1554.pdf Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. In page 15-16 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide , the examples show that either the year of the report or the access year must be provided.

Information needed for a data table Author:   Statistics Canada Date:   2021-06-22 Table title:   Intensity of use of Internet, video streaming services and video gaming services by gender, age group and highest certificate, diploma or degree completed Specifics:   Table 22-10-0136-01 URL:   https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=2210013601 DOI:   https://doi.org/10.25318/221001360185-eng Note: The IEEE style allows the option to include both a URL and a DOI, but just using the DOI makes sense most of the time. Note: Style guides don't tend to cover the full extent of possibilities for data reference. Adapt as best as you can from other types of document for your style, and include all the important elements. Note: Statistics Canada prefers that the table number be included as part of the title in APA references. 'Cite me this way' suggestions from sources should be considered but can be ignored if they don't fit with the requirements of your style.

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Computer Science - Graduate Students: Cite in ACM & IEEE

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Select Style Guides

When writing an essay or thesis be sure to check and see what citation style you need to use, then follow the guidelines for those styles. Here are links to two commonly used citation formats in the computer science field.

• ACM Style Guide Guidelines for citing in ACM Style
• IEEE Reference Guide Guidelines for citing in IEEE Style

Source/Citation Managers

Andersen Library supports two citation managers, listed below. To get help setting one up or using it, contact the librarian listed in the linked LibGuide.

• EndNote Basic Free research management tool. Collect references from online databases and websites. Store citation information, get formatted citations in many styles, and create reference lists in a variety of styles. Use Cite While You Write in Microsoft Word to insert references and format papers. Visit the EndNote Basic LibGuide for more information.
• EndNote Basic LibGuide Learn more about EndNote Basic including essential information, such as detailed set up instructions, from a Whitewater Reference Librarian
• Zotero Free research management tool. Collect citation information and full text sources from online databases and websites. Store citation information, get formatted citations in a variety of styles, and create reference lists. The library can assist you with using this citation manager. Visit the Zotero LibGuide for more information.
• Zotero LibGuide Learn more about using Zotero, including detailed set up instructions, from a Whitewater Reference Librarian.

Citing Internet Sources in ACM & IEEE Citation Styles

Webpage (html file, URL significant)

Information Needed Author: Jakob Nielsen Date: 1994 Title: Heuristics for User Interface Design Page: Ten Usability Heuristics URL: http://www.useit.com/papers/heuristic/heuristic_list.html

Webpage Using ACM

Webpage Using IEEE

"Documents" within a Website  (URL significant)

Needed Information Author: Microsoft Corporation Date: 2003 Title: Site Management Cycle Site: Commerce Server Concepts URL: http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/comsrv2k/htm/cs_gs_concepts_ntqq.asp

Documents within a website using ACM

Documents within a website using IEEE

Citing Journal Articles in ACM & IEEE Citation Styles

Journal Article with a DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

Information Needed

Author:   Heather L. O'Brien and Elaine G. Toms Date:   April 2008 Title:   What is user engagement? A conceptual framework for defining user engagement with technology Journal:   Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (JASIST) Specifics:   Volume 59, Issue 6, pages 938-955 DOI:  10.1002/asi.20801 Note: The DOI is a unique number used to identify a specific article.

Journal Article Example Using ACM

Journal Article Example Using IEEE

Journal Article (multiple online formats; URL to a directory)

Needed Information

Author:   E.F. Vasechkina and V.D. Yarin Date:   2001 Title:   Evolving polynomial neural network by means of genetic algorithm: some application examples Journal:   Complexity International Specifics:   Volume 09 URL:   http://www.csu.edu.au/ci/vol09/vasech01/ Note: The URL goes to a directory where the format is selected.

Journal Article (multiple online formats; URL to a file)

Author:   O. Edelstein, E. Farchi, Y. Nir, G. Ratsaby, S. Ur Note: This gives an example for more than three authors , to be cited as Edelstein et al. Date:   2002 Title:   Multithreaded Java program test generation Journal:   IBM Systems Journal Specifics:   Volume 41, No. 1, pages 111-125 URL:   http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/411/edelstein.html URL:   http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/411/edelstein.pdf Note: When there is a URL for both formats, use the PDF instead of the HTML.

Journal Article (print; no URL)

Author:   R.R. Yager Date:   July 1977 Title:   Multiple objective decision-making using fuzzy sets Journal:   International journal of man-machine studies Specifics:   Volume 9, Number 4, 375-382 NOTE: Articles published in the 1970's or earlier are usually available in print format only. Note: Journal names are often abbreviated. The abbreviation for the International Journal of Man-Machine Studies is Int. J. Man-Machine Studies . Although you will see abbreviations used in published journals, as a student it is best to use the journal's full name in your list of references. For your thesis, consult with your advisor. Note: Sometimes the name of a journal is changed to better reflect the area of interest. In 1994, the International Journal of Man-Machine Studies was renamed the International Journal of Human-Computer Studies . Always use the journal name that matches the date of the article you are going to reference.

Journal Article (Print; no URL) Example Using ACM

Journal Article (Print; no URL) Example Using IEEE

Citing Other Periodical Articles in ACM & IEEE Citation Styles

Conference Paper (from Proceedings)

Author:   Kun-Lung Wu, Charu C. Aggarwal and Philip S. Yu Date:   2001 Title:   Personalization with Dynamic Profiler Proceedings:   Proceedings Third International Workshop on Advanced Issues of E-Commerce and Web-Based Information Systems, WECWIS 2001 Place of Conference:   Santa Juan, California Date of Conference:   21-22 June 2001 City where Proceedings Published:   Los Alamitos, California Publisher of Proceedings:   IEEE Computer Society Pages:   12-20

Conference Paper Example Using ACM

Conference Paper Example Using IEEE

Article in Online Magazine or Newsletter (HTML document; URL significant)

Author:   Chris Sherman Date:   2002 April 2 Title:   Teoma vs. Google, Round Two Newsletter:   SearchDay URL:   http://searchenginewatch.com/searchday/02/sd0402-teoma.html

Online Magazine/Newsletter Article Using ACM

Online Magazine/Newsletter Article Using IEEE

In order to construct your citations, you must first collect a basic set of information for each one of your references. The you will format this information to match an accepted Bibliographic Style (ACM or IEEE). On this page you will find a list of the information that is needed, along with several examples.

ACM = Association of Computing Machinery Sample citation [Phillips 2001] -- List References alphabetically, using the author's last name.

IEEE = Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Sample citations [1] or [8, 10] -- List References numerically, in the order that you have cited them. Once you select a style, keep all of your references in the same style.

Table of Contents

Book (by one or more authors)

Author:   Trevor Hastie, Robert Tibshirani, and Jerome H. Friedman Date:   2001 Title:   The elements of statistical learning: data mining, inference, and prediction (Springer Series in Statistics) Place where published:   New York, NY Publisher:   Springer-Verlag

Example using ACM

Example using IEEE

Authored Book Chapter (by one or more editors)

Author:   M.T. Maybury Date:   2001 Title of Chapter:   Intelligent user interfaces for all Title of Book:   User interfaces for all: concepts, methods and tools Editor:   Constantine Stephanidis Place Book Published:   Mahwah, New Jersey Publisher:   Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Pages:   65-80 Note: The abbreviation for one editor is Ed. (for more than one editor use Eds.)

International Standard (print source; no URL)

Designation: ANSI T1.602 Date:   1989 Title:   Telecommunications -- Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) -- Data-Link Layer Signaling Specification for Application at the User-Network Interface

International Standard (HTML document; URL significant)

Designation:   ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34 Date:   1998 Title:   Document Description and Processing Languages URL:   http://www.ornl.gov/sgml/sc34/document/0029.htm

Technical Report (print; no URL)

Author:   P.T. Cox and T. Pietrzykowski Date:   1984 Title:   Advanced programming aids in PROGRAPH Organization:   Technical University of Nova Scotia Technical Report Number:   8404 Place where published:   Halifax, NS Publisher:   School of Computer Science, Technical University of Nova Scotia

Technical Report (PDF; URL significant)

Author:   Vlado Keselj and Nick Cercone Date:   January 2002 Title:   A Graph Unification Machine for N.L. Parsing Organization:   University of Waterloo Technical Report Number:   CS-2002-01 URL:   http://www.cs.uwaterloo.ca/cs-archive/CS-2002/01/CS-2002-01.pdf

Thank you to to the librarians at Dalhousie University who were willing to share their guide .

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Citing Sources (UNH Manchester): ACM Style

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About ACM Style

The ACM (Association of Computing Machinery) Style is the standard for the format of scholarly publications in the computing field.

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ACM Style Video

csmref (2012, May 23).  Why you need to cite sources - CSM Library [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5UcCBByLchw.

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• ACM Sample Paper/Template This is the Official Format Template from ACM. This is the formatting style that is required for ACM publications.

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• ACM Submission Guidelines Manuscripts accepted for publication in any of ACM publications must be formatted using the ACM authoring template. Articles published in ACM journals and transactions are prepared for both print and digital display in the ACM Digital Library. The instructions contained herein are meant to make the process of manuscript preparation as straightforward as possible.

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Acm format and citation guide, bob cardens.

• February 29, 2024
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The ACM Format and Citation Guide is a comprehensive resource provided by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) that outlines the standards for writing, citing, and referencing in the field of information technology. It is essential for academic excellence and ensures the accuracy and integrity of research papers and scientific reports. Proper citation and referencing are crucial in ACM to give credit to the original authors, provide evidence for claims, and allow readers to locate the referenced sources easily.

What You'll Learn

What is ACM Format citation and referencing?

ACM Format citation and referencing are specific guidelines and rules set by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) for citing and referencing sources in academic writing. It provides a standardized format for acknowledging the work of others and avoiding plagiarism. By following the ACM citation rules , researchers and students can ensure the accuracy and integrity of their academic papers.

When citing a reference in the text, authors are required to include the author’s name(s) and publication date in parentheses. This allows readers to identify the source and locate it easily if they wish to explore further. The ACM citation rules also emphasize the importance of listing all references alphabetically by the lead author’s last name in the References section.

Moreover, it is essential to provide complete bibliographic information for each source, including the author’s name(s), year of publication, title of the article or book, and relevant publication details such as the publisher and page numbers. By following these guidelines, researchers demonstrate their commitment to accurate and ethical scholarly communication.

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ACM citation rules at a glance:

• Include the author’s name(s) and publication date in parentheses when citing a reference in the text.
• List all references alphabetically by the lead author’s last name in the References section.
• Provide complete bibliographic information, including the author’s name(s), year of publication, title, and relevant publication details.

The Importance of Correct Citing and Referencing in ACM

Correct citing and referencing in ACM is crucial for several reasons. First, it gives credit to the original authors for their work and ideas, acknowledging their contribution to the field. By properly citing the sources, researchers honor and respect the intellectual property of others, ensuring that their scholarly achievements are recognized.

Second, correct citing and referencing allow readers to verify the information and evidence presented in the paper. When citing sources accurately, researchers provide readers with the opportunity to locate and consult the referenced materials. This transparency not only enhances the credibility of the research but also allows readers to further explore the topic and delve deeper into the subject matter.

Third, proper citing and referencing help to prevent plagiarism, which is a serious offense in academic writing. Plagiarism involves using another person’s work, ideas, or words without giving them proper credit. By providing accurate citations and references, researchers demonstrate their commitment to intellectual honesty and academic integrity.

Understanding and implementing correct citing and referencing practices in ACM is essential to uphold the standards of the academic community. It helps to foster a culture of respect, integrity, and intellectual growth within the field of information technology.

“Accurate citing and referencing in ACM not only ensures that scholarly contributions are properly recognized, but also enables the examination and validation of the information presented, while maintaining the highest standards of academic integrity.” – Dr. Jane Thompson, Professor of Computer Science

General Principles of ACM Formatting

When formatting a paper in ACM style , it is essential to adhere to the general principles outlined by the Association for Computing Machinery. These principles ensure consistency, clarity, and proper citation throughout the document. One crucial aspect of ACM formatting is the correct organization of the Works Cited list.

The Works Cited list, also known as the References section, should be included at the end of the paper. All references must be listed alphabetically by the lead author’s last name, providing readers with easy access to the cited sources.

A clear header should be used to indicate the start of the Works Cited section, clearly distinguishing it from the body of the paper. This helps readers locate and reference the cited works efficiently.

Each reference in the Works Cited list must contain specific information to accurately identify the source. The author’s name(s) should be listed in the LASTNAME, INITIALS format, followed by the year of publication. Additionally, include the title of the article or book, and complete bibliographic information such as the publisher and page numbers.

By following these general principles of ACM formatting , authors can ensure that their papers are properly cited and organized, meeting the highest standards of academic integrity.

Headings and Subheadings in ACM

In an ACM paper, headings and subheadings serve as essential organizational elements. They play a vital role in helping readers navigate through the document and gain a clear understanding of its structure and flow of information.

The ACM outline typically consists of main headings and subheadings that should be formatted consistently and appropriately. By using descriptive and concise headings, writers can enhance the readability and comprehension of their papers.

Properly formatted headings and subheadings help readers locate specific sections and information within the paper quickly. They provide a roadmap that guides readers through the contents, ensuring a smooth reading experience and facilitating the absorption of key concepts and findings.

When creating headings and subheadings in ACM papers, it is essential to follow the formatting guidelines provided by the Association for Computing Machinery. The consistent application of these guidelines ensures a professional and cohesive appearance throughout the paper.

Using headings and subheadings effectively not only makes the paper more visually appealing but also improves its overall organization and structure. By implementing clear and logical headings, writers can present their ideas in a structured manner that is easy for readers to follow.

Consider the following example illustrating the use of headings and subheadings in an ACM paper:

Heading 1: Introduction Subheading 1.1: Background Research Subheading 1.2: Problem Statement Subheading 1.3: Research Objectives

Heading 2: Literature Review Subheading 2.1: Previous Studies on the Topic Subheading 2.2: Key Findings in the Field

Heading 3: Methodology Subheading 3.1: Data Collection Subheading 3.2: Data Analysis Subheading 3.3: Research Design

By structuring the paper with headings and subheadings, the writer enables readers to navigate the content more easily, providing a clear and systematic presentation of information.

In-Text Citations in ACM

In-Text citations play a vital role in ACM papers, as they serve to acknowledge the sources of ideas, information, and evidence used in academic writing. By including these citations, researchers demonstrate academic integrity and give credit to the original authors.

When citing within the text in ACM, it is essential to follow the prescribed format. In general, ACM in-text citations include the author’s name(s) and publication date, enclosed in parentheses. The following formats are used for books and articles:

(Author’s Last Name(s) Year, Title, Publisher)

For articles:

(Author’s Last Name(s) Year, Title of the Article, Journal or Magazine Name, Volume(Issue), Page Numbers)

Adhering to the correct format for in-text citations is crucial for maintaining accuracy and upholding academic integrity in ACM papers.

To gain a better understanding of ACM in-text citation guidelines, let’s take a look at an example:

Suppose you are citing a book titled “Introduction to Data Science” written by John Smith, published in 2021. The correct format for an in-text citation would be:

(Smith 2021)

On the other hand, if you are referencing an article titled “Machine Learning Techniques” written by Mary Johnson, published in the Journal of Artificial Intelligence in 2020, the in-text citation format would be:

(Johnson 2020, “Machine Learning Techniques”, Journal of Artificial Intelligence, 15(3), 45-56)

Using the appropriate citation format not only ensures that credit is given to the original authors but also allows readers to locate the referenced sources easily, promoting transparency and further research.

Now, let’s take a closer look at the correct format for ACM in-text citations through a comprehensive table:

The ACM Format and Citation Guide is an indispensable tool for researchers and students in the field of information technology . By adhering to the guidelines outlined in this guide, writers can ensure that their academic work is accurate, reliable, and professional. Proper citing and referencing not only acknowledge the original authors’ contributions but also enable readers to delve further into the subject matter and verify the information presented.

Mastering the ACM Format and Citation Guide is a critical step towards achieving academic excellence. Consistently following the prescribed format for citations and references demonstrates a commitment to intellectual honesty and ethical research practices. By giving credit to the sources of information and ideas, writers contribute to the overall integrity and credibility of the academic community.

With the ACM Format and Citation Guide as a reference, writers can confidently navigate the complexities of citing and referencing sources in their research papers and scientific reports. By implementing the guidelines, writers can ensure that their work is easily accessible and traceable, allowing future researchers to build upon their findings. The ACM Format and Citation Guide stands as a cornerstone for maintaining the highest standards of scholarly writing in the field of information technology.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the general principles of acm formatting.

The  general principles of ACM formatting  include listing all references alphabetically in the Works Cited list, using a clear header to indicate the start of the section, and providing complete bibliographic information for each source. Author names should be listed in the LASTNAME, INITIALS format.

How do headings and subheadings work in ACM?

Headings and subheadings in ACM  help organize the content of a paper and improve readability. They should be formatted consistently and appropriately, and using clear and descriptive headings and subheadings can enhance the structure and flow of the information.

How do in-text citations work in ACM?

In-text citations in ACM acknowledge the sources of ideas, information, and evidence. They typically include the author’s name(s) and publication date in parentheses. The format for in-text citations varies depending on the source, such as books or articles.

What is the importance of the ACM Format and Citation Guide?

The ACM Format and Citation Guide is an essential resource for researchers and students in the field of information technology. By following the guidelines provided, writers can ensure the accuracy, integrity, and professionalism of their academic work. It also allows readers to access and verify the referenced sources.

Source Links

• https://www.apsu.edu/writingcenter/writing-resources/ACM-Style.pdf
• https://edubirdie.com/citation/acm/
• https://www.utica.edu/academic/library/acmstyle.pdf

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Free ACM Citation Generator by Academichelp

Reveal the effectiveness of our user-friendly asm citation machine.

Quick Citing and Referencing

Cite Online Resources

Automatic Source Compilation

Enhancing technical documentation with academichelp acm citation generator.

What is the ACM Citation Formatting

The Association for Computing Machinery is a leading organization for everything related to information technology. Therefore, all academic papers written on related topics and waiting to be published in journals should adhere to the ACM formatting standards.

The Basics of ACM Citation Machine Formatting Style

ACM sets specific rules for its publications which need to be carefully followed. First and foremost, such unique formatting helps in linking your citations to the references and keeping track of citation counts.

When preparing your paper, use your BibTeX (.bib) file with the correct .bst file (ACM Reference Format). This will make sure your references are formatted correctly with minimal need for editing. Note that if your paper is accepted but doesn’t follow these formatting rules, you might have to reformat it.

How to Use ACM Citation Generator

If you got lost in all the formatting requirements when writing your paper, don’t worry. AcademicHelp’s Free ACM Citation Generator will help you organize your in-text citations and references with ease.

In case you have all the information about a specific source but just need to structure everything in the right order, you can use our manual option. If you only have a name, URL (Uniform Resource Locator) link, or DOI (Digital Object Identifier) for the source, use the automatic version of the generator. Its AI-driven algorithms will scour the necessary databases and find all the details needed to be mentioned in the ACM reference.

References in ACM Format Example

In the ACM citation style, as well as in other formatting variants, the References section is organized at the end of your paper. Use a clear header, like “References,” to indicate the start of this section.

All the references are listed alphabetically by the last name of the first (lead) author. This helps in the easy location and identification of each source cited in the text. When organizing sources on the list, you should generally include the following details:

• Author/Editor Names: Present all author names in the format of LASTNAME, INITIALS. For instance, if Andy Bing and Alicia K. Giorgino wrote a paper, list them as BING, A. and GIORGINO, A.K.
• Year of Publication: Include the year the source was published.
• Title of the Work: Provide the title of the article, book, or conference proceedings.
• Additional Details: Add bibliographic information like the name of the publisher, city of publication, and page numbers. This information is crucial for readers to locate the original source and assess its credibility.

Ensure that each reference is complete enough so that someone reading your paper can easily find and evaluate the source.

How to Format ACM In-Text Citation

In ACM in-text citation style, you need to follow a specific format. Here’s how to do it:

• Numbering : When you mention a source in your paper, use a number in square brackets, like this: [1]. This number corresponds to a reference in your References section at the end of the paper.
• Multiple Citations : If you’re citing several sources at once, list them together inside square brackets and separate them with commas, like this: [1, 2].
• Citing with Author Names : When you include the author’s name in your sentence, don’t put the name in brackets. Only the publication year gets brackets. For example: As Freud et al. [1930] have noted…

Remember, ACM prefers full names rather than initials or abbreviations.

What is an ACM citation?

ACM citation refers to the citation style and format prescribed by the Association for Computing Machinery for academic papers, particularly in the fields of computer science and information technology. This style outlines specific rules for how to cite sources both within the text and on the References page.

How do you cite in ACM format?

When citing in an ACM format it's important to follow the set guidelines. In-text citations, for example, are typically numbered in brackets [1] and match corresponding numbers in the References section, where full details of each source are listed. As for the references, they are listed numerically in the order they were cited in the text and contain complete information about the source. If you can’t completely understand all the necessary guidelines, be sure to check out the Free ACM Citation Generator by Academichelp. With its help, you will be able to create necessary citations in minutes and according to the requirements.

How do you cite ACM websites?

To cite a website in the Journal of the ACM format, you should include the following information in your reference:

• Start with the author's last name, followed by their first name. If there are multiple authors, list them in the same format and separate them with 'and'
• Include the year when the web page or article was published
• Add the title of the web page or article
• Mention the date when you accessed the website, in the format "Retrieved Month Day, Year"
• End the citation with 'from' followed by the direct URL of the web page.

How do you cite an ACM book?

To cite a book in the Journal of the ACM format, you need to follow a specific structure that varies slightly depending on whether the book is a monograph (a whole book) or a divisible book (like an anthology or compilation). Here's how you do it:

1.For a Monograph:

Number] Author's First Name Last Name. Year of Publication. Title of the Book (Editionth ed.). Publisher, City.

For a Divisible Book (Anthology or Compilation):

[Number] Editor's First Name Last Name (Ed.). Year of Publication. Title of Book One (Edition ed.). The Name of the Series One, Vol. Volume Number. Publisher, City. DOI or URL (if available)

Remember to include the edition if it's not the first edition, the volume number for compilations, and the DOI or URL if available.

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Example Papers

Based on the new CHI Publication Formats this page provides example papers using the TAPS compatible Word and LaTeX templates.

For each example, you can see the PDF versions generated from the Word Submission Format (version 5.0), the LaTeX template using the Manuscript command and sigconf style (version 1.7), the TAPS generated two column PDF, and the TAPS generated responsive HTML.

Ensure you use the latest version of the templates available from the ACM . Word authors should use the single column Word Submission Format. LaTeX authors should use the “sigconf” style with the manuscript command to produce a single column document. LaTeX authors can download the template as a ZIP file or use the official Overleaf template. The ACM LaTeX template on the Overleaf platform is available to all ACM authors at https://www.overleaf.com/gallery/tagged/acm-official#.WOuOk2e1taQ .

Note : The samples generated below for Word source use installed fonts called Linux Libertine and Biolinum and Inconsolata . You are not required to install these fonts to use the Word Submission Format, but your documents will be rendered using default system fonts if you do not and may appear slightly different than the examples below.

4 Page Paper from CHI 2017

This paper was originally written in LaTeX and converted to the Master Article Template version 1.7 and the Word Submission Format version 5.0.

• LaTeX Manuscript Format
• Word Submission Format
• TAPS Two Column PDF

5 Page Paper from CHI 2017

This paper was originally written in Word and converted to the Master Article Template version 1.7 and the Word Submission Format version 5.0.

10 Page Paper from CHI 2019

This paper was originally written in LaTeX using Overleaf and converted to the Master Article Template version 1.7 and the Word Submission Format version 5.0.

Acknowledgements

Many thanks to the authors who provided their source documents so that we could prepare these examples.

ACM Citation Generator

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Popular ACM style Citation Examples

How to cite a book in acm style.

Use the following template to cite a book using the ACM citation style.

Reference List

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

How to cite a Journal in ACM style

Use the following template to cite a journal using the ACM citation style.

How to cite Film or Movie in ACM style

Use the following template to cite a film or movie using the ACM citation style.

How to cite an Online image or video in ACM style

Use the following template to cite an online image or video using the ACM citation style.

How to cite a Website in ACM style

Use the following template to cite a website using the ACM citation style.

Additional ACM style Citation Examples

How to cite a blog in acm style.

Use the following template to cite a blog using the ACM citation style.

How to cite a Court case in ACM style

Use the following template to cite a court case using the ACM citation style.

How to cite a Dictionary entry in ACM style

Use the following template to cite a dictionary entry using the ACM citation style.

How to cite an E-book or PDF in ACM style

Use the following template to cite an e-book or pdf using the ACM citation style.

How to cite an Edited book in ACM style

Use the following template to cite an edited book using the ACM citation style.

How to cite an Email in ACM style

Use the following template to cite an email using the ACM citation style.

How to cite an Encyclopedia article in ACM style

Use the following template to cite an encyclopedia article using the ACM citation style.

How to cite an Interview in ACM style

Use the following template to cite an interview using the ACM citation style.

How to cite a Magazine in ACM style

Use the following template to cite a magazine using the ACM citation style.

How to cite a Newspaper in ACM style

Use the following template to cite a newspaper using the ACM citation style.

How to cite a Podcast in ACM style

Use the following template to cite a podcast using the ACM citation style.

How to cite a Song in ACM style

Use the following template to cite a song using the ACM citation style.

How to cite The Bible in ACM style

Use the following template to cite The Bible using the ACM citation style.

How to cite a TV Show in ACM style

Use the following template to cite a TV Show using the ACM citation style.

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• Knowledge Base
• IEEE Paper Format | Template & Guidelines

IEEE Paper Format | Template & Guidelines

Published on August 24, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on April 6, 2023.

IEEE provides guidelines for formatting your paper. These guidelines must be followed when you’re submitting a manuscript for publication in an IEEE journal. Some of the key guidelines are:

• Formatting the text as two columns, in Times New Roman, 10 pt.
• Including a byline, an abstract , and a set of keywords at the start of the research paper
• Placing any figures, tables, and equations at the top or bottom of a column, not in the middle
• Following the appropriate heading styles for any headings you use
• Including a full list of IEEE references at the end
• Not including page numbers

To learn more about the specifics of IEEE paper format, check out the free template below. Note that you may not need to follow these rules if you’ve only been told to use IEEE citation format for a student paper. But you do need to follow them to submit to IEEE publications.

Table of contents

Ieee format template, ieee heading styles, frequently asked questions about ieee.

The template below can be used to make sure that your paper follows IEEE format. It’s set up with custom Word styles for all the different parts of the text, with the right fonts and formatting and with further explanation of key points.

Make sure to remove all the explanatory text in the template when you insert your own.

Download IEEE paper format template

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

IEEE recommends specific heading styles to distinguish the title and different levels of heading in your paper from each other. Styles for each of these are built into the template.

The paper title is written in 24 pt. Times New Roman, centered at the top of the first page. Other headings are all written in 10 pt. Times New Roman:

• Level 1 text headings begin with a roman numeral followed by a period. They are written in small caps, in title case, and centered.
• Level 2 text headings begin with a capital letter followed by a period. They are italicized, left-aligned, and written in title case.
• Level 3 text headings begin with a number followed by a closing parenthesis . They are italicized, written in sentence case, and indented like a regular paragraph. The text of the section follows the heading immediately, after a colon .
• Level 4 text headings begin with a lowercase letter followed by a closing parenthesis. They are italicized, written in sentence case, and indented slightly further than a normal paragraph. The text of the section follows the heading immediately, after a colon.
• Component headings are used for the different components of your paper outside of the main text, such as the acknowledgments and references. They are written in small caps, in title case, centered, and without any numbering.

You should use 10 pt. Times New Roman font in your IEEE format paper .

For the paper title, 26 pt. Times New Roman is used. For some other paper elements like table footnotes, the font can be slightly smaller. All the correct stylings are available in our free IEEE format template .

No, page numbers are not included in an IEEE format paper . If you’re submitting to an IEEE publication, page numbers will be added in the final publication but aren’t needed in the manuscript.

IEEE paper format requires you to include an abstract summarizing the content of your paper. It appears at the start of the paper, right after you list your name and affiliation.

The abstract begins with the word “Abstract,” italicized and followed by an em dash. The abstract itself follows immediately on the same line. The entire section is written in bold font. For example: “ Abstract —This paper discusses … ”

You can find the correct format for your IEEE abstract and other parts of the paper in our free IEEE paper format template .

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2023, April 06). IEEE Paper Format | Template & Guidelines. Scribbr. Retrieved April 15, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/ieee/ieee-paper-format/

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JOURNAL-OF-THE-ACM Citation Generator

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Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper

Consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

• Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
• Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
• Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
• Book: What have reviews said about it?
• What do you know about the publisher/sponsor? Are they well-respected?
• Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
• Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
• Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
• Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
• Are there ads?
• When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
• Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
• Does the source even have a date?
• Was it reproduced? If so, from where?
• If it was reproduced, was it done so with permission? Copyright/disclaimer included?

MLA Format: Everything You Need to Know and More

Filled with a wide variety of examples and visuals, our Citation Machine® MLA guide will help you master the citation process. Learn how to cite websites, books, journal articles, magazines, newspapers, films, social media, and more!

MLA Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs

Comprehensive Guide to APA Format

Our Citation Machine® APA guide is a one-stop shop for learning how to cite in APA format. Read up on what APA is, or use our citing tools and APA examples to create citations for websites, books, journals, and more!

APA Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs

Everything You Need to Know About Chicago Style

Creating citations in Chicago style has never been easier thanks to our extensive Citation Machine® Chicago style guide and tools. Learn about footnotes, endnotes, and everything in between, or easily create citations for websites, books, journal articles, and more!

Chicago Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs

Citation Machine®’s Ultimate Writing Guides

Whether you’re a student, writer, foreign language learner, or simply looking to brush up on your grammar skills, our comprehensive grammar guides provide an extensive overview on over 50 grammar-related topics. Confused about reflexive verbs, demonstrative adjectives, or conjunctive adverbs? Look no further! Learn about these grammar topics and many, many more in our thorough and easy to understand reference guides!

Citing Sources Guide | Grammar Guide | Plagiarism Guide | Writing Tips

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Research Papers

Paper submissions.

The ACM International Conference on Interactive Media Experiences (IMX, formerly TVX) focuses on challenges and innovations across diverse forms of media engagement and experiences. The aim is to provoke and promote discussion and the sharing of exciting ideas amongst researchers, industry practitioners and the academic community in all forms of media: VR, AR, MR, XR, 360°, live-streaming, online media content, authoring and production, as well as TV. We encourage authors to submit their novel research findings in analyzing, developing, creating, installing, evaluating, critiquing or distributing interactive media experiences. Possible topics of interest include: 

• Understanding audience interests and their related interaction with content
• Developing new content forms and formats and media/video‑centric experiences
• Analysing and developing underlying technologies and systems
• critiquing and creating production tools and workflows 
• Exploring the use and implications of AI and machine learning (e.g. in social media, media analytics, etc…)
• Developing innovative business models and marketing techniques
• Understanding wider social and cultural contexts
• Designing and showcasing experimental media art experiences

This topic focuses on advances in audience engagement with media content as a rapidly evolving activity across diverse platforms, devices, and timeframes. It welcomes contributions that seek to understand audiences using a rich variety of analytic approaches including sensing audiences, sentiment analysis, and measuring and monitoring quality of experience. Areas of interest include, but are not limited to, consumption trends and behaviors in young audiences, sharing practices and communication strategies, identifying engagement patterns across diverse genres, platforms and demographics, scheduled versus on-demand content consumption, binge viewing, and multi-platform engagement.

This topic is suitable for papers where the primary contribution is the introduction of novel ways of experiencing interactive media content. This includes new forms of media content (e.g. VR, AR, MR, XR, 360°, live-streaming etc.) consumed in diverse ways including across multiple screens, platforms, and in immersive theatres. Application areas include entertainment and information including interactive and generative documentaries, transmedia storytelling, volumetric filmmaking, live performance broadcasts and object-based media productions. Papers in other application areas, such as education, healthcare, wellbeing and governance and decision-making, are also welcome.

This topic focuses on technologies, systems, and interfaces that improve and advance our interactions with media content online, at home, or on the move. It encourages submissions describing technical advancements in streaming systems, content synchronisation for multi-platform delivery, and recommendation and companion apps. Additional areas for consideration include games engines for content delivery, location-based and context-aware applications and services and object-based media.

This topic solicits papers describing procedural advances in the preparation, design, and development of media experiences. Areas of interest include new production processes for TV, online video, VR, AR, XR, and 360° formats. Novel tools and workflows using motion capture, volumetric capture and animation are encouraged, as are the presentations of innovative authoring and data-driven tools for interactive or multi-platform content development. In addition to papers describing technical innovations, this topic area is also interested in innovations originating from design and humanities perspectives detailing the authoring process for writing interactive content and the human-centered design methods used to realize these narratives. 

This topic focuses on the use of machine learning and/or artificial intelligence techniques to capture, generate, or understand social media experiences and includes areas such as verification and verification scamming, information diffusion, monitoring media bias, misinformation and fake news, predictability of real-world events, and crowd-sourcing and collective intelligence in rich media systems.

This topic focuses on the new business, marketing, purchasing, subscription, and monetising strategies encountered in the new media landscape of TV and online video. Areas of interest include, but are not limited to, targeted advertisements, freemium products, programmatic media buying, in-programme recommendations and purchases, exploiting consumption data, monetising second screen experiences, and social media influencer strategies.  

The impact of the new interactive media and TV landscape on culture and society is powerful and raises many important and challenging topics for consideration. This area welcomes papers from a wide variety of theoretical and analytical perspectives examining structured reality TV, social media manipulation and targeting, media convergence and platform monopolies, intellectual property, remix culture, fan culture, media activism and participation politics, or tactical media practices. In addition, research concerning media violence, social media addiction, or issues of bias and ethics would also be appropriate for this topic.

This topic focuses on disruptive media practises that seek to challenge traditional media consumption patterns and expand spectator experiences. Authors are invited to describe the design, development of (and response to) constructed video-centric work, or speculate about future-oriented media provocations. 

All submissions should follow the ACM guidelines. There  is a single submission paper format (in previous years there were both long and short papers in the main paper track). We invite the submission of anonymized papers from 5 pages to 10 pages with a 150 word abstract using the current ACM template (for LaTeX or Word). References do not count in the page count but all other content (figures, tables, headers, etc.) are included in the total page count. Authors must also specify the key area of the submission (out of the areas indicated in the conference topics) and keywords. 

The committee will take into account the selected length of papers when evaluating the validity and strength of the contribution (read: shorter submissions are welcome).

REVIEW PROCESS

Double-blind Review

P lease prepare your paper in a way that preserves the anonymity of the authors as otherwise the paper will be immediately rejected. This includes removing (rather than obscuring) authors’ names below the title, avoiding phrases such as ‘our previous work’ when referring to earlier publications, removing acknowledgment information (e.g., co-workers and grant IDs), or providing links to websites or media platforms that may identify the authors.

Originality

Material submitted to the ACM International Conference on Interactive Media Experiences must be original. By submitting a manuscript to the conference, the authors guarantee it has not been previously published, or accepted for publication in substantially similar form. No paper containing significant overlap can be submitted to other conferences or journals during the review period. Please view the basic ACM policies ; these are subjective measures left to the interpretation and judgment of the reviewers and committee members.

SELECTION PROCESS

Papers are expected to significantly contribute to the field of interactive media experiences. The contribution has to be original, novel, and identify how it advances the state-of-the-art (citing the most appropriate references). The paper should be concise, coherently structured, well-written and straightforward to understand. In addition, the paper must detail the methodology used for answering the research questions, justify its appropriateness, and ensure the validity of the presented results and findings.

Content will be rigorously reviewed by members of the program committee and peer experts. Each paper will receive feedback in the form of at least three peer review reports.

The final selection will be made by the Technical Program Committee based on the review reports, rebuttal, and meta-review. The program committee reserves the right to ask authors for specific changes as a precondition to publication.

AUTHORS TAKE NOTE: The official publication date is the date the proceedings are made available in the  ACM Digital Library . This date may be up to two weeks prior to the first day of the actual conference. The official publication date affects the deadline for any patent filings related to published work.

AT THE CONFERENCE

Authors of accepted papers must give an oral presentation of their work at the conference. At least one author must register to attend the conference to give this presentation.

Authors of accepted contributions will receive the indications of how to present their work at the virtual conference. At least one author must register to the virtual conference to give this presentation.

AFTER THE CONFERENCE

Accepted paper submissions will be published in the main conference proceedings, indexed by the ACM Digital Library.

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