presentation of yemen

Infographic: Yemen’s war explained in maps and charts

How strong are the Houthis? And how have seven years of war affected Yemen? Key questions answered, in seven graphics.

Yemen is facing one of the world’s worst humanitarian crises as the war there enters its eighth year.

The UN estimates the war had killed 377,000 people as of the end of 2021, both directly and indirectly through hunger and disease – 70 percent of those deaths are children.

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Nearly half the country (14.5 million) of 30 million people do not have enough food, according to the World Food Programme .

Nearly half (47.5 percent) of the children under five face chronic malnutrition.

At least four million people have been displaced by the seven years of war.

Key players in the conflict

In March 2015, a Saudi-led coalition – backed by the US – intervened militarily in Yemen in a bid to fight the Houthis, restore President Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi’s government, and reverse what they say is growing Iranian influence in the region.

The armed group made international headlines after seizing control of Saada province in early 2014. They later moved southwards to seize the capital Sanaa, forcing Yemen’s Hadi to flee his presidential palace in Aden for Saudi Arabia.

Amid the instability, several other armed groups emerged, including al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula ( AQAP ), the UAE-backed separatist Southern Transitional Council ( STC ), and others.

The Houthi movement – also known as Ansar Allah – are a movement of mostly Zaidi Shia Muslims from northern Yemen who opposed Hadi’s government and are believed to be supported by Iran.

Years of UN-brokered peace talks have failed to break the deadlock.

Who controls what in Yemen?

Seven years since the launch of the Saudi-led campaign, the bulk of Yemen’s northern highlands, as well as Sanaa, remain under the control of Houthi rebels.

The mountainous country between the Horn of Africa and the Middle East shares a 1,300km (800-mile) border with Saudi Arabia. Along its west coast is the Bab el-Mandeb Strait (“Gate of Tears” in Arabic), a vital shipping corridor through which much of the world’s maritime trade passes.

In the south is the port city of Aden, which was captured by the STC in 2019. Aden is the temporary home of Yemen’s internationally recognised government.

Air raids on Yemen

The Saudi-led coalition has carried out more than 24,000 air raids since 2015, according to data collected by the Yemen Data Project .

Since 2015, human rights group Amnesty International has investigated dozens of air attacks across Yemen and found many instances where civilians were killed with US-made bombs.

Attacks on Saudi Arabia and the UAE

Over the years, Houthi rebels have targeted strategic infrastructure across Saudi Arabia and the UAE, including airports, gas fields and oil tankers in the Red Sea.

In January, a UN Security Council report said the Houthis had violated a UN-imposed arms embargo and continued “to source critical components for their weapon systems from companies in Europe and Asia, using a complex network of intermediaries to obscure the chain of custody”.

In recent weeks, tensions escalated as the Houthis started launching drone and missile attacks on the UAE – a member of the Saudi-led coalition.

According to a data analysis by CSIS , Saudi Arabia’s military has intercepted more than 4,000 Houthi missiles, drones and other standoff weapons during the past five years.

In response, the coalition has stepped up attacks in Saada province, northern Yemen and the Houthi-controlled capital, Sanaa.

According to the Conflict Armament Research group, eight types of Houthi-made UAVs have been identified:

Combat UAVs: Qasef-1, Qasef-2K, Sammad-2, Sammad-3

The Qasef drones are estimated to have a range of 150-200km (93-124 miles) while the more advanced Sammads have an estimated maximum range of 1,500km (932 miles) – enough to reach the UAE from Houthi-controlled areas of Yemen.

Reconnaissance UAVs: Hudhed-1, Raqib, Rased and Sammad-1

On February 2 , a little-known armed group in Iraq calling themselves Alwiyat al-Waad al-Haq (AWH), or the True Promise Brigades, claimed to have launched an attack on Abu Dhabi – suggesting the UAE is now being targeted from north and south.

Following the attacks, the US confirmed that it will bolster the UAE’s defences and send a guided-missile warship and advanced fifth-generation fighter jets there. The UAE hosts about 2,000 US troops, who provide early-warning intelligence and collaborate on air defence.

Saudi and Emirati military capabilities

Saudi Arabia and the UAE have both bought multibillion-dollar missile defence systems from the US.

On January 17, US Central Command chief General Kenneth “Frank” McKenzie confirmed that the THAAD (Terminal High Altitude Area Defense) was used in combat for the first time against Houthi missiles fired towards the UAE.

The US military has had a presence in the Gulf for decades and has thousands of troops, as well as a sizable navy presence across the region.

Middle East military spending

Saudi Arabia is the world’s largest arms importer. In 2020, the oil-rich kingdom spent $57.5bn – 8.4 percent of its GDP – on its military, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) ( pdf ).

In 2021, the kingdom said it spent ​​some $50bn on its armed forces and is planning to spend about $46bn in 2022.

The US provides Saudi Arabia with 79 percent of its weapons, followed by the UK, with 9 percent and 4 percent from France ( pdf ). Saudi Arabia is also the main buyer of US, UK and Canadian weapons.

Between 2016 and 2020, nearly a quarter (24 percent) of the US’s, 32 percent of the UK’s and 49 percent of Canada’s total arms exports were to Saudi Arabia.

According to SIPRI, about half (47 percent) of US arms transfers during the past five years were to the Middle East .

Yemen: A Brief Background

The world’s worst humanitarian crisis is unfolding in Yemen. Even before the current war, this desert nation on the edge of the Arabian peninsula, home to 28 million people, was already the poorest country in the Arab world. It wasn’t always that way, but Yemen’s complex history can help us understand the current conflict. Here’s a brief timeline showing how events and pressures have combined to devastating effect.

Early History

Yemen has played a small by significant role in world history. The Queen of Sheba in the Hebrew Bible and the Three Wise Men of the New Testament are traditionally linked to Yemen.  While coffee perhaps originated in Ethiopia, Yemen for centuries was the primary producer, exported through the legendary (and now flavorful) port of Mocha. For a while Yemen was doing so well that the Romans called the area “Arabia Felix,” flourishing (or happy) Arabia.

19 th Century: The Formation of Today’s Yemen

This is when the political contours of today’s Yemen really started to emerge, with distinct northern and southern regions, whose tribal, religious, and geographic divisions still complicate Yemeni politics today.

1839: As part of their Empire, the British set up a protectorate around the port city of Aden and rule southeastern Yemen.

1918: Shia imams declare a kingdom in North Yemen and gain independence from the Ottoman Empire.

1960s: A military rebellion and six-year civil war in the 1960s, in which Saudi Arabia and Egypt backed opposite sides, overthrows the kingdom and establishes the Yemen Arab Republic.

1967: The British leave southern Yemen, and the People’s Republic of Southern Yemen is created.

1970: The People’s Republic becomes the Marxist People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen, known as South Yemen, a client state of Moscow. Leaders in both north and south Yemen face periodic civil uprisings and restive tribes.

1990: The end of the Cold War a year earlier brings profound change in Yemen. Communist subsidies to south Yemen evaporate, and the two Yemens merge into one. Soon after unification, President Ali Abdullah Saleh provokes a crisis with Yemen’s Gulf neighbors and the United States by refusing to condemn Saddam Hussein’s August 1990 invasion of Kuwait.

1994: Simmering north-south tensions once more erupte, with President Saleh sending armed forces to crush a southern independence civil war. (The Southern Transitional Council, which in June 2018 seized control in parts of the south, grew out of this southern independence tradition).

The Threat of Terrorism

2000: 17 U.S. personnel are killed in the October bombing of the USS Cole in Aden, focusing international attention on a rapidly expanding terrorist threat inside ungoverned areas in Yemen in the form of an offshoot of Al Qaida known as Al Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP).

2004: As the United States and others push President Saleh to concentrate on fighting AQAP, Saleh launches a series of brutal battles, backed by Saudi Arabia, against northern Yemeni Zayidi Shia fighters known as Houthis, whom he accuses of separatism and of trying to impose their religious orthodoxy on the state. The Houthis, in turn, complain of discrimination and disenfranchisement under Saleh’s autocratic rule. (Yemen’s population is 40-45% Zayidi Shia, with Sunni Muslims making up most of the remainder. Zayidi Shi’ism is distinct from Iran’s Shi’ism.)

2008: Eighteen Yemenis are killed in a September 2008 terrorist attack against the U.S. Embassy in the capital Sana’a. Concerns grow about AQAP and the United States trains Yemeni counter-terrorism forces and uses armed drones to target suspected terrorist leaders.

2011: One such drone strike kills AQAP leader (and U.S. citizen) Anwar al-Awlaki. The policy of drone strikes draws criticism for resulting in civilian deaths. With Yemen’s civil war creating security vacuums in many parts of the country, AQAP remains a threat today and is the justification given by the United Arab Emirates and others for their troop presence in southern Yemen.

Fragmentation and Catastrophe

2011: In Yemen’s version of the Arab uprisings, protests in Sana’a initially concentrate on corruption and economic hardships. Demands for widespread government changes grow, fueled in part by casualties from the heavy-handed government response. Yemeni journalist and activist Tawakkul Karman becomes the face of the protests for her role in organizing demands for respect for human rights and is later jointly awarded the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize. Concerned about instability in their backyards, Yemen’s Gulf neighbors draw on U.S. support and their own financial muscle to persuade President Saleh to resign in favor of his Vice President, Abderabbu Mansour al-Hadi, in a transitional arrangement known as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) initiative.

2012: As part of the GCC initiative, Saleh receives immunity from local prosecution and Hadi runs unopposed for a two-year term as transitional president. Today Hadi, of course, remains president of Yemen’s officially recognized, but exiled, government.

2013: Backed by the Security Council and as called for in the GCC initiative, UN Special Envoy Jamal Benomar facilitates a Yemeni National Dialogue Conference (NDC), with participation from Yemen’s diverse political groups (including representatives from the restive south and the Houthi political party named Ansar Allah) and civil society.

2014: The NDC outcome is released and praised inside and outside Yemen as a model of compromise and of inclusive representation. Among other things, the NDC document extends Hadi’s term for a year to oversee conclusion of the transition and multi-party elections, gives 50-50 representation between north and south in a legislative body, and guarantees freedom of religion and a non-sectarian state.

2014: Houthi-Sunni clashes in the summer complicate implementation of the NDC outcome.  Popular protests sparked by a reduction in fuel subsidies erupt against the Hadi government in September, and the Houthis seize the opportunity to move militarily – thus breaking the NDC in which they had (reluctantly) participated. Allied with former President Saleh, their former nemesis, the Houthis quickly prevail.

February 2015: Hadi and his cabinet, after briefly being held hostage by the Houthis, flee to Saudi Arabia, leaving the Houthis in practical, if not legal, control of the institutions of the state.

March 2015: The Saudi-led military intervention in Yemen begins with the stated goals of reversing the Houthi military conquest of Yemen, restoring the Hadi government to Sana’a, securing Saudi Arabia’s southern border from Houthi raids and air-strikes, and preventing outside (e.g., Iranian) interference on the Arabian Peninsula.

April 2015: While not endorsing military action itself, the UN Security Council adopts Resolution 2216, endorsing the political goals of Houthi military surrender and return to UN-facilitated political talks.

Today: More than two and a half years later, Yemen’s war consists of several distinct but overlapping parts – Houthis vs. the Saudi-led coalition, Houthis against Yemeni Sunnis in places such as Ta’izz, a southern independence insurgency against both Houthi-controlled Sana’s and the Hadi government, an anti-terrorism campaign, and a Saudi-Iranian proxy war. With victory in any of these wars elusive, the losers are the Yemeni people enduring the world’s worst humanitarian crisis.

Respite will come when global and regional powers implement and enforce an end to hostilities, deliver protected, uninterrupted, and large-scale humanitarian assistance, and reach a political settlement that puts the needs of the Yemeni people first and foremost.

The New York Times

Middle east | the crisis in yemen: what you need to know.

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Middle East

The crisis in yemen: what you need to know.

By THE NEW YORK TIMES UPDATED April 21, 2015

After a nearly month-long bombing campaign in Yemen by a Saudi-led coalition of 10 Arab countries, the Saudi government announced Tuesday that it would halt its attacks. It is unclear if the decision will lead to peace talks between the antagonists in Yemen, the region’s poorest country, where the mounting crisis has drawn regional powers Egypt, Iran and Saudi Arabia deeper into a violent struggle for influence. Here is a look at the crucial divisions and the parties to the conflict. Related Article

After a nearly month-long bombing campaign in Yemen by a Saudi-led coalition of 10 Arab countries, the Saudi government announced Tuesday that it would halt its attacks. It is unclear if the decision will lead to peace talks between the antagonists in Yemen, the region’s poorest country, where the mounting crisis has drawn regional powers Egypt, Iran and Saudi Arabia deeper into a violent struggle for influence.

Here is a look at the crucial divisions and the parties to the conflict.

Yemen, historically divided between Shiites, who live mostly in the northeast, and the majority Sunni population who live in the southeast, is important to regional players and the United States.

The Houthis are a Shiite insurgent group that fought the government of President Ali Abdullah Saleh intermittently from 2004 until he agreed to step down in 2011, in the wake of protests inspired by the Arab Spring.

Less than four years later, the Houthis are now collaborating with security forces still loyal to Mr. Saleh, a reflection of the shifting alliances at work in Yemen.

Graphic: The Geography of Chaos in Yemen

The Houthis are a Shiite sect from Saada Province. With support from Iran, militants took control of the capital, Sana, and in January forced the resignation of Mr. Saleh's successor, President Abdu Rabbu Mansour Hadi.

Who Are the Houthis?

Video: A Close-Up of Unfolding Unrest in Yemen

The leaders of Saudi Arabia, which shares a border with Yemen, are especially worried about the Houthis because they are backed by Iran, a regional rival.

The Saudis led a month-long military assault against the Houthis and in support of President Hadi.

Mr. Hadi escaped to the port city of Aden, south of the capital, where he and forces loyal to him took refuge, and is now in Saudi Arabia.

The Saudis have said military action was necessary to restore Yemen’s government. But the Saudi intervention raises the possibility of a proxy war in Yemen and a wider regional conflict.

Houthi Forces Move on Southern Yemen, Raising Specter of Regional Ground War

A day after the Saudi-led airstrikes began, another Arab ally came to the support of Mr. Hadi. President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi of Egypt said in a statement that the country’s navy and air force would join the campaign. The Egyptian Army, the largest in the Arab world, was ready to send ground troops “if necessary,” Mr. Sisi said.

Antagonists on either side of the Yemeni conflict are braced for a prolonged battle as the country — like Iraq, Libya and Syria — is consumed by a civil conflict, regional proxy war and the expansion of extremist groups.

Egypt Says It May Send Troops to Yemen

Arab Nations to Form Military Force to Counter Iran and Islamist Extremists

Obama Removes Weapons Freeze Against Egypt

Militants of Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula attacked government buildings in Aden on April 2, breaking out of prison a top Al Qaeda leader and hundreds of others.

It was the latest example of how, as the situation in Yemen has degenerated, Al Qaeda's affiliate there has grown more assertive.

After the Houthis began establishing their control of increasingly wider swaths of the country last year, and promised political change, their supporters were hopeful stability could be restored.

Instead, the Sunni militants of Al Qaeda, who regard the Houthis as heretics because they are members of the minority Zaydi sect, an offshoot of Shiite Islam, have retaliated with growing ferocity .

Violence Grows in Yemen as Al Qaeda Tries to Fight Its Way Back

U.N. Warns That Yemen May Collapse as Qaeda Fighters Make Big Gains

The United States, which has backed Saudi Arabia in the Yemen conflict, moved to deploy a strengthened armada of warships off Yemen’s coast , in what was seen as a warning to the Iranians not to rearm the Houthis.

Until the growing chaos forced the evacuation of 125 United States Special Operations advisers last month, Yemen served as a partner in American counterterrorism operations, mainly against Al Qaeda’s affiliate in Yemen. Without American eyes and ears on the ground, efforts to thwart Al Qaeda will be more difficult.

American officials fear that the emerging security vacuum could attract even more jihadists to Yemen. On March 20, a group calling itself an affiliate of the Islamic State claimed responsibility for bombing Shiite mosques , increasing fears that it will try to ignite the sectarian tensions already roiling Yemen.

At Risk of Fragmenting, Yemen Poses Dangers to U.S.

U.S. Drone Kills 3 Qaeda Operatives in Yemen, Continuing Policy on Strikes

Drone Strike in Yemen Said to Kill Senior Qaeda Figure

Yemen’s Despair on Full Display in ‘Ruined’ City

Tensions Between Iran and Saudi Arabia Deepen Over Conflict in Yemen

Pakistani Lawmakers Urge Diplomacy in Yemen Conflict but Decline Combat Role

Yemen's slide into political crisis and war

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Gaza war separates parents from their new born baby.

Born two months premature as war raged in Gaza, Palestinian baby Yehia Hamuda was evacuated to southern Gaza after Israeli forces raided the hospital where he was being cared for in the north.

A rare United Arab Emirates-Iran joint economic commission will convene in Abu Dhabi from Tuesday to Wednesday, the Iranian Labour News Agency reported, as Tehran seeks to bolster economic ties with Gulf states amid mounting U.S. pressure.

Leadership Council marks ‘new era’ for Yemen, but country remains wary of terrorist threat

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President Rashad Mohammed Al-Alimi said on Thursday that with the formation in early April of the Presidential Leadership Council as the legitimate representative of the Yemeni people, his country had entered a new era in based on partnership and national consensus.

“The highest goals of the Presidential Council will be [securing] peace and ending human suffering,” he told world leaders gathered for the high-level debate at the UN General Assembly.

As such, he continued, Yemen was now “on the path to restoring the State, ending the coup, restoring the system of rights and freedoms, equal citizenship, and ensuring that women and youth are empowered to create their own future and build the desired peace.”

President Al-Alimi affirmed the new Council’s adherence to the ideals of peace, in accordance with the terms of reference for a comprehensive solution to the Yemeni crisis set out in the Gulf Initiative and the relevant Security Council resolutions.

He also stated the Presidential Leadership Council’s commitment to establishing “an approach consistent with the Charter and functions of the United Nations, facilitating the work of its humanitarian agencies, political missions, and related oversight mechanisms, ensuring the political, economic and social rights of women, and preventing the exploitation of children and their recruitment into hostilities.”

Terrorist groups remain a danger

At the same time, Mr. Al-Alimi warned of the consequences of ongoing uncertainty in Yemen, saying that if progress on the political process slowed, “militias and terrorist groups are more dangerous in their cross-border threats, as well as their egregious violations of human rights.”

He accused the Ansar Allah group (Houthis) of “overturning” the national consensus emanating from the Comprehensive National Dialogue Conference, which ended in January 2014 with the participation of all Yemeni forces and parties, including the Houthis."/p>

Yet, he said, Houthi militias were impeding the presentation of the new draft constitution to a popular referendum, “and launched a massive invasion campaign to the capital Sana’a and the cities of Yemen and were threatening the President of the country and the Government of National Accord to Aden and … declared war on neighboring countries and the world at large.”

Devastating repercussions of war

The Chairman of the Presidential Leadership Council said that the devastating war in his country has today become a real threat to regional security and was impacting international shipping lanes and the entire global energy supply.

“It has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives and injured over the past years and thrown more than 20 million into the cycle of starvation,” he explained, noting that hundreds of thousands of people have been displaced, and more than four million internally displaced persons (IDPs) now faced “extremely harsh conditions.”

President Al-Alimi added that epidemics and floods related to climate changes annually brought costly death and destruction with the collapse of the Government’s protection and care network, “which limits our options to save lives, particularly in light of the intransigence of terrorist militias, their rejection of all endeavors to achieve sustainable peace, and to rebuild and develop our country.”

Renewing Truce

With the end of the humanitarian truce approaching, the Yemeni official reminded the Assembly of the Presidential Command Council’s commitment to all elements of the truce, “starting with conducting regular commercial flights to Sanaa airport and facilitating the entry of oil derivatives ships to the ports of Hodeidah.”

At the same time, he accused the “Houthi militias” of seeking a pretext to thwart the truce and impede international efforts to renew it and build on its progress towards achieving comprehensive peace.

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The World Bank In Yemen

Yemen has been embroiled in conflict since early 2015. For years the poorest country in MENA, it is now also suffering the worst humanitarian crisis in the world. Fighting has devastated its economy—leading to food insecurity verging on famine—and destroyed critical infrastructure.

Yemen has long been one of the poorest countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and is facing one of the world’s worst humanitarian crises. The conflict that started in 2014 has inflicted massive economic and social costs on the country and its people. From 2015 to 2022, the country experienced a staggering 52 percent contraction in real GDP per capita, currently leaving two-thirds of the population, around 21.6 million individuals, in need of humanitarian assistance.

Moreover, the ongoing conflict has intensified the fragmentation of the country into two distinct economic zones, each governed by its unique set of institutions and policies, with increasing disparity between them. During 2022, a UN-brokered truce brought a glimmer of hope. Although it expired in October 2022, an informal truce remained in place. However, the situation worsened in 2023 due to a Houthi-imposed blockade on oil exports. This blockade is severely impacting foreign currency liquidity and exacerbating existing economic difficulties, including the fiscal position of the Internationally Recognized Government. The exchange rate depreciated to historic lows on Aden’s market, leading to price increases despite a global decline in commodity prices. Moreover, reliance on remittances and aid flows, coupled with climate change vulnerability, leaves Yemen exposed to external factors.

In the face of escalating poverty and heightened food insecurity, many households have depleted traditional safety nets and are now resorting to dire measures. Since the onset of the conflict, the steep rise in the prices of essential goods, particularly food items, has pushed food insecurity to the forefront of concerns in Yemen. Presently, over 17 million people face food insecurity, with 3.5 million experiencing severe malnutrition. Simultaneously, approximately 18 million Yemenis lack access to safe drinking water and dependable sanitation facilities. Consequently, Yemen grapples with recurrent outbreaks of preventable diseases like cholera, diphtheria, measles, and dengue fever. A 2023 mobile phone survey highlighted that, with limited viable options to weather adverse shocks, households are resorting to detrimental coping mechanisms, such as withdrawing children from school (33 percent of the sample) or engaging in precarious, high-risk work (19 percent).

Looking ahead, while Yemen’s prospects remain uncertain due to oil export constraints and ongoing political negotiations, a lasting truce or peace agreement could swiftly strengthen Yemen's economy. Using innovative night-time light (NTL) emission data to assess economic activity during the 2022 truce, the World Bank’s recent Yemen Economic Monitor reveals there was a sharp increase in economic activity during the period. On the longer run, achieving prosperity in Yemen depends on resolving the political disputes that have fractured its economy. An equitable and inclusive peace settlement addressing economic barriers, conflict-related grievances, and structural issues will be critical for Yemen’s recovery and lasting stability.

Last Updated: Jan 25, 2024

The overarching goal of the World Bank Group’s  Country Engagement Strategy for Yemen 2022–2023   is to support the people of Yemen and preserve the institutions that serve them. The WBG will stay engaged in Yemen across multiple possible scenarios, with a focus on: (i) basic service delivery and human capital; and (ii) food security, resilience, and livelihood opportunities. At the heart of the humanitarian-development nexus, institutional preservation will remain a fundamental objective of the WBG program across the two tracks.

The World Bank — through its concessional arm, the International Development Association (IDA) — has been providing large‑scale emergency grants to Yemen during the conflict. Using an innovative partnership with the UN, IDA has financed over US$3.9 billion in emergency interventions since the Bank’s reengagement in 2016 by investing in people and the institutions they rely on for critical services. 

The IDA portfolio comprises nine active projects:    (1)   the Emergency Integrated Urban Services Project  II, US$170 million;  (2)   the Emergency Electricity Access Project  Phase II, US$100 million (3)  the  Desert Locust Response Project , US$25 million;  (4)  the  Emergency Social Protection Enhancement and COVID‑19 Response Project  (ESPECRP), US$840 million;  (5)  the   Yemen Restoring Education and Learning Project , US$100 million;  (6) the  Yemen Food Security Response and Resilience Improvement Project , US$250 million;  (7)   the Yemen Emergency Human Capital Project , US$600 million;   (8)   the Emergency Lifeline Connectivity Project , US$50 million; and  (9)   the Sustainable Fishery Development in Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, US$45 million .

Responding to Urgent Needs

The COVID‑19 pandemic created a unique challenge to Yemen, a country where only about half of health facilities are fully functional. Even those that are functional lack enough specialists, equipment, and medicine to be truly effective. There are no doctors in 18% of the country's 333 districts, most health personnel have not received their salaries for at least two years, and immunization coverage has dropped by nearly a third since the conflict began. 

IDA's US$35.9 million COVID‑19 Emergency Response Project was designed to strengthen Yemen's fragile health systems for public health preparedness, including the detection, diagnosis, containment, and treatment of COVID‑19, as well as deployment of COVID‑19 vaccines. The project closed on December 31, 2022.  The project supported the development of an Emergency Operations Center for COVID-19 and set up 18 laboratories with COVID-19 diagnostic equipment, test kits and reagents. It also supported training for 3,468 health personnel in infection prevention and control. Ninety-five percent of beneficiaries were satisfied with the COVID-19 services they received, whereas 88 percent of health staff expressed satisfaction with training provided. The World Health Organization (WHO) implemented the project through local health authorities.

IDA grants have provided financing for critical service delivery as well as for preserving human capital and the capacity of national institutions. IDA assistance has targeted the poorest and most vulnerable Yemeni households and communities. It is helping them cope with the impact of the crisis through income support, cash transfers, health and nutrition interventions, cholera response and restoring agricultural production. 

The Emergency Crisis Response Project (ECRP), the World Bank's US$848.58 million project that supported livelihood opportunities in partnership with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and local institutions, namely the Social Fund for Development (SFD) and the Public Works Project (PWP), supported a cash‑for‑work and community‑based investment program. The project closed on March 31, 2022, and achieved remarkable results over its seven-year implementation period. The project reached over 443,008 direct beneficiaries with wage employment. 5.4 million people received access to community services (such as water, irrigation, and better roads), and 12.23 million workdays were created. Over 678,723 mothers and children received nutrition services. Five microfinance institutions and over 5,101 microfinance clients were supported.

Responding to the risk of famine, the US$472.14 million emergency cash transfer component of the ECRP, implemented by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) successfully completed ten cycles of emergency cash transfer payments to poor and vulnerable households across Yemen's 333 districts. The Emergency Cash Transfer program was financed partially through the Bank's Crisis Response Window, with co‑financing from the UK’s Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office and the United States Department of State, through the Yemen Emergency Multi‑Donor Trust Fund. Post‑distribution monitoring found that, on average, 91% of beneficiaries used cash transfers to purchase food. Women comprised about 45% of the direct recipients. 

The ESPECRP, a US$840 million IDA Grant-supported project similar to the ECRP that it replaced, supports the provision of cash transfers, temporary employment, and increased access to basic services and economic opportunities to food insecure populations affected by COVID-19, the conflict and climate-related shocks. It as well strengthens the capacity of national institutions. The project is also being implemented by UNDP and UNICEF in partnership with the SFD and PWP. To date, and since becoming effective in December 2021, the project has reached 1,856 direct beneficiaries with wage employment. 3,666 million people have received access to community services (such as water, irrigation, and better roads), 484 mothers and children have received nutrition services, and 2904 people benefitted indirectly from nutrition services. The project has also supported 265 micro, small and medium enterprises, and provided 155,200 people with improved access to sanitation services to reduce water-borne diseases.

Under the ESPECRP’s Unconditional Cash Transfer component, the project has carried out three payment cycles (PCs 10, 11 and 12) in all 333 districts across Yemen reaching an average of 1.43 million poor and vulnerable households.

To provide essential health and nutrition services, the Emergency Human Capital  Project ( EHCP ), in partnership with UNICEF, WHO and UNOPS, supports 2,200 health facilities across all 22 governorates. It brings quality primary health and nutrition services to the hardest-to-reach communities through a network of more than 15,000 community health workers and volunteers. The project has expanded access to antenatal care services for 590,000 pregnant women, mental health and psychosocial support for 180,000 people, and immunization to 1.3 million children. The project has also expanded access to water and sanitation services. More than 530,000 beneficiaries now have restored access to rehabilitated water supply services, while 390,000 beneficiaries with restored access to rehabilitated sanitation services.

The World Bank has partnered with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the World Food Programme (WFP), Save the Children, and local institutions to implement the Restoring Education and Learning (REAL) project (co-financed by US$100 million IDA and US$53 million Global Partnership for Education funding). The project finances a package of evidence-based interventions delivered to 1200 schools and over 550,000 students at basic education level in the most vulnerable districts. The interventions will be implemented over three school years and support teacher payments and teacher training, including payment of 2300 Rural Female Teachers to promote girls’ education; school feeding; school infrastructure improvements, including rehabilitation of WASH facilities; the distribution of learning materials and school supplies; alternative learning models and national capacity building.

The World Bank is supporting provision of regional and global public goods through the Yemen Desert Locust Response Project . This project’s focus is on control and response to the desert locust outbreak, and on supporting livelihoods in locust-affected areas, and strengthening Yemen’s preparedness for future locust infestations. The project is implemented in partnership with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the Social Fund for Development (SFD). The project has regional and global significance because it helps control and monitor the movement of desert locust – a transboundary pest that destroys agricultural productivity and affects livelihoods. The project monitored and surveyed 819,360 hectares by visiting 7325 sites, which considerably exceeded the original project target of 400,000 hectares, generating valuable information about locust breeding areas and movements not only in Yemen and the Arabian Peninsula, but also in the entire Middle East and North Africa Region.  The project supported desert locust surveillance and monitoring covering winter and summer breeding areas in 11 governorates. In addition to surveillance and monitoring of desert locust, the project supported affected communities by providing livelihood assistance. Around 21,020 vulnerable farmers in four governorates (Abyan, Aljawf, Hajja and Shabwa) were provided with emergency support. The project supported farmers whose  production was  destroyed by locust infestation. The project provided access to the basic needs and tools to sustain production activities, such as quality inputs, water for irrigation, operational infrastructure, feed, livestock and beekeeping kits, seeds and fertilizers—all of which promoted farmers’ production  and generated income. Also, the project supported the rehabilitation of some critical agriculture production infrastructure, including 608 ha of agricultural lands, improving 16.6 km of rural roads, 800 m3 of water harvesting structure and 17 water wells and springs.

The World Bank has partnered with the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) and local institutions in conflict-affected cities, acting through  the Yemen Integrated Urban Services Emergency Project  (YIUSEP) to provide citizens with access to critical services. The project provided over 3 million Yemenis with restored access to critical urban services, including water and sanitation, transport, energy, and solid waste management. The second phase of the project—the US$ 170 million YIUSEP II—is currently underway. 

To increase people's access to electricity in a sustainable way,  the Yemen Emergency Electricity Access Project  (RY-EEAP) partnered with local microfinance institutions (MFIs) to help them set up financing windows for high-quality, small‑scale, solar power solutions for households and to provide partial grants to make the systems more affordable. The project also contracted solar suppliers and installers to provide grant‑financed solar power systems to key facilities, including clinics, schools, and water wells in rural and peri‑urban areas. Six MFIs participated in the program and a total of 114,000 households with over 787,000 beneficiaries, of which 389,000 were female, gained household access to electricity. Solar powered electricity has been installed in 494 critical service facilities (220 health facilities, 234 schools and 40 rural drinking water wells). In addition, 23 COVID-19 isolation units were provided electricity and 2,250 health workers were provided Pico solar systems under the project’s Contingent Emergency Response Component. Critical services were restored to over 3.2 million beneficiaries. All electricity solutions supported under the project are fully renewable.  The successful RY-EEAP has fully disbursed the $50 million allocated and closed on 31 December 2022.

On 30 June 2022 the  US$100 million   Yemen Emergency Electricity Access Project  – Phase 2 was approved by the World Bank board. This new project will build on activities supported by the original RY-EEAP project, with an expanded focus on technical assistance designed to support access to electricity supply and prepare for post-conflict restoration of the Yemen power sector. The project aims to provide 200,000 households with access to electricity and support 700 critical facilities with solar powered electricity. The operation will adopt an integrated, area-based approach to expand electricity access for households and electricity-dependent critical public services for the rural and peri-urban population within Yemen and support the preparation of interventions to improve electricity supply across Yemen in a sustainable manner.

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Culture, Heritage and Youth Nexus in Yemen

Culture, Heritage and Youth Nexus in Yemen An awareness-raising event under the UNESCO-EU project “Cash for Work: Promoting Livelihood Opportunities for Urban Youth in Yemen”

“Culture is a driver for development and peace – this is equally true in times of conflict”, emphasized Mohammed Jumeh, Ambassador and Permanent Delegate of the Republic of Yemen to UNESCO, during the awareness-raising event Culture, Heritage and Youth Nexus in Yemen in Brussels. The ongoing conflict in Yemen has been heavily affecting the country’s rich and diverse cultural heritage. At the same time, the conflict exacerbates the existing socio-economic issues faced by many young Yemenis, leaving them in a state of extreme vulnerability.

The event, held at BOZAR’s Rotonde Bertouille, was jointly organized by UNESCO and the European Union and underlined the importance of the actions taken under the EU-funded project implemented by UNESCO -  Cash for Work: Promoting Livelihood Opportunities for Urban Youth in Yemen . Bringing together key stakeholders, implementation partners and young Yemenis, the evening was a moment to share and discuss preliminary results of the project, lessons learnt and good practices and laying the way forward to the protection of Yemen’s cultural heritage and the livelihoods of the country’s young generation – now and in the future.

working hours

In a true spirit of partnership, the organizations are working together on what is in many ways a pioneering project to implement a unique combination of actions, linking job creation in the cultural sector with the preservation and restoration of urban architecture, while keeping the Yemeni people at the centre of all actions: “The partnership between the European Union and UNESCO is putting the human dimension at the core of the cultural discourse and development efforts in Yemen”, highlighted Anna Paolini, Director of the UNESCO Office in Doha .

To experience this human dimension of the project, the Culture, Heritage and Youth Nexus in Yemen event concluded with a traditional music performance, a photo exhibition and the presentation of virtual reality movies that allowed visitors to immerse themselves into Yemeni cultural heritage, the outstanding scenery of the Old Cities and youth engagement in cultural heritage rehabilitation. It offered rare insights into a country that is home to a rich and diverse cultural heritage that is not only seen in the four cities targeted in the project, but throughout the whole country.

Related items

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• SDG: SDG 5 - Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
• SDG: SDG 8 - Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
• SDG: SDG 11 - Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
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• The Culture Of Yemen

• Yemen is mostly Muslim, with a smaller Christian population.
• The Sana'a Summer Festival is a large, month-long festival of music, dance and art meant to encourage tourism and help the economy.
• Low literacy rates have hindered the growth of Yemeni literature, but recently more of the population is learning to read.
• Though face coverings are not mandatory for women, many women will wear the sharsaf which covers their heads and face.
• Yemen has a rich poetic history, as seen in the practice of Zamil, which is creating or reciting poetry on the spot.

Yemen is a country located on the Arabian Peninsula . Archeological evidence indicates that humans have lived within Yemen's borders for millennia, with several settlements dating back to 5,000 BC. Scholars suggested that the fertile soils and sufficient rainfall in the region attracted the communities that settled in the region. 

One of the most influential kingdoms in Yemen's history was the Sabaean Kingdom (circa 950-100 BCE), which scholars believe to be the biblical Kingdom of Sheba. One of the greatest achievements of the Sabaeans was the construction of the Great Dam of Ma’rib to protect the city from flooding. The Roman Empire, which was under the rule of Augustus at the time, attempted to conquer the Sabaeans. Aelius Gallus led the Roman onslaught, but the Sabaeans managed to defeat them. Another significant period in Yemen's history was the introduction of Islam during the time of the Prophet Mohammed. During this period, the various tribes of Yemen were not united, and Islam acted as a major unifying factor. Since that time, Islam has played a significant role in the lives of the Yemeni people.

The most dominant religion in Yemen is Islam, and the Yemeni constitution declares it as the state religion. The constitution also states that Islamic sharia law forms the basis of all the rules in the nation. The dominant Muslim sect in Yemen is Sunni Islam, encompassing nearly 65% of Yemeni Muslims. Despite the constitution not guaranteeing the freedom of religion, residents are free to practice the religion of their choice. The government, however, denies Muslim Yemeni citizens the freedom to convert to another religion. The government also prohibits actively trying to convert any Muslim citizen. 

The minority religions in Yemen are Judaism and Christianity. Judaism has a long history in Yemen with several sources indicating that the biblical King Solomon sent Jews to Yemen to search for silver and gold. It is believed that 13th century geographer Abu-Al Feda wrote a book stating that Jewish settlement in Yemen dates back to 1451 BCE. Several synagogues were constructed during the rule of the Himyarite Kingdom (circa 110 BCE–525 AD), which succeeded the Sabaeans. Many of the Jews in Yemen fled during the exodus of Jewish peoples from Arab countries, in the 1940s to the 1970s.

Festivals are a significant part of Yemen's culture, and they usually attract vast numbers of tourists. Some of the festivals that take place in Yemen are Muslim festivals such as Eid al-Adha and Eid-Ul-Fitr. Another popular festival is the Sana'a Summer Festival which usually lasts for an entire month and is put on by the ministry of tourism to encourage the economy. It features folk dances, traditional fashion shows and art displays. The Bab al-Yemen carnival, held at the start of the celebration, is one of the most popular attractions during the festivities.

The food served in Yemen has been influenced by some foreign societies such as the Indians and the Ottomans. Indian influence is particularly common in meals prepared in the country's southern region, while foods prepared in the northern region of Yemen have a distinctive Ottoman influence. Kitchens in the different regions of Yemen have some similar features, but one of the essential ones is a circular clay oven necessary for preparing Yemeni flatbread which is typically eaten with saltah, a stew with meat vegetables, and sometimes eggs. Although saltah is the most well-known Yemeni dish, it has its roots in Turkey. The people of Yemen, however, made the recipe their own by using a unique blend of indigenous spices. Another well-known Yemeni dish is ogda, another type of stew which can be prepared in a variety of ways depending on what ingredients are available. 

The most important fruits and vegetables in Yemen are potatoes, tomatoes, and onions since they are used in the preparation of most of the meals. Mutton and chicken are the most widely consumed meat varieties in the country. Pork is not eaten as it is prohibited by Sharia law, while beef is costly and consumed rarely.

Music And Dance

Music in Yemen traces its roots to the nation's rich poetic history. The Yemeni people have a unique cultural practice referred to as Zamil where they immediately come up with poems or recite the ones they have memorized. The verses usually make use of proverbs to convey deeper meanings and Yemeni songwriters make use of this practice in composing their songs. 

Music is an integral part of Yemeni daily life and songs are often sung as people work. Several Yemeni musical groups perform during ceremonies, making use of instruments such as lutes, flutes, and drums. Dancing in Yemen is usually common during festivals, and the dancers often imitate fights. Apart from the traditional music, modern forms of music such as hip-hop and rap have taken root in Yemen, with Hajaj Abdulqawi Masaed often being considered the most influential Yemeni hip-hop star. Other famous Yemeni musicians include Mohammed Abdu, Arwa, and Boaz Mauda.

Yemeni literature began gaining prominence in the 20th century due to the work of writers such as Ramziya Abbas al-Iryani, and Zahra Rahmat Allah. One of the main factors that hindered the growth of the Yemen literature industry was the low literacy levels among Yemeni adults. In 1994, adult literacy in Yemen was approximately 37.1% although it increased in subsequent years to 70% in 2015. Some of the most well-known Yemeni literary works are They Die Strangers written by Mohammad Abdul-Wali, and The Hostage written by Zaid Mutee Dammaj.

Social Beliefs And Etiquettes

According to information from the World Bank, close to 65% of Yemen's population live in rural areas. Most of the rural Yemeni communities place a lot of emphasis on traditional gender roles. Although urban Yemeni societies are not as strict as rural ones, traditional Islamic customs guide people in their interactions with one another. The culture of Yemen also heavily emphasizes etiquette and respect, particularly for elders, is taught to all the young members of the community.

The native dress for the Yemenis differs from other conservative regions of the Arabian Peninsula. Typically, men put on the thawb, which is a loose full-length dress or the traditional Futah , a wrap-around skirt. Women have a variety of dresses which vary depending on the social roles of a woman in her family or society. The hijab, a scarf covering the head, is an important part of practicing the Muslim religion in the country and is mandatory, but covering the face is not although still commonly practiced. In the northern part of the country, particularly in the cities and towns, women wear sharsaf , which is a combination of a black skirt, a veil, and a scarf covering the whole body. Some western clothing styles can be found, mostly in urban areas.

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Cholera case investigation - abyan, yemen: key findings presentation, february 2024, attachments.

Cholera Situation in Yemen

Current Cholera Outbreak

• From October - December 2023, Yemen experienced a cholera outbreak , with nearly 1018 cases of AWD recorded.*
• The outbreak has started among migrant communities in Ataq district of Shabwah governorate.*
• Since the last surge in suspected cholera cases during the last quarter of 2023 and until 22nd of April 2024, more than 18,000 suspected cholera have been identified.**
• Out of the 18,000 suspected cases, there 109 associated deaths.**
• 18 out of 21 (86%) governorate were affected by the widespread disease.**

WASH Response

• As part of the response to the cholera outbreak, REACH, in collaboration with the Yemen WASH Cluster, updated the CIF tool with a specific focus on cholera. This tool is designed to collect data that helps understand potential sources, risk factors , and vulnerabilities associated with a cholera outbreak.
• Following the recent outbreak, the Yemen WASH Cluster has requested partners to use the CIF tool to conduct interviews with patients , especially in the affected areas. The tool is available to all YWC partners for use, and below you can find examples of both the paper and Kobo versions.

* Yemen Humanitarian Update: Issue 11, December 2023 [EN/AR] | OCHA (unocha.org) ** Yemen Cholera and Acute Malnutrition Situation Report #1 - April 22, 2024 - Yemen | ReliefWeb

Related Content

Yemen: monthly situation report (september 2023), report of community need assessment: al wazi'yah, mawza’ and salah districts of taiz, & marib city and marib wadi districts of marib (september 2023), yemen: monthly situation report (july 2023), humanitarian action for children 2023 - yemen revision 1 (june 2023).

Jul 10, 2014

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Yemen. Sana’a (the capital) is one of the world's oldest cities . Yemen was split into northern and southern parts in 1548 by the British and Turks fighting for control. After many years of battling Yemen again became whole in 1990.

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• government reforms
• abayaby age
• ali muhammad mujawwar
• high blood pressure
• family ties
• traditional men

Presentation Transcript

Sana’a (the capital) is one of the world's oldest cities. Yemen was split into northern and southern parts in 1548 by the British and Turks fighting for control. After many years of battling Yemen again became whole in 1990. They also had disputes with American Government over a span of 6 years. HISTORY

Yemen can be found on the southern Arabian Peninsula. It has diverse landscapes and covers 203,849 square miles which is about the size of California and Kentucky together. Yemen's population is 23.5 million which is growing by 2.71 percent annually. Basics of Yemen

Yemen's constitution provides for a multiparty democracy with an elected president as head of state. (currently Ali Abdallah Saleh) The president is elected to a seven-year term and appoints a prime minister as head of government. (currently Ali Muhammad Mujawwar) The constitution stipulates that shari’ah(Islamic law) be the source of all legislation. Government

Yemen is one of the poorest Arab states. Its struggling economy reflects the challenges of unification, poor agricultural practices, corruption, and past market policies. Government reforms have reduced inflation and initiated some progress. Oil and natural gas are the country's most valuable natural resources. Traditional industries include textiles, leather, jewelry, and glass. -This industrial base has expanded to include soft drinks, cigarettes, aluminum, and food products. Yemen's mines and quarries produce salt, limestone, and marble. Agriculture and livestock farming have always been important to Yemen. Orchards produce oranges, apples, peaches, papaya, and other fruits. Cotton and coffee are also grown. Economy

The peoplePeople are concerned with the perceptions of others and will not do something that might be regarded as disrespectful to Allah or family. Likewise, individuals yield their wishes and rights to the well-being of the tribe or family. Concepts of personal space are not common. • FEMALES • In public, women wear a full-length black robe over their clothing. Girls begin wearing the abayaby age 12 and sometimes even earlier. Under an abaya, a woman might wear a brightly colored dress, a Western dress, or even jeans (for young modern women). Most women wear veils in public. In their homes, some women wear a deara (a delicate cloth with holes for the arms and head, and a half-slip underneath). Elderly women wear a shapeless cloak called a sharshaf over their clothes. Women usually do not speak or show emotion in public. They do not sit by men who are not family members • MALES • Men in the south traditionally wear a futahwith a Western shirt, while men in the north wear a thobeand a Western sport coat. Men from the north wear a jambiaon a belt, a practice less common in the south. On Fridays and religious holidays, men wear a zannawith a mashedda. Most men carry a mashedda to protect their faces in sandstorms, mask foul odors, or use as a towel. Traditional men avoid even looking in the direction of a woman in public.

The left hand is considered unclean, so it is not used for greeting, eating, or gesturing. Yemenis do not beckon with just one finger. Rather, they wave the four fingers of the right hand toward the body, with the palm facing down. It is impolite to wear shoes in the home or point the sole of the foot at someone. Respect is the most important element in any greeting. Greetings usually begin with the phrase Al-salām‘alaykum (Peace be upon you). Wa ‘alaykum al-salām (And may peace be upon you) is the proper reply. Other greetings are Sabaḥ al-khayr (Good morning) and Masa’ al-khayr(Good evening). Conversations begin on common social ground and then move on to business if appropriate. Men do not inquire about each other's families. Men either shake hands or hug and kiss on the cheeks. Women hug and kiss when they meet, but this is done in a house or alley out of sight of men. Men never greet women in public. They do hug and kiss their wives or mothers when returning home, or they might kneel to kiss a parent's knee. Spouses rarely hold hands in public, but it is common for men and women to hold the hand of a same-gender friend or relative when walking or talking. Manners

Family ties are strong, and many generations live under one roof. Elderly family members are treated with great respect. Men have the ultimate decision-making power and are usually the family's sole providers. Girls are part of their father's family until they marry, at which time they become part of their husband's family. If a conflict arises in the marriage, the wife returns to her father's house until a solution is found. After a divorce, children may stay with their mother until age seven, when they usually must return to their father. Women can own property, drive, divorce, and work, but their roles in society are clearly defined. They make decisions only about the household and young children, although educated urban women have more flexibility than others. Famliy

Dating is not practiced in Yemen, and marriages are almost always arranged. In Sana’a and other large cities, men and women may meet at the university or work and decide to marry with their families' approval. However, for the most part, such interactions are uncommon. The most valuable thing a Yemeni woman can bring to marriage is her chastity. Men pay the woman's family a bride-price, a practice both men and women increasingly criticize because saving for it can delay a marriage. Prices for village women are higher than for urban women because villagers are valued for their ability to work in the fields, maintain a household, tend animals, and raise children. Men may have as many as four wives, but few do because, according to Islamic teachings, each must be cared for equally. Dating and Marriage

In the past, only the Qur’anwas taught at religious centers. After World War II, a modern school system was introduced; a primary level lasts six years, an intermediate level lasts three years, and a secondary level lasts three years. A university system established in 1970 now is joined by several small colleges and polytechnic institutes. In an effort to achieve self-reliance, Yemen is replacing foreign educators with native teachers. Students who do not finish school usually become laborers, farmers, factory workers, or shopkeepers. Yemen's healthcare system suffers from a lack of supplies and facilities. The primary cause of death among children is diarrhea, followed by upper-respiratory infection and malaria. Typhoid and a resurgence of polio also claim lives. Yemenis suffer from high blood pressure, diabetes, and cancer. HIV/AIDS is also present. SOME CAUSES: Lack of funding, poor hygiene, unsanitary water, and the reluctance of men to send their wives and daughters to male doctors Education and Health

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