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The Life and Legacy of José Rizal: National Hero of the Philippines

Dr. José Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines, is not only admired for possessing intellectual brilliance but also for taking a stand and resisting the Spanish colonial government. While his death sparked a revolution to overthrow the tyranny, Rizal will always be remembered for his compassion towards the Filipino people and the country.

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Humble beginnings

José Protasio Rizal Mercado Y Alonso Realonda was born on June 19, 1861 to Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonzo in the town of Calamba in the province of Laguna. He had nine sisters and one brother. At the early age of three, the future political leader had already learned the English alphabet. And, by the age of five, José could already read and write.

Upon enrolling at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila (now referred to as Ateneo De Manila University ), he dropped the last three names in his full name, after his brother’s advice – hence, being known as José Protasio Rizal. His performance in school was outstanding – winning various poetry contests, impressing his professors with his familiarity of Castilian and other foreign languages, and crafting literary essays that were critical of the Spanish historical accounts of pre-colonial Philippine societies.

A man with multiple professions

While he originally obtained a land surveyor and assessor’s degree in Ateneo, Rizal also took up a preparatory course on law at the University of Santo Tomas (UST). But when he learned that his mother was going blind, he decided to switch to medicine school in UST and later on specialized in ophthalmology. In May 1882, he decided to travel to Madrid in Spain , and earned his Licentiate in Medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid.

Apart from being known as an expert in the field of medicine, a poet, and an essayist, Rizal exhibited other amazing talents. He knew how to paint, sketch, and make sculptures. Because he lived in Europe for about 10 years, he also became a polyglot – conversant in 22 languages. Aside from poetry and creative writing, Rizal had varying degrees of expertise in architecture, sociology, anthropology, fencing, martial arts, and economics to name a few.

His novels awakened Philippine nationalism

Rizal had been very vocal against the Spanish government, but in a peaceful and progressive manner. For him, “the pen was mightier than the sword.” And through his writings, he exposed the corruption and wrongdoings of government officials as well as the Spanish friars.

While in Barcelona, Rizal contributed essays, poems, allegories, and editorials to the Spanish newspaper, La Solidaridad. Most of his writings, both in his essays and editorials, centered on individual rights and freedom, specifically for the Filipino people . As part of his reforms, he even called for the inclusion of the Philippines to become a province of Spain.

But, among his best works , two novels stood out from the rest – Noli Me Tángere (Touch Me Not) and El Filibusterismo ( The Reign of the Greed).

In both novels, Rizal harshly criticized the Spanish colonial rule in the country and exposed the ills of Philippine society at the time. And because he wrote about the injustices and brutalities of the Spaniards in the country, the authorities banned Filipinos from reading the controversial books. Yet they were not able to ban it completely. As more Filipinos read the books, their eyes opened to the truth that they were suffering unspeakable abuses at the hands of the friars. These two novels by Rizal, now considered his literary masterpieces, are said to have indirectly sparked the Philippine Revolution.

Rizal’s unfateful days

Upon his return to the Philippines, Rizal formed a progressive organization called the La Liga Filipina. This civic movement advocated social reforms through legal means. Now Rizal was considered even more of a threat by the Spanish authorities (alongside his novels and essays), which ultimately led to his exile in Dapitan in northern Mindanao .

This however did not stop him from continuing his plans for reform. While in Dapitan, Rizal built a school, hospital, and water system. He also taught farming and worked on agricultural projects such as using abaca to make ropes.

In 1896, Rizal was granted leave by then Governor-General Blanco, after volunteering to travel to Cuba to serve as doctor to yellow fever victims. But at that time, the Katipunan had a full-blown revolution and Rizal was accused of being associated with the secret militant society. On his way to Cuba, he was arrested in Barcelona and sent back to Manila to stand for trial before the court martial. Rizal was charged with sedition, conspiracy, and rebellion – and therefore, sentenced to death by firing squad.

Days before his execution, Rizal bid farewell to his motherland and countrymen through one of his final letters, entitled Mi último adiós or My Last Farewell. Dr. José Rizal was executed on the morning of December 30, 1896, in what was then called Bagumbayan (now referred to as Luneta). Upon hearing the command to shoot him, he faced the squad and uttered in his final breath: “ Consummatum est” (It is finished). According to historical accounts , only one bullet ended the life of the Filipino martyr and hero.

His legacy lives on

After his death, the Philippine Revolution continued until 1898. And with the assistance of the United States , the Philippines declared its independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. This was the time that the Philippine flag was waved at General Emilio Aguinaldo’s residence in Kawit, Cavite.

Today, Dr. Rizal’s brilliance, compassion, courage, and patriotism are greatly remembered and recognized by the Filipino people. His two novels are continuously being analyzed by students and professionals.

Colleges and universities in the Philippines even require their students to take a subject which centers around the life and works of Rizal. Every year, the Filipinos celebrate Rizal Day – December 30 each year – to commemorate his life and works. Filipinos look back at how his founding of La Liga Filipina and his two novels had an effect on the early beginnings of the Philippine Revolution. The people also recognize his advocacy to achieve liberty through peaceful means rather than violent revolution.

In honor of Rizal, memorials and statues of the national hero can be found not only within the Philippines, but in selected cities around the world. A road in the Chanakyapuri area of New Delhi (India) and in Medan, Indonesia is named after him. The José Rizal Bridge and Rizal Park in the city of Seattle are also dedicated to the late hero.

Within the Philippines, there are streets, towns/cities, a university (Rizal University), and a province named after him. Three species have also been named after Rizal – the Draco rizali (a small lizard, known as a flying dragon), Apogania rizali (a very rare kind of beetle with five horns) and the Rhacophorus rizali (a peculiar frog species).

To commemorate what he did for the country, the Philippines built a memorial park for him – now referred to as Rizal Park, found in Manila . There lies a monument which contains a standing bronze sculpture of Rizal, an obelisk, and a stone base said to contain his remains. The monument stands near the place where he fell during his execution in Luneta.

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How Rizal Became the National Hero of the Philippines

Find out why Jose Rizal (and not Andres Bonifacio) is the national hero of the Philippines.

It has always been a heated argument on who deserves to be called Philippine’s national hero — Jose Rizal or Andres Bonifacio.

Why is Jose Rizal the national hero of the Philippines? It is interesting to note that Jose Rizal’s heroism was recognized first by the colonizing Americans and later on by General Emilio Aguinaldo.

Recommended by US Governor Taft

The Americans (through the American Governor William Howard Taft) recommended to the Philippine Commission, which was sponsored by the US, to declare Jose Rizal as a national hero for the Filipinos. The Americans recommended Rizal because of the fact that he was executed by the Spaniards and of his peaceful way to achieve liberty. Unlike Andres Bonifacio whose desire to achieve independence for his native land required armed approach. The Americans deemed this approach to independence of Andres Bonifacio to be unacceptable and may inspire other Filipinos to rebel against American rule. This is why Jose Rizal was chosen over him as the national hero. Jose Rizal was declared as the greatest Filipino hero during the American colonization after the Aguinaldo led armed forces were subdued during the Philippine-American war.

December 30th as National Day of Mourning

General Emilio Aguinaldo was the first one to declare December 30th as a national day of mourning in honor of Rizal and others who have died fighting the Spanish tyranny.

The Pen Is Mightier Than the Sword

The Philippine revolution led by Andres Bonifacio was fueled by the writings of Jose Rizal, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, which made a more lasting impression. This is one of the best arguments of those who believe that Rizal is rightfully the national hero. Rizal was truly an inspiration to many Filipinos during the Spanish period. According to the historian Rafael Palma, Rizal was more deserving of the national hero title. Rizal was even thought to have suggested that Antonio Luna lead the revolutionary forces since Luna has studied military science which was a brilliant idea to lessen casualties against the powerhouse Spanish militia. Rizal believed that only an army that was well prepared and had enough arms would ensure victory .

Founder of La Liga Filipina

Jose Rizal founded the La Liga Filipina, a civic organization that led to the creation of the Katipunan headed by Andres Bonifacio. This fact may already substantiate that Rizal’s title was deserving since without the La Liga Filipina, Andres Bonifacio and his army would have been non-existent.

Everything started with Rizal. Philippine Revolution against Spain started what was known as the First Republic led by Emilio Aguinaldo.

For Rizal, violence or armed resistance only as a last resort and considered the restoration of the people’s dignity as a justification means of achieving national liberation and self-rule. On the other hand, Filipinos are also grateful to Andres Bonifacio’s legacy, his advocacy to an armed revolution. We credit both Rizal and Bonifacio for awakening the patriotic spirit of Filipinos.

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Biography of José Rizal, National Hero of the Philippines

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José Rizal (June 19, 1861–December 30, 1896) was a man of intellectual power and artistic talent whom Filipinos honor as their national hero. He excelled at anything that he put his mind to: medicine, poetry, sketching, architecture, sociology, and more. Despite little evidence, he was martyred by Spanish colonial authorities on charges of conspiracy, sedition, and rebellion when he was only 35.

Fast Facts: José Rizal

• Known For : National hero of the Philippines for his key role inspiring the Philippine Revolution against colonial Spain
• Also Known As: José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
• Born : June 19, 1861, at Calamba, Laguna
• Parents : Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Alonzo y Quintos
• Died : December 30, 1896, in Manila, the Philippines
• Education : Ateneo Municipal de Manila; studied medicine at the University of Santo Tomas in Manila; medicine and philosophy at the Universidad Central de Madrid; ophthalmology at the University of Paris and the University of Heidelberg
• Published Works : Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo
• Spouse : Josephine Bracken (married two hours before his death)
• Notable Quote: "On this battlefield man has no better weapon than his intelligence, no other force but his heart."

José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda was born on June 19, 1861, at Calamba, Laguna, the seventh child of Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Alonzo y Quintos. The family were wealthy farmers who rented land from the Dominican religious order. Descendants of a Chinese immigrant named Domingo Lam-co, they changed their name to Mercado ("market") under the pressure of anti-Chinese feeling among the Spanish colonizers.

From an early age, Rizal showed a precocious intellect. He learned the alphabet from his mother at the age of 3 and could read and write at age 5.

Rizal attended the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, graduating at age 16 with the highest honors. He took a post-graduate course there in land surveying.

Rizal completed his surveyor's training in 1877 and passed the licensing exam in May 1878, but he could not receive a license to practice because he was only 17. He was granted a license in 1881 when he reached the age of majority.

In 1878, the young man enrolled in the University of Santo Tomas as a medical student. He later quit the school, alleging discrimination against Filipino students by the Dominican professors.

In May 1882, Rizal got on a ship to Spain without informing his parents. He enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid after arriving. In June 1884, he received his medical degree at the age of 23; the following year, he graduated from the Philosophy and Letters department.

Inspired by his mother's advancing blindness, Rizal next went to the University of Paris and then to the University of Heidelberg for further study in ophthalmology. At Heidelberg, he studied under the famed professor Otto Becker (1828–1890). Rizal finished his second doctorate at Heidelberg in 1887.

Rizal lived in Europe for 10 years and picked up a number of languages. He could converse in more than 10 different tongues. While in Europe, the young Filipino impressed everyone he met with his charm, intelligence, and mastery of a range of different fields of study. Rizal excelled at martial arts, fencing, sculpture, painting, teaching, anthropology , and journalism, among other areas.

During his European sojourn, he also began to write novels. Rizal finished his first book, " Noli Me Tangere " (Latin for "Touch Me Not"), while living in Wilhelmsfeld, Germany, with the Rev. Karl Ullmer.

Rizal wrote "Noli Me Tangere" in Spanish; it was published in 1887 in Berlin, Germany. The novel is a scathing indictment of the Catholic Church and Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines, and its publication cemented Rizal's position on the Spanish colonial government's list of troublemakers. When Rizal returned home for a visit, he received a summons from the governor-general and had to defend himself against charges of disseminating subversive ideas.

Although the Spanish governor accepted Rizal's explanations, the Catholic Church was less willing to forgive. In 1891, Rizal published a sequel, titled " El Filibusterismo ." When published in English, it was titled "The Reign of Greed."

In his novels and newspaper editorials, Rizal called for a number of reforms of the Spanish colonial system in the Philippines. He advocated freedom of speech and assembly, equal rights before the law for Filipinos, and Filipino priests in place of the often-corrupt Spanish churchmen. In addition, Rizal called for the Philippines to become a province of Spain, with representation in the Spanish legislature, the Cortes Generales .

Rizal never called for independence for the Philippines. Nonetheless, the colonial government considered him a dangerous radical and declared him an enemy of the state.

In 1892, Rizal returned to the Philippines. He was almost immediately accused of being involved in the brewing rebellion and was exiled to Dapitan City, on the island of Mindanao. Rizal would stay there for four years, teaching school and encouraging agricultural reforms.

During that period, the people of the Philippines grew more eager to revolt against the Spanish colonial presence. Inspired in part by Rizal's progressive organization La Liga , rebel leaders such as Andres Bonifacio (1863–1897) began to press for military action against the Spanish regime.

In Dapitan, Rizal met and fell in love with Josephine Bracken, who brought her stepfather to him for a cataract operation. The couple applied for a marriage license but were denied by the Church, which had excommunicated Rizal.

The Philippine Revolution broke out in 1896. Rizal denounced the violence and received permission to travel to Cuba to tend to victims of yellow fever in exchange for his freedom. Bonifacio and two associates sneaked aboard the ship to Cuba before it left the Philippines and tried to convince Rizal to escape with them, but Rizal refused.

He was arrested by the Spanish on the way, taken to Barcelona, and then extradited to Manila for trial. Rizal was tried by court-martial and charged with conspiracy, sedition, and rebellion. Despite a lack of evidence of his complicity in the Revolution, Rizal was convicted on all counts and given a death sentence.

He was allowed to marry Bracken two hours before his execution by firing squad in Manila on December 30, 1896. Rizal was just 35 years old.

José Rizal is remembered today throughout the Philippines for his brilliance, courage, peaceful resistance to tyranny, and compassion. Filipino schoolchildren study his final literary work, a poem called " Mi Ultimo Adios " ("My Last Goodbye"), and his two famous novels.

Spurred by Rizal's martyrdom, the Philippine Revolution continued until 1898. With assistance from the United States, the Philippine archipelago defeated the Spanish army. The Philippines declared independence from Spain on June 12, 1898, becoming the first democratic republic in Asia.

• de Ocampo, Estaban A. " Dr. Jose Rizal, Father of Filipino Nationalism ." Journal of Southeast Asian History .
• Rizal, José. "One Hundred Letters of José Rizal." Philippine National Historical Society.
• Valenzuela, Maria Theresa. " Constructing National Heroes: Postcolonial Philippine and Cuban Biographies of José Rizal and José Martí ." Biography .
• Biography of Antonio Luna, Hero of the Philippine-American War
• Biography of Andrés Bonifacio, Filipino Revolutionary Leader
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Jose Rizal’s Essays and Articles

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Articles in Diariong Tagalog

“El Amor Patrio” (The Love of Country)

This was the first article Rizal wrote in the Spanish soil. Written in the summer of 1882, it was published in Diariong Tagalog in August. He used the pen name “Laong Laan” (ever prepared) as a byline for this article and he sent it to Marcelo H. Del Pilar for Tagalog translation.

Written during the Spanish colonization and reign over the Philippine islands, the article aimed to establish nationalism and patriotism among the natives. Rizal extended his call for the love of country to his fellow compatriots in Spain, for he believed that nationalism should be exercised anywhere a person is. 

“Revista De Madrid” (Review of Madrid)

This article written by Rizal on November 29, 1882 wasunfortunatelyreturned to him because Diariong Tagalog had ceased publications for lack of funds.

Articles in La Solidaridad

“Los Agricultores Filipinos” (The Filipino Farmers)

This essay dated March 25, 1889 was the first article of Rizal published in La Solidaridad. In this writing, he depicted the deplorable conditions of the Filipino farmers in the Philippines, hence the backwardness of the country.

“A La Defensa” (To La Defensa)

This was in response to the anti-Filipino writing by Patricio de la Escosura published by La Defensa on March 30, 1889 issue. Written on April 30, 1889, Rizal’s article refuted the views of Escosura, calling the readers’ attention to the insidious influences of the friars to the country.

“Los Viajes” (Travels)

Published in the La Solidaridad on May 15, 1889, this article tackled the rewards gained by the people who are well-traveled to many places in the world.

“La Verdad Para Todos” (The Truth for All)

This was Rizal’s counter to the Spanish charges that the natives were ignorant and depraved. On May 31, 1889, it was published in the La Solidaridad.  

"Vicente Barrantes’ Teatro Tagalo”

The first installment of Rizal’s “Vicente Barrantes” was published in the La Solidaridad on June 15, 1889. In this article, Rizal exposed Barrantes’ lack of knowledge on the Tagalog theatrical art.  

“Defensa Del Noli”

The manuscripts of the “Defensa del Noli” was written on June 18, 1889. Rizal sent the article to Marcelo H. Del Pilar, wanting it to be published by the end of that month in the La Solidaridad.

“Verdades  Nuevas”(New Facts/New Truths)

In this article dated July 31, 1889, Rizal replied to the letter of Vicente Belloc Sanchez which was published on July 4, 1889 in ‘La Patria’, a newspaper in Madrid. Rizal addressed Sanchez’s allegation that provision of reforms to the Philippines would devastate the diplomatic rule of the Catholic friars.

“Una Profanacion” (A Desecration/A Profanation)

Published on July 31, 1889, this article mockingly attacked the friars for refusing to give Christian burial to Mariano Herbosa, Rizal’s brother in law, who died of cholera in May 23, 1889. Being the husband of Lucia Rizal (Jose’s sister), Herbosa was denied of burial in the Catholic cemetery by the priests.

“Crueldad” (Cruelty),

Dated August 15, 1889, this was Rizal’s witty defense of Blumentritt from the libelous attacks of his enemies.

“Diferencias” (Differences) 

Published on September 15, 1889, this article countered the biased article entitled “Old Truths” which was printed in La Patria on August 14, 1889. “Old Truths” ridiculed those Filipinos who asked for reforms.

“Inconsequencias” (Inconsequences)

The Spanish Pablo Mir Deas attacked Antonio Luna in the Barcelona newspaper “El Pueblo Soberano”. As Rizal’s defense of Luna, he wrote this article which was published on November 30, 1889.

“Llanto Y Risas” (Tears and Laughter)

Dated November 30, 1889, this article was a condemnation of the racial prejudice of the Spanish against the brown race. Rizal remembered that he earned first prize in a literary contest in 1880. He narrated nonetheless how the Spaniard and mestizo spectators stopped their applause upon noticing that the winner had a brown skin complexion.

“Filipinas Dentro De Cien Anos” (The Philippines within One Hundred Years)

This was serialized in La Solidaridad on September 30, October 31, December 15, 1889 and February 15, 1890. In the articles, Rizal estimated the future of the Philippines in the span of a hundred years and foretold the catastrophic end of Spanish rule in Asia. He ‘prophesied’ Filipinos’ revolution against Spain, winning their independence, but later the Americans would come as the new colonizer

The essay also talked about the glorious past of the Philippines, recounted the deterioration of the economy, and exposed the causes of natives’ sufferings under the cruel Spanish rule. In the essay, he cautioned the Spain as regards the imminent downfall of its domination. He awakened the minds and the hearts of the Filipinos concerning the oppression of the Spaniards and encouraged them to fight for their right.

Part of the essays reads, “History does not record in its annals any lasting domination by one people over another, of different races, of diverse usages and customs, of opposite and divergent ideas. One of the two had to yield and succumb.” The Philippines had regained its long-awaited democracy and liberty some years after Rizal’s death. This was the realization of what the hero envisioned in this essay.

Dated January 15, 1890, this article was the hero’s reply to Governor General Weyler who told the people in Calamba that they “should not allow themselves to be deceived by the vain promises of their ungrateful sons.” The statement was made as a reaction to Rizal’s project of relocating the oppressed and landless Calamba tenants to North Borneo.

“Sobre La Nueva Ortografia De La Lengua Tagala” (On The New Orthography of The Tagalog Language)

Rizal expressed here his advocacy of a new spelling in Tagalog. In this article dated April 15, 1890, he laid down the rules of the new Tagalog orthography and, with modesty and sincerity, gave the credit for the adoption of this new orthography to Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, author of the celebrated work “El Sanscrito en la Lengua Tagala” (Sanskrit in the Tagalog Language) published in Paris, 1884.

“I put this on record,” wrote Rizal, “so that when the history of this orthography is traced, which is already being adopted by the enlightened Tagalists, that what is Caesar’s be given to Caesar. This innovation is due solely to Dr. Pardo de Tavera’s studies on Tagalismo. I was one of its most zealous propagandists.”

“Sobre La Indolencia De Los Filipinas” (The Indolence of the Filipinos) 

This logical essay is a proof of the national hero’s historical scholarship. The essay rationally countered the accusations by Spaniards that Filipinos were indolent (lazy) during the Spanish reign. It was published in La Solidaridad in five consecutive issues on July (15 and 31), August (1 and 31) and September  1, 1890.

Rizal argued that Filipinos are innately hardworking prior to the rule of the Spaniards. What brought the decrease in the productive activities of the natives was actually the Spanish colonization. Rizal explained the alleged Filipino indolence by pointing to these factors: 1) the Galleon Trade destroyed the previous links of the Philippines with other countries in Asia and the Middle East, thereby eradicating small local businesses and handicraft industries; 2) the Spanish forced labor compelled the Filipinos to work in shipyards, roads, and other public works, thus abandoning their agricultural farms and industries; 3) many Filipinos became landless and wanderers because Spain did not defend them against pirates and foreign invaders; 4) the system of education offered by the colonizers was impractical as it was mainly about repetitive prayers and had nothing to do with agricultural and industrial technology; 5) the Spaniards were a bad example as negligent officials would come in late and leave early in their offices and Spanish women were always followed by servants; 6) gambling like cockfights was established, promoted, and explicitly practiced by Spanish government officials and friars themselves especially during feast days; 7) the crooked system of religion discouraged the natives to work hard by teaching that it is easier for a poor man to enter heaven; and 8) the very high taxes were discouraging as big part of natives’ earnings would only go to the officials and friars.

Moreover, Rizal explained that Filipinos were just wise in their level of work under topical climate. He explained, “violent work is not a good thing in tropical countries as it is would be parallel to death, destruction, annihilation. Rizal concluded that natives’ supposed indolence was an end-product of the Spanish colonization.

Other Rizal’s articles which were also printed in La Solidaridad were “A La Patria” (November 15, 1889), “Sin Nobre”   (Without Name) (February 28, 1890), and “Cosas de Filipinas”   (Things about the Philippines)  (April 30, 1890).

Historical Commentaries Written in London

This historical commentary was written by Rizal in London on December 6, 1888.

“Acerca de Tawalisi de Ibn Batuta”

This historical commentaryis believed to form part of ‘Notes’ (written incollaboration with A.B. Meyer and F. Blumentritt) on a Chinese code in the Middle Ages, translated from the German by Dr. Hirth. Written on January 7, 1889, the article was about the “Tawalisi” which refers to the northern part of Luzon or to any of the adjoining islands.

It was also in London where Rizal penned the following historical commentaries: “La Political Colonial On Filipinas” (Colonial Policy In The Philippines), “Manila En El Mes De Diciembre” (December , 1872), “Historia De La Familia Rizal De Calamba” (History Of The Rizal Family Of Calamba), and “Los Pueblos Del Archipelago Indico (The People’s Of The Indian Archipelago )

Other Writings in London

“La Vision Del Fray Rodriguez” (The Vision of Fray Rodriguez)

Jose Rizal, upon receipt of the news concerning Fray Rodriguez’ bitter attack on his novel Noli Me Tangere, wrote this defense under his pseudonym “Dimas Alang.” Published in Barcelona, it is a satire depicting a spirited dialogue between the Catholic saint Augustine and Rodriguez. Augustine, in the fiction, told Rodriguez that he (Augustine) was commissioned by God to tell him (Rodriguez) of his stupidity and his penance on earth that he (Rodriguez) shall continue to write more stupidity so that all men may laugh at him. In this pamphlet, Rizal demonstrated his profound knowledge in religion and his biting satire.

“To The Young Women of Malolos”

Originally written in Tagalog, this famous essay directly addressed to the women of Malolos, Bulacan was written by Rizal  as a response to Marcelo H. Del Pilar’s request.

Rizal was greatly impressed by the bravery of the 20 young women of Malolos who planned to establish a school where they could learn Spanish despite the opposition of Felipe Garcia, Spanish parish priest of Malolos. The letter expressed Rizal’s yearning that women be granted the same chances given to men in terms of education. In the olden days, young women were not educated because of the principle that they will soon be wives and their primary career would be to take care of the home and children. Rizal however advocated women’s right to education.

            Below are some of the points mentioned by Rizal in his letter to the young women of Malolos: 1) The priests in the country that time did not embody the true spirit of Christianity; 2) Private judgment should be used; 3) Mothers should be an epitome of an ideal woman who teaches her children to love God, country, and fellowmen; 4) Mothers should rear children in the service of the state and set standards of behavior for men around her;5) Filipino women must be noble, decent, and dignified and they should be submissive, tender, and loving to their respective husband; and 6) Young women must edify themselves, live the real Christian way with good morals and manners, and should be intelligent in their choice of a lifetime partner.

Writings in Hong Kong

“Ang Mga Karapatan Ng Tao” (The Rights Of Man)

This was Rizal’s Tagalog translation of “The Rights of Man” which was proclaimed by the French Revolution in 1789.

“A La Nacion Espanola”(To The Spanish Nation)

Written in 1891, this was Rizal’s appeal to Spain to rectify the wrongs which the Spanish government and clergy had done to the Calamba tenants.

“Sa Mga Kababayan” (To My Countrymen)

This writing written in December 1891 explained the Calamba agrarian situation .

“Una Visita A La Victoria Gaol” (A Visit To Victoria Gaol), March 2, 1892

On March 2, 1892,Rizal wrote this account of his visit to the colonial prison of Hong Kong. He contrasted in the article the harsh Spanish prison system with the modern and more humane British prison system.

“Colonisation Du British North Borneo, Par De Familles De Iles Philippines” (Colonization Of British North Borneo By Families From The Philippine Islands)

This was Rizal’s elucidation of his pet North Borneo colonization project.

“Proyecto De Colonization Del British North Borneo Por Los Filipinos” (Project Of The Colonization Of British North Borneo By The Filipinos)

In this writing, Rizal further discussed the ideas he presented in “Colonization of British North Borneo by Families from the Philippine Islands.”

“La Mano Roja” (The Red Hand)

This was a writing printed in sheet form. Written in Hong Kong, the article denounced the frequent outbreaks of fires in Manila.

“Constitution of The La Liga Filipina”

This was deemed the most important writing Rizal had made during his Hong Kong stay. Though it was Jose Ma. Basa who conceived the establishment of Liga Filipina (Philippine League), his friend and namesake Jose Rizal was the one who wrote its constitution and founded it.

Articles for Trubner’s Record

Due to the request of Rizal’s friend Dr. Reinhold Rost, the editor of Trubner’s Record (a journal devoted to Asian Studies), Rizal submitted two articles:

Specimens of Tagal Folklore

Published in May 1889, the article contained Filipino proverbs and puzzles.

Two Eastern Fables (June 1889)

It was a comparative study of the Japanese and Philippine folklore. In this essay, Jose Rizal compared the Filipino fable, “The Tortoise and the Monkey” to the Japanese fable “Saru Kani Kassen” (Battle of the Monkey and the Crab).

Citing many similarities in form and content, Rizal surmised that these two fables may have had the same roots in Malay folklore. This scholarly work received serious attention from other ethnologists, and became a topic at an ethnological conference.

Among other things, Rizal noticed that both versions of the fable tackled about morality as both involve the eternal battle between the weak and the powerful. The Filipino version however had more philosophy and plainness of form whereas the Japanese counterpart had more civilization and diplomacy.

Other Writings

“Pensamientos De Un Filipino” (Reflections of A Filipino)

Jose Rizal wrote this in Madrid, Spain from 1883-1885. It spoke of a liberal minded and anti-friar Filipino who bears penalties such as an exile.

“Por Telefono”

This was a witty satire authored by “Dimas Alang” (one of the hero’s pen names) ridiculing the Catholic monk Font, one of the priests who masterminded the banning of the “Noli”. Published in booklet form in Barcelona, Spain, it narrated in a funny way the telephone conversation between Font and the provincial friar of the San Agustin Convent in Manila. 

This pamphlet showed not only Rizal’s cleverness but also his futuristic vision. Amazingly, Rizal had envisaged that overseas telephonic conversations could be carried on—something which was not yet done during that time (Fall of 1889). It was only in 1901, twelve years after Rizal wrote the “Por Telefono,” when the first radio-telegraph signals were received by Marconi across the Atlantic.

“La Instruccion” (The Town Schools In The Philippines)

Using his penname “Laong Laan”, Rizal assessed in this essay the elementary educational system in the Philippines during his time. Having observed the educational systems in Europe, Rizal found the Spanish-administered education in his country poor and futile. The hero thus proposed reforms and suggeted a more significant and engaging system.

Rizal for instance pointed out that there was a problem in the mandated medium of instruction—the colonizers’ language (Spanish) which was not perfectly understood by the natives. Rizal thus favored Philippine languages for workbooks and instructions.

The visionary (if not prophetic) thinking of Rizal might have been working (again) when he wrote the essay. Interestingly, his call for educational reforms, especially his stand on the use of the local languages for instruction, is part of the battle cry and features of today’s K to 12 program in the Philippines ... continue reading  (© 2013 by  Jensen DG. Mañebog )

Jensen DG. Mañebog , the contributor, is a book author and professorial lecturer in the graduate school of a state university in Metro Manila. His unique textbooks and e-books on Rizal (available online)  comprehensively tackle, among others, the respective life of Rizal’s parents, siblings, co-heroes, and girlfriends. (e-mail:   [email protected] )

Tag:  Jose Rizal’s Essays and Articles

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Who is Rizal? : A compilation of Argumentative Essays on the "National Hero"

Looking into works of historians/scholars such as Ocampo, Constantino, and Joaquin, this series of essays aims to discuss the different perspectives towards Rizal in terms of his upbringing and heroism. Consequently, the frameworks that drive these historians/scholars' works are also brought to light in these papers.

Related Papers

Daphne Baybayan

Emman Ray Rodriguez

Jestoni B . Castro

This is a reflection paper questioning the position of Dr. Jose Rizal as the Philippines national hero. This paper do not have the intention to disrespect Rizal but more often that he should not the only national hero that Philippines must have. Let always put in our mind that an opinion without respect on the other side is not an opinion it was a mere foolishness of a man.

Althea Hannah D . Deloso

Jose Rizal, a pivotal figure in Philippine history, emerges as a symbol of enlightenment, resilience, and national identity. Born in 1861 during Spanish colonial rule, Rizal became a versatile nationalist and reformist, advocating for Philippine independence through his writings. "The First Filipino" by Leon Ma. Guerrero, a 1963 biography, offers a comprehensive exploration of Rizal's life, highlighting his influence on Philippine history and the ongoing struggle for freedom. This abstract delves into Rizal's childhood and education, revealing the significant impact of his family and the colonial environment on his intellectual growth. It explores his conflicts within the oppressive educational system in the Philippines and his decision to pursue foreign education in Spain, where he developed a profound understanding of colonialism's destructive nature. The abstract further examines Rizal's role in fostering nationalist expression through his novels, acting as powerful tools for social change and inspiring a generation of reformists and revolutionaries. Rizal's strategic opposition to Spanish colonialism, emphasizing nonviolent tactics and intellectual resistance, is explored, highlighting his role in founding the Liga Filipina and his subsequent exile to Dapitan. Jose Rizal's lasting legacy and significance in Philippine history are discussed, emphasizing his influence on succeeding generations and the global resonance of his views on justice and human rights. His life, works, and sacrifices continue to inspire the fight for justice, liberty, and patriotism, making him a revered national hero in the Philippines. The abstract concludes by acknowledging Rizal's enduring impact and his place in the rich tapestry of Philippine history.

Edward A . Despabiladeras

Juan Ma. Guerrero's "The First Filipino" delves into the life, struggles, and enduring legacy of Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines. This comprehensive critical paper, exceeding 2500 words, meticulously unravels Rizal's journey from an elite reformist to a fervent nationalist. Guerrero's narrative navigates through Rizal's formative years, education, and experiences abroad, offering a nuanced exploration of the complexities surrounding his identity, privilege, and commitment to justice. The paper examines Rizal's pivotal role in challenging Spanish colonialism through his literary masterpieces, "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo." Guerrero's work extends beyond a conventional biography, becoming a reflective mirror that prompts contemporary Filipinos to question inherited narratives and actively participate in shaping a society founded on principles of equality, justice, and authentic freedom.

Elaine Carigma

This critical papers tackles on the Life and Works of Rizal based on the biography book written by Leon Maria Guerrero entitled, "The First Filipino"

This reflection paper critically explores the dichotomy surrounding Jose Rizal's status as a hero in Philippine nationalism. Initiated during early university studies and influenced by Renato Constantino's essay, "Veneration Without Understanding," the paper navigates through the complexities of Rizal's heroism, challenging the idealized narrative ingrained in early education. The discourse on Rizal's heroism, fueled by fervent debates, reveals a societal divide between veneration and condemnation. Comprehensive explorations delve into Rizal's opposition to the revolution, American sponsorship influence, and the intricacies of his legacy, prompting a nuanced understanding. The paper reflects on hero-worship, American colonization strategies, and Rizal's multifaceted character. It also contemplates the broader concept of heroism, urging a shift from historical pedestals to contemporary struggles. The abstract concludes by emphasizing the democratic nature of heroism, encouraging collective efforts for a more just society and recognizing the potential within each individual to contribute to the ongoing narrative of Filipino nationhood.

Jinky Peñalosa

Lorie Villanueva

John Vincent Cruz

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Essay On Our National hero

by Pakiology | Mar 22, 2024 | Essay , English | 0 comments

Pakistan has produced many national heroes who have contributed to the country in various ways. Among them, one of the most prominent figures is Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah . He is considered the founding father of Pakistan and played a pivotal role in the creation of the country.

Born on December 25, 1876, in Karachi, Jinnah was a brilliant student who graduated from the prestigious Sindh Madrasa-Tul-Islam and later studied law at Lincoln’s Inn in London. He started his political career as a member of the Indian National Congress but later joined the All India Muslim League due to his differences with the Congress on the issue of Muslim rights.

Jinnah was a strong advocate for the rights of Muslims in India and believed in the creation of a separate homeland for them. He tirelessly worked towards this goal and played a crucial role in the negotiations that led to the creation of Pakistan in 1947.

As the first Governor General of Pakistan, Jinnah laid the foundations of the country and worked towards its development. He emphasized the importance of unity and religious tolerance and laid the foundations for a democratic and progressive nation.

One of the most remarkable things about Jinnah was his leadership abilities and political acumen. He was a master strategist and negotiator, and his skills were instrumental in the creation of Pakistan.

He also faced many challenges and obstacles during his struggle for a separate homeland for Muslims. The British government, the Hindu leadership, and even some Muslim leaders opposed the idea of Pakistan. However, Jinnah remained determined and steadfast in his vision and ultimately succeeded in achieving his goal.

Jinnah was also a visionary leader who had a clear idea of the kind of country he wanted Pakistan to be. He believed in democracy, rule of law, and religious freedom, and worked towards building a modern and progressive nation. He is remembered for his famous speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on August 11, 1947, in which he outlined his vision for the country.

In addition to his political contributions, Jinnah was also a successful lawyer and businessman. He was a prominent figure in the Bombay Presidency, and his legal practice was highly successful. He was also a member of the Bombay Municipal Corporation and the founder of the Muslim League Bombay Presidency.

In short, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a truly remarkable figure who dedicated his life to the cause of Muslim rights and the creation of Pakistan. His leadership, political acumen, and determination will always be remembered and celebrated.

Jinnah passed away on September 11, 1948, but his contributions to Pakistan will never be forgotten. He remains a national hero and an inspiration for future generations.  

In conclusion, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah is a national hero of Pakistan who played a crucial role in the creation of the country. His unwavering dedication to the cause of Muslim rights and his tireless efforts toward the creation of a separate homeland will always be remembered and celebrated.

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Essay About Jose Rizal As National Hero

The story of a hero is often filled with courage, sacrifice, and unwavering dedication to a cause. Such is the tale of Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines. Delving into the life and legacy of this remarkable figure takes us on a transformative journey that unravels the depth of his contributions to his country and his indelible impact on the hearts and minds of the Filipino people. From his brilliance as a scholar to his role as a visionary leader, Rizal’s story is a testament to the power of one individual to shape the course of history and inspire generations.

Get here, Essay about jose rizal as national hero. Short essay about rizal life, Essay About Jose Rizal, Who is Rizal for you essay and more.

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Essay About Jose Rizal

Short essay about rizal life

Rizal: A Legacy of Heroism and Inspiration

José Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines, was a man whose life and works continue to inspire generations. Born on June 19, 1861, in Calamba, Laguna, Rizal grew up in a society marked by colonial oppression and social injustices. However, he did not allow these circumstances to define him. Instead, he embarked on a remarkable journey of enlightenment, activism, and selfless dedication to his country and fellow Filipinos.

Rizal’s pursuit of education took him to various places, both within the Philippines and abroad. He possessed an insatiable thirst for knowledge, and his intellectual pursuits encompassed a wide range of disciplines, including literature, medicine, and the sciences. Rizal’s brilliance and intellectual acumen were evident in his numerous accomplishments, such as becoming a licensed ophthalmologist, a skilled writer, a polyglot, and a respected scholar.

However, Rizal’s achievements went far beyond academia. He was deeply conscious of the social ills plaguing his homeland and the plight of his fellow countrymen. Rizal used his literary prowess as a powerful tool to expose the injustices perpetrated by the Spanish colonial government. His novels, such as “Noli Me Tangere” and “El Filibusterismo,” served as a scathing indictment of the oppressive regime. Through his writings, Rizal aimed to awaken the Filipinos’ national consciousness and instill a sense of unity and resistance against the oppressive forces that held them captive.

But Rizal’s activism was not confined to the realm of literature alone. He actively participated in various socio-political movements and organizations, advocating for reforms and promoting social justice. Rizal believed in peaceful and progressive change, and he emphasized the importance of education as a means to uplift the Filipino people. He founded La Liga Filipina, a civic organization that sought to empower the masses and promote unity among Filipinos. However, his endeavors were met with resistance from the Spanish authorities, which ultimately led to his arrest and subsequent execution on December 30, 1896.

Rizal’s martyrdom, rather than silencing his voice, only served to amplify his message. His death ignited a fervor for independence among the Filipino people and solidified his status as a national hero. Rizal’s ideals and sacrifices became the guiding light for the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule, which eventually led to the country’s independence.

Today, Rizal’s legacy lives on, resonating in the hearts and minds of Filipinos. His life and works continue to inspire generations, reminding us of the importance of critical thinking, nationalism, and social responsibility. Rizal’s unwavering commitment to justice, his love for his country, and his passion for education serve as a beacon of hope in times of adversity.

José Rizal was more than a mere historical figure; he was a visionary, a poet, a doctor, a writer, and an embodiment of courage and resilience. His life serves as a testament to the power of an individual to effect positive change in society. Rizal’s story teaches us that one person, armed with knowledge, compassion, and a strong sense of purpose, can make a profound impact on the world. As we honor his memory, may we strive to emulate his virtues and carry forward his enduring legacy for the betterment of our nation and humanity as a whole.

Essay about jose rizal as national hero

Jose Rizal: The National Hero of the Philippines

Jose Rizal, often referred to as the “Pride of the Malay Race,” is widely regarded as the national hero of the Philippines. His life, sacrifices, and contributions to the country’s struggle for independence have solidified his status as an icon of heroism and an inspiration to generations of Filipinos.

Rizal’s journey as a national hero began with his profound love for his country and his unwavering commitment to its betterment. He recognized the oppressive conditions under Spanish colonial rule and the need for societal reforms. Rizal believed that education and enlightenment were crucial for the liberation of his people. He saw knowledge as a powerful tool to uplift the Filipino spirit and awaken a sense of national identity.

Throughout his life, Rizal demonstrated exceptional intellect and talent. He pursued higher education in various parts of the world, becoming proficient in multiple languages and excelling in different fields such as medicine, literature, and the sciences. Rizal’s brilliance was not confined to academia alone; he also possessed a deep sense of empathy and a strong desire to effect change.

Rizal’s most significant contribution to the Philippine struggle for independence was his literary works, which challenged the Spanish authorities and exposed the injustices endured by the Filipino people. His novels, “Noli Me Tangere” and “El Filibusterismo,” tackled themes of social inequality, corruption, and abuses of power. These influential works awakened the national consciousness, inspiring a sense of unity and resistance among the Filipino population.

Beyond his literary prowess, Rizal actively participated in political and social movements. He founded the La Liga Filipina, a civic organization aimed at advocating for reforms and promoting unity among Filipinos. Rizal emphasized the importance of peaceful change and called for equal rights, representation, and justice for all. His leadership and vision laid the groundwork for a more organized and cohesive resistance against colonial rule.

Rizal’s unyielding commitment to his country and his principles ultimately led to his martyrdom. On December 30, 1896, he was executed by the Spanish colonial government. His death sparked outrage and galvanized the Filipino people to continue the fight for independence. Rizal’s sacrifice, rather than dampening the flames of resistance, ignited a fervor for freedom that burned brighter than ever.

The heroism of Jose Rizal extends far beyond his revolutionary acts. He embodied the qualities of a true national hero—courage, integrity, and a deep love for his people. Rizal’s teachings emphasized the value of education, critical thinking, and moral uprightness. He believed in the power of unity and the potential of the Filipino people to shape their own destiny.

Today, Rizal’s legacy lives on as a guiding light for the Philippines. His ideals and principles continue to inspire generations, reminding Filipinos of the importance of patriotism, social justice, and the pursuit of knowledge. Rizal’s life serves as a reminder that each individual has the power to make a difference and contribute to the betterment of society.

As the national hero of the Philippines, Jose Rizal remains an embodiment of the Filipino spirit—a symbol of resilience, bravery, and the unwavering pursuit of freedom. His life and sacrifices inspire us to honor our heritage, embrace our national identity, and work towards a brighter future for our nation. Rizal’s legacy serves as a reminder that heroism is not limited to grand gestures but is found in the everyday acts of courage and compassion that shape a nation.

Make a short essay expressing your impression towards Jose Rizal as a historian

Jose Rizal: A Historian’s Legacy

Jose Rizal, often hailed as the national hero of the Philippines, not only left an indelible mark as a poet, writer, and revolutionary figure but also made significant contributions as a historian. His meticulous research, dedication to the pursuit of truth, and commitment to preserving the nation’s history set him apart as a scholar of remarkable insight and foresight.

As a historian, Rizal had a profound understanding of the power of history in shaping national identity and inspiring a sense of unity among the Filipino people. He recognized that the knowledge of one’s past is crucial for the development of a collective consciousness and the preservation of cultural heritage. Rizal’s historical works aimed to shed light on the rich tapestry of Philippine history, challenging prevailing narratives and championing the unique contributions of the Filipino people.

One of Rizal’s notable works, “The Philippines: A Century Hence,” offers a deep analysis of the historical, social, and political conditions of the Philippines under Spanish rule. In this essay, Rizal dissected the roots of colonization, explored the impacts of colonialism on the nation, and proposed reforms necessary for its emancipation. Through his historical analysis, Rizal highlighted the importance of understanding the past to forge a better future.

Rizal’s historical writings were characterized by their meticulous research and attention to detail. He spent years studying primary sources, analyzing historical accounts, and consulting experts to ensure the accuracy and credibility of his work. Rizal’s commitment to thoroughness and objectivity distinguished him as a historian who valued the integrity of historical inquiry.

Furthermore, Rizal’s historical perspective extended beyond the boundaries of the Philippines. During his travels, he immersed himself in the history and culture of other nations, broadening his understanding of global events and their interconnectedness. Rizal’s experiences in Europe, for instance, exposed him to different historical movements and ideologies, shaping his views on nationalism and inspiring his vision for a liberated Philippines.

Perhaps Rizal’s most significant contribution as a historian lies in his call for a national identity rooted in an honest appraisal of history. He emphasized the need to embrace the complexities of the Filipino past, acknowledging both its triumphs and struggles. Rizal believed that a nation that is fully aware of its history can navigate the challenges of the present and aspire to a more enlightened future.

In retrospect, Jose Rizal’s legacy as a historian serves as an inspiration for scholars and students of history alike. His meticulous research, dedication to truth, and unwavering commitment to the preservation of national heritage exemplify the qualities of a true historian. Rizal’s insights into Philippine history and his efforts to promote historical consciousness have left an enduring impact on the country’s understanding of its past and its aspirations for the future.

As we reflect on Rizal’s contributions as a historian, we are reminded of the power of history to shape our collective consciousness, inform our decisions, and ignite a sense of pride and purpose. Rizal’s legacy challenges us to delve into the depths of our own history, to critically examine prevailing narratives, and to continue the pursuit of knowledge and truth. In doing so, we honor the memory of Jose Rizal, a historian whose work remains relevant and impactful, even in the present day.

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Our National Hero or Quaid-e-Azam Essay

By the grace of ALLAH, we have one of the greatest leader in the form of Quaid-e-Azam. He is our national hero. In 1947, he gifted Muslims of South East Asia and become the founder of the country. He was born at Karachi in 25 December, 1876. In order to get quality education, he alone migrated to England. He entered the politics horizon in 1896 when he joined the Indian national congress to liberate his country from British rule. Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a strong proponent of unity between Hindu and Muslims. But due to his leadership wisdom, he realized that Hindu leaders were depriving Muslim’s right. Due to his long hard work, Muslims of all India got independence and secured a separate Muslim state in the form of Pakistan on 14th August 1947. He was the 1st Governor General of Pakistan. He passed away on September 11, 1948.

By the grace of ALLAH, we have one of the greatest leader in the form of Quaid-e-Azam. He is our national hero. In 1947, he gifted Muslims of South East Asia and become the founder of the country. He was born at Karachi in 25 December, 1876. In order to get quality education, he alone migrated to England. He entered the politics horizon in 1896 when he joined the Indian national congress to liberate his country from British rule. Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a strong proponent of unity between Hindu and Muslims. But due to his leadership wisdom, he realized that Hindu leaders were depriving Muslim’s right due to their narrow-minded thinking. Due to his long hard work, Muslims of all India got independence and secured a separate Muslim country in the form of Pakistan on 14th August 1947. He was the 1st Governor General of Pakistan as there was no post of President at that time. Due thousand years.work and less focus on his health, he passed away on September 11, 1948. Our national hero Quaid-e-Azam was a true leader and leader like that was born not even in thousand years. The enemies and opponents even praises the character of Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

By the grace of ALLAH, we have one of the greatest leader in the form of Quaid-e-Azam. He is our national hero. In 1947, he gifted Muslims of South East Asia and become the founder of the country. He was born in Karachi and belongs to Poonja family that is a popular merchant in those days. In order to get quality education, he alone migrated to England and take admission in the field of law. He entered the politics horizon in 1896 when he joined the Indian national congress to liberate his country from British rule. Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a strong proponent of unity between Hindu and Muslims. But due to his leadership wisdom, he realized that Hindu leaders were depriving Muslim’s right due to their narrow-minded thinking. This further proved when they did not give a fair percentage of seats in the Government to the Muslim leaders. Due to his long hard work, Muslims of all India got independence and secured a separate Muslim country in the form of Pakistan on 14th August 1947. He was the 1st Governor General of Pakistan as there was no post of President at that time. Due thousand years.work and less focus on his health, he passed away on September 11, 1948. Our national hero Quaid-e-Azam was a true leader and leader like that was born not even in thousand years. The enemies and opponents even praises the character of Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

300 Words Essay

Every country has legends. Without great leaders, no nation can survive. You can check the history of this world, every successful nation ruled the world because they have a great leader.

10 Lines Essay on National Hero Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah

• Quaid-e-Azam is the national hero of Pakistan.
• He is the founder of the country.
• He was born in Karachi on December 25, 1876.
• He completed his initial education from Sindh Madressatul Islam.
• He traveled to England to become barrister.
• He started his political career by joining Indian National Congress in 1896.
• He joined All India Muslim League in 1914.
• Pakistan got independence due to his long hard work on 14th August, 1947.
• He became the first Governor General of the country.
• He died on 11th September, 1948.

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NATIONAL HERO or QUAID-E-AZAM Essay

Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah is our national hero. He is the founder of Pakistan. In Karachi, he was born into the family of Jinnah Poonja, a merchant. After finishing his schooling, he traveled to England to study law.

He joined the Indian national congress to free his country from England’s rule. In the beginning, he was a strong proponent of Hindu-Muslim unity. But soon, he came to know that his Hindu leaders were narrow-minded and were not prepared to give a fair deal to the Muslim league.

He demanded a separate homeland for the Indian Muslims and succeeded in achieving it on 14th August 1947. He became the first Governor-General of Pakistan. But day after day, the strain of his work took its toll on his body, and he died on September 11, 1948. Our Quaid-e-Azam was a man of character. Even his opponents acknowledged his honesty and integrity.

Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah is our national hero. He is Pakistan’s founder and the savior of a hundred million Indian Muslims. He is properly referred to as the best statement of his time. In Karachi, he was born into the family of Jinnah Poonja, a merchant.

After finishing his schooling, he traveled to England to study law. He returned to Bombay as a barrister and began his practice there. Soon he earned a name as a lawyer.

He joined the Indian national congress in order to free his country from England’s rule. In the beginning, he was a strong proponent of Hindu-Muslim unity.

But soon, he came to know that his Hindu leaders were narrow-minded and were not prepared to give a fair deal to the Muslim league. He was known as a champion of Muslim freedom.

He stated that Hindus and Muslims were two separate nations and couldn’t live together any longer.

He campaigned for a separate homeland for Indian Muslims, which he finally got on August 14, 1947. He became the first Governor-General of Pakistan. But day after day, the strain of his work took its toll on his body, and he died on September 11, 1948.

Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah is our national hero. He is Pakistan’s founder and the savior of a hundred million Indian Muslims. He is properly referred to as the best statement of his time. A few men have succeeded in winning as big a country as Pakistan through peaceful means. He was born in Karachi on December 25, 1876, at the home of a merchant called Jinnah Poonja.

He went to England to study law after finishing his university studies. He returned to Bombay as a barrister and began his practice there. Soon he earned a name as a lawyer. He entered politics in 1905. He joined the Indian national congress to free his country from England’s rule.

After finishing his schooling, he traveled to England to study law. But soon, he came to know that his Hindu leaders were narrow-minded, and they don’t give a fair deal to the Muslim league.

He was quickly recognized as a defender of Muslim rights. He stated that Hindus and Muslims were two separate nations and couldn’t live together any longer.

He worked for a separate homeland for Indian Muslims, which he finally got on August 14, 1947. He became the first Governor-General of Pakistan. But day after day, the strain of his work took its toll on his body, and he died on September 11, 1948. Quaid-e-Azam was a man of character. Even his opponents acknowledged his honesty and integrity.

A National Hero is an individual who holds exceptional qualities. He has the power to shape his country’s destiny. There have been many great heroes throughout history, but Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah is our national hero. He is Pakistan’s founder and the savior of a hundred million Indian Muslims. He is properly referred to as the best statement of his time.

Only a few persons have been successful in gaining control of a country as large as Pakistan by peaceful methods. He was born in Karachi on December 25, 1876, at the home of a merchant called Jinnah Poonja.

He went to England to study law after finishing his university studies. He returned to Bombay as a barrister and began his practice there. Soon he earned a name as a lawyer.

He entered politics in 1905. He joined the Indian national congress in order to free his country from England’s rule.

In the beginning, he was a strong proponent of Hindu-Muslim unity. But soon, he came to know that his Hindu leaders were narrow-minded, and they don’t give a fair deal to the Muslim league. He was quickly recognized as a defender of Muslim rights.

He stated that Hindus and Muslims were two separate nations and couldn’t live together any longer. He worked for a separate homeland for Indian Muslims, which he finally got on August 14, 1947.

He became the first Governor-General of Pakistan. But day after day, the strain of his work took its toll on his body, and he died on September 11, 1948.

Death did not allow him to work for the progress and glory of the country founded by him. Quaid-e-Azam was a man of character. Even his opponents acknowledged his honesty and integrity. He is a Great freedom hero for us.

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Essay on My Favourite National Hero

Students are often asked to write an essay on My Favourite National Hero in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on My Favourite National Hero

Introduction.

My favourite national hero is Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the nation of India.

Gandhi’s Life

Born in 1869, Gandhi was a lawyer who believed in non-violence. He fought against the British rule in India using peaceful methods.

Gandhi’s Contribution

Gandhi led the Salt March, a non-violent protest against the salt tax imposed by the British. His actions inspired millions.

Gandhi’s principles of truth and non-violence influenced the world. His life teaches us to stand for what is right, making him my favourite national hero.

250 Words Essay on My Favourite National Hero

Every nation has its heroes, individuals who embody the spirit, values, and aspirations of their people. My favourite national hero is Mahatma Gandhi, a man who transformed India’s struggle for independence and left an indelible mark on the world with his philosophy of non-violence.

Gandhi’s Early Life

Born in Porbandar, Gujarat, in 1869, Gandhi’s early life was shaped by the religious and moral values of his family. His experiences in South Africa, where he faced racial discrimination, catalysed his political activism. He developed ‘Satyagraha’ or ‘the force of truth’, a non-violent resistance method that became instrumental in challenging unjust systems.

Leader of India’s Freedom Struggle

Gandhi’s leadership during India’s struggle for independence was marked by his unwavering commitment to non-violence. His iconic Salt March in 1930 was a powerful act of civil disobedience against the British salt tax, demonstrating the strength of peaceful resistance.

Non-violence: A Global Influence

Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence transcended India’s borders, inspiring global figures such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela. His ideas continue to resonate in movements for social and political change worldwide.

Mahatma Gandhi, my favourite national hero, was a beacon of hope and resilience. His life and philosophy continue to inspire millions around the globe, making him a timeless hero. His message of peace and non-violence is more relevant today than ever, reminding us that change can be effected without resorting to violence. His legacy is a testament to the power of truth, love, and non-violence.

500 Words Essay on My Favourite National Hero

A national hero is a person who has made significant contributions to the country’s development and progress. These heroes can be found in various fields, including politics, science, arts, and sports. Among the many national heroes that have shaped the world, my favourite is Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the Indian nation.

Mahatma Gandhi: The Man of the Hour

Born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, India, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, better known as Mahatma Gandhi, was a lawyer, politician, social activist, and writer. He is celebrated not only for his role in India’s struggle for independence from British rule but also for his philosophy of non-violence, which has had a profound impact on the world.

Non-Violence: A Tool for Change

Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence, or ‘Ahimsa’, is one of the reasons why he is my favourite national hero. He believed that violence only breeds more violence, and the only way to achieve true peace and justice is through non-violence. This philosophy was not only theoretical but also practical. He applied it in his struggle for India’s independence, leading peaceful protests and strikes, the most famous of which are the Salt March and Quit India Movement.

Champion of Equality

Gandhi was a champion of equality, another reason why he is my favourite national hero. He fought against the social evils of untouchability and caste discrimination that plagued Indian society. His vision of an egalitarian society where everyone is treated equally irrespective of their caste, creed, religion, or gender is a testament to his greatness.

The Legacy of Gandhi

The legacy of Gandhi extends beyond India’s borders. His philosophy of non-violence has inspired numerous civil rights and freedom movements around the world. Martin Luther King Jr., a prominent figure in the American Civil Rights Movement, was deeply influenced by Gandhi’s philosophy.

Gandhi’s teachings continue to be relevant today. In a world where violence and hatred seem to be escalating, his philosophy of peace, tolerance, and non-violence serves as a beacon of hope.

In conclusion, Mahatma Gandhi, with his unwavering commitment to non-violence and equality, is my favourite national hero. His life and teachings have left an indelible mark on the world, inspiring millions to stand up for their rights peacefully and with dignity. His legacy continues to guide us, reminding us of the power of peace and the importance of treating everyone with respect and fairness.

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Guest Essay

A Dire Threat to a National Wildlife Treasure

By Margaret Renkl

Ms. Renkl is a contributing Opinion writer who covers flora, fauna, politics and culture in the American South.

One of the hardest things to reconcile about living in the American South is how this region of extraordinary natural beauty, this still wild place of irreplaceable biodiversity, is mostly in the hands of politicians who will gladly sell it to the highest bidder. It’s hard to reconcile how even land that’s ostensibly protected is never truly safe . And how state regulators charged with protecting it will often look the other way when the highest bidder violates the state’s own environmental regulations .

An egregious example of this pattern is unfolding in Georgia, where state officials are poised to approve a strip mine on the southeastern edge of the magnificent Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge .

At 407,000 acres, the Okefenokee is the largest ecologically intact blackwater swamp in North America and the largest National Wildlife Refuge east of the Mississippi River. It hosts or shelters a huge range of plant and animal life , including endangered and threatened species. It is a crucial way station for migratory birds. Designated a wetland of international importance under the RAMSAR Convention of 1971, it sequesters an immense amount of carbon in the form of peat .

The proposed mine poses a profound risk to the swamp. Trail Ridge, the site where Twin Pines Minerals will begin operations, is a geological formation that functions as a low earthen dam holding the waters of the Okefenokee in place. The mine would remove the topsoil, dig out the sand pits, separate the titanium from the sand and then return sand and soil to some approximation of their original place. To manage all this, Twin Pines would need to pump 1.4 million gallons of groundwater a day from the aquifer that serves the Okefenokee.

It doesn’t sound too bad, I guess, unless you know that this destroy-extract-replace plan is effectively mountaintop-removal mining transferred to the watery lowlands. There is no restoring an ecosystem after an assault like that. Aquatic plants and animals die off if waterways become clogged with silt. Drinking water can be contaminated by heavy metals. Ancient land formations and the habitats they underpin are lost forever. The living soil is left barren.

As a species, we have never let ecological necessity get in the way of something we think we need from the land. Thing is, we don’t need this mine. Titanium dioxide is used primarily as pigment in a range of products, including paint and toothpaste. It is not difficult to find in less environmentally sensitive areas.

Twin Pines, an Alabama company, claims that its proposed mine would bring hundreds of much-needed jobs to an economically depressed part of the state. It does not say how much income would be lost if the mine depresses tourism to this ethereal place, which each year attracts more than 800,000 visitors who spend some $91.5 million while they’re there. Okefenokee tourism “supports 750 jobs, $79 million in economic output and $11.1 million in annual tax revenue in the area,” notes an analysis by The Conservation Fund .

Even by a purely human measure, in other words, there is no compelling reason for Georgia to allow mining on a fragile ridge of land less than three miles from the Okefenokee Swamp.

By environmental measures, of course, setting up a strip mine anywhere near this wildlife sanctuary should be flat-out illegal. Arguably, it already is. Hydrologists at the National Park Service last year found “ critical shortcomings ” in the model Twin Pines used to demonstrate the safety of its plan — a model that “obfuscates the true impacts from mining on the refuge.”

It’s important to note that this is not a battle between the people of Georgia and some out-of-state environmental organizations that don’t understand the dynamics of rural poverty. The people of Georgia treasure the Okefenokee. When I wrote about this risk to the swamp last year, the first period of public comment was coming to a close, and sentiment was already clear: 69 percent of Georgians supported permanently protecting the swamp from development, and Georgia’s Environmental Protection Division received more than 200,000 public responses opposing the mine .

What the people of Georgia know — which Georgia environmental regulators refuse to acknowledge — is that we should react as fiercely to the idea of a mine on the edge of the Okefenokee as we would to “any action that jeopardizes the integrity of something like Yellowstone or Yosemite or the Grand Canyon,” Bill Sapp, a senior attorney with the Southern Environmental Law Center, told Brady Dennis of The Washington Post . Instead of handing it over to some out-of-state company to profit from, Georgia officials ought to be protecting this swamp with every tool they have at hand.

Nevertheless, on Feb. 9, just days after I wrote an essay about the danger to American wetlands in general and to the Okefenokee in particular, Georgia’s Environmental Protection Division — don’t even get me started on the irony — issued draft permits for the mine.

Here’s another irony for you, courtesy of reporting by The Associated Press’s Russ Bynum : “The draft permits were released barely two weeks after Twin Pines agreed to pay a $20,000 fine ordered by Georgia regulators, who said the company violated state laws while collecting soil samples for its permit application.” To put this sequence of events another way, Georgia’s Environmental Protection Division gave the company a slap on the wrist and then threw it a parade.

How is it even possible that state regulators are on the cusp of approving an unnecessary mine on the boundary of a desperately needed federal wildlife sanctuary? A mine that the state’s own citizens, along with a bipartisan majority of its lawmakers, so vehemently oppose? In a comprehensive report for The Atlanta Journal-Constitution , Drew Kann lays out the role that lobbying efforts and campaign donations — and a devastating rollback of environmental protections during Donald Trump’s presidency — have played in leaving the Okefenokee so vulnerable.

When Georgia regulators issued the draft permits for the mine, they also allowed 60 days for the public to comment. After April 9, the final permits could be issued, and Twin Pines could begin operations. In the meantime, efforts to defeat the mine have shifted into an even higher gear .

The National Park Service has nominated the Okefenokee refuge as a UNESCO World Heritage site , a distinction that, if granted, would bring additional visitors to the area — and additional scrutiny to Georgia’s management of the swamp.

Officials at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service have informed Georgia regulators that the agency is formally asserting federal rights over waters that affect the Okefenokee. “Disruption to the natural flow of groundwater in this interconnected system could have far-reaching consequences for both the refuge and surrounding areas,” wrote Mike Oetker, the acting Southeast regional director of the agency.

A new bill before the Georgia House of Representatives — which the Georgia Conservancy supports — would call a moratorium on new permit applications for mineral mines using the method that Twin Pines plans to use at Trail Ridge. If passed by the House and Senate and signed by Gov. Brian Kemp of Georgia before the end of the legislative session on March 28, the new bill would effectively turn the first phase of the Twin Pines mine into a pilot site, preventing the company from expanding mining operations until scientists have had time to gather data and assess the mine’s impact on the swamp. The House is set to vote on Tuesday.

In a virtual public meeting attended by hundreds of people this month, commenters spoke for three hours in defense of the swamp. (No one spoke in favor of the mine.) “There’s just no sense in risking the national wildlife refuge just to make rich people richer by mining for an extremely nonessential mineral,” one local resident said.

There’s no sense in it at all. To build a mine on the edge of the Okefenokee would be to rob nearby Georgians of safe drinking water, to rob our wild neighbors of one of the few truly wild places we have left and to rob the world of an ecological treasure. The Okefenokee does not belong to Georgia. It belongs to the planet. It belongs to us. And we should all do everything in our power to save it.

To comment on the proposed mine by April 9, email [email protected] or send a letter to the Land Protection Branch, 4244 International Parkway, Atlanta Tradeport Suite 104, Atlanta, GA 30354. It is not necessary to live in Georgia to comment.

Margaret Renkl , a contributing Opinion writer, is the author of the books “ The Comfort of Crows: A Backyard Year, ” “ Graceland, at Last ” and “ Late Migrations .”

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips . And here’s our email: [email protected] .

Follow the New York Times Opinion section on Facebook , Instagram , TikTok , WhatsApp , X and Threads .

Amarillo mail carrier awarded ‘National Hero of the Year’ by National Association of Letter Carriers

A MARILLO, Texas (KFDA) - Philip Moon, a 37 year mail carrier, was named Hero of the Year by the National Association of Letter Carriers (NALC) for his efforts in saving a woman from a pit bull attack in October 2023.

Moon was chosen to be honored out of almost 300,000 letters carriers that are currently part of the NALC. The association is the largest union representing employees of the USPS after it was founded in 1889.

Moon and his wife traveled to Washington D.C. earlier this week so he could accept his achievement by the President of the NALC, Brian L. Renfroe. The luncheon took place on Capitol Hill at Hyatt Regency, Washington.

“I know without a shadow of a doubt, anybody that I work with — I can say this with honesty — would have done the same thing,” said Moon.

Moon says he does not feel like a hero but simply a man who was doing what anyone else would do, and that it was a team effort from everyone involved.

Opinion Christine Blasey Ford is no hero, if justice is the measure

An earlier version of this column misspelled the name of Mollie Hemingway. This version has been corrected.

Christine Blasey Ford is promoting her new memoir to acclaim from certain quarters, including a glowing review by the New York Times. Meanwhile, the man she accused of being a witness to her alleged sexual assault by now-Supreme Court Justice Brett M. Kavanaugh more than 40 years ago can’t get his own book reviewed or even mentioned by mainstream newspapers.

You know me. I can’t resist flipping over a cow patty to see what’s underneath.

Ford, you’ll recall, is the California psychologist with two front doors in her house who, in testimony to the Senate Judiciary Committee in 2018, accused Kavanaugh of assaulting her at a high-school-era party while another boy, Mark Judge, allegedly stood by. Judge, who kept his distance and silence during Kavanaugh’s confirmation hearings — in part, he has said , to avoid further harassment by Democratic interlocutors — released his own version of those events and the aftermath in “ The Devil’s Triangle: Mark Judge vs the New American Stasi ” (2022).

As with Kavanaugh, Ford’s accusation against Judge was embraced by most of the news media despite an absence of evidence or corroborating testimony. No one who was supposed to have been at the party where Ford was allegedly assaulted remembered it, or her. Ford herself was unable to nail down the year the party took place (but settled on 1982 after several stabs) or where it was held, how she got there, how she got home or any other details, except that she herself had consumed just one beer, according to her testimony. Her claims against Kavanaugh ultimately were unsubstantiated.

Even so, the awards and accolades for Ford keep coming. During a recent appearance on “The View,” she was nearly sanctified for her “bravery.” Not one of the “View” chin-wags seemed to have done any research. They merely checked the box next to “female” and continued to hold in contempt the male who became a Supreme Court justice. Whoopi Goldberg summed it up: “To face those people the way they were looking and dealing with you, that is bravery under a whole different kind of fire.”

A fair-minded person would also wonder what it was like to be in Kavanaugh’s seat.

And what about Judge? “Roadkill” is the way constitutional lawyer Jonathan Turley described Judge’s invisible role in this tale. Of course, Judge and Kavanaugh were and are distinct people whose adult lives could not be more different. Kavanaugh was the kind of boy who kept a detailed calendar of his busy activities and who had a stellar career as a federal judge.

Judge, who chronicled his heavy-drinking school days in his 1997 book, “ Wasted: Tales of a Gen X Drunk ,” was a teenage alcoholic who had to claw his way to sobriety and suffered accordingly. He told Martha MacCallum during a recent Fox News interview that the effects of being essentially locked in a stockade for public ridicule and condemnation included “suicidal ideation” and “economic issues.”

Under interrogation by Democrats on the Senate Judiciary Committee, Kavanaugh was forced to review his youthful beer consumption, which he admitted was gustatory. He wasn’t alone; Ford was a drinker, too, according to friends and outlined in the deeply researched book “ Justice on Trial ” by Mollie Hemingway and Carrie Severino.

In my own research for a book that never came to fruition, I also learned that Ford was a party girl, which means she and I would have been friends. Her real “best friend” at the time, Leland Keyser, was known as her designated driver in those days, according to several of her friends cited in yet another book, “ The Education of Brett Kavanaugh ” by New York Times writers Robin Pogrebin and Kate Kelly.

A straight-A student and athlete who became a professional golfer, Keyser had her driver’s license at the time of the alleged assault.

Keyser, who felt pressured by Ford’s supporters to confirm Ford’s story, testified to the FBI that she had no recollection of any such party and didn’t know Kavanaugh.

When intimidation didn’t work, Ford and her friends implied that Keyser’s testimony couldn’t be trusted because she had “significant health challenges,” as Ford put it during her testimony. It didn’t take long for the meaning here to become public. Keyser had at one point become addicted to painkillers prescribed for golf-related back and neck injuries. She has suffered years of surgeries and pain that continues today, thanks to her commitment to recovery. No meds. She also has had to cope with the psychological effects of her persecution by the anti-Kavanaugh brigade. At least one person from Team Ford tried to persuade her to adjust her story. She refused.

Meanwhile, after five years of silence, Judge has emerged from his bunker with both barrels blazing. One can stand only so much smearing. He was, after all, accused in the public arena of variously urging Kavanaugh on or trying to stop him, all the while laughing, according to Ford. Like Kavanaugh, Judge was presumed guilty — a tragic by-product of the “believe the woman” orthodoxy that emerged during the #MeToo movement — and justly wants to have his say.

It takes guts to try to breach the #MeToo iron curtain, as Judge is attempting to do. It takes no courage at all to enrich yourself at other people’s expense, as Ford has done. Even if she believes her own story or suffered some traumatic event at some time, in the absence of evidence or corroboration, a measure of doubt is called for. This doesn’t necessarily mean she lied, as Hemingway and Severino have noted.

Both Judge and Keyser, it seems, deserve the applause Ford is receiving for perpetuating a questionable history that has damaged so many people, not to mention the judicial system she says she has sought to protect. We know the truth is otherwise, thanks to a video capture of Ford’s lawyer, Debra Katz, saying that her client wanted to block Kavanaugh because of fears he would vote to reverse Roe v. Wade . Ford’s fears might have been justified, but her tactics — which have netted her $1 million in donations plus overnights at Oprah’s — were not.

Nothing good grows under a cow patty, but Ford sure did step in one.

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Conservatives Are Getting Comfortable Talking Openly About a National Abortion Ban

After this week’s oral argument, few court watchers believe the Supreme Court is now ready to limit the Food and Drug Administration’s authority to approve mifepristone , a drug used in more than half of all abortions , as opponents of abortion sought. At oral argument in FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine , it did not appear that the plaintiff doctors persuaded the court that the law inflicted injuries that would give them standing to sue. The reason for the justices’ skepticism is not hard to find. The doctors built their case on a mountain of remote possibilities. Patients might suffer complications from mifepristone—a drug with an impressively low complication rate—and might seek treatment at emergency rooms, where the plaintiffs may happen to practice, when the plaintiffs might not be able to find another physician willing to intervene. And all of that might mean that the plaintiffs would have to act in violation of their conscience. But then again, it might not. That’s why this case seems dead on arrival: The justices seemed unwilling to engage in the sort of rank speculation the plaintiffs have in mind. If this chain of hypotheticals is enough, anyone can bring a constitutional challenge to any drug approval or any law.

But the case was also a vehicle for advancing ever more expansive conscience-based arguments that have become common currency among Christian conservatives—claims of the kind we have seen in well-known cases like the 2014 Hobby Lobby decision recognizing conscience objections to the contraceptive mandate of the Affordable Care Act or even last year’s ruling in 303 Creative v. Elenis that allowed a conservative Christian graphic designer to refuse to make custom websites for same-sex weddings.

Today, those with conscience-based objections seek more than to pray or dress in conformity with religious belief. They object to laws providing Americans access to health care or freedom from discrimination. Compliance with these laws, they claim, would make the objector complicit in the assertedly sinful conduct of others.

Objectors bringing this new generation of complicity-based conscience claims invite courts to deny other Americans the protections of the law. In the FDA case, the plaintiffs do not even seek an exemption from the law; through an expansive standing claim, the doctors claim the only way the court could protect their conscience is to strike down FDA approvals providing all Americans access to medication abortion. Simply having mifepristone on the market, they argue, risks making them complicit in abortion.

Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson zeroed in on the problems with this argument. She observed that Erin Hawley, the attorney for the Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine, had identified a “broad” and “narrow” idea of conscience. The “narrow” reading was straightforward: “participating in a procedure.” This reading had problems of its own: In fact, no doctor was obliged to prescribe mifepristone, and in any event, federal law provides doctors conscience protections.

Yet Hawley didn’t think complicity ended there. Jackson seemed confused. Did Hawley mean that a handful of other doctors who participated in post-abortion procedures, such as the removal of tissue, were also complicit? Or was Hawley asking the court to recognize the complicity claims of someone who worked in an emergency room where abortions took place, or handed an abortion provider a water bottle?

Jackson spotlighted a defining feature of “conscience-war” claims that one of us (Reva Siegel), writing with Douglas NeJaime, has identified : Conservatives assert ever-expanding complicity-based conscience claims, urging the government to accommodate their claims without making any provision for other Americans who would lose the protection of law. Appealing to the value of conscience obscures the material and dignitary harm that accommodating the objection inflicts on others.

Solicitor General Elizabeth Prelogar stressed this point: While the plaintiffs could not say their conscience had been or would be harmed, their claim to conscience obscured harm done to a variety of other parties. That includes the FDA, which had its own scientific judgments displaced, and the pharmaceutical industry, which relies on the FDA approval process to ensure some sort of uniform industry standards. First and foremost, it includes, as Prelogar noted, “women who need access to medication abortion .”

Conscience claims have been alluring to conservatives because, like colorblindness, they allow conservatives to speak as a “minority,” and to assert traditional family values as individual freedom claims. But there is a telling shift. When groups like Alliance Defending Freedom asserted complicity-based conscience claims at the time of Hobby Lobby , they worried about losing in a Supreme Court that was far less conservative—and about alienating a Republican Party that still prioritized electability rather than ideological purity.

By contrast, in Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine, ADF talked not only about protecting women or safeguarding conscience; it made claims around the Comstock Act, a symbol of Victorian sexual morality focused not on protecting fetal life but on discouraging illicit sex , that ADF seeks to reinvent as a de facto national abortion ban. ADF argued that FDA could not have had the authority to approve telehealth abortions in 2021 because the Comstock Act bars the mailing of abortion pills—and indeed, any abortion-related item. Justices Clarence Thomas and Samuel Alito both seemed interested in transforming the 1873 Comstock Act into an abortion ban that American voters would never choose to enact. Alito seemed shy about mentioning Comstock by name, instead referring to the hard-to-recognize number in the U.S. Code. Thomas was not so reserved, all but telling attorneys for Danco, the maker of the name-brand mifepristone, that the Comstock Act barred the mailing of the drug.

The very fact that ADF wants to talk about the Comstock Act is remarkable. It seems unwise to hitch the anti-abortion movement’s star to a 19 th -century anti-vice movement known for “Comstockery”: censoring political speech, undermining democratic norms, and condemning any form of sex not intended for procreation .

Voters have already rejected state abortion bans. Just imagine what most Americans would make of it if an already unpopular Supreme Court interpreted a law from 1873 as a sweeping, punitive zombie abortion ban. But worrying about the public’s reaction assumes the movement is seeking to persuade voters rather than simply looking for ways to use power to enforce traditional family values and punish those who become pregnant or might provide them medical care. Anti-abortion groups are planning to revive enforcement of the Comstock Act if Donald Trump wins the presidency , claiming they would not need Congress to act .

The argument in the mifepristone case was a potent reminder of why conservatives have gravitated to conscience claims—and demonstrated the hidden harms that these claims can inflict on other Americans. But the conversation at the Supreme Court this week also suggested that conservatives are preparing to express the values underlying complicity-based conscience claims more openly. As it gains power, members of the anti-abortion movement seem increasingly ready to take off the mask.