biophilic interior design thesis

Guidelines and considerations for biophilic interior design in healthcare environments

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Healthy Dwelling: Design of Biophilic Interior Environments Fostering Self-Care Practices for People Living with Migraines, Chronic Pain, and Depression

Dorothy day huntsman.

1 Dayhouse Studio, Salt Lake City, UT 84106, USA; moc.oidutsesuohyad@yhtorod

Grzegorz Bulaj

2 OMNI Self-Care, LLC, Salt Lake City, UT 84111, USA

3 College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 South 2000 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA

Associated Data

Not applicable.

The benefits of biophilic interior design have been recognized by healthcare facilities, but residential environments receive relatively less attention with respect to improving the health of people living with chronic diseases. Recent “stay-at-home” restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic further emphasized the importance of creating interior spaces that directly and indirectly support physical and mental health. In this viewpoint article, we discuss opportunities for combining biophilic interventions with interior design, fostering disease-specific self-care. We provide examples of designing residential spaces integrating biophilic interventions, light therapy, relaxation opportunities, mindfulness meditation, listening to music, physical activities, aromatherapy, and quality sleep. These modalities can provide the clinical benefits of reducing migraine headaches and chronic pain, as well as improving depressive symptoms. The disease-specific interior environment can be incorporated into residential homes, workplaces, assisted-living residences, hospitals and hospital at home programs. This work aims to promote a cross-disciplinary dialogue towards combining biophilic design and advances in lifestyle medicine to create therapeutic interior environments and to improve healthcare outcomes.

1. Introduction

People living with chronic diseases experience both debilitating disease symptoms and diminished health-related quality of life. Chronic pain, migraines and depression are some of the leading causes of disability worldwide [ 1 ]. Currently available therapies for chronic diseases include pharmaceutical drugs and non-pharmacological interventions such as behavioral therapies, physical therapies and digital therapeutics. However, despite progress in developing new medical treatments, the global burden of neurological diseases has increased [ 2 ].

A sedentary lifestyle significantly contributes to the causes and symptoms of chronic disease [ 3 ]. On average, people in the US, Canada and Germany spend 15–17 h per day indoors [ 4 ]. “Stay-at-home” restrictions, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, further decreased physical activity, having an adverse impact on mental health [ 5 ]. Lifestyle modifications and self-care practices can help patients to improve their health [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. For the purpose of this work, self-care is defined as “the ability of individuals, families and communities to promote health, prevent disease, maintain health and to cope with illness with or without the support of a healthcare provider” (definition by the World Health Organization). Self-care practices include quality sleep, relaxation, mindfulness practices, listening to music, physical activity, healthy nutrition, aromatherapy, stress management and connecting with nature.

Residential environments are often overlooked as a complementary means to improve therapeutic outcomes [ 9 ]. The emerging field of biophilic design has been focusing on therapeutic indoor environments for decades [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. The biophilic design philosophy is derived from an inherent need for humans to connect with nature in order to stay in physical and mental balance [ 12 , 18 ]. The concept of biophilia suggests that the tendency of humans to affiliate with nature has, in part, a genetic basis, hence the inherent need for connection [ 10 , 18 ]. The benefits of nature connectedness include relaxation, stress relief, lower blood pressure and heart rate, decrease in chronic pain, improvement in cognitive functioning, increased positive emotions, and reduced fatigue, aggression and sadness [ 19 , 20 , 21 ].

Biophilic design principles are generally organized into three categories: nature in the space, nature of the space and natural analogues [ 12 , 22 ]. Nature in the space is creating a visual connection with nature; for instance, using vegetation (plants, flowers and trees) both outside and inside a residential space. Nature of the space is the imitation of natural processes, such as the circadian rhythms through lighting patterns, and spatial compositions found in nature, such as creating a reading nook to give a sense of refuge and safety. Natural analogues are representations of the textures, geometries, materials, colors, shapes and patterns found in the natural world that provide an indirect sense of the great outdoors. The 2015 report by Kellert and Calabrese describes biophilic design principles as providing “repeated and sustained engagement with nature” and focus “ on human adaptations to the natural world that over evolutionary time have advanced people’s health, fitness and well-being” [ 11 ].

In addition to residential spaces, biophilic design is applicable to healthcare facilities [ 22 ] and workplaces [ 23 , 24 ]. For example, biophilic design was recently utilized in long-term residential care for people with dementia [ 25 ]. Other studies suggest that it can be optimized for people with post-traumatic stress disorder [ 26 ], autism spectrum disorders [ 27 , 28 ] and to improve mental health outcomes [ 29 ]. The interior design opportunities are further illustrated by reports of biophilic design to mitigate physical and cognitive decline in aging adults [ 30 ], and for those living with disabilities [ 31 ]. In this viewpoint article, we describe opportunities to expand biophilic design by integrating indoor spaces fostering diverse self-care practices. We provide a rationale for this cross-disciplinary approach to creating therapeutic interior environments for people living with specific chronic diseases.

2. Integrating Biophilic Design and Self-Care to Create Therapeutic Interior Environments

Housing is recognized as an important determinant of human health [ 32 ], providing multiple opportunities to transform residential indoor spaces into therapeutic environments. Figure 1 A illustrates possible relationships between specific residential spaces and health-related domains (e.g., affective states, cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune functions). For example, a living room that promotes relaxation (e.g., through biophilic features, soundscapes to deliver music, furniture to foster relaxation and meditation) and physical activities (exercise or yoga practice) can support mental and cardiovascular health. Since quality sleep impacts mental, cardiovascular, neurological and immune functions [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ], the design of a bedroom that supports sleep hygiene, resting and relaxation (e.g., through biophilic elements, using clean lines, calming colors, cultivating a feeling of intimacy, providing dimmable lighting using “zero-blue” bulbs) can further support people living with chronic diseases.

Graphical representation of transforming residential indoor spaces into therapeutic interior environment opportunities by integrating biophilic design and disease-specific self-care. ( A ) Examples of the relationship between residential indoor spaces, daily functions and health. ( B ) The concept of therapeutic interior environments created by integrating biophilic design with spaces fostering self-care practices. ( C ) Potential benefits of integrating biophilic design and self-care are presented as a network of mutually beneficial interconnections improving health-related outcomes. As an example, both biophilic design and listening to music can improve quality sleep, while all three (biophilic elements, quality sleep and music) have positive effects on mental health, neurological functions and the immune system.

Transforming residential spaces into therapeutic interior environments can be accomplished through combining biophilic design with design features fostering self-care, as shown in Figure 1 B. Biophilic design is applicable to any of the residential indoor spaces, including the living room, bedroom, kitchen, dining room, etc. Judicious design of biophilic features throughout the residence can provide a continuum of exposure to indoor nature. Figure 1 C illustrates the prospects of creating mutually beneficial interactions when integrating biophilic design and indoor environments supporting disease-specific self-care. The network of diverse physiological responses to such therapeutic interior environments is supported by accumulating studies showing that nature-based interventions and listening to music can improve depressive symptoms and pain (e.g., [ 19 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ] while also improving sleep [ 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ]. It is noteworthy that all three—nature-based interventions, listening to music and quality sleep—can also positively impact immune functions [ 33 , 49 , 50 ]. In subsequent sections, we discuss how a combination of interior features (including biophilic design, furniture, lighting, aromatherapy and soundscapes) and self-care practices can be combined to create a therapeutic environment for people living with migraines, chronic pain and depression.

3. Therapeutic Interior Design for People with Chronic Diseases

As described in the Introduction, research shows that biophilic design can yield positive effects on health and well-being [ 12 , 13 , 17 ]. Biophilic interventions have been shown to improve relaxation, reduce stress and depressive symptoms, and provide pain relief [ 43 , 44 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ]. Herein, we show examples of residential spaces combining biophilic design principles with beneficial self-care components individualized for persons living with migraines, chronic pain and depression ( Figure 2 ). To provide a rationale for incorporating specific self-care practices into residential indoor spaces, we summarize the clinical benefits of relaxation, mindfulness meditation, listening to music, physical activities, aromatherapy and quality sleep ( Table 1 , Table 2 and Table 3 ). In addition, we describe how advances in light therapy can inspire the design of lighting systems to reduce migraine headaches, chronic pain and depressive symptoms. These descriptions are intended to promote cross-disciplinary discussion on innovative interior design for people living with chronic diseases.

Research evidence on incorporating biophilic interventions and self-care modalities into therapeutic interior environments for people with migraines.

Clinical evidence on incorporating nature exposure and self-care modalities into therapeutic interior environments for people with chronic pain.

Clinical evidence on incorporating nature exposure and self-care modalities into therapeutic interior environments for people with depression.

Designing therapeutic interior environments for people with migraines ( A ), chronic pain ( B ) and depression ( C ). Disease-specific interior designs are based on studies summarized in Table 1 , Table 2 and Table 3 .

3.1. Designing Therapeutic Interior Environments for People with Migraines

Migraines are one of the most prevalent chronic diseases associated with significant disability. Among diverse precipitating factors for migraines, stress is considered the top trigger [ 62 ]. Recent reviews on non-pharmacological self-management of migraines suggest that several self-care modalities can reduce pain intensity and headache-related disability [ 63 ]. Lifestyle recommendations for people with migraines include stress management and sleep hygiene [ 64 ]. Table 1 summarizes the rationale for integrating diverse modalities, which can directly and/or indirectly provide health benefits for people living with migraines. Combining biophilic design with additional interior features fostering relaxation can lead to lower stress levels, thus supporting migraine prophylaxis. Exposure to green LED light and aromatherapy with lavender essential oils may lead to a reduction in headache frequency and severity [ 65 , 66 ]. The mechanisms by which lavender essential oil may improve a migraine include the inhibition of neurogenic inflammation, [ 66 ] and promoting relaxation and stress reduction [ 67 , 68 , 69 ].

As illustrated in Figure 2 A, the customized interior design for people with migraines includes biophilic elements and features supporting migraine self-care. Ambient conditions are complex and varied, but familiar and comfortable. Sounds, smells and textures remind one of being outside in nature. All elements are intended to bring about a feeling of relaxation and calm. The biophilic elements consist of dynamic lighting, plants, fresh flowers, biomorphic and fractal shapes, a water-scape, the judicious use of wood and high-quality air filtration. While not shown, an addition of the Frame Smart TV (Samsung ® ) would provide nature-inspired art, music and opportunities for guided meditation. Features supporting migraine self-care include an LED lamp delivering both green light and aromatherapy, as well as a comfortable lounge chair supporting meditation, relaxation and stress reduction.

Varied and dynamic lighting—a biophilic aspect—is appointed in this case to accommodate a person with migraines’ specific light sensitivities; for example, dimmable lighting, indirect natural lighting opportunities and ambient cove lighting. The combination of these lighting applications adds to the sense of calm, relaxation and tranquility reminiscent of the indirect qualities of a natural environment. Plants and fresh flowers are applied as additional biophilic elements to support relaxation and positive emotions [ 55 , 56 , 87 ].

3.2. Designing Therapeutic Interior Environments for People with Chronic Pain

Chronic pain is a debilitating disorder, leading to disability and a reduced health-related quality of life. Chronic pain conditions include lower back pain, arthritis pain, cancer pain and neuropathic pain, as well as complex syndromes, such as fibromyalgia. Lifestyle (physical activity, nutrition and smoking) is associated with chronic pain [ 88 , 89 ]. Non-pharmacological modalities for pain management and relief may include physical therapy, yoga, mindfulness meditation, listening to music, sleep hygiene and nature therapy ( Table 2 ). The American College of Physicians recommends physical exercises and yoga as a first-line therapy for lower back pain [ 90 ]. It is noteworthy that perioperative exposure to music is associated with the reduced intake of analgesic drugs [ 91 , 92 ]. There is also a growing number of studies indicating that exposure to nature and natural light may provide analgesia and reduce the burden of pain [ 42 , 93 ].

The therapeutic interior design concept for people with chronic pain includes biophilic elements and features supporting chronic pain self-care ( Figure 2 B). One of the key features is the room’s natural light and focus on natural surroundings; for example, shade trees with a vista to foster a connection with nature. Other biophilic features consist of natural woods, indoor plants, biomorphic shapes and fresh flowers. The architectural design mimics symmetry and the use of repeating patterns as found in basic nature structures. Artificial smart lighting supports natural circadian rhythm cycles.

A room that provides the opportunity for, and encouragement of, exercise fosters the self-management of chronic diseases. Physical activities are supported by the presence of exercise and wellness equipment while facing a natural landscape and vista, thus integrating exercise and exposure to nature. Multiple yoga mats foster stretching and yoga practice with a companion, bridging physical activity and social support. To enrich this therapeutic environment, an integrated sound system serves as a high-quality music delivery system. Direct sunlight is an important part of designing for chronic pain, while providing exposure to nature and a vantage point can lead to faster stress recovery [ 109 ]. The design also includes ambient lighting that holds the capacity to emulate the blue light of the morning sun, and the yellow light of the evening sun, as well as narrow-band green LED light, shown to reduce pain in people with fibromyalgia [ 97 ].

3.3. Designing Therapeutic Interior Environments for People with Depression

Depression is a chronic mental disorder for which antidepressant and behavioral therapies have limited efficacy [ 110 ]. Depression is often comorbid with other chronic diseases, including chronic pain and neurodegenerative disorders. Living with depression is associated with increased disability and suicide risk [ 111 , 112 ]. Lifestyle medicine for depression includes nutrition, physical exercise and recreation, relaxation and meditation, sleep quality and social support [ 113 ]. As summarized in Table 3 , there are multiple self-care modalities which can clinically benefit people living with depression. Positive effects of exposure to nature on mental health and well-being are well established [ 114 , 115 ]. The mechanisms by which exposure to nature can modulate affective states include stress reduction and the improvement of cognitive functions [ 116 ]. Bright light therapy has been effective in treating depression, including bipolar depression [ 117 ]. Recent reviews and meta-analysis studies support listening to music as an effective non-pharmacological intervention for depression [ 37 , 38 ]. Based on the beneficial effects of exposure to nature and self-care modalities ( Table 3 ), we suggest designing an interior environment that would support emotional regulation by increasing both arousal and valence with visual and acoustic stimulation.

Figure 2 C summarizes suggested interior design features for people living with depression. These include biophilic elements such as a fractal ceiling, indoor plants, fresh flower art, natural wood, a biomorphic floor lamp, and floor-to-ceiling windows overlooking a natural landscape and providing direct sunlight. Interior features fostering self-care practices include meditation space, yoga mats, an integrated diffuser in a floor lamp for aromatherapy, and the Frame Smart TV (Samsung ® ) as a delivery system of music, guided meditations and nature-inspired art. All biophilic and other design features encourage relaxation and stress reduction, which can mitigate depressive symptoms [ 142 ]. Dynamic lighting for this purpose includes natural bright light, provided by large windows, and cove lighting surrounding the space, for ambient lighting effects that can provide bright light year-round. Two yoga mats are placed to encourage yoga practice and stretching exercises with a companion, thus simultaneously providing social support.

4. Expanding Interior Design Elements for Therapeutic Purposes

As shown in Figure 2 , renderings of therapeutic interior environments emphasize diverse biophilic elements delivered via natural light (through windows and a smart lighting system), the presence of indoor plants and fresh flowers, fractals, soundscapes, biomorphic shapes, natural materials and colors, and vista viewpoints. In addition, the design of therapeutic spaces for people with migraines, chronic pain or depression ( Figure 2 ), can include the incorporation of such indoor features as the Frame Smart TV (Samsung ® ) and a smart lighting system, which can provide the benefits of nature therapy, music therapy and light therapy. Using the Frame Smart TV to provide both biophilic art and a high-quality sound system for music and guided meditation offers innovative ways to expand the application of a TV set as a delivery system of therapies for pain or depression [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 91 , 92 , 98 ]. Currently, such frame TV models are marketed for their abilities to serve as a standard TV or as décor to display art, when in the “off” position.

Another example of expanding the applications of interior features is to use lighting systems for light therapy purposes. Light therapy has been recognized as treatment for depression or fatigue [ 123 , 143 , 144 ], while recent studies suggest that specific LED light conditions can provide clinical benefits for people living with migraines, fibromyalgia and chronic pain ([ 145 ] and references in Table 1 and Table 2 ). Specific in-home lighting conditions were used for the treatment of fatigue in people with traumatic brain injury [ 146 , 147 ]. Effects of light exposure on sleep quality are well documented [ 148 , 149 ], while there are direct correlations between the quality of sleep and diverse health conditions [ 34 , 35 , 103 , 150 ]. Therefore, lighting conditions which promote sleep hygiene may provide additional health benefits for people living with migraines, insomnia, fibromyalgia, chronic pain or depression.

Rapid advancements in the smart LED lighting systems allow a user to program bright light in the morning to reduce pain, depression and fatigue, or provide green LED light therapy for a reduction in migraine headaches. Currently, health-related light bulbs include those with: (1) eliminated, or reduced, blue color wavelength light, which are marketed as “circadian rhythms bulbs”, “no blue”, “low blue”, “zero blue” or “restful bedtime bulb”, (2) green LED light, marketed as “migraine relief LED light” or “green light for migraine sufferers” by Allay Lamp ® , and (3) natural light, marketed as “natural sunlight”, “natural daylight light” or “full-spectrum sunlight like”. Such diverse LED technologies are commercially available as “stand alone” bulbs, or as an integrated, smart lighting system, thus facilitating the custom design of lighting within biophilic interior design environments for people with specific medical conditions.

5. Advancing Therapeutic Interior Design to Improve Healthcare Outcomes

With the number of people living with chronic diseases increasing worldwide, there are ongoing needs to innovate and to expand disease prevention and treatments. As illustrated in Figure 3 A, creating therapeutic indoor environments is applicable not only to residential homes, but also for hospital rooms, assisted-living facilities and hospital at home (HaH) programs [ 151 ]. While biophilic design has been recognized by healthcare facilities [ 22 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 ] and assisted-living housing [ 156 ], there are no reports of applying health-related interior design for HaH care. The COVID-19 pandemic has renewed an interest in home care services [ 157 , 158 ]; therefore, therapeutic interior design for HaH may offer additional clinical benefits. An example of interior design features for an HaH setting could include biophilic elements, a smart lighting system, and soundscapes delivering relaxing music ( Figure 3 B). Since the judicious design of lighting can improve quality of sleep, fatigue, depression, migraine headaches and chronic pain, while listening to music can reduce pain and depressive symptoms, these two interior elements alone can provide clinical benefits for people with cancer, COPD and other medical conditions, which are preferred when considering HaH care.

Applications of biophilic interventions and health-related interior landscapes in diverse indoor environments. ( A ) Examples of diverse indoor environments amenable to health-related interior design. ( B ) Examples of therapeutic interior design elements and their clinical benefits for hospital at home care.

In the U.S. alone, the design of disease-specific therapeutic environments could benefit a significant portion of the 330 million people living in 128 million households. To this end, the Biophilic Design Matrix has been proposed to facilitate the implementation of biophilic attributes by interior designers [ 22 , 159 , 160 ]. Future prospects for therapeutic interior environments can also include integration with digital health technologies for migraines [ 161 , 162 ], chronic pain [ 163 , 164 ] and depression [ 165 , 166 ]. It is appealing to suggest that integrated healthcare systems such as Sanford Health, Kaiser Permanente, Intermountain Healthcare, Trinity Health and others may consider partnerships with architectural firms and interior design companies to create, validate and implement residential and commercial interior environments for people living with diverse chronic diseases.

We acknowledge the limitations of this viewpoint article, which include diverse levels of evidence to support therapeutic interior design, thus being prone to publication bias. Recent review articles on biophilic design point out research gaps on the relationships between biophilic attributes and health-related outcomes [ 9 , 13 , 16 , 17 , 24 , 160 ]. To the best of our knowledge, there are only a few reports on combining biophilic interventions with pharmacotherapies [ 43 , 61 ]. With respect to studies on self-care for specific chronic diseases, we include references on systematic review and meta-analysis (SR/MA) when available; however, given the diversity of research evidence for biophilic interventions and individual self-care modalities (ranging from small-group observational and pilot studies, longitudinal studies, narrative reviews, RCTs and SR/MA), presenting such a cross-disciplinary topic as an SR/MA would be difficult at the present time. We emphasize an ongoing need for more research and development projects to evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of therapeutic interior environments and disease-specific self-care for people living with migraines, chronic pain, depression and other chronic diseases.

6. Conclusions

Despite a recognition of the benefits of biophilic design by healthcare facilities, transforming residential indoor spaces into therapeutic environments receives relatively less attention. In this viewpoint article, we discuss the integration of biophilic interventions with indoor features fostering self-care for people living with migraines, chronic pain and depression. We conclude that therapeutic interior design supporting a connection with nature, healthy lifestyle and disease-specific self-care practices offers unique opportunities to improve healthcare outcomes in residential applications and beyond.

Acknowledgments

We thank Danielle Alling from Ritual Made, LLC for her assistance with figure preparations, and Uros Strugulc for his assistance with preparing renderings. We are grateful to Jade Huntsman and Lily Huntsman for critical reading of early versions of the manuscript and helpful comments.

Author Contributions

D.D.H. and G.B. conceived this project and wrote the manuscript. G.B. performed the literature review and analysis. D.D.H. designed therapeutic interior environments. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

This project was performed without external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

D.D.H. is a founder and owner of Dayhouse Studio, an interior design company. G.B. is a founder and owner of OMNI Self-care, LLC, a health-branding company creating digital content for disease self-management, self-care and health promotion.

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Biophilic Interior Design: A Case Study on the Relation Between Water Elements and Well-Being of the Users in an Educational Building

2021, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sanat & Tasarım Dergisi

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Biophilic Interiors: 21 Projects that Blend Architecture with Nature

• Written by Dima Stouhi
• Published on April 15, 2023

Humans are hard-wired to respond positively to nature ; the crackling sound of fire, the smell of fresh rain on soil, the healing characteristics of plants and the color green, being in proximity to animals, etc. That, along with today’s critical environmental conditions and rapid urbanization, shifted architects' focus towards eco-conscious projects to bring people closer to nature. Architects explored numerous approaches: rammed earth structures, recycled materials and furnishing, designing around the site's sun orientation... The practice was so driven by green architecture that the lines became blurred between what is truly sustainable and ecological and what is " greenwashed ". But what proved to bring about the most innate biological connection with nature was biophilia, and "bringing the outdoors in" through design.

By definition, biophilic design promotes wellbeing by incorporating elements that establish a coherent relationship between nature, human biology, and the building physically, visually, and emotionally. This includes using natural materials, incorporating greenery, an abundance of natural light, and making room for natural ventilation, to name a few. The successful application of biophilic design principals stimulates a wide spectrum of physical, mental and behavioral benefits. Physical benefits include improved fitness, lower blood pressure, and fewer illness symptoms. Mental benefits include motivation, productivity, creativity, and a decrease in stress and anxiety. Behavioral and cognitive changes include improved coping skills, enhanced attention span, and increase in social interaction. 

For decades, scientists, researchers, architects, and designers have been collaboratively exploring how to utilize the aspects of nature that most impact our relationship with the built environment. Many theorists organize biophilic design principles under three categories: nature in the space, nature of the space, and natural analogues , all of which determine a physical, visual, and emotional connection to the natural world. This framework, however, goes beyond materials, light, and ventilation, all of which are significant contributors to biophilic spaces. Effective biophilic design lets earth be the architecture itself, or at least a big part of it. And what seems to be often overlooked is that it is also locally-appropriate design, meaning that the architecture should not just blend with nature, it should blend with its nature - the specific surroundings of the project itself.

Take a look at how architects prioritized human wellbeing, and reinforced biophilia and the relationship between nature, human biology, and the built environment through 21 projects from our database. 

Material Selection

In light of the environmental crises and heightened focus on wellbeing, architects resorted to environmentally-conscious architecture with the aim of triggering a shift in the current practice , beginning with what the projects are built with. For thousands of decades, Earth and its resources have been used to construct monumental structures that have withstood the test of time . But it was recent studies that proved how using such materials creates positive cognitive and physiological responses as well. And with that, architects went back to extracting materials from the local terrain through minimal processing , reflecting the local geology to establish authenticity and a sense of place, as well as promoting sustainability-driven architecture.

The Wendy House / Earthscape Studio

TECLA Technology and Clay 3D Printed House / Mario Cucinella Architects

Sunyata Eco Hotel / Design Kacheri

Nature within the Space

One of the most prominent and common ways architects have integrated biophilic elements in their interior designs is through greenery , water, and fire elements. The benefits of plantscaping , or incorporating plants in interiors, are boundless . In terms of biophilic design however, plants are not chosen arbitrarily, but are chosen based on the climate conditions, geographic characteristics, and availability to ensure that the interior is authentically one with its surroundings. Several studies also have shown that seeing, hearing, or touching water reduces stress, increases tranquility and concentration, and lowers heart rate , prompting architects to install water walls, aquariums, miniature ponds, fountains, and streams.

Wyndham Clubhouse / MIA Design Studio

Greenary Residence / Carlo Ratti Associati

Nha Khoa Nu Cuoi Viet Dental Clinic / BHA studio

Nowadays, especially after the recent changes to working dynamics, time is mostly spent inside rooms that are illuminated with a mix of artificial and natural lighting. However, all the design possibilities and flexibilities that artificial light has offered has not yet replaced the way the human body responds to natural light, nor how much it needs it to function properly. A human’s circadian rhythm, or the 24-hour biological cycle, is primarily influenced by light reception, followed by temperature and other stimuli . Being heavily exposed to artificial light, especially at night, alters the body’s biological clock, and affects productivity, appetite, and energy levels. As a result, architects prioritized natural lighting and ensured that the characteristics of artificial light are almost identical to it. Biophilic characteristics of light also encompass the variables of light and shadow, and how their intensities and the way they complement each other in a space affect the visual comfort of users.

Workshop Ricostruzione - The New Dance School / Mario Cucinella Architects

365° House / A.H Architects

St-Charles Dental Clinic / Studio Jean Verville architectes

When it comes to air circulation and thermal comfort, biophilia can be characterized as complementing the qualities and variable changes in temperature and humidity. Ideally, the overall air quality should provide comfort and vitality, as well as give users the possibility of adjusting the thermal conditions, whether manually or automatically, based on their needs and preferences.

The Vibes Office / Infinitive Architecture

Urban Farming Office / VTN Architects

Thorncrown Chapel / E. Fay Jones

Physical and Visual Access to Nature 

To further establish the connection to nature, architects have built projects with interiors in direct connection to the surrounding landscape , both physically and visually. This blurred boundary between the architecture and the site it sits on limits the impression of “man-made” and promotes a sense of openness and freedom, allowing architecture and nature to become one.

Six Square House / Young Projects

Gimme Shelter / gimme shelter solutions

TreeVilla at Forest Hills / Architecture BRIO

Biomimicry and Organic Forms

Along with natural interventions and construction materials, organic/biomorphic forms and textures also serve as strong references to patterns found in nature. Curves, for instance, have already been dominating interior design trends during the past couple of years, but it actually dates back centuries to when architects found inspiration in nature from the asymmetrical lines of flowers and animals . And since the human psyche prefers curved visual objects because they signal lack of threat, the architectural expression of organic forms in interior design was translated into furniture, lighting, textile, partitions, and wall motifs.

Zolaism Café / B.L.U.E. Architecture Studio

Kindergarten in Guastalla / Mario Cucinella Architects

NOMA 2.0 / BIG

Spatial Organization and Layout

In terms of interior architecture and circulation, biophilia is the adoption of the spatial patterns found in nature and interpreting them as the configuration of an interior space. The purpose behind these patterns is to prioritize the wellbeing of users, especially if it’s an unfamiliar place for them. In scenarios of the latter, the human mind automatically shifts into survival mode and looks for a place that offers safety and protection “from the unknown”, similar to how animals react in open landscapes . These spatial patterns can be seen architecturally as refuge zones, open-yet-protected areas, and in-between transitional spaces, all of which reduce stress levels and irritation, and provoke a sense of protection, creativity, and exploration.

Edgars Creek House / Breathe Architecture

Once Upon a Time in the Perche House / Java Architecture

Second Home Hollywood Office / Selgascano

Find more biophilic interiors in this My ArchDaily folder created by the author.

This article is part of an ArchDaily series that explores features of interior architecture, from our own database of projects. Every month, we will highlight how architects and designers are utilizing new elements, new characteristics and new signatures in interior spaces around the world. As always, at ArchDaily, we highly appreciate the input of our readers. If you think we should mention specific ideas, please submit your suggestions .

This article is part of the ArchDaily Topics: Circular Economy . Every month we explore a topic in-depth through articles, interviews, news, and architecture projects. We invite you to learn more about our ArchDaily Topics . And, as always, at ArchDaily we welcome the contributions of our readers; if you want to submit an article or project, contact us .

Editor's Note: This article was originally published on February 03, 2023.

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Creating Harmony: Biophilic Design Principles in Interior Spaces

In a fast-changing world of concrete jungles, where often you would have no other choice than to be in urban areas, the idea of biophilic design is an amazing area that has sliced the line between modern times and nature. Biophilic design, having its basis in the biophilia hypothesis, developed by biologist Edward O. Wilson, holds that humans possess an inherent fondness for the very environment they are born into and they thrive when they either have a feeling of the wholesomeness of such environment or a physical interaction with the same environment.

The biophilic approach in interior design is a method of creating spaces that personify the sentiments of nature, and hence, facilitate the connection of the occupants with nature. This by enriching the space with elements and processes that are inspired by nature. The purpose of this design is to take from nature a positive energy, to create environments that despite the indoor conditions, make a person feel the restorative power of nature.

In this article, we are going to scrutinize the main biophilic design patterns in interior rooms, present its perks, and draw on the success stories of its implementation.

Key Principles of Biophilic Design:

The biophilic design follows several principles as it must integrate natural aspects that are the essential features of nature. These tenets are the systematic foundation of our bonding with nature where we seek to improve our mental wellness by infusing the natural components into our built setup. Let’s explore these principles in more detail: Let’s explore these principles in more detail:

• Visual Connections with Nature : The primary idea of biophilic design is that observation and exploitation of effects both physical and visual are important. The natural vegetation and vernacular landscape representation are the keys to people in the ground and office unity with nature. Moreover, this eco-shopping concept may cover windows that are as high as a building but show outside scenery instead of landscapes on the walls, which are real plants. Natural raw materials like wood and stone can be used for interior finishing. There is strong imagery used throughout the poem which is a meaningful indicator that nature solves the troubling issues to offer equanimity and tranquillity which are the key components of a healthy environment.

• Non-Visual Connections with Nature: Besides exposing the person to the sight of nature, biophilic design speaks about the importance of non-optical connections as well. By having such features as natural sound elements, for instance, running water or bird sounds, combined with furniture that consists of natural textures like wood and stone, it can create that natural atmosphere within the building’s interior design. Additionally, introducing natural smells like the fragrance of fresh flowers and pine needles can result in a good interior. For instance, incorporating the element of sound that can, in some ways, bring one closer to the natural world is one of the ways that it can be represented in this form of art.
• Prospect and Refuge: Biophilic design awards great value to the ways people can essentially delegate certain zones for conceiving those moments when the outside environment feels very approachable at the same time they also see a refuge when they feel guilty or just need a personal space. Prospect is to be able to perceive the distance and the space, but the refuge is that its nature is too long for a sense of security and safety. An environment can be created whereby you get to have space that has a balance of the two elements with some airy spaces and also secret nooks by a designer; thus space is not just stimulating but also comforting with the changing needs of occupants.
• Natural Shapes and Forms: Biophilic design’s maximum application is to show the natural shapes and patterns in the built environment. It can contain, for example, the design of buildings and interiors done organically, and flowers using nature can be part of this. Therefore, patterns and patterns can composed of natural settings. The designers aim to approach the same shapes and forms from the natural world which in turn create a calm and settled environment that uplifts the thoughts and emotions.
• Natural Patterns and Processes: Besides the biophilic design involving natural patterns and groundbreaking processes in the building industry. This can range from creating spaces that can be in tune with the pace of the natural realm and mimicking the daylighting strategy which implicates the change of the sunlight in every hour of the day. The designer can help to create a sense of dynamics and being in nature by the way of making the space architecture in compliance with movement of the nature. The result is the environment becoming lively and promoting a sense of connection to nature.

• Biomorphic Forms and Patterns: Lastly, the biophilic design usually includes observable characteristics that create the naturing patterns and shape influence which are known as biomorphic forms and patterns. It involves the utilization of fractal patterns found abundantly in nature. For example, we can use them in interior design, and the use of elements similar to natural forms such as leaves and tree branches in furniture is also possible. By doing this designers are not only creating spaces that have the logic of current technology but will also feel organic and inviting, this strategy will therefore increase the overall wellness of the users.

Integrating the elements of biophilic design into interior areas would form a combination of spaces that is not only attractive to the eye, but also can help the promotion of well-being and mental health. Through acknowledgment of our indisputable nature link designers can bring these spaces to life ultimately providing us with an improved experience.

Case Study: The Spheres at Amazon Headquarters, Seattle

Amongst the most intriguing cases of biophilic design used in interior spaces is the “The Spheres” site in the Amazon corporate headquarters in Seattle. Engineered for employees’ self-satisfaction and relaxation, The Spheres comprise three shapes of glass domes loaded with diverse floral compositions of tropical trees and flowering plants.

Visual Connections with Nature: The domes are packed with spaces for the visual to join with nature, and the huge glazings are the best chance to admire the leaves of the plants from a panoramic view. Staff members in The Spheres, with tree views surrounding them, get often the relaxing and recuperating sight, refresh their energy, and become mindful.

Non-Visual Connections with Nature: Furthermore, sensations other than vision are included in The Spheres designed to simulate the natural environment. The sound of waterfalls and incessant flowing of streams is all over the place while the air is heavily scented with the smells of various plants to create a multi-sensory experience that mimics the surrounding natural setting.

Prospect and Refuge: The Spheres is also meant to be a calming and restful place that people would consider a haven and also a wonderful place to peer out to. The observation decks are designed such that they are spacious enough for the people to have expansive views of the gardens, trees, and other landscape features thus providing a sense of prospect. Concealed corners and private sitting spaces also exist to provide a sense of security and privacy.

Natural Shapes and Forms: The Spheres’ structure has arches that imitate natural shapes and forms with the domes themselves like large bubbles or raindrops of water. Sunlight filters the paths that are snaking, going through the planting, manifesting the natural flow the way the leaves do on the ground in a forest.

Natural Patterns and Processes: The setup of The Spheres mirrors natural patterns and processes, with planting beds placed with the layers of forest, from the top to the bottom. Design of public spaces the visual dimension of the surroundings which ultimately contributes towards a sound biodiversity.

Biomorphic Forms and Patterns: Last but not least one should also pay attention to the biomorphic design, like the furniture and fixtures that have a form imitating the shapes and forms of nature. The features like plant leaves in chairs and branches and light fixtures are proof that the design retains a close resemblance to nature.

In addition, Biophilic design principles incorporated here are a vivid representation of how this can be a significant achievement in interior spaces. Through the introduction of natural elements and processes, The Spheres become a distinctive feature and source of recreation for staff that ultimately improves their health and as such, their productivity.

Challenges and Considerations:

• Maintenance: Sustaining biogenic features within the interior environment is one of the major difficulties. The reason is that they must be in the norm. Plants necessitate watering, weeding, and pest management not only regularly but also during their growth. All of these can be rather costly and labor-intensive, especially in large-scale or die-cast models.
• Cost: One of the key factors to be considered is the cost of making biophilic design a part of the operation. Natural materials like timber and stone are oftentimes more expensive than manufactured materials, and setting up a green roof or a living wall needs to be carefully planned to avoid overruns, hence, contributing to the cost of a project.
• Compatibility with Existing Structures: Similarly biophilic financing of buildings and structures can be a difficult task. During a renovation of a building to add features like big windows or living walls, you may need to make serious structural changes (such as removing walls). This may be a costly and disruptive process.
• Limited Space: Urban areas, especially those that are very populated, can make a spot for biophilic elements more challenging to find. Balancing the requirement of natural light and green spaces with the stressing physical constraints of space requires a bit of creativity and a keen eye for planning.
• Seasonal Considerations: Given the biophilic nature of the elements that rely on daylight and the outdoor situations, such as the indoor garden or the living walls, may pertain to seasonal changes. Designers have to think about the lifetime performance of these elements together with the year-round considerations for their usage and plan.
• Health and Safety: Last but not least, designers should take into account that biophilic design has subtle but significant implications for health and safety. Such as the indoor plants can give way to insects and allergens that could be harmful to those suffering from allergic or allergic reactions.

Employing these design challenges, however, a lot of designers and architects come up with solutions that will permit if not integrate the biophilia principle into the interiors of buildings. They recognize how health, well-being, and productivity can improve living conditions when biophilic elements are present.

Design Guidelines for Biophilic Design in Interior Spaces:

The implementation of a biophilic design approach into indoor spaces can become an integral part of the interior experience that would ultimately influence the psychological state of occupants. Here are some practical guidelines for architects and designers looking to incorporate these principles into their projects: Here are some practical guidelines for architects and designers looking to incorporate these principles into their projects:

• Selecting Appropriate Natural Elements:

– Think about plants and materials that will best fit the indoor conditions, and which factors such as light levels, humidity, and maintenance needs should be taken into account.

– To maximize the indoor space, spread the various plant species around to form a diversified! yet appealing indoor landscape.

– The elements of nature for example wood, natural stones, and bamboo can serve as finishes and furnishings in the interiors to achieve a feeling of warmth and natural connection.

• Maximizing Natural Light:

– Layout the spaces to get the most daylight (think of the sun’s movement throughout the whole day). Do not forget about the shade devices (e.g. awnings, blinds) to control glare and heat gain.

– Employ reflective surfaces with light-colored finishes that will help minimize the use of lighting maximizing natural light within the space.

– Think about applying skylights , light wells , and vertical windows to introduce natural light into the rooms of the building.

• Creating a Connection to the Outdoors:

– Provide indoor spaces that give a sense of connection with nature by designing them to have green gardens and parks view of the natural landscape.

– Bring outdoor features, such as water features or nature recourses, into the interior environment to make the transition between indoors and outdoors smooth.

– Realize the presence of green spaces including balconies and terraces, or courtyards, among others, so that the population can have contact with nature first-hand.

• Enhancing Air Quality and Acoustics:

– Choose plants that are capable of improving indoor air quality by filtering pollutants and increasing oxygen levels. Therefore, you will be taking care of your body in a safe and secure room.

– Select materials and finishes that will rectify absorption to improve the acoustics and promote a peaceful atmosphere.

• Incorporating Biophilic Patterns and Forms:

– Organic nature and patterns play their role in the interior design of furniture, lighting fixtures, and wall coverings and thus, influence the development of the home atmosphere.

– It would also be a good idea to involve patterns that evoke a sense of nature in the design, say, wood grain, or stone patterns, which bring a sense of nature for you to feel.

Through pursuance of the abovementioned criteria, interior architects and designers can develop spaces that not only look beautiful but provide health, well-being, and productivity benefits to people thanks to the biophilic components.

Biophilic interior design offers a regenerative way to use the aesthetics and the well-being of a space. It provides an innovative way to turn a design into something truly beautiful, living, and beneficial. Nature doesn’t only hold the power to reduce stress but it can also increase productivity in a working area thus it becomes more important to have natural elements as part of our environment. In pursuit of more eco-friendly or human-driven designs, adopting a biophilic viewpoint is unconsciously what designers need to keep an eye on since biophilic design is no longer a trend but more of an essential aspect to create spaces that become our second home.

• Edward O. Wilson, Harvard biologist known as ‘Ant Man,’ dead at 92 (2021) NBC Boston . Available at: https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/edward-o-wilson-harvard-biologist-known-as-ant-man-dead-at-92/2599580/ (Accessed: 24 March 2024). 
• Rodriguez, M.D. (2023) Create views of real nature in your interiors: Learn more about visual connection with nature. , Forest Homes . Available at: https://www.foresthomesstore.com/blogs/decor-for-wellbeing/create-views-of-real-nature-in-your-interiors-learn-more-about-visual-connection-with-nature (Accessed: 24 March 2024). 
• 14 patterns of biophilic design (2014) Terrapin Home – Terrapin Bright Green . Available at: https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/#non-visual-connection-with-nature (Accessed: 24 March 2024). 
• (No date) The best tours of Sagrada Familia in 2024 and why . Available at: https://thetourguy.com/travel-blog/spain/barcelona/sagrada-familia/the-best-tours-of-sagrada-familia/ (Accessed: 24 March 2024). 
• Tapia, D. (2019) Amazon spheres / NBBJ , ArchDaily . Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/920029/amazon-spheres-nbbj (Accessed: 24 March 2024). 

An enthusiastic architecture student deeply in love with reading and writing, Harshavarthine is eager to explore her growing interest in architecture journalism. Her burning passion for architecture and writing promises to illuminate readers' knowledge in this digital era and aims to captivate their imagination with profound stories about architectural marvels.

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Victor Mukhin

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Title : Active carbons as nanoporous materials for solving of environmental problems

However, up to now, the main carriers of catalytic additives have been mineral sorbents: silica gels, alumogels. This is obviously due to the fact that they consist of pure homogeneous components SiO2 and Al2O3, respectively. It is generally known that impurities, especially the ash elements, are catalytic poisons that reduce the effectiveness of the catalyst. Therefore, carbon sorbents with 5-15% by weight of ash elements in their composition are not used in the above mentioned technologies. However, in such an important field as a gas-mask technique, carbon sorbents (active carbons) are carriers of catalytic additives, providing effective protection of a person against any types of potent poisonous substances (PPS). In ESPE “JSC "Neorganika" there has been developed the technology of unique ashless spherical carbon carrier-catalysts by the method of liquid forming of furfural copolymers with subsequent gas-vapor activation, brand PAC. Active carbons PAC have 100% qualitative characteristics of the three main properties of carbon sorbents: strength - 100%, the proportion of sorbing pores in the pore space – 100%, purity - 100% (ash content is close to zero). A particularly outstanding feature of active PAC carbons is their uniquely high mechanical compressive strength of 740 ± 40 MPa, which is 3-7 times larger than that of  such materials as granite, quartzite, electric coal, and is comparable to the value for cast iron - 400-1000 MPa. This allows the PAC to operate under severe conditions in moving and fluidized beds.  Obviously, it is time to actively develop catalysts based on PAC sorbents for oil refining, petrochemicals, gas processing and various technologies of organic synthesis.

Victor M. Mukhin was born in 1946 in the town of Orsk, Russia. In 1970 he graduated the Technological Institute in Leningrad. Victor M. Mukhin was directed to work to the scientific-industrial organization "Neorganika" (Elektrostal, Moscow region) where he is working during 47 years, at present as the head of the laboratory of carbon sorbents.     Victor M. Mukhin defended a Ph. D. thesis and a doctoral thesis at the Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia (in 1979 and 1997 accordingly). Professor of Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia. Scientific interests: production, investigation and application of active carbons, technological and ecological carbon-adsorptive processes, environmental protection, production of ecologically clean food.   

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Interior Designers & House Decorators in Elektrostal'

Location (1).

• Use My Current Location

Popular Locations

• Albuquerque
• Cedar Rapids
• Grand Rapids
• Indianapolis
• Jacksonville
• Kansas City
• Little Rock
• Los Angeles
• Minneapolis
• New Orleans
• Oklahoma City
• Orange County
• Philadelphia
• Portland Maine
• Salt Lake City
• San Francisco
• San Luis Obispo
• Santa Barbara
• Washington D.C.
• Elektrostal', Moscow Oblast, Russia

Professional Category (1)

• Accessory Dwelling Units (ADU)

Project Type

• Space Planning
• Floor Plans
• Bedroom Design
• Holiday Decorating
• Lighting Design
• Nursery Design
• Design Consultation
• Playroom Design
• Contemporary
• Traditional
• Scandinavian

Credentials & Awards

• Best of Houzz winner
• $$$$ - I want the best results
• $$$ - Mid-to-high price
• $$ - Low-to-mid price

Featured Reviews for Interior Designers & House Decorators in Elektrostal'

• Reach out to the pro(s) you want, then share your vision to get the ball rolling.
• Request and compare quotes, then hire the Interior Designer & Decorator that perfectly fits your project and budget limits.

An interior designer is a professional who helps you make your indoor spaces beautiful and functional. They can assist you with various projects, whether it’s complete home remodeling or simply refreshing the look of a room. Hiring an interior designer early in the process ensures proper planning and maximizes the potential of your project.

Here are some main things an interior designer does:

• Designs your space to match your style and needs.
• Makes the best use of your space for practicality and flow.
• Selects the right colors and materials for a pleasing look.
• Provides visualizations to see how your space will look.
• Manages the project and works with contractors.
• Ensures your space meets all regulations and codes.

In short, hiring an interior designer in Elektrostal' ensures your space is not only beautiful but also suits your lifestyle and functions well for your daily activities.

• Interior design
• Kids Bedroom Design
• Create functional and appealing spaces, collaborating with professionals.
• Manage projects from start to finish, ensuring a smooth process.
• Formal education in interior design, including color schemes, materials, and CAD.
• Handle design and decoration, offering a comprehensive approach.
• Focus on understanding your needs and lifestyle.
• Specialize in surface-level aesthetics like paint colors and furnishings.
• Enhance the overall look and feel with decorative elements.
• Can work independently or for a decorating firm.
• Typically lack formal educational requirements in interior design.

What does an interior designer do?

Questions to ask when you meet with local elektrostal' interior designers:.

If you search for Interior Designer near me you'll be sure to find a business that knows about the trends and styles for bathroom, kitchen, or whole house remodels. Their profession involves creating aesthetically pleasing and functional spaces tailored to clients' preferences and needs

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