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Assignments: The Basic Law

The assignment of a right or obligation is a common contractual event under the law and the right to assign (or prohibition against assignments) is found in the majority of agreements, leases and business structural documents created in the United States.

As with many terms commonly used, people are familiar with the term but often are not aware or fully aware of what the terms entail. The concept of assignment of rights and obligations is one of those simple concepts with wide ranging ramifications in the contractual and business context and the law imposes severe restrictions on the validity and effect of assignment in many instances. Clear contractual provisions concerning assignments and rights should be in every document and structure created and this article will outline why such drafting is essential for the creation of appropriate and effective contracts and structures.

The reader should first read the article on Limited Liability Entities in the United States and Contracts since the information in those articles will be assumed in this article.

Basic Definitions and Concepts:

An assignment is the transfer of rights held by one party called the “assignor” to another party called the “assignee.” The legal nature of the assignment and the contractual terms of the agreement between the parties determines some additional rights and liabilities that accompany the assignment. The assignment of rights under a contract usually completely transfers the rights to the assignee to receive the benefits accruing under the contract. Ordinarily, the term assignment is limited to the transfer of rights that are intangible, like contractual rights and rights connected with property. Merchants Service Co. v. Small Claims Court , 35 Cal. 2d 109, 113-114 (Cal. 1950).

An assignment will generally be permitted under the law unless there is an express prohibition against assignment in the underlying contract or lease. Where assignments are permitted, the assignor need not consult the other party to the contract but may merely assign the rights at that time. However, an assignment cannot have any adverse effect on the duties of the other party to the contract, nor can it diminish the chance of the other party receiving complete performance. The assignor normally remains liable unless there is an agreement to the contrary by the other party to the contract.

The effect of a valid assignment is to remove privity between the assignor and the obligor and create privity between the obligor and the assignee. Privity is usually defined as a direct and immediate contractual relationship. See Merchants case above.

Further, for the assignment to be effective in most jurisdictions, it must occur in the present. One does not normally assign a future right; the assignment vests immediate rights and obligations.

No specific language is required to create an assignment so long as the assignor makes clear his/her intent to assign identified contractual rights to the assignee. Since expensive litigation can erupt from ambiguous or vague language, obtaining the correct verbiage is vital. An agreement must manifest the intent to transfer rights and can either be oral or in writing and the rights assigned must be certain.

Note that an assignment of an interest is the transfer of some identifiable property, claim, or right from the assignor to the assignee. The assignment operates to transfer to the assignee all of the rights, title, or interest of the assignor in the thing assigned. A transfer of all rights, title, and interests conveys everything that the assignor owned in the thing assigned and the assignee stands in the shoes of the assignor. Knott v. McDonald’s Corp ., 985 F. Supp. 1222 (N.D. Cal. 1997)

The parties must intend to effectuate an assignment at the time of the transfer, although no particular language or procedure is necessary. As long ago as the case of National Reserve Co. v. Metropolitan Trust Co ., 17 Cal. 2d 827 (Cal. 1941), the court held that in determining what rights or interests pass under an assignment, the intention of the parties as manifested in the instrument is controlling.

The intent of the parties to an assignment is a question of fact to be derived not only from the instrument executed by the parties but also from the surrounding circumstances. When there is no writing to evidence the intention to transfer some identifiable property, claim, or right, it is necessary to scrutinize the surrounding circumstances and parties’ acts to ascertain their intentions. Strosberg v. Brauvin Realty Servs., 295 Ill. App. 3d 17 (Ill. App. Ct. 1st Dist. 1998)

The general rule applicable to assignments of choses in action is that an assignment, unless there is a contract to the contrary, carries with it all securities held by the assignor as collateral to the claim and all rights incidental thereto and vests in the assignee the equitable title to such collateral securities and incidental rights. An unqualified assignment of a contract or chose in action, however, with no indication of the intent of the parties, vests in the assignee the assigned contract or chose and all rights and remedies incidental thereto.

More examples: In Strosberg v. Brauvin Realty Servs ., 295 Ill. App. 3d 17 (Ill. App. Ct. 1st Dist. 1998), the court held that the assignee of a party to a subordination agreement is entitled to the benefits and is subject to the burdens of the agreement. In Florida E. C. R. Co. v. Eno , 99 Fla. 887 (Fla. 1930), the court held that the mere assignment of all sums due in and of itself creates no different or other liability of the owner to the assignee than that which existed from the owner to the assignor.

And note that even though an assignment vests in the assignee all rights, remedies, and contingent benefits which are incidental to the thing assigned, those which are personal to the assignor and for his sole benefit are not assigned. Rasp v. Hidden Valley Lake, Inc ., 519 N.E.2d 153, 158 (Ind. Ct. App. 1988). Thus, if the underlying agreement provides that a service can only be provided to X, X cannot assign that right to Y.

Novation Compared to Assignment:

Although the difference between a novation and an assignment may appear narrow, it is an essential one. “Novation is a act whereby one party transfers all its obligations and benefits under a contract to a third party.” In a novation, a third party successfully substitutes the original party as a party to the contract. “When a contract is novated, the other contracting party must be left in the same position he was in prior to the novation being made.”

A sublease is the transfer when a tenant retains some right of reentry onto the leased premises. However, if the tenant transfers the entire leasehold estate, retaining no right of reentry or other reversionary interest, then the transfer is an assignment. The assignor is normally also removed from liability to the landlord only if the landlord consents or allowed that right in the lease. In a sublease, the original tenant is not released from the obligations of the original lease.

Equitable Assignments:

An equitable assignment is one in which one has a future interest and is not valid at law but valid in a court of equity. In National Bank of Republic v. United Sec. Life Ins. & Trust Co. , 17 App. D.C. 112 (D.C. Cir. 1900), the court held that to constitute an equitable assignment of a chose in action, the following has to occur generally: anything said written or done, in pursuance of an agreement and for valuable consideration, or in consideration of an antecedent debt, to place a chose in action or fund out of the control of the owner, and appropriate it to or in favor of another person, amounts to an equitable assignment. Thus, an agreement, between a debtor and a creditor, that the debt shall be paid out of a specific fund going to the debtor may operate as an equitable assignment.

In Egyptian Navigation Co. v. Baker Invs. Corp. , 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 30804 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 14, 2008), the court stated that an equitable assignment occurs under English law when an assignor, with an intent to transfer his/her right to a chose in action, informs the assignee about the right so transferred.

An executory agreement or a declaration of trust are also equitable assignments if unenforceable as assignments by a court of law but enforceable by a court of equity exercising sound discretion according to the circumstances of the case. Since California combines courts of equity and courts of law, the same court would hear arguments as to whether an equitable assignment had occurred. Quite often, such relief is granted to avoid fraud or unjust enrichment.

Note that obtaining an assignment through fraudulent means invalidates the assignment. Fraud destroys the validity of everything into which it enters. It vitiates the most solemn contracts, documents, and even judgments. Walker v. Rich , 79 Cal. App. 139 (Cal. App. 1926). If an assignment is made with the fraudulent intent to delay, hinder, and defraud creditors, then it is void as fraudulent in fact. See our article on Transfers to Defraud Creditors .

But note that the motives that prompted an assignor to make the transfer will be considered as immaterial and will constitute no defense to an action by the assignee, if an assignment is considered as valid in all other respects.

Enforceability of Assignments:

Whether a right under a contract is capable of being transferred is determined by the law of the place where the contract was entered into. The validity and effect of an assignment is determined by the law of the place of assignment. The validity of an assignment of a contractual right is governed by the law of the state with the most significant relationship to the assignment and the parties.

In some jurisdictions, the traditional conflict of laws rules governing assignments has been rejected and the law of the place having the most significant contacts with the assignment applies. In Downs v. American Mut. Liability Ins. Co ., 14 N.Y.2d 266 (N.Y. 1964), a wife and her husband separated and the wife obtained a judgment of separation from the husband in New York. The judgment required the husband to pay a certain yearly sum to the wife. The husband assigned 50 percent of his future salary, wages, and earnings to the wife. The agreement authorized the employer to make such payments to the wife.

After the husband moved from New York, the wife learned that he was employed by an employer in Massachusetts. She sent the proper notice and demanded payment under the agreement. The employer refused and the wife brought an action for enforcement. The court observed that Massachusetts did not prohibit assignment of the husband’s wages. Moreover, Massachusetts law was not controlling because New York had the most significant relationship with the assignment. Therefore, the court ruled in favor of the wife.

Therefore, the validity of an assignment is determined by looking to the law of the forum with the most significant relationship to the assignment itself. To determine the applicable law of assignments, the court must look to the law of the state which is most significantly related to the principal issue before it.

Assignment of Contractual Rights:

Generally, the law allows the assignment of a contractual right unless the substitution of rights would materially change the duty of the obligor, materially increase the burden or risk imposed on the obligor by the contract, materially impair the chance of obtaining return performance, or materially reduce the value of the performance to the obligor. Restat 2d of Contracts, § 317(2)(a). This presumes that the underlying agreement is silent on the right to assign.

If the contract specifically precludes assignment, the contractual right is not assignable. Whether a contract is assignable is a matter of contractual intent and one must look to the language used by the parties to discern that intent.

In the absence of an express provision to the contrary, the rights and duties under a bilateral executory contract that does not involve personal skill, trust, or confidence may be assigned without the consent of the other party. But note that an assignment is invalid if it would materially alter the other party’s duties and responsibilities. Once an assignment is effective, the assignee stands in the shoes of the assignor and assumes all of assignor’s rights. Hence, after a valid assignment, the assignor’s right to performance is extinguished, transferred to assignee, and the assignee possesses the same rights, benefits, and remedies assignor once possessed. Robert Lamb Hart Planners & Architects v. Evergreen, Ltd. , 787 F. Supp. 753 (S.D. Ohio 1992).

On the other hand, an assignee’s right against the obligor is subject to “all of the limitations of the assignor’s right, all defenses thereto, and all set-offs and counterclaims which would have been available against the assignor had there been no assignment, provided that these defenses and set-offs are based on facts existing at the time of the assignment.” See Robert Lamb , case, above.

The power of the contract to restrict assignment is broad. Usually, contractual provisions that restrict assignment of the contract without the consent of the obligor are valid and enforceable, even when there is statutory authorization for the assignment. The restriction of the power to assign is often ineffective unless the restriction is expressly and precisely stated. Anti-assignment clauses are effective only if they contain clear, unambiguous language of prohibition. Anti-assignment clauses protect only the obligor and do not affect the transaction between the assignee and assignor.

Usually, a prohibition against the assignment of a contract does not prevent an assignment of the right to receive payments due, unless circumstances indicate the contrary. Moreover, the contracting parties cannot, by a mere non-assignment provision, prevent the effectual alienation of the right to money which becomes due under the contract.

A contract provision prohibiting or restricting an assignment may be waived, or a party may so act as to be estopped from objecting to the assignment, such as by effectively ratifying the assignment. The power to void an assignment made in violation of an anti-assignment clause may be waived either before or after the assignment. See our article on Contracts.

Noncompete Clauses and Assignments:

Of critical import to most buyers of businesses is the ability to ensure that key employees of the business being purchased cannot start a competing company. Some states strictly limit such clauses, some do allow them. California does restrict noncompete clauses, only allowing them under certain circumstances. A common question in those states that do allow them is whether such rights can be assigned to a new party, such as the buyer of the buyer.

A covenant not to compete, also called a non-competitive clause, is a formal agreement prohibiting one party from performing similar work or business within a designated area for a specified amount of time. This type of clause is generally included in contracts between employer and employee and contracts between buyer and seller of a business.

Many workers sign a covenant not to compete as part of the paperwork required for employment. It may be a separate document similar to a non-disclosure agreement, or buried within a number of other clauses in a contract. A covenant not to compete is generally legal and enforceable, although there are some exceptions and restrictions.

Whenever a company recruits skilled employees, it invests a significant amount of time and training. For example, it often takes years before a research chemist or a design engineer develops a workable knowledge of a company’s product line, including trade secrets and highly sensitive information. Once an employee gains this knowledge and experience, however, all sorts of things can happen. The employee could work for the company until retirement, accept a better offer from a competing company or start up his or her own business.

A covenant not to compete may cover a number of potential issues between employers and former employees. Many companies spend years developing a local base of customers or clients. It is important that this customer base not fall into the hands of local competitors. When an employee signs a covenant not to compete, he or she usually agrees not to use insider knowledge of the company’s customer base to disadvantage the company. The covenant not to compete often defines a broad geographical area considered off-limits to former employees, possibly tens or hundreds of miles.

Another area of concern covered by a covenant not to compete is a potential ‘brain drain’. Some high-level former employees may seek to recruit others from the same company to create new competition. Retention of employees, especially those with unique skills or proprietary knowledge, is vital for most companies, so a covenant not to compete may spell out definite restrictions on the hiring or recruiting of employees.

A covenant not to compete may also define a specific amount of time before a former employee can seek employment in a similar field. Many companies offer a substantial severance package to make sure former employees are financially solvent until the terms of the covenant not to compete have been met.

Because the use of a covenant not to compete can be controversial, a handful of states, including California, have largely banned this type of contractual language. The legal enforcement of these agreements falls on individual states, and many have sided with the employee during arbitration or litigation. A covenant not to compete must be reasonable and specific, with defined time periods and coverage areas. If the agreement gives the company too much power over former employees or is ambiguous, state courts may declare it to be overbroad and therefore unenforceable. In such case, the employee would be free to pursue any employment opportunity, including working for a direct competitor or starting up a new company of his or her own.

It has been held that an employee’s covenant not to compete is assignable where one business is transferred to another, that a merger does not constitute an assignment of a covenant not to compete, and that a covenant not to compete is enforceable by a successor to the employer where the assignment does not create an added burden of employment or other disadvantage to the employee. However, in some states such as Hawaii, it has also been held that a covenant not to compete is not assignable and under various statutes for various reasons that such covenants are not enforceable against an employee by a successor to the employer. Hawaii v. Gannett Pac. Corp. , 99 F. Supp. 2d 1241 (D. Haw. 1999)

It is vital to obtain the relevant law of the applicable state before drafting or attempting to enforce assignment rights in this particular area.

Conclusion:

In the current business world of fast changing structures, agreements, employees and projects, the ability to assign rights and obligations is essential to allow flexibility and adjustment to new situations. Conversely, the ability to hold a contracting party into the deal may be essential for the future of a party. Thus, the law of assignments and the restriction on same is a critical aspect of every agreement and every structure. This basic provision is often glanced at by the contracting parties, or scribbled into the deal at the last minute but can easily become the most vital part of the transaction.

As an example, one client of ours came into the office outraged that his co venturer on a sizable exporting agreement, who had excellent connections in Brazil, had elected to pursue another venture instead and assigned the agreement to a party unknown to our client and without the business contacts our client considered vital. When we examined the handwritten agreement our client had drafted in a restaurant in Sao Paolo, we discovered there was no restriction on assignment whatsoever…our client had not even considered that right when drafting the agreement after a full day of work.

One choses who one does business with carefully…to ensure that one’s choice remains the party on the other side of the contract, one must master the ability to negotiate proper assignment provisions.

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Ultimate Checklist for Understanding Contract Assignment Rules

• February 28, 2024
• Moton Legal Group

In contracts, understanding assignment is key. Simply put, an assignment in contract law is when one party (the assignor) transfers their rights and responsibilities under a contract to another party (the assignee). This can include anything from leasing agreements to business operations. But why is this important? It’s because it allows for flexibility in business and personal dealings, a critical component in our world.

Here’s a quick rundown: – Contract Basics: The foundational agreements between parties. – Assignment Importance: Allowing the transfer of obligations and benefits to keep up with life’s changes.

Contracts are a staple in both personal and business worlds, acting as the backbone to many transactions and agreements encountered daily. Understanding the nuances, like assignments, can empower you to navigate these waters with confidence and ease. Whether you’re a business owner in the Southeast looking to expand or an individual managing personal agreements, grasp these basics, and you’re on the right path.

Understanding Contract Assignment

Contract Assignment sounds complicated, right? But, let’s break it down into simple terms. In contracts and legal agreements, knowing about assignment can save you a lot of headaches down the road. Whether you’re a business owner, a landlord, or just someone who deals with contracts, this is for you.

Legal Definition

At its core, contract assignment is about transferring rights or obligations under a contract from one party to another. Think of it as passing a baton in a relay race. The original party (the assignor) hands off their responsibilities or benefits to someone else (the assignee). But, there’s a twist – the race keeps going with the new runner without starting over.

Contract Law

In contract law, assignment comes into play in various ways. For example, if you’re a freelancer and you’ve agreed to complete a project but suddenly find yourself overbooked, you might assign that contract to another freelancer. This way, the job gets done, and your client is happy. However, not all contracts can be freely assigned. Some require the other party’s consent, and others can’t be assigned at all, especially if they involve personal skills or confidential trust.

Property Law

When it comes to property law, assignment often surfaces in landlord-tenant relationships. Say you’re renting a shop for your business, but you decide to move. If your lease allows it, you might assign your lease to another business. This means they take over your lease, stepping into your shoes, with all the rights and obligations that come with it.

The concept might seem straightforward, but there are important legal requirements and potential pitfalls to be aware of. For instance, an assignment could be prohibited by the contract itself, or it may significantly change the original deal’s terms in a way that’s not allowed. Plus, when you’re dealing with something that requires a unique skill set, like an artist or a consultant, those services typically can’t be passed on to someone else without agreement from all parties involved.

To navigate these complexities, understanding the fundamentals of assignment in contract law and property law is crucial. It ensures that when you’re ready to pass that baton, you’re doing it in a way that’s legal, effective, and doesn’t leave you tripping up before you reach the finish line.

The goal here is to make sure everyone involved understands what’s happening and agrees to it. That way, assignments can be a useful tool to manage your contracts and property agreements, keeping things moving smoothly even when changes come up.

For more detailed exploration on this topic, consider checking the comprehensive guide on Assignment (law)). This resource dives deeper into the nuances of contract assignment, offering insights and examples that can help clarify this complex area of law.

By grasping these basics, you’re well on your way to mastering the art of contract assignment. Whether you’re dealing with leases, business deals, or any agreement in between, knowing how to effectively assign a contract can be a game-changer.

Key Differences Between Assignment and Novation

When diving into contracts, two terms that often cause confusion are assignment and novation . While both deal with transferring obligations and rights under a contract, they are fundamentally different in several key aspects. Understanding these differences is crucial for anyone involved in contract management or negotiation.

Rights Transfer

Assignment involves the transfer of benefits or rights from one party (the assignor) to another (the assignee). However, it’s important to note that only the benefits of the contract can be assigned, not the burdens. For instance, if someone has the right to receive payments under a contract, they can assign this right to someone else.

Novation , on the other hand, is more comprehensive. It involves transferring both the rights and obligations under a contract from one party to a new party. With novation, the original party is completely released from the contract, and a new contractual relationship is formed between the remaining and the new party. This is a key distinction because, in novation, all parties must agree to this new arrangement.

Obligations Transfer

Assignment doesn’t transfer the original party’s obligations under the contract. The assignor (the original party who had the rights under the contract) might still be liable if the assignee fails to fulfill the contract terms.

In contrast, novation transfers all obligations to the new party. Once a novation is complete, the new party takes over all rights and obligations, leaving the original party with no further legal liabilities or rights under the contract.

Written Agreement

While assignments can sometimes be informal or even verbal, novation almost always requires a written agreement. This is because novation affects more parties’ rights and obligations and has a more significant impact on the contractual relationship. A written agreement ensures that all parties are clear about the terms of the novation and their respective responsibilities.

In practice, the need for a written agreement in novation serves as a protection for all parties involved. It ensures that the transfer of obligations is clearly documented and legally enforceable.

For example, let’s say Alex agrees to paint Bailey’s house for $1,000. Later, Alex decides they can’t complete the job and wants Chris to take over. If Bailey agrees, they can sign a novation agreement where Chris agrees to paint the house under the same conditions. Alex is then relieved from the original contract, and Chris becomes responsible for completing the painting job.

Understanding the difference between assignment and novation is critical for anyone dealing with contracts. While both processes allow for the transfer of rights or obligations, they do so in different ways and with varying implications for all parties involved. Knowing when and how to use each can help ensure that your contractual relationships are managed effectively and legally sound.

For further in-depth information and real-life case examples on assignment in contract law, you can explore detailed resources such as Assignment (law) on Wikipedia).

Next, we’ll delve into the legal requirements for a valid assignment, touching on express prohibition, material change, future rights, and the rare skill requirement. Understanding these will further equip you to navigate the complexities of contract assignments successfully.

Legal Requirements for a Valid Assignment

When dealing with assignment in contract law , it’s crucial to understand the legal backbone that supports a valid assignment. This ensures that the assignment stands up in a court of law if disputes arise. Let’s break down the must-know legal requirements: express prohibition, material change, future rights, and rare skill requirement.

Express Prohibition

The first stop on our checklist is to look for an express prohibition against assignment in the contract. This is a clause that outright states assignments are not allowed without the other party’s consent. If such language exists and you proceed with an assignment, you could be breaching the contract. Always read the fine print or have a legal expert review the contract for you.

Material Change

Next up is the material change requirement. The law states that an assignment cannot significantly alter the duties, increase the burdens, or impair the chances of the other party receiving due performance under the contract. For instance, if the contract involves personal services tailored to the specific party, assigning it to someone else might change the expected outcome, making such an assignment invalid.

Future Rights

Another important aspect is future rights . The rule here is straightforward: you can’t assign what you don’t have. This means that a promise to assign rights you may acquire in the future is generally not enforceable at present. An effective assignment requires that the rights exist at the time of the assignment.

Rare Skill Requirement

Lastly, let’s talk about the rare skill requirement . Some contracts are so specialized that they cannot be assigned to another party without compromising the contract’s integrity. This is often the case with contracts that rely on an individual’s unique skills or trust. Think of an artist commissioned for a portrait or a lawyer hired for their specialized legal expertise. In these scenarios, assignments are not feasible as they could severely impact the contract’s intended outcome.

Understanding these legal requirements is pivotal for navigating the complexities of assignment in contract law. By ensuring compliance with these principles, you can effectively manage contract assignments, safeguarding your interests and those of the other contracting party.

For anyone looking to delve deeper into the intricacies of contract law, you can explore detailed resources such as Assignment (law) on Wikipedia).

Moving forward, we’ll explore the common types of contract assignments, from landlord-tenant agreements to business contracts and intellectual property transfers. This will give you a clearer picture of how assignments work across different legal landscapes.

Common Types of Contract Assignments

When we dive into assignment in contract law , we find it touches nearly every aspect of our business and personal lives. Let’s simplify this complex topic by looking at some of the most common types of contract assignments you might encounter.

Landlord-Tenant Agreements

Imagine you’re renting a fantastic apartment but have to move because of a new job. Instead of breaking your lease, you can assign your lease to someone else. This means the new tenant takes over your lease, including rent payments and maintenance responsibilities. However, it’s crucial that the landlord agrees to this switch. If done right, it’s a win-win for everyone involved.

Business Contracts

In the business world, contract assignments are a daily occurrence. For example, if a company agrees to provide services but then realizes it’s overbooked, it can assign the contract to another company that can fulfill the obligations. This way, the project is completed on time, and the client remains happy. It’s a common practice that ensures flexibility and efficiency in business operations.

Intellectual Property

Intellectual property (IP) assignments are fascinating and complex. If an inventor creates a new product, they can assign their patent rights to a company in exchange for a lump sum or royalties. This transfer allows the company to produce and sell the invention, while the inventor benefits financially. However, it’s critical to note that with trademarks, the goodwill associated with the mark must also be transferred to maintain its value.

Understanding these types of assignments helps clarify the vast landscape of contract law. Whether it’s a cozy apartment, a crucial business deal, or a groundbreaking invention, assignments play a pivotal role in ensuring these transitions happen smoothly.

As we navigate through the realm of contract assignments, each type has its own set of rules and best practices. The key is to ensure all parties are on the same page and that the assignment is executed properly to avoid any legal pitfalls.

Diving deeper into the subject, next, we will explore how to execute a contract assignment effectively, ensuring all legal requirements are met and the process runs as smoothly as possible.

How to Execute a Contract Assignment Effectively

Executing a contract assignment effectively is crucial to ensure that all legal requirements are met and the process runs smoothly. Here’s a straightforward guide to help you navigate this process without any hiccups.

Written Consent

First and foremost, get written consent . This might seem like a no-brainer, but it’s surprising how often this step is overlooked. If the original contract requires the consent of the other party for an assignment to be valid, make sure you have this in black and white. Not just a handshake or a verbal agreement. This ensures clarity and avoids any ambiguity or disputes down the line.

Notice of Assignment

Next up, provide a notice of assignment to all relevant parties. This is not just common courtesy; it’s often a legal requirement. It informs all parties involved about the change in the assignment of rights or obligations under the contract. Think of it as updating your address with the post office; everyone needs to know where to send the mail now.

Privity of Estate

Understanding privity of estate is key in real estate transactions and leases. It refers to the legal relationship that exists between parties under a contract. When you assign a contract, the assignee steps into your shoes, but the original terms of the contract still apply. This means the assignee needs to be aware of and comply with the original agreement’s requirements.

Secondary Liability

Lastly, let’s talk about secondary liability . Just because you’ve assigned a contract doesn’t always mean you’re off the hook. In some cases, the original party (the assignor) may still hold some liability if the assignee fails to perform under the contract. It’s essential to understand the terms of your assignment agreement and whether it includes a release from liability for the assignor.

Executing a contract assignment effectively is all about dotting the I’s and crossing the T’s . By following these steps—securing written consent, issuing a notice of assignment, understanding privity of estate, and clarifying secondary liability—you’re setting yourself up for a seamless transition.

The goal is to ensure all parties are fully informed and agreeable to the changes being made. This not only helps in maintaining good relationships but also in avoiding potential legal issues down the line.

We’ll dive into some of the frequently asked questions about contract assignment to clear any lingering doubts.

Frequently Asked Questions about Contract Assignment

When navigating contracts, questions often arise, particularly about the concepts of assignment and novation. Let’s break these down into simpler terms.

What does assignment of a contract mean?

In the realm of assignment in contract law , think of assignment as passing the baton in a relay race. It’s where one party (the assignor) transfers their rights and benefits under a contract to another party (the assignee). However, unlike a relay race, the original party might still be on the hook for obligations unless the contract says otherwise. It’s like handing off the baton but still running alongside the new runner just in case.

Is an assignment legally binding?

Absolutely, an assignment is as binding as a pinky promise in the playground – but with legal muscle behind it. Once an assignment meets the necessary legal criteria (like not significantly changing the obligor’s duties or having express consent if required), it’s set in stone. This means both the assignee and the assignor must honor this transfer of rights or face potential legal actions. It’s a serious commitment, not just a casual exchange.

What is the difference between assignment and novation?

Now, this is where it gets a bit more intricate. If assignment is passing the baton, novation is forming a new team mid-race. It involves replacing an old obligation with a new one or adding a new party to take over an old one’s duties. Crucially, novation extinguishes the old contract and requires all original and new parties to agree. It’s a clean slate – the original party walks away, and the new party steps in, no strings attached.

While both assignment and novation change the playing field of a contract, novation requires a unanimous thumbs up from everyone involved, completely freeing the original party from their obligations. On the other hand, an assignment might leave the original party watching from the sidelines, ready to jump back in if needed.

Understanding these facets of assignment in contract law is crucial, whether you’re diving into a new agreement or navigating an existing one. Knowledge is power – especially when it comes to contracts.

As we wrap up these FAQs, the legal world of contracts is vast and sometimes complex, but breaking it down into bite-sized pieces can help demystify the process and empower you in your legal undertakings.

Here’s a helpful resource for further reading on the difference between assignment and cession.

Now, let’s continue on to the conclusion to tie all these insights together.

Navigating assignment in contract law can seem like a daunting task at first glance. However, with the right information and guidance, it becomes an invaluable tool in ensuring that your rights and obligations are protected and effectively managed in any contractual relationship.

At Moton Legal Group, we understand the intricacies of contract law and are dedicated to providing you with the expertise and support you need to navigate these waters. Whether you’re dealing with a straightforward contract assignment or facing more complex legal challenges, our team is here to help. We pride ourselves on our ability to demystify legal processes and make them accessible to everyone.

The key to successfully managing any contract assignment lies in understanding your rights, the obligations involved, and the potential impacts on all parties. It’s about ensuring that the assignment is executed in a way that is legally sound and aligns with your interests.

If you’re in need of assistance with a contract review, looking to understand more about how contract assignments work, or simply seeking legal advice on your contractual rights and responsibilities, Moton Legal Group is here for you. Our team of experienced attorneys is committed to providing the clarity, insight, and support you need to navigate the complexities of contract law with confidence.

For more information on how we can assist you with your contract review and other legal needs, visit our contract review service page .

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Understanding an assignment and assumption agreement

Need to assign your rights and duties under a contract? Learn more about the basics of an assignment and assumption agreement.

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by   Belle Wong, J.D.

Belle Wong, is a freelance writer specializing in small business, personal finance, banking, and tech/SAAS. She ...

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Updated on: November 24, 2023 · 3 min read

The assignment and assumption agreement

The basics of assignment and assumption, filling in the assignment and assumption agreement.

While every business should try its best to meet its contractual obligations, changes in circumstance can happen that could necessitate transferring your rights and duties under a contract to another party who would be better able to meet those obligations.

If you find yourself in such a situation, and your contract provides for the possibility of assignment, an assignment and assumption agreement can be a good option for preserving your relationship with the party you initially contracted with, while at the same time enabling you to pass on your contractual rights and duties to a third party.

An assignment and assumption agreement is used after a contract is signed, in order to transfer one of the contracting party's rights and obligations to a third party who was not originally a party to the contract. The party making the assignment is called the assignor, while the third party accepting the assignment is known as the assignee.

In order for an assignment and assumption agreement to be valid, the following criteria need to be met:

• The initial contract must provide for the possibility of assignment by one of the initial contracting parties.
• The assignor must agree to assign their rights and duties under the contract to the assignee.
• The assignee must agree to accept, or "assume," those contractual rights and duties.
• The other party to the initial contract must consent to the transfer of rights and obligations to the assignee.

A standard assignment and assumption contract is often a good starting point if you need to enter into an assignment and assumption agreement. However, for more complex situations, such as an assignment and amendment agreement in which several of the initial contract terms will be modified, or where only some, but not all, rights and duties will be assigned, it's a good idea to retain the services of an attorney who can help you draft an agreement that will meet all your needs.

When you're ready to enter into an assignment and assumption agreement, it's a good idea to have a firm grasp of the basics of assignment:

• First, carefully read and understand the assignment and assumption provision in the initial contract. Contracts vary widely in their language on this topic, and each contract will have specific criteria that must be met in order for a valid assignment of rights to take place.
• All parties to the agreement should carefully review the document to make sure they each know what they're agreeing to, and to help ensure that all important terms and conditions have been addressed in the agreement.
• Until the agreement is signed by all the parties involved, the assignor will still be obligated for all responsibilities stated in the initial contract. If you are the assignor, you need to ensure that you continue with business as usual until the assignment and assumption agreement has been properly executed.

Unless you're dealing with a complex assignment situation, working with a template often is a good way to begin drafting an assignment and assumption agreement that will meet your needs. Generally speaking, your agreement should include the following information:

• Identification of the existing agreement, including details such as the date it was signed and the parties involved, and the parties' rights to assign under this initial agreement
• The effective date of the assignment and assumption agreement
• Identification of the party making the assignment (the assignor), and a statement of their desire to assign their rights under the initial contract
• Identification of the third party accepting the assignment (the assignee), and a statement of their acceptance of the assignment
• Identification of the other initial party to the contract, and a statement of their consent to the assignment and assumption agreement
• A section stating that the initial contract is continued; meaning, that, other than the change to the parties involved, all terms and conditions in the original contract stay the same

In addition to these sections that are specific to an assignment and assumption agreement, your contract should also include standard contract language, such as clauses about indemnification, future amendments, and governing law.

Sometimes circumstances change, and as a business owner you may find yourself needing to assign your rights and duties under a contract to another party. A properly drafted assignment and assumption agreement can help you make the transfer smoothly while, at the same time, preserving the cordiality of your initial business relationship under the original contract.

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Transfer and Assignment: Everything You Need to Know

A copyright transfer and assignment refers a copyright owner temporarily or permanently transfers part, or all, of his rights to another party. 3 min read updated on February 01, 2023

A copyright transfer and assignment refers to the different ways in which a copyright owner temporarily or permanently transfers part, or all, of his rights to another party.

The U.S. Constitution provides the basis for copyright protection. A copyright refers to the legal rights conferred on a person in recognition of his/her creative work. Copyrights protect original works of IP (intellectual property) whether it has been published or not. Ideas can't be copyrighted — what can be copyrighted is the way an individual chooses to express the creative idea.

Copyright Ownership

The owner of a copyright:

• Retains the right to lease or sell copies of his/her work to others or permit them to perform, record or display it in public.
• Decides whether others can revise portions, or all, of the work and whether they can make copies.

Copyright differs from patents and trademarks since patents provide protection to inventions while trademarks protect phrases/names used to identify specific products or services.

Copyright Transfer

A copyright transfer could be non-exclusive. Licensing agreements are one of the most common forms of a non-exclusive transfer of copyrights.

For example, most computer software sold on the open market are actually transfers of the owner's rights to other individuals for use of the software for a period of time.

However, the owner still retains ownership of the copyright. Licenses are usually non-transferable — meaning that the individual who purchased the software has no right to give, lend or sell the licensed item to third parties without the express consent of the copyright owner.

Copyright Assignment

Unlike a non-exclusive copyright transfer such as a licensing agreement, a copyright assignment is a form of exclusive copyright transfer. Copyright assignments could be made on part or on the entirety of an intellectual work. The copyright can be temporary — meaning that the copyright will return to its original owners after a specified duration.

It could also be permanent — meaning that the person receiving the copyright has the rights to use or distribute the copyrighted material as he or she sees fit. An instance of a permanent copyright assignment is a work-for-hire agreement stating that the copyright of the work belongs to the entity that is purchasing the work for hire and not the entity that created it.

The Recordation Process

The requirements for recordation include all applicable fees, a legible and complete copy of the property to be transferred, and the signature or certified true copy of the individual's signature assigning the copyright. Publishing or registration with the copyright office of the property to be transferred is not a requirement. The United States Copyright Office provides a cover sheet which can be used to submit the work for recordation. Although the use of this sheet is not mandatory, it is encouraged.

Although every assignment is a transfer of interest, not every transfer of interest can be called an assignment. It really depends on the intention of the copyright owner (i.e. the assignor). This means that a copyright assignment is dissimilar to other kinds of transfers such as a subrogation, a novation, or a sublease.

Subrogation

Subrogation refers to a substitution of one party for another. It is the equitable remedy where an individual steps into the position of another to take over all rights to a claim for monetary damages.

A sublease refers to a type of transfer where the tenant retains a partial right of reentry into the leased premises. However, if said tenant executes a transfer of the leasehold estate while retaining no reversionary interest nor right of reentry, such a transfer is called an assignment. Under a sublease agreement, the original tenant isn't released from the stipulations of the original lease. However, in a transfer, both the original tenant and the assignee are bound by the conditions stated in the original lease.

Although a copyright assignment and a novation have negligible differences, the distinction is an essential one. A novation refers to the mechanism whereby a contracting party transfers the entirety of its benefits and obligations to a third party. Under novation, the third party completely takes over the position of the original party under the contract. However, in an assignment, the position of the original contracting parties do not change and the privity of the contract is still in existence between them.

If you need help with transfer and assignment, you can post your legal need on the UpCounsel marketplace. UpCounsel accepts only the top 5% of attorneys/lawyers on its site. Attorneys on UpCounsel come from prestigious law schools like Yale Law and Harvard Law and usually have 14 years of legal experience, including work on behalf of or with companies like Airbnb, Menlo Ventures, and Google.

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Assignment is a legal term whereby an individual, the “assignor,” transfers rights, property, or other benefits to another known as the “ assignee .”   This concept is used in both contract and property law.  The term can refer to either the act of transfer or the rights /property/benefits being transferred.

Contract Law   

Under contract law, assignment of a contract is both: (1) an assignment of rights; and (2) a delegation of duties , in the absence of evidence otherwise.  For example, if A contracts with B to teach B guitar for $50, A can assign this contract to C.  That is, this assignment is both: (1) an assignment of A’s rights under the contract to the $50; and (2) a delegation of A’s duty to teach guitar to C.  In this example, A is both the “assignor” and the “delegee” who d elegates the duties to another (C), C is known as the “ obligor ” who must perform the obligations to the assignee , and B is the “ assignee ” who is owed duties and is liable to the “ obligor ”.

(1) Assignment of Rights/Duties Under Contract Law

There are a few notable rules regarding assignments under contract law.  First, if an individual has not yet secured the contract to perform duties to another, he/she cannot assign his/her future right to an assignee .  That is, if A has not yet contracted with B to teach B guitar, A cannot assign his/her rights to C.  Second, rights cannot be assigned when they materially change the obligor ’s duty and rights.  Third, the obligor can sue the assignee directly if the assignee does not pay him/her.  Following the previous example, this means that C ( obligor ) can sue B ( assignee ) if C teaches guitar to B, but B does not pay C $50 in return.

            (2) Delegation of Duties

If the promised performance requires a rare genius or skill, then the delegee cannot delegate it to the obligor.  It can only be delegated if the promised performance is more commonplace.  Further, an obligee can sue if the assignee does not perform.  However, the delegee is secondarily liable unless there has been an express release of the delegee.  That is, if B does want C to teach guitar but C refuses to, then B can sue C.  If C still refuses to perform, then B can compel A to fulfill the duties under secondary liability.

Lastly, a related concept is novation , which is when a new obligor substitutes and releases an old obligor.  If novation occurs, then the original obligor’s duties are wiped out. However, novation requires an original obligee’s consent .  

Property Law

Under property law, assignment typically arises in landlord-tenant situations.  For example, A might be renting from landlord B but wants to another party (C) to take over the property.   In this scenario, A might be able to choose between assigning and subleasing the property to C.  If assigning , A would be giving C the entire balance of the term, with no reversion to anyone whereas if subleasing , A would be giving C for a limited period of the remaining term.  Significantly, under assignment C would have privity of estate with the landlord while under a sublease, C would not. 

[Last updated in May of 2020 by the Wex Definitions Team ]

• business law
• landlord & tenant
• property & real estate law
• trusts, inheritances & estates
• wex definitions

• Assignment Clause

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Assignment clause defined.

Assignment clauses are legally binding provisions in contracts that give a party the chance to engage in a transfer of ownership or assign their contractual obligations and rights to a different contracting party.

In other words, an assignment clause can reassign contracts to another party. They can commonly be seen in contracts related to business purchases.

Here’s an article about assignment clauses.

Assignment Clause Explained

Assignment contracts are helpful when you need to maintain an ongoing obligation regardless of ownership. Some agreements have limitations or prohibitions on assignments, while other parties can freely enter into them.

Here’s another article about assignment clauses.

Purpose of Assignment Clause

The purpose of assignment clauses is to establish the terms around transferring contractual obligations. The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) permits the enforceability of assignment clauses.

Assignment Clause Examples

Examples of assignment clauses include:

• Example 1 . A business closing or a change of control occurs
• Example 2 . New services providers taking over existing customer contracts
• Example 3 . Unique real estate obligations transferring to a new property owner as a condition of sale
• Example 4 . Many mergers and acquisitions transactions, such as insurance companies taking over customer policies during a merger

Here’s an article about the different types of assignment clauses.

Assignment Clause Samples

Sample 1 – sales contract.

Assignment; Survival .  Neither party shall assign all or any portion of the Contract without the other party’s prior written consent, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld; provided, however, that either party may, without such consent, assign this Agreement, in whole or in part, in connection with the transfer or sale of all or substantially all of the assets or business of such Party relating to the product(s) to which this Agreement relates. The Contract shall bind and inure to the benefit of the successors and permitted assigns of the respective parties. Any assignment or transfer not in accordance with this Contract shall be void. In order that the parties may fully exercise their rights and perform their obligations arising under the Contract, any provisions of the Contract that are required to ensure such exercise or performance (including any obligation accrued as of the termination date) shall survive the termination of the Contract.

Reference :

Security Exchange Commission - Edgar Database,  EX-10.29 3 dex1029.htm SALES CONTRACT , Viewed May 10, 2021, <  https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1492426/000119312510226984/dex1029.htm >.

Sample 2 – Purchase and Sale Agreement

Assignment . Purchaser shall not assign this Agreement or any interest therein to any Person, without the prior written consent of Seller, which consent may be withheld in Seller’s sole discretion. Notwithstanding the foregoing, upon prior written notice to Seller, Purchaser may designate any Affiliate as its nominee to receive title to the Property, or assign all of its right, title and interest in this Agreement to any Affiliate of Purchaser by providing written notice to Seller no later than five (5) Business Days prior to the Closing; provided, however, that (a) such Affiliate remains an Affiliate of Purchaser, (b) Purchaser shall not be released from any of its liabilities and obligations under this Agreement by reason of such designation or assignment, (c) such designation or assignment shall not be effective until Purchaser has provided Seller with a fully executed copy of such designation or assignment and assumption instrument, which shall (i) provide that Purchaser and such designee or assignee shall be jointly and severally liable for all liabilities and obligations of Purchaser under this Agreement, (ii) provide that Purchaser and its designee or assignee agree to pay any additional transfer tax as a result of such designation or assignment, (iii) include a representation and warranty in favor of Seller that all representations and warranties made by Purchaser in this Agreement are true and correct with respect to such designee or assignee as of the date of such designation or assignment, and will be true and correct as of the Closing, and (iv) otherwise be in form and substance satisfactory to Seller and (d) such Assignee is approved by Manager as an assignee of the Management Agreement under Article X of the Management Agreement. For purposes of this Section 16.4, “Affiliate” shall include any direct or indirect member or shareholder of the Person in question, in addition to any Person that would be deemed an Affiliate pursuant to the definition of “Affiliate” under Section 1.1 hereof and not by way of limitation of such definition.

Security Exchange Commission - Edgar Database,  EX-10.8 3 dex108.htm PURCHASE AND SALE AGREEMENT , Viewed May 10, 2021, < https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1490985/000119312510160407/dex108.htm >.

Sample 3 – Share Purchase Agreement

Assignment . Neither this Agreement nor any right or obligation hereunder may be assigned by any Party without the prior written consent of the other Parties, and any attempted assignment without the required consents shall be void.

Security Exchange Commission - Edgar Database,  EX-4.12 3 dex412.htm SHARE PURCHASE AGREEMENT , Viewed May 10, 2021, < https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1329394/000119312507148404/dex412.htm >.

Sample 4 – Asset Purchase Agreement

Assignment . This Agreement and any of the rights, interests, or obligations incurred hereunder, in part or as a whole, at any time after the Closing, are freely assignable by Buyer. This Agreement and any of the rights, interests, or obligations incurred hereunder, in part or as a whole, are assignable by Seller only upon the prior written consent of Buyer, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld. This Agreement will be binding upon, inure to the benefit of and be enforceable by the parties and their respective successors and permitted assigns.

Security Exchange Commission - Edgar Database,  EX-2.1 2 dex21.htm ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT , Viewed May 10, 2021, < https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1428669/000119312510013625/dex21.htm >.

Sample 5 – Asset Purchase Agreement

Assignment; Binding Effect; Severability

This Agreement may not be assigned by any party hereto without the other party’s written consent; provided, that Buyer may transfer or assign in whole or in part to one or more Buyer Designee its right to purchase all or a portion of the Purchased Assets, but no such transfer or assignment will relieve Buyer of its obligations hereunder. This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of and be enforceable by the successors, legal representatives and permitted assigns of each party hereto. The provisions of this Agreement are severable, and in the event that any one or more provisions are deemed illegal or unenforceable the remaining provisions shall remain in full force and effect unless the deletion of such provision shall cause this Agreement to become materially adverse to either party, in which event the parties shall use reasonable commercial efforts to arrive at an accommodation that best preserves for the parties the benefits and obligations of the offending provision.

Security Exchange Commission - Edgar Database,  EX-2.4 2 dex24.htm ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT , Viewed May 10, 2021, < https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1002047/000119312511171858/dex24.htm >.

Common Contracts with Assignment Clauses

Common contracts with assignment clauses include:

• Real estate contracts
• Sales contract
• Asset purchase agreement
• Purchase and sale agreement
• Bill of sale
• Assignment and transaction financing agreement

Assignment Clause FAQs

Assignment clauses are powerful when used correctly. Check out the assignment clause FAQs below to learn more:

What is an assignment clause in real estate?

Assignment clauses in real estate transfer legal obligations from one owner to another party. They also allow house flippers to engage in a contract negotiation with a seller and then assign the real estate to the buyer while collecting a fee for their services. Real estate lawyers assist in the drafting of assignment clauses in real estate transactions.

What does no assignment clause mean?

No assignment clauses prohibit the transfer or assignment of contract obligations from one part to another.

What’s the purpose of the transfer and assignment clause in the purchase agreement?

The purpose of the transfer and assignment clause in the purchase agreement is to protect all involved parties’ rights and ensure that assignments are not to be unreasonably withheld. Contract lawyers can help you avoid legal mistakes when drafting your business contracts’ transfer and assignment clauses.

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Don’t Confuse Change of Control and Assignment Terms

• David Tollen
• September 11, 2020

An assignment clause governs whether and when a party can transfer the contract to someone else. Often, it covers what happens in a change of control: whether a party can assign the contract to its buyer if it gets merged into a company or completely bought out. But that doesn’t make it a change of control clause. Change of control terms don’t address assignment. They say whether a party can terminate if the other party goes through a merger or other change of control. And they sometimes address other change of control consequences.

Don’t confuse the two. In a contract about software or other IT, you should think through the issues raised by each. (Also, don’t confuse assignment of contracts with assignment of IP .)

Here’s an assignment clause:

Assignment. Neither party may assign this Agreement or any of its rights or obligations hereunder without the other’s express written consent, except that either party may assign this Agreement to the surviving party in a merger of that party into another entity or in an acquisition of all or substantially all its assets. No assignment becomes effective unless and until the assignee agrees in writing to be bound by all the assigning party’s obligations in this Agreement. Except to the extent forbidden in this Section __, this Agreement will be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties’ respective successors and assigns.

As you can see, that clause says no assignment is allowed, with one exception:

• Assignment to Surviving Entity in M&A: Under the clause above, a party can assign the contract to its buyer — the “surviving entity” — if it gets merged into another company or otherwise bought — in other words, if it ceases to exist through an M&A deal (or becomes an irrelevant shell company).

Consider the following additional issues for assignment clauses:

• Assignment to Affiliates: Can a party assign the contract to its sister companies, parents, and/or subs — a.k.a. its “Affiliates”?
• Assignment to Divested Entities: If a party spins off its key department or other business unit involved in the contract, can it assign the contract to that spun-off company — a.k.a. the “divested entity”? That’s particularly important in technology outsourcing deals and similar contracts. They often leave a customer department highly dependent on the provider’s services. If the customer can’t assign the contract to the divested entity, the spin-off won’t work; the new/divested company won’t be viable.
• Assignment to Competitors: If a party does get any assignment rights, can it assign to the other party’s competitors ? (If so, you’ve got to define “Competitor,” since the word alone can refer to almost any company.)
• All Assignments or None: The contract should usually say something about assignments. Otherwise, the law might allow all assignments. (Check your jurisdiction.) If so, your contracting partner could assign your agreement to someone totally unacceptable. (Most likely, though, your contracting partner would remain liable.) If none of the assignments suggested above fits, forbid all assignments.

Change of Control

Here’s a change of control clause:

Change of Control. If a party undergoes a Change of Control, the other party may terminate this Agreement on 30 days’ written notice. (“Change of Control” means a transaction or series of transactions by which more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the target company or beneficial ownership thereof are acquired within a 1-year period, other than by a person or entity that owned or had beneficial ownership of more than 50% of such outstanding shares before the close of such transactions(s).)

• Termination on Change of Control: A party can terminate if controlling ownership of the other party changes hands.

Change of control and assignment terms actually address opposite ownership changes. If an assignment clause addresses change of control, it says what happens if a party goes through an M&A deal and no longer exists (or becomes a shell company). A change of control clause, on the other hand, matters when the party subject to M&A does still exist . That party just has new owners (shareholders, etc.).

Consider the following additional issues for change of control clauses:

• Smaller Change of Ownership: The clause above defines “Change of Control” as any 50%-plus ownership shift. Does that set the bar too high? Should a 25% change authorize termination by the other party, or even less? In public companies and some private ones, new bosses can take control by acquiring far less than half the stock.
• No Right to Terminate: Should a change of control give any right to terminate, and if so, why? (Keep in mind, all that’s changed is the party’s owners — possibly irrelevant shareholders.)
• Divested Entity Rights: What if, again, a party spins off the department or business until involved in the deal? If that party can’t assign the contract to the divested entity, per the above, can it at least “sublicense” its rights to products or service, if it’s the customer? Or can it subcontract its performance obligations to the divested entity, if it’s the provider? Or maybe the contract should require that the other party sign an identical contract with the divested entity, at least for a short term.

Some of this text comes from the 3rd edition of The Tech Contracts Handbook , available to order (and review) from Amazon  here , or purchase directly from its publisher, the American Bar Association, here.

Want to do tech contracts better, faster, and with more confidence? Check out our training offerings here: https://www.techcontracts.com/training/ . Tech Contracts Academy has  options to fit every need and schedule: Comprehensive Tech Contracts M aster Classes™ (four on-line classes, two hours each), topical webinars (typically about an hour), customized in-house training (for just your team).   David Tollen is the founder of Tech Contracts Academy and our primary trainer. An attorney and also the founder of Sycamore Legal, P.C. , a boutique IT, IP, and privacy law firm in the San Francisco Bay Area, he also serves as an expert witness in litigation about software licenses, cloud computing agreements, and other IT contracts.

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What is The Difference Between Assignment and Transfer

In real estate, sometimes contracts change hands after the deal is signed. But what does this mean?

AN ASSIGNMENT of a real estate contract means one of the original parties of the contract, (known as the Assignor) gives up all of their rights and responsibilities to another party (called the Assignee). The Assignor is usually the original Buyer of the property.

All obligations under the terms of the original contract revert to the Assignee when the sale transaction completes. The Assignor becomes the middleman, making a profit by selling the Assignment at a higher price than was contemplated in the original contract, or by receiving an Assignment Fee for completing the transaction.

A TRANSFER is the transfer of title (legal ownership) to the property. An Assignor can only assign the rights and responsibilities of the real estate contract, but cannot convey or transfer title of the property as they do not hold ownership of it prior to closing. The transfer would be completed on closing and would pass from the Seller to the Assignee.

Benefits Of An Assignment

• Assignors (the original purchaser) can sometimes make a quick profit by selling a Purchase Contract at a higher rate than what they were going to pay for the real estate property.
• The original purchaser can often negotiate to get their original deposit back from the Assignee. When the original purchaser entered into the purchase contract, they likely paid a deposit to the Seller. As part of the Assignment Agreement, the Assignee can be required to pay the deposit to the Assignor as consideration for the transaction.
• The Assignor avoids having to pay closing costs and property transfer tax since the Assignee, or new buyer will take that responsibility at closing.
• The Assignor relieves themselves of the obligations of the Purchase Contract without backing out of the deal with the Seller or Developer. Backing out of a Purchase Contract comes with certain difficulties since it’s a legally binding contract. There may be penalties due to the Developer if a buyer backs out or even lawsuits where the Developer tries to enforce the contract. Selling it as an Assignment, therefore, means the original buyer can avoid those potential expenses or liabilities.

As with any home purchase, it’s always a good idea to hire a real estate professional to assist you. Their professional experience can guide you to the right decision for your personal situation while avoiding any difficulties or unexpected hurdles.

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Assessing Assignability: Transferring Contractual Rights or Obligations | Practical Law

Assessing Assignability: Transferring Contractual Rights or Obligations

Practical law legal update 5-546-6326  (approx. 7 pages).

• An intended transfer is of the type that is prohibited by law or public policy (see Practice Note, Assignability of Commercial Contracts: Statutory and Public Policy Exceptions ).
• The parties expressly agree to restrict transferability (see Practice Note, Assignability of Commercial Contracts: Contractual Anti-assignment and Anti-delegation Clauses ).
• Breaching the contract.
• Making an ineffective and invalid transfer.

Distinguishing Between Assignment and Delegation

• The assignment of rights to receive performance.
• The delegation of duties to perform.

Characteristics of Assignments

• The right to receive performance from the assignor.
• Its remedies against the assignor for any failure to perform.

Characteristics of Delegation

The general rule governing assignment and delegation.

• Most assignments of contractual rights.
• Many delegations of contractual performance.
• Assignments and delegations that violate public policy or law.
• Assignments of rights or delegations of performance that are personal in nature.
• Contracts with anti-assignment or anti-delegation clauses.

Contracts That Present the Greatest Challenges

• Personal services contracts (see Personal Services Contracts ).
• Non-exclusive intellectual property licenses (see Intellectual Property Licenses ).
• Contracts with anti-assignment and anti-delegation clauses (see Contracts With Anti-assignment and Anti-delegation Contract Clauses ).

Personal Services Contracts

Intellectual property licenses, contracts with anti-assignment and anti-delegation clauses, is a change of control an assignment.

• Contains an anti-assignment and anti-delegation clause expressly restricting a change of control.
• States that a change in management or equity ownership of the contracting party is deemed to be an assignment.

When Does an Involuntary Transfer Trigger a Restricted Transfer?

• A contractual anti-assignment and anti delegation clause applies to a specific type or transfer.
• The transfer is permissible, with or without a contractual anti-assignment and anti-delegation provision.

Drafting and Negotiating Anti-assignment and Anti-delegation Clauses

• Directly addressing assignment of rights and delegation of performance.
• Clarifying the universe of restricted transfers.
• Designating the non-transferring party's consent rights.
• Specifying any exceptions to non-transferability.
• Requiring notification of a permitted transfer.
• Including a declaration that impermissible transfers are void.
• Adding a novation to the anti-assignment and anti-delegation provision.

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14.2: Assignment of Contract Rights

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Learning Objectives

• Understand what an assignment is and how it is made.
• Recognize the effect of the assignment.
• Know when assignments are not allowed.
• Understand the concept of assignor’s warranties

The Concept of a Contract Assignment

Contracts create rights and duties. By an assignment , an obligee (one who has the right to receive a contract benefit) transfers a right to receive a contract benefit owed by the obligor (the one who has a duty to perform) to a third person ( assignee ); the obligee then becomes an assignor (one who makes an assignment).

The Restatement (Second) of Contracts defines an assignment of a right as “a manifestation of the assignor’s intention to transfer it by virtue of which the assignor’s right to performance by the obligor is extinguished in whole or in part and the assignee acquires the right to such performance.”Restatement (Second) of Contracts, Section 317(1). The one who makes the assignment is both an obligee and a transferor. The assignee acquires the right to receive the contractual obligations of the promisor, who is referred to as the obligor (see Figure 14.1 "Assignment of Rights" ). The assignor may assign any right unless (1) doing so would materially change the obligation of the obligor, materially burden him, increase his risk, or otherwise diminish the value to him of the original contract; (2) statute or public policy forbids the assignment; or (3) the contract itself precludes assignment. The common law of contracts and Articles 2 and 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) govern assignments. Assignments are an important part of business financing, such as factoring. A factor is one who purchases the right to receive income from another.

Figure 14.1 Assignment of Rights

Method of Assignment

Manifesting assent.

To effect an assignment, the assignor must make known his intention to transfer the rights to the third person. The assignor’s intention must be that the assignment is effective without need of any further action or any further manifestation of intention to make the assignment. In other words, the assignor must intend and understand himself to be making the assignment then and there; he is not promising to make the assignment sometime in the future.

Under the UCC, any assignments of rights in excess of $5,000 must be in writing, but otherwise, assignments can be oral and consideration is not required: the assignor could assign the right to the assignee for nothing (not likely in commercial transactions, of course). Mrs. Franklin has the right to receive $750 a month from the sale of a house she formerly owned; she assigns the right to receive the money to her son Jason, as a gift. The assignment is good, though such a gratuitous assignment is usually revocable, which is not the case where consideration has been paid for an assignment.

Acceptance and Revocation

For the assignment to become effective, the assignee must manifest his acceptance under most circumstances. This is done automatically when, as is usually the case, the assignee has given consideration for the assignment (i.e., there is a contract between the assignor and the assignee in which the assignment is the assignor’s consideration), and then the assignment is not revocable without the assignee’s consent. Problems of acceptance normally arise only when the assignor intends the assignment as a gift. Then, for the assignment to be irrevocable, either the assignee must manifest his acceptance or the assignor must notify the assignee in writing of the assignment.

Notice to the obligor is not required, but an obligor who renders performance to the assignor without notice of the assignment (that performance of the contract is to be rendered now to the assignee) is discharged. Obviously, the assignor cannot then keep the consideration he has received; he owes it to the assignee. But if notice is given to the obligor and she performs to the assignor anyway, the assignee can recover from either the obligor or the assignee, so the obligor could have to perform twice, as in Exercise 2 at the chapter’s end, Aldana v. Colonial Palms Plaza . Of course, an obligor who receives notice of the assignment from the assignee will want to be sure the assignment has really occurred. After all, anybody could waltz up to the obligor and say, “I’m the assignee of your contract with the bank. From now on, pay me the $500 a month, not the bank.” The obligor is entitled to verification of the assignment.

Effect of Assignment

General rule.

An assignment of rights effectively makes the assignee stand in the shoes of the assignor. He gains all the rights against the obligor that the assignor had, but no more. An obligor who could avoid the assignor’s attempt to enforce the rights could avoid a similar attempt by the assignee. Likewise, under UCC Section 9-318(1), the assignee of an account is subject to all terms of the contract between the debtor and the creditor-assignor. Suppose Dealer sells a car to Buyer on a contract where Buyer is to pay $300 per month and the car is warranted for 50,000 miles. If the car goes on the fritz before then and Dealer won’t fix it, Buyer could fix it for, say, $250 and deduct that $250 from the amount owed Dealer on the next installment (called a setoff). Now, if Dealer assigns the contract to Assignee, Assignee stands in Dealer’s shoes, and Buyer could likewise deduct the $250 from payment to Assignee.

The “shoe rule” does not apply to two types of assignments. First, it is inapplicable to the sale of a negotiable instrument to a holder in due course. Second, the rule may be waived: under the UCC and at common law, the obligor may agree in the original contract not to raise defenses against the assignee that could have been raised against the assignor.Uniform Commercial Code, Section 9-206. While a waiver of defenses makes the assignment more marketable from the assignee’s point of view, it is a situation fraught with peril to an obligor, who may sign a contract without understanding the full import of the waiver. Under the waiver rule, for example, a farmer who buys a tractor on credit and discovers later that it does not work would still be required to pay a credit company that purchased the contract; his defense that the merchandise was shoddy would be unavailing (he would, as used to be said, be “having to pay on a dead horse”).

For that reason, there are various rules that limit both the holder in due course and the waiver rule. Certain defenses, the so-called real defenses (infancy, duress, and fraud in the execution, among others), may always be asserted. Also, the waiver clause in the contract must have been presented in good faith, and if the assignee has actual notice of a defense that the buyer or lessee could raise, then the waiver is ineffective. Moreover, in consumer transactions, the UCC’s rule is subject to state laws that protect consumers (people buying things used primarily for personal, family, or household purposes), and many states, by statute or court decision, have made waivers of defenses ineffective in such consumer transactions . Federal Trade Commission regulations also affect the ability of many sellers to pass on rights to assignees free of defenses that buyers could raise against them. Because of these various limitations on the holder in due course and on waivers, the “shoe rule” will not govern in consumer transactions and, if there are real defenses or the assignee does not act in good faith, in business transactions as well.

When Assignments Are Not Allowed

The general rule—as previously noted—is that most contract rights are assignable. But there are exceptions. Five of them are noted here.

Material Change in Duties of the Obligor

When an assignment has the effect of materially changing the duties that the obligor must perform, it is ineffective. Changing the party to whom the obligor must make a payment is not a material change of duty that will defeat an assignment, since that, of course, is the purpose behind most assignments. Nor will a minor change in the duties the obligor must perform defeat the assignment.

Several residents in the town of Centerville sign up on an annual basis with the Centerville Times to receive their morning paper. A customer who is moving out of town may assign his right to receive the paper to someone else within the delivery route. As long as the assignee pays for the paper, the assignment is effective; the only relationship the obligor has to the assignee is a routine delivery in exchange for payment. Obligors can consent in the original contract, however, to a subsequent assignment of duties. Here is a clause from the World Team Tennis League contract: “It is mutually agreed that the Club shall have the right to sell, assign, trade and transfer this contract to another Club in the League, and the Player agrees to accept and be bound by such sale, exchange, assignment or transfer and to faithfully perform and carry out his or her obligations under this contract as if it had been entered into by the Player and such other Club.” Consent is not necessary when the contract does not involve a personal relationship.

Assignment of Personal Rights

When it matters to the obligor who receives the benefit of his duty to perform under the contract, then the receipt of the benefit is a personal right that cannot be assigned. For example, a student seeking to earn pocket money during the school year signs up to do research work for a professor she admires and with whom she is friendly. The professor assigns the contract to one of his colleagues with whom the student does not get along. The assignment is ineffective because it matters to the student (the obligor) who the person of the assignee is. An insurance company provides auto insurance covering Mohammed Kareem, a sixty-five-year-old man who drives very carefully. Kareem cannot assign the contract to his seventeen-year-old grandson because it matters to the insurance company who the person of its insured is. Tenants usually cannot assign (sublet) their tenancies without the landlord’s permission because it matters to the landlord who the person of their tenant is. Section 14.4.1 "Nonassignable Rights" , Nassau Hotel Co. v. Barnett & Barse Corp. , is an example of the nonassignability of a personal right.

Assignment Forbidden by Statute or Public Policy

Various federal and state laws prohibit or regulate some contract assignment. The assignment of future wages is regulated by state and federal law to protect people from improvidently denying themselves future income because of immediate present financial difficulties. And even in the absence of statute, public policy might prohibit some assignments.

Contracts That Prohibit Assignment

Assignability of contract rights is useful, and prohibitions against it are not generally favored. Many contracts contain general language that prohibits assignment of rights or of “the contract.” Both the Restatement and UCC Section 2-210(3) declare that in the absence of any contrary circumstances, a provision in the agreement that prohibits assigning “the contract” bars “only the delegation to the assignee of the assignor’s performance.”Restatement (Second) of Contracts, Section 322. In other words, unless the contract specifically prohibits assignment of any of its terms, a party is free to assign anything except his or her own duties.

Even if a contractual provision explicitly prohibits it, a right to damages for breach of the whole contract is assignable under UCC Section 2-210(2) in contracts for goods. Likewise, UCC Section 9-318(4) invalidates any contract provision that prohibits assigning sums already due or to become due. Indeed, in some states, at common law, a clause specifically prohibiting assignment will fail. For example, the buyer and the seller agree to the sale of land and to a provision barring assignment of the rights under the contract. The buyer pays the full price, but the seller refuses to convey. The buyer then assigns to her friend the right to obtain title to the land from the seller. The latter’s objection that the contract precludes such an assignment will fall on deaf ears in some states; the assignment is effective, and the friend may sue for the title.

Future Contracts

The law distinguishes between assigning future rights under an existing contract and assigning rights that will arise from a future contract. Rights contingent on a future event can be assigned in exactly the same manner as existing rights, as long as the contingent rights are already incorporated in a contract. Ben has a long-standing deal with his neighbor, Mrs. Robinson, to keep the latter’s walk clear of snow at twenty dollars a snowfall. Ben is saving his money for a new printer, but when he is eighty dollars shy of the purchase price, he becomes impatient and cajoles a friend into loaning him the balance. In return, Ben assigns his friend the earnings from the next four snowfalls. The assignment is effective. However, a right that will arise from a future contract cannot be the subject of a present assignment.

Partial Assignments

An assignor may assign part of a contractual right, but only if the obligor can perform that part of his contractual obligation separately from the remainder of his obligation. Assignment of part of a payment due is always enforceable. However, if the obligor objects, neither the assignor nor the assignee may sue him unless both are party to the suit. Mrs. Robinson owes Ben one hundred dollars. Ben assigns fifty dollars of that sum to his friend. Mrs. Robinson is perplexed by this assignment and refuses to pay until the situation is explained to her satisfaction. The friend brings suit against Mrs. Robinson. The court cannot hear the case unless Ben is also a party to the suit. This ensures all parties to the dispute are present at once and avoids multiple lawsuits.

Successive Assignments

It may happen that an assignor assigns the same interest twice (see Figure 14.2 "Successive Assignments" ). With certain exceptions, the first assignee takes precedence over any subsequent assignee. One obvious exception is when the first assignment is ineffective or revocable. A subsequent assignment has the effect of revoking a prior assignment that is ineffective or revocable. Another exception: if in good faith the subsequent assignee gives consideration for the assignment and has no knowledge of the prior assignment, he takes precedence whenever he obtains payment from, performance from, or a judgment against the obligor, or whenever he receives some tangible evidence from the assignor that the right has been assigned (e.g., a bank deposit book or an insurance policy).

Some states follow the different English rule: the first assignee to give notice to the obligor has priority, regardless of the order in which the assignments were made. Furthermore, if the assignment falls within the filing requirements of UCC Article 9 (see Chapter 33 "Secured Transactions and Suretyship" ), the first assignee to file will prevail.

Figure 14.2 Successive Assignments

Assignor’s Warranties

An assignor has legal responsibilities in making assignments. He cannot blithely assign the same interests pell-mell and escape liability. Unless the contract explicitly states to the contrary, a person who assigns a right for value makes certain assignor’s warranties to the assignee: that he will not upset the assignment, that he has the right to make it, and that there are no defenses that will defeat it. However, the assignor does not guarantee payment; assignment does not by itself amount to a warranty that the obligor is solvent or will perform as agreed in the original contract. Mrs. Robinson owes Ben fifty dollars. Ben assigns this sum to his friend. Before the friend collects, Ben releases Mrs. Robinson from her obligation. The friend may sue Ben for the fifty dollars. Or again, if Ben represents to his friend that Mrs. Robinson owes him (Ben) fifty dollars and assigns his friend that amount, but in fact Mrs. Robinson does not owe Ben that much, then Ben has breached his assignor’s warranty. The assignor’s warranties may be express or implied.

Key Takeaway

Generally, it is OK for an obligee to assign the right to receive contractual performance from the obligor to a third party. The effect of the assignment is to make the assignee stand in the shoes of the assignor, taking all the latter’s rights and all the defenses against nonperformance that the obligor might raise against the assignor. But the obligor may agree in advance to waive defenses against the assignee, unless such waiver is prohibited by law.

There are some exceptions to the rule that contract rights are assignable. Some, such as personal rights, are not circumstances where the obligor’s duties would materially change, cases where assignability is forbidden by statute or public policy, or, with some limits, cases where the contract itself prohibits assignment. Partial assignments and successive assignments can happen, and rules govern the resolution of problems arising from them.

When the assignor makes the assignment, that person makes certain warranties, express or implied, to the assignee, basically to the effect that the assignment is good and the assignor knows of no reason why the assignee will not get performance from the obligor.

• If Able makes a valid assignment to Baker of his contract to receive monthly rental payments from Tenant, how is Baker’s right different from what Able’s was?
• Able made a valid assignment to Baker of his contract to receive monthly purchase payments from Carr, who bought an automobile from Able. The car had a 180-day warranty, but the car malfunctioned within that time. Able had quit the auto business entirely. May Carr withhold payments from Baker to offset the cost of needed repairs?
• Assume in the case in Exercise 2 that Baker knew Able was selling defective cars just before his (Able’s) withdrawal from the auto business. How, if at all, does that change Baker’s rights?
• Why are leases generally not assignable? Why are insurance contracts not assignable?

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The Assignment of Commercial Contracts in Legal Practice

Contracts are a prime example of intangible property. Parties to commercial contracts, like other property owners, frequently want to transfer their property to a third party. The transfer of a contract refers to the assignment of some or all of a party’s rights or the delegation of some or all of a party’s performance, or both, to a non-party to the agreement.

Some common instances in which a contracting party in a commercial context may desire to assign contractual rights, performance responsibilities, or both are as follows:

• In an asset sale, a corporation sells parts or all of its company.
• A contractor who subcontracts its work under certain projects.
• A business conglomerate that is going through an internal corporate reorganization.
• The borrower who offers its lender a security interest in its assets.
• A manufacturer who sells its receivables to a third party.

In any of these cases, the non-transferring party may object to assignment or delegation for a variety of grounds, including:

• The desire to choose the party with whom it does business.
• Concern that a different obligor or obligee may jeopardize the non-transferring party’s capacity to benefit from the contractual deal

To decide whether the transferring party (also known as the transferor) can execute the proposed transfer without gaining the non-transferring party’s approval, the transferring party must turn to relevant legislation and the plain text of the contract. If consent is necessary and not obtained, the transferring party faces the following risks:

• Violation of the contract.
• Making an ineffective and invalid transfer.

The Definitions of Assignment and Delegation

Each party to a contract is an:

• Obligee in terms of its contractual rights; and
• Obligor in terms of its contractual performance responsibilities.

Contract “assignability” is a term frequently used by contracting parties and practitioners. While they may expressly address the assignment of a party’s rights under the contract in some contexts, they frequently use the term “assignment” to refer to both:

• The delegation of duty to perform.
• The assignment of rights to obtain performance.

However, assignment and delegation are two distinct legal concepts that must be treated individually due to the fact that they might have different outcomes.

What is an Assignment?

Assignment is the transfer of some or all of an obligee’s (assignor’s) rights to receive performance under a contract, generally but not always to a non-party (assignee). A contract benefit is a right (a chose in action) that, in theory, may be delegated by the benefiting party to a non-party. For clarity purposes, this informative piece will assume that the assignee is a non-party, although the rights and responsibilities of the parties addressed apply equally to an assignee who is also a party to the agreement. When these rights are assigned, the assignor no longer has any claim to the advantages of the given rights, which are completely passed to the assignee.

Technically, a contract’s burden cannot be assigned under the law (see National Trust Co. v. Mead [i] and Irving Oil Ltd. v. Canada [ii] ). Transferring performance responsibilities under a contract requires the approval of all parties, making such a transfer a novation.

In practice, parties frequently refer to “assigning a contract” or “allowing the assignment of a contract,” which is actually an inaccurate representation of their intentions. For example, the parties may plan for some or all of the following:

• The contract’s rights or benefits may be assigned.
• The contract’s burdens or performance duties may be transferred.
• Rights and burdens may be transferred.

The Effects of Assignment

The assignor is no longer entitled to any benefits from the assigned rights, which have all been passed to the assignee; nonetheless, even if the assignor is stripped of its contractual rights, assignment does not decrease or remove the assignor’s duties to the non-assigning party. As previously stated, a contract’s burden may only be assigned to a third party with the approval of all parties. As a result, the assignor is still obligated to fulfill its contractual commitments. The non-assigning party retains the following:

• Its entitlement to get performance from the assignor; and
• Its remedies against the assignor in the event of non-performance.

The ordinary rule is that a party can only assign its benefits without the consent of the other party to the contract and will remain liable to the other party for its performance obligations (see National Trust Co. v. Mead [iii] and Rodaro v. Royal Bank [iv] ). If the assignor intends to transfer its obligations and both the non-transferring party and the potential assignee agree, the parties should enter into a novation agreement, which results in a new contract between the assignee and the old contract’s remaining (non-transferring) party. In practice, the assignee often undertakes the contract’s performance responsibilities as of the date of assignment, and the assignor gets an indemnity from the assignee in the event of a breach or failure to perform.

A clear, present, purpose to transfer the assigned rights without needing any additional action by the assignee is required for an assignment to be effective, which means that a promise to assign in the future is ineffective as an actual transfer. Otherwise, no special terminology is necessary to draft an effective assignment.

What is Delegation?

Delegation is the transfer of some or all of an obligor’s (delegating party’s) performance responsibilities (or conditions demanding performance) under a contract to a non-party (delegatee). To be effective, a delegation requires the delegatee to agree to take on the delegated performance; however, unless the non-delegating party has consented to a novation, the delegating party remains accountable for the delegated performance, whether or not it has also transferred its contractual rights.

This is distinct from an assignment of rights, in which the assignor relinquishes its contractual claims upon assignment. As a result, even if the delegating party can effectively delegate its actual performance to the delegatee (such that the delegatee’s actual performance discharges the delegating party’s duty), the delegating party cannot be relieved of its obligation to perform and liability for non-performance unless the non-delegating party agrees to a novation.

There is no precise wording necessary to create an effective delegation, just as there is not for the assignment of rights. When performance is effectively delegated, the delegatee assumes liability for the delegating party’s performance obligations (under an assumption agreement), even if the delegating party retains liability to the non-delegating party for the delegatee’s failure to adequately perform the delegated obligations in the absence of a novation. Under an assumed agreement, the delegating party may have recourse against the delegatee, which is frequently addressed through a contractual indemnity right.

If the delegating party wishes to entirely exclude itself from liability for non-performance, it must get the non-delegating party’s approval to the contract (novation). In the majority of novations, the delegating party, the delegatee, and the non-delegating party all agree on the following:

• The delegatee replaces the delegating party as a party to the contract.
• The delegating party is no longer liable for contract performance.
• The delegatee is directly and solely liable for the delegating party’s contract fulfillment.

Types of Assignment – Legal (Statutory) Assignment vs. Equitable Assignment

• Legal (Statutory) Assignment: An assignment that satisfies the provisions of the appropriate province or territory laws (for example, the Conveyancing and Law of Property Act [v] )
• Equitable Assignment: An equitable assignment may be enforced even if it does not fulfill the statutory requirements for a legal assignment.

Requirements for a Legal (Statutory) Assignment

All of Canada’s common law provinces have enacted legislation allowing the transfer of contract rights. Notably, the legislation for Ontario is the Conveyancing and Law of Property Act .

These statutory assignments are enforceable if the parties comply with the following procedures:

• The assignment is absolute.
• The assignment is in writing, signed by the assignor
• the non-assigning obligor is given express written notice.

A statutory assignment does not need consideration, and no precise words or form are necessary. They can be made as gifts and be valid.

Requirements for an Equitable Assignment

An assignment may be enforceable as an equitable assignment even if it does not fulfill the formality criteria of a statutory assignment. An equitable assignment does not necessitate the use of any specific terms or form. However, in order to comply with any provincial statutes of frauds regulations, the assignment must be in writing. The phrasing must clearly indicate that the assignee is to benefit from the rights being assigned. In contrast to a statutory assignment, consideration is required until there is a full transfer, such as a gift. It is not necessary to provide the non-assigning obligor with express written notification (except in the case of a transfer of land). However, notification is often given largely to assure that:

• The obligor ceases to pay the assignor.
• The assignee has priority over subsequent encumbrances.

Contractual Anti-Assignment & Anti-Delegation Clauses

Rather than relying on relatively uncertain legal rules, most commercial contract parties handle transferability issues in the written agreement. As a result, most commercial contracts include a negative covenant that restricts one or both parties’ rights to assign.

These clauses frequently include specific exceptions that allow one or more of the parties to assign and delegate rights and duties, often to designated non-parties such as affiliates and successors-in-interest to the transferring party’s business.

Courts frequently uphold provisions that prevent assignment because they favor the rights of parties to freely contract. However, subject to specific limitations, there is a broad assumption that contractual rights are assignable. As a result, the case law on anti-assignment provisions is a little erratic. Some courts have upheld anti-assignment clauses and declared the agreement unenforceable. Others have argued that an anti-assignment provision cannot preclude assignment.

Overall, contractual anti-assignment and anti-delegation provisions are commonly included in many types of business contracts. If not, transferability is determined by the contract’s subject matter and the nature of the rights and obligations to be transferred. It is important to stay knowledgeable the existence of such contractual terms when dealing with various commercial contracts…such as contracts for the sale of goods, personal service contracts, commercial real estate leases and various other types of contracts.

If you have any questions about your business’s contractual assignment or delegation needs, contact Cactus Law today to speak with a lawyer specializing in commercial law.

Disclaimer:

The information presented above is solely for general educational and informational purposes. It is not intended to be, and should not be taken as, legal advice. The information given above may not be applicable in all cases and may not even reflect the most recent authority after the date of its publication. As a result, please refer to all updated legislation, statutes, and amendments. Nothing in this article should be relied on or acted upon without the benefit of legal advice based on the specific facts and circumstances described, and nothing in this article should be interpreted otherwise.

About the Author:

Kanwar Gujral is entering his third year at Osgoode Hall Law School in Toronto, Ontario. He has a dedicated interest in real estate, business, and corporate law.

[i] National Trust Co. v. Mead , 1990 CarswellSask 165 (S.C.C.).

[ii] Irving Oil Ltd. v. Canada , 1984 CarswellNat 137 (Fed. C.A.).

[iii] Supra note 1.

[iv] Rodaro v. Royal Bank , 2002 CarswellOnt 1047 (Ont. C.A.).

[v] Conveyancing and Law of Property Act , R.S.O. 1990, c. C.34.

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Transfer or assign?

A common – and often confusing – feature of English legal terminology is that two or more words are used to describe what appears to be the same noun, adjective or verb. So we see two or more words describing nouns, such as “goods and chattels” and “will and testament”; two or more words describing adjectives, such as “null and void”, “in full force and effect” and “fit and proper”; and two or more words describing actions, such as “give, devise and bequeath” and “sell, transfer and assign”.

Often referred to as synonym strings, this practice can be attributed to a couple of factors. The first factor is the subtle difference in the traditional legal meaning of words. For example, “will” was traditionally used in relation to real (or immovable) property, and “testament” was traditionally used in relation to personal (or movable) property. Along similar lines, “devise” was used in relation to the testamentary gift of real property and “bequeath” was used in relation to the testamentary gift of personal property.

In the context of modern contracts, many of these traditional legal distinctions are no longer relevant. For example, each of the words “representations” and “warranties” traditionally referred to different concepts and gave rise to different remedies. However, they still appear in contracts as a matter of convention, even where they refer to the same concept (see Lexicon in China Business Law Journal volume 1, issue 3, page 78, entitled Warranties and misrepresentations).

The second factor causing synonym strings is historical and linguistic in nature. After the Normans conquered England in 1066, Norman French or “law French” became the language of the law, together with Latin. The use of Latin and law French was subsequently prohibited by a statute in 1731, which introduced English as the language of the law and the courts.

Despite the adoption of English as the language of the law, many lawyers continued to use the French words alongside their English equivalents in contracts and other legal documents. For example, the English word “goods” was inserted in the phrase “goods and chattels” and the English word “give” was inserted in the phrase “give, devise and bequeath”.

In this column, we look at the use of the words “transfer” and “assign” in common law jurisdictions, and the equivalent terms in China. We will also look at the assignment of contractual rights under English law and PRC law.

In all common law jurisdictions, each of the words “transfer” and “assign” is commonly used to describe the act by which ownership of an asset is passed from one party to another. The asset might be a right or interest in relation to tangible property, such as a house or car, or a right or interest in relation to intangible property, such as a contractual right or claim.

Although the words are often used interchangeably, “transfer” has traditionally been used in connection with property that is capable of being physically possessed (e.g. a house or car) and property where ownership is represented by a legal instrument (e.g. a share certificate).

“Assign”, on the other hand, has traditionally been used in relation to intangible property rights, such as a debt or the benefits arising under a contract (e.g. the rental income under a lease agreement).

Assignment of debts, contractual rights under English law

From a public policy perspective, the transfer of an asset that is capable of being physically possessed is much less complicated than the assignment of an asset that consists of a claim or right under a contract.

This is because a tangible asset has a separate existence, which is not dependent on the acts or obligations of a third party. As long as the person in possession of the asset is also its owner and has clean title to the asset, no third parties will be adversely affected by the transfer.

In the case of the assignment of a debt or the benefits arising under a contract, however, the asset consists of a right to claim payment from a third party (i.e. the debtor or obligor).

The third party will be affected by the assignment, as it may be asked by the assignee to make payments to itself in place of the assignor. It will also be adversely affected if the assignment means that it loses the right to set off any payment obligations owing by the assignor against its own payment obligations.

Before the statutory development that occurred under the Judicature Act 1873, an assignment of a debt or contractual right was recognised in equity as an equitable assignment (see Lexicon in China Business Law Journal volume 3, issue 5, page 74, entitled Law or equity?).

Under an equitable assignment, the assignee could not enforce the debt or contractual right directly against the debtor or the obligor. However, it could require the assignor to sue the debtor or the obligor in the assignor’s name to recover payment on behalf of the assignee.

The Judicature Act (now section 136 of the Law of Property Act) introduced the concept of a legal assignment. Under a legal assignment, the assignee is able to step into the shoes of the assignor and claim payment directly from the debtor or the obligor if four conditions are satisfied: (1) the assignment is absolute (i.e. it is not part of a security arrangement); (2) the assignment is in writing; (3) the whole of the debt is assigned; and (4) written notice has been given to the debtor or the obligor. The relevant part of section 136 is set out below (note that a “legal thing in action” is a right that has no physical existence and can only be enforced through legal action).

第136条 据法财产的法定转让 (1) 转让人以书面形式作出并亲笔签署（其意并非只是以押记形式作出）的债权或其他据法财产的绝对转让，如果转让人已就该项绝对转让向该等债权或据法财产的债务人、受托人或其他义务人给予明确的书面通知，则该绝对转让具有法律效力并且自上述通知之日起向受让人转移和转让以下权利： (a) 该等债权或据法财产的法律权利； (b) 该等债权或据法财产的所有法律或其他救济措施； (c) 无须转让人的同意而直接确认债务人已妥为清偿该等债务或据法财产 … 136 Legal assignments of things in action. (1) Any absolute assignment by writing under the hand of the assignor (not purporting to be by way of charge only) of any debt or other legal thing in action, of which express notice in writing has been given to the debtor, trustee or other person from whom the assignor would have been entitled to claim such debt or thing in action, is effectual in law … to pass and transfer from the date of such notice: (a) the legal right to such debt or thing in action; (b) all legal and other remedies for the same; and (c) the power to give a good discharge for the same without the concurrence of the assignor …

The above section – and its equivalent in other common law jurisdictions – is one of the most important statutory provisions in commerce, as it underpins the trade in financial assets and supports many financial transactions, such as securitisation.

There is, however, a complex question that has not been conclusively answered in many common law jurisdictions: what is the legal position if the contract creating the debt prohibits an assignment by the creditor or provides that an assignment of the debt will not be effective without the consent of the debtor?

If a creditor assigns a debt in breach of a contractual prohibition, there are three possible outcomes:

• the assignment is wholly ineffective;
• the assignment is ineffective against the debtor but effective between the assignor and the assignee; or
• the assignment is wholly effective, both against the assignor and also the debtor (once written notice is given).

The question involves important issues of public policy, as it creates a conflict between two fundamental principles – namely, the principle of freedom of trade (under which the owners of financial assets should be able to sell them freely and without restriction) and the principle of freedom of contract (under which the parties to a contract should be free to determine their respective rights and obligations without undue interference from the law).

In England, the position is not settled.

The weight of legal opinion is in favour of treating the assignment as effective between the assignor and the assignee, but not between the assignee and the debtor. In the US, on the other hand, the law has decided in favour of freedom of trade by treating the assignment as fully effective. Article 9-138(4) of the Uniform Commercial Code provides that a term in any contract between a debtor and an assignor is ineffective if it prohibits the assignment of the debt or requires the debtor’s consent to an assignment.

As is the case in the English language, there are also several words in the Chinese language that describe the act by which tangible or intangible property rights are passed from one party to another.

These include “ 转让 ”, “ 转移 ” (or “ 移转 ” and “ 让与 ”). Some of the contexts in which these words are used are explained below.

“ 转让 ” and “ 转移 ” are often used interchangeably to refer to both the transfer of rights and the transfer of obligations from one party to another party.

See, for example, articles 84 and 88 of the PRC Contract Law, which respectively refer to the transfer of obligations and concurrent transfer of rights and obligations.

“ 转移 ” is often used to refer to the transfer of title. For example, article 130 of the PRC Contract Law provides that “a sales contract is a contract whereby the seller transfers title to the subject matter to the buyer, who pays the price”.

The term “ 让与 ” is often used to describe the assignment of contractual rights or the assignment of debts.

Assignment of debts or contractual rights under PRC law

Similar to article 136 of the Law of Property Act in England, articles 79 and 80 of the PRC Contract Law make provision for an assignment of contractual rights as follows:

第七十九条　 债权人可以将合同的权利全部或者部分转让给第三人，但有下列情形之一的除外： (一）根据合同性质不得转让； (二）按照当事人约定不得转让； (三）依照法律规定不得转让。 第八十条　 债权人转让权利的，应当通知债务人。未经通知，该转让对债务人不发生效力。 债权人转让权利的通知不得撤销，但经受让人同意的除外。 Article 79 An obligee may assign its rights under a contract in whole or in part to a third person, except in any of the following circumstances: (i) the rights are not capable of assignment in light of the nature of the contract; (ii) in accordance with the agreement between the parties, the rights may not be assigned; (iii) the law provides that the rights may not be assigned. Article 80 Where an obligee assigns its rights, it must notify the obligor. An assignment that is not notified is not binding upon the obligor. A notice of assignment of rights given by the obligee may not be revoked, except with the consent of the assignee.

Under article 79(ii), contractual rights may not be assigned if there is a prohibition against assignment in the contract. As a result, PRC law has taken the opposite position to the law in the US by providing that an assignment in breach of a contractual prohibition is wholly ineffective.

It will be interesting to see if PRC law becomes more flexible in the future and provides for a special set of rules in the case of commercial transactions.

If it does, it will be interesting to see whether it adopts a position similar to that in jurisdictions like England, where the assignment is effective between the assignor and the assignee, but not against the debtor, or a position similar to that in the US and France, where the assignment is wholly effective both against the assignor and the debtor (once written notice is given).

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A former partner of Linklaters Shanghai, Andrew Godwin teaches law at Melbourne Law School in Australia, where he is an associate director of its Asian Law Centre. Andrew’s new book is a compilation of China Business Law Journal’s popular Lexicon series, entitled China Lexicon: Defining and translating legal terms. The book is published by Vantage Asia and available at law.asia.

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Trademark assignments: Transferring ownership or changing your name

Assignment Center

Trademark owners may need to transfer ownership or change the name on their application or registration. This could happen while your trademark application is pending or after your trademark has registered. Use Assignment Center to transfer ownership or to request a change in name. See our how-to guide for trademarks on using Assignment Center.

Here are examples of common reasons:

• I’ve sold my business and need to transfer ownership of the trademark. This is a transfer of ownership called an assignment.
• I got married just after I filed my application and my last name changed.  This is a name change of the owner. 

There are fees associated with recording assignments, name changes, and other ownership-type changes with the USPTO. See the Trademark Services Fee Code “8521” on the current fee schedule to find the specific fee amount.

See the correcting the owner name page to learn if you can correct an error in the owner's name that does not require an assignment.

Limitations based on filing basis

Intent-to-use section 1(b) applications.

If you’re transferring ownership to a business successor for the goods or services listed in your identification, you can file your assignment at any time. In all other cases, you must wait until after you file an  Amendment to Allege Use or a Statement of Use before you file your assignment. For more information, see the Trademark Manual of Examining Procedure (TMEP)  section 501.01(a) . 

Madrid Protocol section 66(a) U.S. applications and registrations

All ownership changes involving international registrations must be filed with the International Bureau of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Follow the guidance on the WIPO website about changing ownership or changing an owner’s or holder’s name. See the  TMEP section 502.02(b) for more information.

How to update ownership information

Submit a request to transfer ownership or change the name.

Use Assignment Center to submit your request to transfer ownership or change the owner name for your U.S. application or registration. You will need to fill out a cover sheet with certain information and may also need to upload supporting documents, depending on the type of change. Also, be prepared to pay the Trademark Services Fee Code “8521” on the current fee schedule .

You'll receive a notice of recordation or non-recordation

In about seven days, look for your notice. If you don’t receive one, contact the Assignment Recordation Branch . The Notice of Non-Recordation will explain the reason your request to record was denied. Here are four common reasons: 

• A critical piece of information was omitted from the cover sheet. 
• The document is illegible or not scannable. 
• The information on the cover sheet and the supporting document do not match. 
• The assignment was not transferred with the good will of the business. 

USPTO trademark database will be automatically updated after recordation

Once recorded, the trademark database should reflect the new owner information or name change. Check the Trademark Status and Document Retrieval (TSDR) system to see if the owner information has been updated. See below for information about what to do if the database isn’t updated.

What to do if the USPTO trademark database isn’t updated

In some cases, the USPTO will not automatically update the trademark database to show the change in ownership or name. This could happen when the execution date conflicts with a previously recorded document or multiple assignments have the same execution date on the same date. For more information, see TMEP section 504.01 . 

If the trademark database wasn’t updated and your trademark has not published in the Trademark Official Gazette yet, and you need to respond to an outstanding USPTO letter or office action, use the appropriate Response form to request the update of the owner information. If you don’t have a response due, use the Voluntary Amendment form . To do this,

• Answer “yes” to the question at the beginning of the form that asks if you need to change the owner’s name or entity information.
• Enter the new name in the “Owner” field in the “Owner Information” section of the form.

Your request to update the owner information will be reviewed by a USPTO employee and entered, if appropriate. To request the owner information be updated manually when your trademark has already published or registered, use the appropriate form listed in the “Checking the USPTO trademark database for assignment/name change” section below.

If you made an error in your Assignment Center cover sheet 

Immediately call the Assignment Recordation Branch to request possible suspension of the recordation. The recordation may be suspended for two days. You’ll be instructed to email the specialist you speak with requesting the cancellation and that a refund be issued. However, if the assignment has already been recorded, your request will be denied. You must then follow the procedures outlined in the TMEP section 503.06 to make any corrections to the assignment.

We strongly recommend filing these changes online using Assignment Center , which will record your changes in less than a week. It is possible to request these changes by paper using the Recordation Form Cover Sheet and mailing the cover sheet, any supporting documentation, and fee to: 

Mail Stop Assignment Recordation Branch Director of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office PO Box 1450 Alexandria, VA 22313-1450

If you file by paper, we will record your changes within 20 days of filing. 

Checking the USPTO trademark database for assignment /name change

After you receive a Notice of Recordation, wait one week before checking to see if the owner information has been updated in your application or registration in the trademark database. Follow these instructions:

• Go to TSDR .
• Enter the application serial number or registration number.
• Select the “Status” button.
• Scroll down to the “Current Owner(s) Information” section. 
• Check to see that your owner information was updated correctly.

If the owner information hasn’t yet been updated, go to the “Prosecution History” section in TSDR to see the status of the assignment or name change. It can take up to seven days to see an entry in the Prosecution History regarding the assignment. If an entry shows "Ownership records not automatically updated," you will need to submit a TEAS form making the owner or name change manually.

The form you need depends on where your application is in the process.

• If your trademark has not published in the Trademark Official Gazette yet, use the TEAS Response to Examining Attorney Office Action form or the TEAS Voluntary Amendment form . If you are responding to an outstanding USPTO Office action regarding your application or registration, use the TEAS response form.
• If your trademark has published but hasn't registered, use the TEAS Post-Publication Amendment form . 
• If your trademark is registered , use the TEAS Section 7 Request form . A fee is required.

Updating your correspondence information

If your ownership information is automatically updated in TSDR , you must ensure your correspondence information, including any attorney information, is also updated. To update your correspondence or attorney information, use the TEAS Change of Address or Representation (CAR) form . This form cannot be used to change the owner name.

For further information, see TMEP Chapter 500 and look at the frequently asked questions .

Additional information about this page

Difference between Transfer and Assignment

19 Feb 2022  · 4 mins read

A single word may have more than one meanings. One might wonder how complex language is and how confusing words are. Transfer and assignment are such similar terms interchangeably used yet different in legal sense. The article discusses the meaning, types of assignment and how it is different from that of transfers.

In simple terms, assignment means the sale of IP i.e., the transfer of complete ownership to the assignee including the right to exclude others from infringing it. To constitute an assignment, the terms and conditions of contract under the Indian Contract Act, 1872. The agreement must be signed and written. The specific IP laws determine the features of such assignment in detail. In Copyright law partial assignment is also permitted under section 18, which requires to mention specifically the rights assigned. Also, it is necessary to mention the time period for which the assignment is made. In the absence of such time period, generally 5 years is taken as a limit. Assigner is the owner who assigns it to another person known as assignee.

Assignment is different from that of licensing in a way that the latter only parts with certain rights and the ownership rests with the person who is ready to give away the rights.

The following are some of the common types of assignment:-

Legal Assignment- When the transfer of existing registered IP is transferred, wherein the new owner acquires all rights, it is known as legal assignment.

• Equitable Assignment- It occurs when before the registration, the assigner is willing to transfer it to the assignee. Once the registration is done the assignee can acquire all the rights. Although the assignee cannot register himself as the proprietor but can show interest in the IP through a notice.
• Mortgage- It is the total or partial transfer of IP in return of a sum of money. Once the money is repaid, the IP is reinstated to its original owner.

On the other hand, transfer means to convey or remove from one person or place to another person. Transfer is of titles whereas the Assignment is for obligations and rights. 1

The term transfer is generally used for properties that can be possessed physically. For example, a car or house or those properties which can be represented by a legal instrument such as share

certificate.

Assign is generally associated with intangible properties such as a debt, or benefits arising from contracts for example rental income under a lease agreement. 2

An assignment is thus different from other type of transfers such as subrogation, novation, sublease etc. Assignment is basically the transfer all rights, interests, titles which the assigner conveys to assignee and the latter stands in the shoes of the assigner. 3

Though the difference between novation and assignment is narrower, one ought to know the difference. “ Novation is a act whereby one party transfers all its obligations and benefits under a contract to a third party. ” 4

And for the transfer of the property, the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 applies. It extensively deals with various kinds of transfers. There are certain set rules for transfer of property. For instance, one needs to be of sound mind, not intoxicated, of legal age and must not be disqualified by law. The Act lists kinds of transfer such as lease, mortgage, exchange, gift and sale.

To sum up, though the words transfer and assignment is used interchangeably there is a difference between them. They are governed by different legislations and are used for different purposes. So one needs to be careful and understand all the legal provisions before transferring anything.

1 Difference between Assignment and transfer, UPCOUNSEL, (Nov 09, 2021, 5: 25 pm), https://www.upcounsel.com/difference-between-assignment-and-transfer . 2 Merchants Service Co. v. Small Claims Court, 35 Cal. 2d 109, 113-114 (Cal. 1950).. 3 Knott v. McDonald’s Corp., 985 F. Supp. 1222 (N.D. Cal. 1997). 4 Assignments: the basic law, STIMMEL LAW, (Nov 9, 2022, 5: 48 pm), https://www.stimmel-law.com/en/articles/assignments-basic-law .

Home » LLC Interest Transfer » Assignment and Transfer of Membership Interest

Assignment and Transfer of Membership Interest

Jeramie Fortenberry, J.D., LL.M.

An LLC owner (called a member ) can transfer an ownership interest (called a membership interest ) by complying with the transfer provisions within the LLC’s operating agreement and state law. An assignment is one of the key documents a member must prepare to officially transfer a membership interest to a transferee.

What is the Purpose of an LLC Interest Assignment?

An assignment—sometimes titled assignment and transfer or assignment and assumption —serves as a written record of a member’s transfer of an LLC interest to a transferee. It is comparable to a deed that transfers real estate, but an assignment instead transfers to a new owner (the assignee or transferee ) some or all of an LLC member’s ownership rights in the company. Like some deeds, an assignment may include the member’s guarantee that he or she actually owns the interest being transferred and has the right to transfer it.

An LLC interest assignment must comply with any transfer terms, conditions, or restrictions in the company’s operating agreement. For example, an operating agreement may require other members’ consent to the transfer or limit the ownership rights that members are allowed to transfer.

An LLC owner may also prepare an assignment when offering an ownership interest as security for a loan. In that situation, the lender is the assignee and usually claims the interest only if the member fails to repay the loan. Assignments of LLC interests pledged as collateral are subject to additional laws and are not the focus of this article.

What LLC Interests Do Assignments Transfer?

A member who creates an LLC assignment customizes the assignment to the precise ownership interest the member wishes to transfer. LLC ownership interests can generally be separated into two basic interests:

• Economic rights. A member’s economic rights (sometimes called transferable interest ) include the member’s allocation of the LLC’s profits and losses and the member’s right to receive distributions from the company.
• Membership rights. A member’s membership rights—which are typically defined in the operating agreement—include the member’s right to vote on important matters, participate in the LLC’s internal affairs, and join in the management of the company (if it is member-managed).

An assignment can transfer the member’s economic rights (in whole or in part)—in which case the transferee receives a right to LLC distributions but no right to vote on LLC matters. Or, an assignment can transfer the member’s entire interest in the company. A transfer of all membership rights typically requires other members’ approval, formal admittance of the transferee as a new member, and a separate joinder agreement under which the new member accepts the LLC’s operating agreement.

What Information is Included in an LLC Membership Assignment?

An assignment must identify the transferor and the transferee, the company, and the specific interest being transferred. It should state whether the transfer applies to all or part of the transferor’s interest and whether the transferee will receive all membership rights or an economic interest only.

Assignments often also include:

• A reference to the operating agreement’s authorization of the transfer;
• A statement that the transfer has been approved under the operating agreement’s approval standard; and
• The transferor’s warranty that he or she actually owns the interest and that the assignment does not breach any other agreements.

An assignment must be signed by the member who makes the transfer and—depending on its terms—may also be signed by the transferee and on behalf of the LLC.

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1408 - Transfer Assignments

Search human resource manual, introduction, application, definitions, authorities and references.

• A transfer assignment provides an opportunity for an employee to gain a broader range of work experience, and therefore have knowledge and skills to meet the changing demands of the work environment. It also provides an opportunity for Departments to make use of an employee's expertise.  This is done by providing short-term assignments for employees in their home Department, or another location within the Public Service.
• These guidelines and procedures apply to all Departments and Agencies, except the NWT Power Corporation.
• Department is any Department or Agency of the Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT) whose employees are public servants under the Public Service Act .
• Deputy Head is any deputy minister of a department, superintendent of a divisional education council, chief executive officer or president of a board, authority, agency or any such person as may be appointed as a deputy head.
• Transfer Assignment  is a binding contract for the temporary redeployment of an employee. The document specifies the terms of the agreement between the Employing Department, the Receiving Department (if applicable) and the Transferee.
• Departmental Transfer is the temporary redeployment of an employee within the same Department.
• Interdepartmental Transfer is the temporary redeployment of an employee from one Department to another Department.
• Transferee is the employee who is redeployed under the terms and conditions of a formal transfer assignment.
• Employing Department is the Department where the employee is employed before commencing the transfer.
• Receiving Department is the Department where the transferee will be working during the assignment.
• Developmental Plan is a document that details the objectives and methods by which the employee will enhance their knowledge, skills and abilities through the transfer assignment.
• The Public Service Act Regulations require that selection of employees for promotion or transfer be based on merit, with a view to developing a public service staffed by competent, well-qualified employees.
• Meet immediate operational requirements;
• Contribute to an employee's career development;
• Redeploy an affected employee;
• Address unique human resource considerations; or
• Cover acting periods greater than six weeks 
• Transfer assignments are available to employees who have indeterminate or term positions
• The Department of Finance is responsible for providing advice on, coordinating and processing all transfer assignments.
• An employee interested in a transfer assignment opportunity should discuss the possibility of a transfer assignment with their supervisor.  Approval for a transfer assignment opportunity is subject to operational requirements and may be refused for operational reasons.
• An indeterminate employee may apply on a term position and request a transfer assignment.
• The Deputy Head of the Employing Department is the approval authority for all departmental transfers unless the authority has been delegated to Assistant Deputy Heads.
• Deputy Heads of the Employing and Receiving Department are the approval authority for all interdepartmental transfers unless the authority has been delegated to Assistant Deputy Heads.
• An extension of the term of a transfer assignment requires mutual consent of all parties to the agreement.
• Open competitions for term or indeterminate appointments that offer a transfer opportunity to GNWT employees will adhere to the staffing guidelines and are subject to the Staffing Appeals Regulations.
• The duration of a transfer assignment done through open competition, including extensions, shall not exceed three years and must comply with the terms and conditions of employment. The delegated approval authorities of the Receiving and Employing Departments may extend the transfer assignment by one year through mutual agreement of all parties.
• The Receiving Department assumes the full costs associated with the transfer. These include, but are not limited to, paying the moving expenses of the transferee to the assignment location and back to the permanent place of employment, duty travel expenses, salary, benefits and any other costs associated with the transfer. Some exceptions may occur, contact your Human Resource representative to discuss. 
• The Employing Department  guarantees that upon completion of the transfer assignment, the transferee’s home position will be available to them. Any increases or increments in pay that would have occurred while the transferee was on the assignment will be applied. 
•  An employee in a term position, who is approved for a transfer assignment, must be extended (if required) in his/her home position in the Employing Department for the duration of the transfer assignment.  Generally, term employment in one position in a particular Department or Agency cannot exceed 24 months of continuous employment.  For UNW members, an extension beyond 24 months in one position requires consultation with the UNW.
• One year or less and where a transfer is required to address an immediate operational need; or
• Two years or less and where a transfer assignment will address the development needs of an existing employee consistent with their personal development plan.
• Transfer assignments filled through a) or b) may be extended for up to one year and must comply with the terms and conditions of employment.  The delegated approval authority  must provide the Department of Finance with a written rationale for the extension. 

The rationale should, but is not limited to, include:

• Why the operational need was not met within the one-year time frame?
• Why the operational need could not be met through the open competition process?
• Explanation of why results identified in the developmental plan were not met?
• Explanation of what would happen if the transfer assignment was not extended? 
• Has the delegated approval authority of the Employing Department been given sufficient notice and agrees to the extension of the transfer assignment?
• Will the extension of the transfer assignment negatively impact the Employing Department’s operational requirements?
• Transfer assignments of more than one year to address an operational need or more than two years for employee development, may be filled through a limited competition.
• Where an employee is identified for a transfer assignment with development needs, the supervisor will complete a developmental plan to address the development needs.
• Transfer assignments may be terminated at the request of any one party upon 30 days' notice to all parties.
• Where transfer assignments are terminated upon 30 days’ notice and the transferee is a term employee, the Employing Department shall provide the transferee their home position for the duration of the transferee’s term of employment.  
• Pay for transfer assignments is generally calculated as a standard promotion, transfer or voluntary demotion.
• Transfer assignments are reported in the Public Service Annual Report.
• The supervisor discusses the need for a transfer assignment with a client service representative to determine if a transfer assignment is appropriate, and its proposed format.
• For interdepartmental transfer assignments, the delegated approval authorities agree on the terms of the transfer assignment prior to notifying the transferee;  
• the delegated approval authority(ies)  and the transferee agree on the terms of the transfer assignment
• the client service representative prepares a transfer agreement outlining the responsibilities of all parties; and
• the delegated approval authority(ies) and transferee sign the transfer document.
• A client service representative prepares the transfer agreement outlining the responsibilities of all parties;
• The delegated approval authority(ies) and the transferee sign the transfer document; and
• If a term employee is selected for a transfer assignment, a client service representative will confirm the period of employment.  If necessary, the client service representative will complete the paperwork to extend the employee in his/her home position to cover the duration of the transfer assignment.  The client service representative shall ensure that the duration of the term complies with the terms and conditions of employment.
• At least one month prior to expiry of a transfer assignment, the Employing  Department will contact a client service representative who shall facilitate the transferee’s return and the completion of all required documents.

Public Service Act Regulations, Section 2

Human Resource Manual Section 100 – 139, Staffing

20/20: A Brilliant North

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• Administering Payroll for Canada

All transfers between legal employers are known as global transfers. During a global transfer, the application creates a work relationship and assignment under the new legal employer.

The application terminates the existing work relationship and all assignments under it as of a day prior to the global transfer date. In this scenario, the application sets the Last Standard Earnings Date and Last Standard Process Date automatically, but you have to set the Final Close Date according to your requirements. Perform all the payroll actions before entering a Final Close Date because the application terminates the original assignment after you enter this date.

Depending on the payroll relationship rules, the application creates a new assignment under a different payroll relationship. You can also change the legal employer of multiple employees in a single batch using the Mass Legal Employer Change task.

During a legal employer change within the legislative data group (LDG), you can select the data that you want to copy from the source to the target assignment and payroll relationship.

What's Copied

Change legal employer dashboard.

You can use the Change Legal Employer Dashboard to view the results of a transfer. It lists a consolidated summary related to the global transfer for each employee. For further info, see Dashboard for Legal Employer Change in the Help Center.

Override Default Settings

Some fields and copy options are enabled by default and hidden on this process. You can use HCM Experience Design Studio to configure what fields are hidden or displayed according to user role. For example, you can choose to hide some of the payroll fields from the line manager and make them visible to the payroll manager.

You could also set or modify default values. For example, all recurring element entries are copied subject to eligibility. But you could exclude certain elements by defining an element (object) group and using it as the default value for the element group field.

You can't override assignment attributes like job, grade, and position because they are unique and may differ for each worker in the destination assignment.

Related Topics

• HCM Experience Design Studio
• Dashboard for Legal Employer Change
• Local and Global Transfer
• Mass Legal Employer Change
• Overview of Administering Payroll Relationships
• Payroll Relationship and Termination Dates